1.
Municipalities of Norway
–
Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties, and 426 municipalities. The capital city Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality, law enforcement and church services are provided at a national level in Norway. In 1930, there were 747 municipalities in Norway, as of March 2013 there were 428, and there are plans for further mergers and political pressure to do so. See the list of municipalities of Norway for further detail. The consolidation effort is complicated by a number of factors, since block grants are made by the national government to the municipalities based on an assessment of need, there is little incentive for the municipalities to lose local autonomy. The national policy is that municipalities should only merge voluntarily, each municipality has its own organs, the mayor, and the municipal board. The mayor is the executive organ, the municipal board is the deliberative and legislative organ of the municipality. The members of the board are elected for a 4-year term. List of the most populated municipalities in the Nordic countries Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development
Municipalities of Norway
–
Kingdom of Norway
2.
Coat of arms of Kautokeino
–
The coat of arms of Kautokeino/Guovdageainnu was designed by Arvid Sveen and awarded to the municipality by royal resolution on 4 September 1987. It is a gold lavvu on a blue field, the official blazon is written in Norwegian. It is here also translated to English, in the traditional way blazons are written, Norwegian, I blått en gull lavvo English, Azure a lavvu Or Kautokeino municipality web page on the coat of arms Norwegian national archives on the arms
Coat of arms of Kautokeino
–
Blazon [edit]
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
4.
Norway
–
The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
Norway
–
The
helmet found at Gjermundbu near
Haugsbygd,
Buskerud, is the only
Viking Age helmet that has been found.
Norway
–
Flag
Norway
–
The
Gokstad ship at the
Viking Ship Museum in
Oslo, Norway
Norway
–
The
Battle of the Sound between an allied Dano-Norwegian–
Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October
O.S.)
5.
Counties of Norway
–
Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties, until 1918, they were known as amter. The counties form the first-level subdivisions of Norway and are divided into 428 municipalities. Svalbard and Jan Mayen are outside the county division and ruled directly on national level, the capital Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality. In 2017 the government decided to abolish the current counties and to them with fewer, larger administrative regions. Below is a list of the Norwegian counties as they have been since 1919, note that the counties are administered both by appointees of the national government and to a lesser extent by their own elected bodies. The county numbers are from the numbering system ISO 3166-2, NO. The number 13 was dropped from the system when the city of Bergen was merged into Hordaland in 1972, from the consolidation to a single kingdom, Norway was divided into a number of geographic regions that had its own legislative assembly or Thing, such as Gulating and Frostating. The second-order subdivision of these regions was into fylker, such as Egdafylke and Hordafylke, in 1914, the historical term fylke was brought into use again to replace the term amt introduced during the union with Denmark. Current day counties often, but not necessarily, correspond to the historical areas. Finnmark, the Faroe Islands, the Orkney Islands, Shetland, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Iceland and Greenland were Norwegian skattland, from the end of the 12th century, Norway was divided into several syssel. The head of the various syssel was the syslemann, who represented the king locally, the following shows a reconstruction of the different syssel in Norway c. 1300, including sub-syssel where these seem established, from 1308, the term len in Norway signified an administrative region roughly equivalent to todays counties. The historic len was an important administrative entity during the period of Dano-Norwegian unification after their amalgamation as one state, which lasted for the period 1536–1814. At the beginning of the 16th century the political divisions were variable, up to 1660 the four principal len were headquartered at the major fortresses Bohus Fortress, Akershus Fortress, Bergenhus Fortress and the fortified city of Trondheim. The sub-regions corresponded to the districts for the Lutheran church in Norway. Båhus len Akershus len Trondheim len Bergenhus len These four principal len were in the 1530s divided into approximately 30 smaller regions. From that point forward through the beginning of the 17th century the number of subsidiary len was reduced, from 1660 Norway had nine principal len comprising 17 subsidiary len, Len written as län continues to be used as the administrative equivalent of county in Sweden to this day. Each len was governed by a lenman, with the royal decree of February 19,1662, each len was designated an amt and the lenmann was titled amtmann, from German Amt, reflecting the bias of the Danish court of that period
Counties of Norway
–
A geopolitical map of Norway, exhibiting its 19 first-order
subnational divisions (fylker or "counties"), along with
Svalbard and
Jan Mayen
6.
Finnmark
–
Finnmark is a county in the extreme northeastern part of Norway. By land, it borders Troms county to the west, Finland to the south, and Russia to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea to the northwest, the county was formerly known as Finmarkens amt or Vardøhus amt. Since 2002, it has had two names, Finnmark and Finnmárku. It is part of the Sápmi region, which spans four countries, as well as the Barents Region, Vardø, the easternmost municipality in Norway, is located farther east than the cities of St. Petersburg and Istanbul. The Old Norse form of the name was Finnmǫrk, the first element is finn, the Norse name for the Sámi people. The last element is mǫrk which means woodland or borderland, in Norse times the name referred to any places where Sámi people were living. The coat of arms are black with a castle tower, technically described as Sable. The design is from 1967 and shows the old Vardøhus Fortress on the border with Russia. Finnmark is the northernmost and easternmost county in Norway, by area, Finnmark is Norways largest county, even larger than the neighboring country of Denmark. However, with a population of about 75,000, it is also the least populated of all Norwegian counties, Finnmark has a total coastline of 6,844 kilometres, including 3,155 kilometres of coastline on the islands. Nearly 12,300 people or 16.6 percent of the population in 2000 was living in the 100-meter belt along the coastline. Honningsvåg in Finnmark claims to be the northernmost city of the world, the coast is indented by large fjords, many of which are false fjords, as they are not carved out by glaciers. The highest point is located on the top of the glacier Øksfjordjøkelen, which has an area of 45 square kilometres, both Øksfjordjøkelen and Seilandsjøkelen are located in the western part of Finnmark. The Øksfjord plateau glacier calved directly into the sea until 1900, the central and eastern part of Finnmark is generally less mountainous, and has no glaciers. The land east of Nordkapp is mostly below 300 m, the nature varies from barren coastal areas facing the Barents Sea, to more sheltered fjord areas and river valleys with gullies and tree vegetation. About half of the county is above the line. This valley has the highest density of Brown bears in Norway, lynx and moose are common in large parts of Finnmark, but rare on the coast. The interior parts of the county are part of the great Finnmarksvidda plateau, with an elevation of 300 to 400 m, with numerous lakes, the plateau is famous for its tens of thousands of reindeer owned by the Sami, and swarms of mosquitos in mid-summer
Finnmark
–
Finnmark fylke Finnmárkku fylka
Finnmark
–
Mountain landscape in
Kvalsund, some 35 km (22 mi) south of
Hammerfest
Finnmark
–
Altafjorden,
Alta
Finnmark
–
Kjøllefjord on the northeastern coast
7.
Kautokeino (village)
–
Guovdageaidnu or Kautokeino is the administrative centre of Kautokeino Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The village is located along the river Kautokeinoelva, about 60 kilometres south of the village of Masi, the village is the site of Kautokeino Church. The Norwegian National Road 93 runs through the village on its way from the town of Alta to the Finland-Norway border in the south, the small Kautokeino Airport lies just to the north of the village. Sámi University College is located in the village, in 1852, the village was the site of the Kautokeino rebellion. From 1882 to 1883 Sophus Tromholt ran a Northern Lights observatory here as a part of the first international polar year and he did not succeed in photographic registration of the Northern Lights, but used the camera to photograph landscapes, buildings and people. He was the first to photograph Kautokeinos Sami as character portraits with full names, the Tromholt Collection became part of Unescos Norwegian document heritage register in 2012, according to a display integrated with the facade of Stein Rokkan Building at the University of Bergen
Kautokeino (village)
–
View of the village
8.
Arbeiderpartiet
–
The Labour Party, formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It was formerly the senior partner of the governing Red-Green Coalition, the party is currently led by Jonas Gahr Støre. The Labour Party is officially committed to social-democratic ideals and its slogan since the 1930s has been everyone shall take part, and the party traditionally seeks a strong welfare state, funded through taxes and duties. During the first Stoltenberg government, the policies were inspired by Tony Blairs New Labour. The party has frequently described as increasingly neoliberal since the 1980s. The Labour Party profiles itself as a party that subscribes to cooperation on a national as well as international level. Its youth wing is the Workers Youth League, the party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and is an observer member of the Socialist International. The Labour Party has always been a supporter of Norways NATO membership and has supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during two referendums. Founded in 1887, the party increased in support until it became the largest party in Norway in 1927. This year also saw the consolidation of surrounding the party during the 1920s following its membership in the Comintern from 1919 to 1923. It formed its first government in 1928, and has led the government for all but 16 years since 1935, from 1945 to 1961, the party had an absolute majority in the Norwegian parliament, the only time this has ever happened in Norwegian history. The domination by the Labour Party, during the 1960s and early 1970s, was broken by competition from the left. From the end of the 1970s however, the party started to lose voters to the right, in 2001 the party achieved its worst electoral results since 1924. Between 2005 and 2013, Labour returned to power after committing to an agreement with other parties in order to form a majority government. Since losing 9 seats in the 2013 election, Labour has been in opposition, the party was founded in 1887 in Arendal and first ran in elections to the Parliament of Norway in 1894. It entered Parliament in 1904 after the 1903 election, and steadily increased its vote until 1927, the party were members of Comintern, a Communist organisation, between 1918 and 1923. From the establishment of Vort Arbeide in 1884, the party had a growing and notable organisation of newspapers, the party press system eventually resulted in Norsk Arbeiderpresse. In January 1913 the party had 24 newspapers, and 6 more newspapers were founded in 1913, the party also had the periodical Det 20de Aarhundre
Arbeiderpartiet
–
The party headquarters
Arbeiderpartiet
–
Labour Party
Arbeiderpartiet
–
Jonas Gahr Støre, the present party leader
Arbeiderpartiet
–
Campaign booth at
Karl Johans gate ahead of the
Norwegian local elections, 2007.
9.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
Central European Summer Time
–
It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
Central European Summer Time
–
light blue
11.
Norwegian language
–
Norwegian is a North Germanic language spoken mainly in Norway, where it is the official language. Along with Swedish and Danish, Norwegian forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants. These Scandinavian languages, together with Faroese and Icelandic as well as extinct languages. Faroese and Icelandic are hardly mutually intelligible with Norwegian in their spoken form because continental Scandinavian has diverged from them, as established by law and governmental policy, the two official forms of written Norwegian are Bokmål and Nynorsk. The official Norwegian Language Council is responsible for regulating the two forms, and recommends the terms Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk in English. Two other written forms without official status also exist, one and it is regulated by the unofficial Norwegian Academy, which translates the name as Standard Norwegian. Nynorsk and Bokmål provide standards for how to write Norwegian, no standard of spoken Norwegian is officially sanctioned, and most Norwegians speak their own dialects in all circumstances. Thus, unlike in other countries, the use of any Norwegian dialect. Outside Eastern Norway, this variation is not used. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Danish was the written language of Norway. As a result, the development of modern written Norwegian has been subject to strong controversy related to nationalism, rural versus urban discourse, historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised variety of Danish, while Nynorsk is a language form based on Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish. The unofficial form known as Riksmål is considered more conservative than Bokmål, Norwegians are educated in both Bokmål and Nynorsk. A2005 poll indicates that 86. 3% use primarily Bokmål as their written language,5. 5% use both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and 7. 5% use primarily Nynorsk. Thus, 13% are frequently writing Nynorsk, though the majority speak dialects that resemble Nynorsk more closely than Bokmål. Broadly speaking, Nynorsk writing is widespread in western Norway, though not in major urban areas, examples are Setesdal, the western part of Telemark county and several municipalities in Hallingdal, Valdres, and Gudbrandsdalen. It is little used elsewhere, but 30–40 years ago, it also had strongholds in rural parts of Trøndelag. Today, not only is Nynorsk the official language of four of the 19 Norwegian counties, NRK, the Norwegian broadcasting corporation, broadcasts in both Bokmål and Nynorsk, and all governmental agencies are required to support both written languages. Bokmål is used in 92% of all publications, and Nynorsk in 8%
Norwegian language
–
Norwegian ambulances changed their markings in 2005. This is the old appearance, with the Norwegian ambulanse, "Ambulance."
Norwegian language
–
Old West Norse dialect
12.
Northern Sami language
–
Northern or North Sami, sometimes also simply referred to as Sami, is the most widely spoken of all Sami languages. The area where Northern Sami is spoken covers the parts of Norway, Sweden. The number of Northern Sami speakers is estimated to be somewhere between 15,000 and 25,000, about 2,000 of these live in Finland and between 5,000 and 6,000 in Sweden. Among the first printed Sami texts is Svenske och Lappeske ABC Book, written in Swedish and it was published in two editions in 1638 and 1640 and includes 30 pages of prayers and confessions of Protestant faith. It has been described as the first book with a regular Sami language form, Northern Sami was first described by Knud Leem in 1748 and in dictionaries in 1752 and 1768. The majority of his work has disappeared, en omarbejdelse af Prof. Knud Leems Lappiske grammatica in 1832. Rask opted for a phonemic orthographic system, following in the tradition of Rask meant that diacritics were used with some consonants, which caused data-processing problems before Unicode was introduced. Both Stockfleth and J. A. Friis went on to publish grammar books and it can be said that Northern Sami was better described than Norwegian was before Ivar Aasen published his grammar on Norwegian. Northern Sami was and is used in three countries, each of which used its own orthography for years, Friis orthography was used when work on translating the Bible into Northern Sami commenced, in the first Sami newspaper called Saǥai Muittalægje, and in the Finnemisjonens own newspaper Nuorttanaste. The groundwork for Northern Sami lexicography was laid by Konrad Nielsen who used an orthography of his own creation in his dictionary Lappisk ordbok, starting in 1948, the orthographies used in Norway and Sweden were combined into a single Bergsland-Ruong orthography. It was not greatly used in Norway, in addition, the authorities there instituted a policy that prohibited Sami from being used in practice. In Sweden, classes were taught in Sami in the Sami schools, in 1979, an official orthography for Northern Sami was adopted for use in Norway, Sweden and Finland. In Norway, Northern Sami is currently a language of two counties and six municipalities. The consonant inventory of Northern Sami is large, consisting of three different series of plosives/affricates and two series of nasals, in addition, length is contrastive for almost all consonants. /v/ is realised as a fricative in the syllable onset. Although is a fricative, it behaves phonologically like an approximant, all consonants can be geminated, except for /h/. This distinction is phonemically contrastive and widely productive as a grammatical feature, geminated glottalized nasals are realised with the glottalization in between the two consonants. In geminated preaspirated consonants, it is the preaspiration that lengthens rather than the occlusion, except for glottalized or preaspirated consonants, /h/, /j/ or /ʎ/, all consonants also possess a third overlong length
Northern Sami language
–
Trilingual border sign (
Finnish,
Swedish and Northern Sami) on the
E8 road at the border between
Norway and
Finland, at
Kilpisjärvi, Finland
Northern Sami language
–
Area number 5 illustrates the approximate distribution of Northern Sami in northern Scandinavia.
13.
Finnish language
–
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken, the Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is the member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea, several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The Finns are more similar to their Indo-European-speaking neighbours than to the speakers of the geographically close Uralic language Sami. It has been argued that a native Finnic-speaking population absorbed northward migrating Indo-European speakers who adopted the Finnic language, the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. Finnish is spoken by five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, the majority of the population of Finland,90. 37% as of 2010, speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish, Sami and other languages and it has achieved some popularity as a second language in Estonia. Finnish is one of two languages of Finland and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement and it enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE, current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. During the Middle Ages, Finnish was solely an oral language, the first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450, Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen emÿna daÿda. According to the journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation. Finnish priestdom at the time was largely Swedish-speaking, the first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by Mikael Agricola, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century
Finnish language
–
Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by
Albert Edelfelt
Finnish language
–
Official language.
Finnish language
–
Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the
Kalevala
Finnish language
–
Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by
Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.
14.
List of municipalities of Norway
–
Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties, and 426 municipalities. The capital city Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality, law enforcement and church services are provided at a national level in Norway. In 1930, there were 747 municipalities in Norway, as of March 2013 there were 428, and there are plans for further mergers and political pressure to do so. See the list of municipalities of Norway for further detail. The consolidation effort is complicated by a number of factors, since block grants are made by the national government to the municipalities based on an assessment of need, there is little incentive for the municipalities to lose local autonomy. The national policy is that municipalities should only merge voluntarily, each municipality has its own organs, the mayor, and the municipal board. The mayor is the executive organ, the municipal board is the deliberative and legislative organ of the municipality. The members of the board are elected for a 4-year term. List of the most populated municipalities in the Nordic countries Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development
List of municipalities of Norway
–
Municipalities of Norway
15.
Population density
–
Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
Population density
–
Monaco in
South Europe, currently holds the record for being the most densely populated nation in the world.
Population density
–
Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world.
16.
Karasjok Municipality
–
Karasjok or Kárášjohka, in Finnish Kaarasjoki. is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Karasjok, other villages include Dorvonjárga, Šuoššjávri, and Váljohka The municipality of Karasjok was established on 1 January 1866 when it was separated from the old Kistrand municipality. Initially, the population of Karasjok was 515, the municipal borders have not changed since that time. Karasjok is a Norwegianized form of the Northern Sami language name Kárášjohka, the meaning of the first element could be káráš from Northern Sami which could mean food plate of wood, or from Finnish, kara, something that sticks. The last element is johka which means river, as do Finnish word joki too. The name of the municipality was Karasjok until 1990 when it was changed to Kárášjohka-Karasjok and it was the third municipality in Norway to get a Sami name. In 2005, the name was changed, such that either Kárášjohka or Karasjok can be used. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 27 June 1986. The three gold-colored flames on a red background, the flames were chosen as a symbol for the importance of fire to the local Sami people. The fire brings both heat and thus survival during the winters, but it is also a major threat. The fire is also the point around which people gather and it is a guard against dangers, the flag contains three flames also because Kárásjoga-Karasjok is a place where three peoples live, the Sami, Norwegians, and Kvens. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Karasjok and it is part of the Indre Finnmark deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. There is a border crossing between Dorvonjárga and Karigasniemi, over the Anarjohka river. The European route E06 highway passes through the municipality from Lakselv to Tana bru, the nearest airport is Lakselv Airport, about 80 kilometres from Karasjok village. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Karasjok is made up of 19 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, The municipality is situated along the river basin of the Deatnu / Tana river and its tributaries. It includes large tracts of the high Finnmarksvidda plateau, lakes in the region include Čorotjávri, Gásadatjávri, Iešjávri, and Idjajávri
Karasjok Municipality
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Karasjok kommune Kárášjoga gielda
Karasjok Municipality
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Map of Karasjok municipality
Karasjok Municipality
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From the centre of Karasjok, July 2005
Karasjok Municipality
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Entering Karasjok municipality
17.
Reindeer
–
This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. While overall widespread and numerous, some of its subspecies are rare, for this reason, it is considered to be vulnerable by the IUCN. Reindeer vary considerably in colour and size, both sexes can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between population and season. Antlers are typically larger on males, hunting of wild reindeer and herding of semi-domesticated reindeer are important to several Arctic and Subarctic peoples. In traditional festive legend, Santa Clauss reindeer pull a sleigh through the sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve. The name Rangifer, which Carl Linnaeus chose for the genus, was used by Albertus Magnus in his De animalibus. This word may go back to a Saami word raingo, for the origin of the word tarandus, which Linnaeus chose as the specific epithet, he made reference to Ulisse Aldrovandis Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia fol. However, Aldrovandi – and before him Konrad Gesner – thought that rangifer, in any case, the tarandos name goes back to Aristotle and Theophrastus – see In history below. Because of its importance to many cultures, Rangifer tarandus and some of its subspecies have names in many languages, the name rein is of Norse origin. The Finnish name poro may also stem from the same, the word deer was originally broader in meaning, but became more specific over time. In Middle English, der meant a wild animal of any kind. Cognates of Old English dēor in other dead Germanic languages have the sense of animal, such as Old High German tior, Old Norse djúr or dýr, Gothic dius, Old Saxon dier. The name caribou comes, through French, from Mikmaq qalipu, meaning snow shoveler, in Inuktitut, spoken in eastern Arctic North America, the caribou is known by the name tuktu. In the western North American Arctic, the used by the Iñupiat is tuttu. Across the range of a species, individuals may display considerable morphological, genetic, COSEWIC developed Designated Unit attribution to add to classifications already in use. The species taxonomic name Rangifer tarandus was defined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, the subspecies taxonomic name, Rangifer tarandus caribou was defined by Gmelin in 1788. Based on Banfields often-cited A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer, R. t. caboti, R. t. osborni and R. t. terraenovae were considered invalid and included in R. t. caribou. Some recent authorities have considered them all valid, even suggesting that they are quite distinct and he affirms that true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention
Reindeer
–
Reindeer Temporal range:
Pleistocene 620,000 BP to present
Reindeer
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Reindeer losing the velvet layer under which a new antler is growing, an annual process
Reindeer
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Swedish reindeer
Reindeer
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The size of the antlers plays a significant role in establishing the hierarchy in the group
18.
Kistrand
–
Kistrand is a village in Porsanger Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the side of the Porsanger Peninsula. The village lies along the European route E06 highway, about 10 kilometres southeast of the village of Olderfjord, Kistrand was the name of Porsanger Municipality from 1 January 1838 until 1 January 1964 when it was changed to Porsanger. The municipality was named after the parish of Kistrand, based at the Kistrand Church, originally, Kistrand municipality was very large and it encompassed the contemporary municipalities of Porsanger, Nordkapp, Kautokeino, and Karasjok
Kistrand
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View of a building in the village
19.
Road
–
Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
Road
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Public infrastructure
Road
–
Transfăgărășan was named as "the best road in the world".
Road
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The Porta Rosa is a
Greek street dating from the 3rd to 4th century BC in
Velia, with a
paved surface and
gutters.
Road
–
A paved Roman road in
Pompeii
20.
Struve Geodetic Arc
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The chain was established and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed merely through two countries, Union of Sweden-Norway and the Russian Empire, the Arcs first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia, where Struve conducted much of his research. Measurement of the chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices. The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine and this inscription is located in ten countries, the most of any UNESCO World Heritage. Sestu-Kalns in Ērgļu novads Jacobstadt in Jēkabpils Karischki in Panemunėlis Meschkanzi in Nemenčinė Beresnäki in Nemėžis 19 topographic points of the Struve Geodetic Arc are located in Belarus.26, the earths equatorial radius was estimated at 6,378,360.7 metres. In 2005 the work was repeated using satellite navigation, the new flattening estimate was one part in 298.257222101 and the equatorial radius was 6,378,136.8 metres. An earlier survey, in 1740, had given flattening at one part in 178, the Struve Geodetic Arc Latvia Struve arc webpage Estonian souvenir sheet and first day cover dedicated to Struve and Struve Geodetic Arc
Struve Geodetic Arc
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The northernmost station of the Struve Geodetic Arc is located in Fuglenes, Norway.
Struve Geodetic Arc
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Tartu Old Observatory, the first point of the arc.
Struve Geodetic Arc
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The commemorative plaque of the arc in Felshtyn, Ukraine
21.
Socken
–
Socken is the name used for a part of a county in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. A socken is an area that was previously like a civil parish, a socken was formerly linked to a parish but is now a traditional area with other borders than the original parishes. In some parts of Sweden the use of socken as a way to describe an area is more prominent than in others, a socken may also have the same name as a locality or parish. Socken, in old Swedish sokn, Danish or bokmål sogn, nynorsk sokn, is a name for the original country church parishes. It also describes an area, a sockenkommun or a taxation area. The jordbrukssocken remained in use until the Fastighetsdatareformen 1976–1995 was complete, no further alterations to the sockens was made after this. On 1 January 2016, a new division and area for statistics. Geographically, the districts correspond with the parishes of the Church of Sweden of 31 December 1999, about 85% of the old sockens corresponds with the new districts. Socken is a convenient parameter for these purposes since it does not change with time, List of sockens in Sweden on Swedish Wikipedia, sv, Kategori, Socknar i Sverige. Administrative divisions of Sweden Civil parishes in England Historical region Hundred Soke Townships of the Peoples Republic of China Almquist, den civila lokalförvaltningen i Sverige 1523-1630, med särskild hänsyn till den kamerala indelningen. Meddelanden från svenska Riksarkivet, 99-0506720-5,6, den civila lokalförvaltningens gränser 1630-1952, kameral redovisning, areell beteckning och gränsförändring. Meddelanden från Kulturgeografiska institutionen vid Stockholms universitet, 0585-3508, B24, peter Aronsson & Lennart Johansson, ed. Att skapa ordning och reda, administrativa förändringar på landsbygden omkring 1870-1940. Sogneportalen, information about sockens in Denmark Swedish Tax Agency, Parishes in Sweden, Swedish National Heritage Board, List of towns and sockens
Socken
–
Ekers socken in Närke on a map of Örebro hundred.
Socken
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Skåne, one place where socken is in use.
Socken
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Gotland, one place where socken is in use.
Socken
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Dalarna, one place where socken is in use.
22.
Church of Norway
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The Church of Norway, from 2017 called the Peoples Church, is a Lutheran denomination of Protestant Christianity that serves as the peoples church and the largest church in Norway. The church was established after the Lutheran reformation in Denmark–Norway in 1536–1537 broke ties with the Holy See, the church professes the Lutheran Christian faith, with its foundation on the Bible, the Apostles, Nicene and Athanasian Creeds, Luthers Small Catechism and the Augsburg Confession. The church is a member of the Porvoo Communion with 12 other churches and it has also signed some other ecumenical texts, including the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification with the Roman Catholic Church. Until 1969, the name for administrative purposes was simply the State Church or sometimes just the Church. While the church remains state-funded and integrated in the administration with a special constitutional role, it is largely self-governing in doctrinal matters. On 27 May,2016, Stortinget passed a new bill that establishes the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity rather than a branch of the civil service, the Church of Norway officially ceased to be the state church on January 1,2017. Until 1845 the Church of Norway was the only religious organization in Norway. Dissenterloven was a passed by the Storting on 16 July 1845 that allowed the establishment of alternative religious bodies. This bill was in 1969 replaced by Lov om trudomssamfunn og ymist anna, until 2012 the constitutional head of the church was the King of Norway, who is obliged to profess himself a Lutheran. After the constitutional amendment of May 21,2012, the church is self-governed with regard to doctrinal issues, bishops and priests are civil servants also after the 2012 constitutional reform. Each parish has an autonomous administration, the state itself does not administer church buildings, buildings and adjacent land instead belong to the parish as an independent public institution. The Minister of Church Affairs, Trond Giske, was responsible for proposing the 2012 amendments, the church itself explained that, In 2012 the Parliament changed the constitution such that Norway no longer has a public religion. The Church of Norway can accordingly no longer be labeled as state church, a bill passed in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017. The church has a structure, with 1,284 parishes,106 deaneries,11 dioceses and since 2 October 2011. The dioceses are – according to the rank of the five historic sees and then according to age, Nidaros, seated in Trondheim, bishops, Presiding Bishop of Nidaros and Bishop of Nidaros Cathedral Deanery Helga Haugland Byfuglien, Bishop of Nidaros Tor Singsaas. Bjørgvin, seated in Bergen, covering the counties of Hordaland, Oslo, seated in Oslo, covering Oslo and parts of the county of Akershus. Stavanger, seated in Stavanger, covering the county of Rogaland, Hamar, seated in Hamar, covering the counties of Hedmark and Oppland. Nord-Hålogaland, seated in Tromsø, covering the counties of Troms and Finnmark, agder og Telemark, seated in Kristiansand, covering the counties of Vest-Agder, Aust-Agder and Telemark
Church of Norway
23.
List of churches in Finnmark
–
This list of churches in Finnmark is a list of the Church of Norway churches in Finnmark county, Norway. The churches are all part of the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland along with the churches in Troms county, the diocese is based at the Tromsø Cathedral in the city of Tromsø. The list is divided into four sections, one for each Deanery in the diocese, administratively within each deanery, the churches are divided by municipalities which have their own church council. Each municipal church council may be made up of more than one parish, each parish may have one or more congregations in it. This deanery covers three municipalities in western part of Finnmark county, the deanery is headquartered in the town of Alta in Alta municipality. This deanery covers six municipalities in northern part of Finnmark county, the deanery is headquartered in the town of Hammerfest in Hammerfest municipality. This deanery covers five municipalities in the part of Finnmark county. The deanery is headquartered in the village of Karasjok in Karasjok municipality and this is the largest deanery in Norway by size. This deanery is also the only deanery in Norway with a majority of members being Sami people, services are held in both Norwegian and Sami languages. This deanery was established on 1 April 1991 when parts of the three existing deaneries were transferred to this new Sami-majority deanery and this deanery covers five municipalities in the eastern part of Finnmark county. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Vadsø in Vadsø municipality
List of churches in Finnmark
–
Alta
List of churches in Finnmark
–
Alta deanery
List of churches in Finnmark
–
Elvebakken Church
List of churches in Finnmark
–
Kåfjord Church
24.
Kautokeino Church
–
Kautokeino Church is a parish church in Kautokeino Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Kautokeino, the church is part of the Kautokeino parish in the Indre Finnmark deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The red wooden church was built by the architect Finn Bryn in 1965 to replace the church that was burned down by the Germans near the end of World War II. The present church seats about 300 people, the previous church building was built in 1701 and it was one of the oldest buildings in all of Finnmark when the Germans burned it down
Kautokeino Church
–
View of the church
Kautokeino Church
Kautokeino Church
Kautokeino Church
25.
Masi Church
–
Masi Church is a parish church in Kautokeino Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the village of Masi, the church is part of the Kautokeino parish in the Indre Finnmark deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The brown, wooden church was built in 1965 and it seats about 150 people
Masi Church
–
View of the church
26.
Primary education
–
Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education and secondary education. Primary education usually takes place in a school or elementary school. In some countries, primary education is followed by school, an educational stage which exists in some countries. In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimated that all children at the entry age for primary school would have had to have been attending classes by 2009. This would depend on the duration of the level, as well as how well the schools retain students until the end of the cycle. As of 2010, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone, however, the gender gap for children not in education had also been narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of not in education worldwide had decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent, however it should also be noted that in some regions. According to the United Nations, there are things in the regions that have already been accomplished. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period, other regions in Latin America such as Guatemala and Nicaragua as well as Zambia in Southern Africa broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education. In Australia, students undertake preschool then 13 years of schooling before moving to vocational or higher education, Primary schooling for most children starts after they turn 5 years old. In most states, children can be enrolled earlier at the discretion of individual school principals on the basis of intellectual giftedness, in Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory, ACT and Tasmania students then move through Kindergarten/Preparatory School/Reception and Years 1 to 6 before starting high school. Pre-School/Kindergarten,4 to 5 years old Prep, currently, at the age of 6 children attend from the grade 1 to 4 what is called Ensino Primário, and afterwards from grade 5 to 9 the Ensino Fundamental. At the age of 15 the teenagers go to Ensino Médio, which is equivalent High School in other countries, Primary school is mandatory and consists in nine years called Ensino Fundamental, separated in Ensino Fundamental I and Ensino Fundamental II. Primary school is followed by the three years called Ensino Médio. 1st grade, 15- to 16-year-olds, 2nd grade, 16- to 17-year-olds, 3rd grade, in Canada, primary school usually begins at ages three or four, starting with either Kindergarten or Grade 1 and lasts until age 13 or 14. Many places in Canada have a split between primary and elementary schools, in Nova Scotia elementary school is the most common term. The provincial government of Nova Scotia uses the term Primary instead of Kindergarten, most children are pupils in the Danish Folkeskolen, which has the current grades, Kindergarten, 3–6 years https, //meta. wikimedia. The first three grades of school are called Algkool which can be translated as beginning school and can be confused with primary school
Primary education
–
A large elementary school in
Magome,
Japan
Primary education
–
Children and teacher in a primary school classroom in
Laos
Primary education
–
An elementary school in California, United States
Primary education
–
A poster at the
United Nations Headquarters in
New York City,
New York,
USA, showing the Millennium Development Goals.
27.
Health care
–
It includes the work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care, as well as in public health. Access to healthcare varies across countries, groups, and individuals, largely influenced by social, countries and jurisdictions have different policies and plans in relation to the personal and population-based health care goals within their societies. Healthcare systems are organizations established to meet the needs of target populations. Their exact configuration varies between national and subnational entities, in some countries and jurisdictions, healthcare planning is distributed among market participants, whereas in others, planning occurs more centrally among governments or other coordinating bodies. Healthcare can contribute to a significant part of a countrys economy. In 2011, the healthcare industry consumed an average of 9.3 percent of the GDP or US$3,322 per capita across the 34 members of OECD countries.1 years, a gain of 10 years since 1970. The USA ranges only on place 26 among the 34 OECD member countries, all OECD countries have achieved universal health coverage, except Mexico and the USA. Healthcare is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health, an example of this was the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1980, declared by the WHO as the first disease in human history to be completely eliminated by deliberate health care interventions. The delivery of health care depends on groups of trained professionals and paraprofessionals coming together as interdisciplinary teams. Healthcare can be defined as public or private. Primary care refers to the work of professionals who act as a first point of consultation for all patients within the health care system. Depending on the nature of the condition, patients may then be referred for secondary or tertiary care. Primary care is used as the term for the health care services which play a role in the local community. It can be provided in different settings, such as Urgent care centres which provide services to patients same day with appointment or walk-in bases, consequently, a primary care practitioner must possess a wide breadth of knowledge in many areas. The International Classification of Primary Care is a tool for understanding and analyzing information on interventions in primary care by the reason for the patient visit. Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, Primary care also includes many basic maternal and child health care services, such as family planning services and vaccinations. Physicians in this model bill patients directly for services, either on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. Examples of direct primary care practices include Foundation Health in Colorado, the World Health Organization attributes the provision of essential primary care as an integral component of an inclusive primary health care strategy
Health care
–
NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, white complex at centre, one of the world's busiest
Health care
–
Primary care may be provided in community health centres.
Health care
–
The
emergency room is often a frontline venue for the delivery of primary medical care.
Health care
–
Medical train "Therapist Matvei Mudrov" in
Khabarovsk,
Russia
28.
Old age
–
Old age refers to ages nearing or surpassing the life expectancy of human beings, and is thus the end of the human life cycle. Terms and euphemisms for old people include, old people, seniors, senior citizens, older adults, the elderly, Old people often have limited regenerative abilities and are more susceptible to disease, syndromes, and sickness than younger adults. The organic process of ageing is called senescence, the study of the aging process is called gerontology. The elderly also face other social issues around retirement, loneliness, Old age is a social construct rather than a definite biological stage, and the chronological age denoted as old age varies culturally and historically. In 2011, the United Nations proposed a human rights convention that would specifically protect older persons, definitions of old age include official definitions, sub-group definitions, and four dimensions as follows. Old age comprises the part of life, the period of life after youth. At what age old age begins cannot be defined because it differs according to the context. Most developed-world countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of elderly or older person, the United Nations has agreed that 60+ years may be usually denoted as old age and this is the first attempt at an international definition of old age. However, for its study of old age in Africa, the World Health Organization set 50 as the beginning of old age. At the same time, the WHO recognized that the world often defines old age, not by years. Most developed Western countries set the age of 60 to 65 for retirement, being 60–65 years old is usually a requirement for becoming eligible for senior social programs. However, various countries and societies consider the onset of old age as anywhere from the mid-40s to the 70s, the definitions of old age continue to change especially as life expectancy in developed countries has risen to beyond 80 years old. Gerontologists have recognized the different conditions that people experience as they grow older within the years defined as old age. In developed countries, most people in their 60s and early 70s are still fit, active, however, after 75, they will become increasingly frail, a condition marked by serious mental and physical debilitation. Therefore, rather than lumping together all people who have defined as old. One study distinguishes the young old, the old. Another study’s sub-grouping is young-old, middle-old, and oldest-old, a third sub-grouping is “young old”, “old”, and old-old. Delineating sub-groups in the 65+ population enables an accurate portrayal of significant life changes
Old age
–
Old Woman Dozing by
Nicolaes Maes (1656).
Royal Museums of Fine Arts,
Brussels
Old age
–
An image of an elderly man being guided by a young child accompanies
William Blake 's poem
London. This image is a digital repercussion of his hand-painted 1826 print from Copy AA of
Songs of Innocence and Experience. The item is currently in the collection of the
Fitzwilliam Museum.
Old age
–
An elderly
Somali woman.
Old age
–
An elderly
Khmer woman.
29.
Unemployment
–
During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. According to International Labour Organization report, more than 200 million people globally or 6% of the workforce were without a job in 2012. There remains considerable debate regarding the causes, consequences and solutions for unemployment. Classical economics, new classical economics, and the Austrian School of economics argue that market mechanisms are reliable means of resolving unemployment, Keynesian economics emphasizes the cyclical nature of unemployment and recommends government interventions in the economy that it claims will reduce unemployment during recessions. This theory focuses on recurrent shocks that suddenly reduce aggregate demand for goods and services, Keynesian models recommend government interventions designed to increase demand for workers, these can include financial stimuli, publicly funded job creation, and expansionist monetary policies. Structural arguments emphasize causes and solutions related to disruptive technologies and globalization, Causes and solutions for frictional unemployment often address job entry threshold and wage rates. Behavioral economists highlight individual biases in decision making, and often involve problems and solutions concerning sticky wages, for centuries, experts have predicted that machines would make workers obsolete and increase unemployment. The state of being without any work both for an educated & uneducated person, for earning ones livelihood is meant by unemployment, some additional types of unemployment that are occasionally mentioned are seasonal unemployment, hardcore unemployment, and hidden unemployment. Though there have been several definitions of voluntary and involuntary unemployment in the economics literature, voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individuals decisions, whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of frictional unemployment is voluntary, on the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment are largely involuntary in nature. So, in practice, the distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is hard to draw and this happens with cyclical unemployment, as macroeconomic forces cause microeconomic unemployment which can boomerang back and exacerbate these macroeconomic forces. Classical, or real-wage unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, some argue that as wages fall below a livable wage many choose to drop out of the labor market. This is especially true in countries where low-income families are supported through public welfare systems, in such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in above stated scenario, in addition it must be noted that consumption of goods and services is the primary driver of increased need for labor. Higher wages leads to workers having more available to consume goods. Therefore, higher wages increase general consumption and as a result need for labor increases, many economists have argued that unemployment increases with increased governmental regulation. For example, minimum wage laws raise the cost of some low-skill laborers above market equilibrium, laws restricting layoffs may make businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky
Unemployment
–
Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen in
Depression -era
Chicago, 1931.
Unemployment
–
Karl Marx, Theorien über den Mehrwert, 1956
Unemployment
–
A government unemployment office with job listings, Berlin, Germany, 1982.
Unemployment
–
Migrant Mother,
Dorothea Lange, 1936
30.
Social work
–
Social work is an academic and practice-based professional discipline that seeks to facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups. Social work tries to promote change and grassroots empowerment of people and aids in socioeconomic development, social cohesion. A practicing professional with a degree in social work is called a social worker, the practice and profession of social work has a relatively modern and scientific origin, and is generally considered to have developed out of three strands. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organization Society in the mid-19th century, the second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief – relief of paupers. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century and this approach was developed originally by the Settlement House Movement. This was accompanied by an easily defined movement, the development of institutions to deal with the entire range of social problems. All had their most rapid growth during the century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work. Because poverty was the focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. With the decline of feudalism in 16th century England, the indigent poor came to be seen as a direct threat to the social order. The first complete code of poor relief was made in the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1597 and it created a system administered at parish level, paid for by levying local rates on rate payers. Relief for those too ill or old to work, the impotent poor, was in the form of a payment or items of food or clothing also known as outdoor relief. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 completely overhauled the system in Britain. This included the forming together of small parishes into Poor Law Unions, the 19th century saw a great leap forward in technological and scientific achievement. There was also a migration to urban areas throughout the Western world. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. A new philosophy of scientific charity emerged, which stated charity should be secular, rational and empirical as opposed to sectarian, sentimental, COS had its main focus on individual casework. It supported the concept of self-help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty, the organisation claimed to use scientific principles to root out scroungers and target relief where it was most needed. Octavia Hill is regarded by many as the founder of social work
Social work
–
A
Marylebone slum in the nineteenth century.
Social work
–
Social work involves ameliorating social problems such as poverty and homelessness.
Social work
–
Toynbee Hall settlement house,
Whitechapel was founded in 1884 as part of the
Settlement movement. Pictured here in 1902.
Social work
–
William Beveridge 's
Beveridge Report of 1942 laid the foundations for the welfare state.
31.
Zoning
–
Zoning describes the control by authority which designates legal areas in a municipality to permit and prohibit land uses. Zoning may specify a variety of outright and conditional uses of land and it may also indicate the size and dimensions of land area as well as the form and scale of buildings. These guidelines are set in order to guide urban growth and development, areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted. Thus, zoning is a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used by governments in most developed countries. The word is derived from the practice of designating mapped zones which regulate the use, form, design, legally, a zoning plan is usually enacted as a by-law with the respective procedures. Canada or Germany, zoning plans must comply with upper-tier planning, similar urban planning methods have dictated the use of various areas for particular purposes in many cities from ancient times. The primary purpose of zoning is to segregate uses that are thought to be incompatible, in practice, zoning also is used to prevent new development from interfering with existing uses and/or to preserve the character of a community. However, it has not always been a method for achieving this goal. In Australia, land under the control of the Commonwealth government is not subject to state planning controls, the United States and other federal countries are similar. Zoning and urban planning in France and Germany are regulated by national or federal codes, in the case of Germany this code includes contents of zoning plans as well as the legal procedure. In Germany, zoning includes an assessment with very specific greenspace and compensation regulations. The details of how individual planning systems incorporate zoning into their regulatory regimes varies though the intention is always similar, most zoning systems have a procedure for granting variances, usually because of some perceived hardship caused by the particular nature of the property in question. The origins of zoning districts can be traced back to antiquity, the ancient walled city was the predecessor for classifying and regulating land based on use. Outside the city walls were the functions, which were usually based on noise and smell. The space between the walls is where unsanitary and dangerous activities occurred such as butchering, waste disposal, within the wall were civic and religious places, and where the majority of people lived. Beyond the simple distinction between urban and non-urban land, most ancient cities further classified land type and use inside their walls. This was practiced in regions of the world – for example, in China during the Zhou Dynasty, in India during the Vedic Era. One legal form for enforcing this was the caste system and this meant that residential areas also functioned as places of labour, production and commerce
Zoning
–
The Zoning Scheme of the General Spatial Plan for the
City of Skopje,
Macedonia. Different urban zoning areas are represented by different colors.
Zoning
–
Zoning scheme of the center of
Tallahassee,
USA.
32.
Economic development
–
Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people. The term has been used frequently by economists, politicians, and others in the 20th, the concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernization, and especially Industrialization are other people have used while discussing economic development. Economic development has a relationship with the environment and environmental issues. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavor with aims of economic and social well-being of people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity, consequently, as economist Amartya Sen points out, economic growth is one aspect of the process of economic development. The scope of development includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political. The University of Iowas Center for International Finance and Development states that, Economic development is a term that economists, politicians, the concept, however, has been in existence in the West for centuries. Modernization, Westernisation, and especially Industrialisation are other people have used while discussing economic development. Economic development has a relationship with the environment. Although nobody is certain when the concept originated, some agree that development is closely bound up with the evolution of capitalism. Economic development can also be considered as a theory that documents the state of an economy at a certain time. According to Schumpeter and Backhaus, the changes in equilibrium state to document in economic theory can only be caused by intervening factors coming from the outside. Economic development originated in the period of reconstruction initiated by the United States. Their food is inadequate, they are victims of disease and their economic life is primitive and stagnant. Their poverty is a handicap and a both to them and to more prosperous areas. For the first time in history humanity possesses the knowledge and the skill to relieve the suffering of these people, greater production is the key to prosperity and peace. And the key to production is a wider and more vigorous application of modem scientific. There have been several phases of development theory since 1945
Economic development
–
World GDP (PPP) per capita by country (2014)
33.
Municipal council (Norway)
–
A municipal council is the local government of a municipality. Specifically the term may refer to the institutions of various countries that may be translated by this term, in English, it may refer to what are also called city councils and town councils. The one exception is the city of Paris, where the city police is in the hands of the central state, not in the hands of the mayor of Paris. This uniformity of status is a legacy of the French Revolution. Lists of communes of France Commune List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population See Nagar Palika for municipalities of India, the Municipal Council in Moldova is the governing body in five municipalities, Chişinău, Bălţi, Tiraspol and Bendery. The Municipal Council serves as a body with some powers of general policy determination. It is composed of a determined number of counsellors elected every four years, representing political parties. Once elected, counsellors may form fractions inside of the Municipal Council, there are two fractions in the Municipal Council, PCRM fraction and Meleag fraction. The Mayor of the municipality is elected for four years, in Bălţi, Vasile Panciuc is the incumbent from 2001 and was re-elected twice, in 2003 during the anticipated elections, and in 2007. In Chişinău, the last mayor elections had to be repeated three times, because of the low rate of participation, as a result, Dorin Chirtoacă, won the last mayor elections in Chişinău. The municipal council is the highest governing body of the municipality in Norway, the municipal council sets the scope of municipal activity, takes major decisions, and delegates responsibility. The council is led by a mayor and is divided into an executive board and it is not uncommon for some members of the council to sit in the county councils too, but very rare that they also hold legislative or Government office, without leave of absence. The municipal council dates back to 1837 with the creation of the Formannskabsdistrikt, in cities the council is often called a city council. In the Republic of China, a municipal council represents a special municipality, members of the councils are elected through municipal elections held every 4-5 years. Councils for the municipalities in Taiwan are Taipei City Council, New Taipei City Council, Taichung City Council, Tainan City Council, Kaohsiung City Council
Municipal council (Norway)
–
Taipei City Council
34.
Political party
–
A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. The party agrees on some proposed policies and programmes, with a view to promoting the good or furthering their supporters interests. While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are many differences. Many political parties have a core, but some do not. In many democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government, many countries, such as Germany and India, have several significant political parties, and some nations have one-party systems, such as China and Cuba. The United States is in practice a two-party system, but with smaller parties also participating. Its two most important parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, the first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles, emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late 17th century England. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742, as the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig partys initial base of support from the aristocratic families widened to include the emerging industrial interests. A major influence on the Whigs were the political ideas of John Locke. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and they finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute. Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged, the first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. A coalition including the Rockingham Whigs, led by the Earl of Shelburne, took power in 1782, the new government, led by the radical politician Charles James Fox in coalition with Lord North, was soon brought down and replaced by William Pitt the Younger in 1783. It was now that a genuine two-party system began to emerge, by the time of this split the Whig party was increasingly influenced by the ideas of Adam Smith, founder of classical liberalism. As Wilson and Reill note, Adam Smiths theory melded nicely with the political stance of the Whig Party. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the Pittite Tories of the early 19th century, in the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results, following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, Party politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay
Political party
–
In A Block for the Wigs (1783),
James Gillray caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the center.
Political party
–
Charles Stewart Parnell, leader of the
Irish Parliamentary Party.
Political party
–
A poster for the
European Parliament election 2004 in Italy, showing party lists
35.
Labour Party (Norway)
–
The Labour Party, formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It was formerly the senior partner of the governing Red-Green Coalition, the party is currently led by Jonas Gahr Støre. The Labour Party is officially committed to social-democratic ideals and its slogan since the 1930s has been everyone shall take part, and the party traditionally seeks a strong welfare state, funded through taxes and duties. During the first Stoltenberg government, the policies were inspired by Tony Blairs New Labour. The party has frequently described as increasingly neoliberal since the 1980s. The Labour Party profiles itself as a party that subscribes to cooperation on a national as well as international level. Its youth wing is the Workers Youth League, the party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and is an observer member of the Socialist International. The Labour Party has always been a supporter of Norways NATO membership and has supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during two referendums. Founded in 1887, the party increased in support until it became the largest party in Norway in 1927. This year also saw the consolidation of surrounding the party during the 1920s following its membership in the Comintern from 1919 to 1923. It formed its first government in 1928, and has led the government for all but 16 years since 1935, from 1945 to 1961, the party had an absolute majority in the Norwegian parliament, the only time this has ever happened in Norwegian history. The domination by the Labour Party, during the 1960s and early 1970s, was broken by competition from the left. From the end of the 1970s however, the party started to lose voters to the right, in 2001 the party achieved its worst electoral results since 1924. Between 2005 and 2013, Labour returned to power after committing to an agreement with other parties in order to form a majority government. Since losing 9 seats in the 2013 election, Labour has been in opposition, the party was founded in 1887 in Arendal and first ran in elections to the Parliament of Norway in 1894. It entered Parliament in 1904 after the 1903 election, and steadily increased its vote until 1927, the party were members of Comintern, a Communist organisation, between 1918 and 1923. From the establishment of Vort Arbeide in 1884, the party had a growing and notable organisation of newspapers, the party press system eventually resulted in Norsk Arbeiderpresse. In January 1913 the party had 24 newspapers, and 6 more newspapers were founded in 1913, the party also had the periodical Det 20de Aarhundre
Labour Party (Norway)
–
The party headquarters
Labour Party (Norway)
–
Labour Party
Labour Party (Norway)
–
Jonas Gahr Støre, the present party leader
Labour Party (Norway)
–
Campaign booth at
Karl Johans gate ahead of the
Norwegian local elections, 2007.
36.
Conservative Party (Norway)
–
The Conservative Party is a conservative and liberal-conservative political party in Norway. It is the party of the Norwegian centre-right, and the leading party in the governing Solberg cabinet. The current party leader is the Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg, in national elections in September 2013, voters ended eight years of Labour Party rule. After winning the elections, Solberg said her win was an election victory for the right-wing electoral bloc. The party advocates economic liberalism, reduction of taxes, and individual rights and it has historically been the most outspokenly pro-European Union party in Norway, supporting Norwegian membership during both the 1972 and 1994 referendums. The party generally supports semi-privatization through state-funded private services and tougher law, founded in 1884, the Conservative Party is the second oldest political party in Norway after the Liberal Party. In the interwar era, one of the goals for the party was to achieve a centre-right alliance against the growing labour movement. The Conservative Party of Norway was founded in 1884 after the implementation of parliamentarism in Norway, the jurist Emil Stang was elected the first chairman of the party. Stang underlined important principles for the work in Høyre, the party was to be a social party of reforms that worked within the constitutional frames set by a parliamentary democracy. In the 1981-election, Høyre got 31. 7% and it was the best election since 1924. The result in 1993 was 17% and this election was influenced by the EU membership issue which divided the Liberal Party. The 1997 parliamentary election resulted in the lowest support since 1945, Høyre has since then seen increased popular support, and got 21. 3% in the 1999 local elections and 21. 2% in the 2001 parliamentary election. Throughout the years Høyre has supported a policy that aims to stimulate growth in order to avoid unemployment, in the beginning of the 20th century Høyre took the initiative to construct a modern Norwegian communications network. After the devastating First World War it was important for Høyre to work for the reconstruction of sound, an example of this is the resolution Høyre passed in 1923 introducing old-age insurance. But because of the States finances it was not possible to continue this effort, Høyre was the leading party in opposition in the post-war years in Norway. Høyre fought against the Labour Partys regulating policy, Høyre wanted another future for Norway consisting of private initiative and creative forces. Høyre has been a protagonist in the construction of the system in this country. Additionally Høyre has advocated that the States activity must concentrate on its basic problems, during the post-war years Høyre has consolidated its position as a party with appeal to all parts of the nation
Conservative Party (Norway)
–
Emil Stang, founder
Conservative Party (Norway)
–
Conservative Party Høyre
Conservative Party (Norway)
–
Chairwoman and Prime Minister
Erna Solberg
Conservative Party (Norway)
–
Former Prime Minister and Chairman
Jan P. Syse
37.
Liberal Party (Norway)
–
The Liberal Party is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Norway. The party is the oldest in Norway, and has enacted reforms such as parliamentarism, freedom of religion, universal suffrage and state schooling. For most of the late 19th and early 20th century, it was Norways largest and dominant political party, the party has nevertheless participated in several centrist and centre-right government coalitions in the postwar era. It currently holds nine seats in the Parliament, and has an agreement with the incumbent government parties. Since 2010, the leader of the party is Trine Skei Grande, the party is regarded as social-liberal and advocates personal freedom under the pre-condition of an active state. Since the 1970s, the party has maintained an environmentalist position, the Liberal Party was rated the second best party after the Green Party by the environmentalist organisation Framtiden i våre hender. The party is also a supporter of multiculturalism, increased labour immigration to Norway. Overall, it has had a centrist position in the Norwegian political landscape, since the 1880s, the party has seen many internal schisms. Venstre is a liberal, social-liberal and centrist party, through its history it has taken part in both centre-right and pure centrist coalition governments. From 2001 to 2005, it was in a coalition government with the Conservative Party and Christian Democratic Party, since the 2005 general election. More recently the party has been a proponent of a Blue–green alliance in Norwegian politics, in the last few election campaigns, Venstres main focus has been on environmental issues, education, small-business and social issues. Venstre advocates higher taxes on activities that damage the environment and it prefers continued membership in the European Economic Area. In 2007, Venstre became the first Norwegian party to advocate legal file sharing, the party Venstre was formed in 1884 in connection with the dispute about whether or not to introduce parliamentarism in Norway. Venstre was the party advocating parliamentarism, whereas the conservatives, who opposed parliamentarism, when the fight for parliamentarism was won, Venstres leader Johan Sverdrup became the first Norwegian prime minister to be appointed on the basis of having the support of a majority in the Storting. In the first decades after 1884, Venstre formed several governments, six different Prime Ministers of Norway have come from Venstre, all of them before 1935. With the growth of Labour Party, Venstre gradually lost ground, the election of 1915 was the last in which Venstre was the largest party and won an outright majority in the Storting. Venstre was further weakened with the formation of Bondepartiet in 1920, after World War II, Venstre has been part of four coalition governments, the most recent one being the second government of Kjell Magne Bondevik from 2001 to 2005. These included the party leader, Helge Seip, and 9 of the 13 members of parliament, since then, Venstre has been a fairly small party
Liberal Party (Norway)
–
Campaign booth at
Karl Johans gate ahead of the
Norwegian local elections, 2007.
Liberal Party (Norway)
–
Liberal Party
38.
Alta Municipality
–
Alta is the most populated municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Alta, some of the main villages in the municipality include Kåfjord, Komagfjord, Kvenvik, Langfjordbotn, Leirbotn, Rafsbotn, Talvik, and Tverrelvdalen. The municipality of Alten-Talvig was established on 1 January 1838, on 1 January 1863, the municipality was divided into two, Talvik to the north and Alta to the south. On 1 January 1964, the two municipalities were merged together to form the new, larger municipality of Alta. Prior to the merger, Alta had 6,629 residents, the borders have not changed since that time. The municipality is named after the local Altafjorden. The name possibly comes from the Old Norse which refers to a swan or it is a Norwegianization of the Finnish word which refers to a lowland, prior to 1918, the name was written Alten. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 9 July 1976. The arms show an arrow point on a blue background. The arrow is derived from the findings of quartzite arrow points dating back to the late Stone Age, the quartzite was quarried in the municipality and tools made from it were used all over Northern Norway. The Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Alta and it is part of the Alta deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland. The Rock carvings at Alta, dating from c.4200 BC to 500 BC, are on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, the Komsa culture was named after the Komsa mountain in Alta municipality, where the first archeological remains of this culture were discovered. In the aftermath of the Sami Kautokeino rebellion of 1852, rebel leaders Mons Aslaksen Somby and Aslak Jacobsen Hætta were decapitated at Elvebakken in Alta, on 14 October 1854. During World War II, the German battleship Tirpitz used the Kåfjorden, an arm of Altafjorden, as a harbour, the town Alta was seriously destroyed by fire near the end of the World War II. It was rebuilt in subsequent years, the Altasaken in 1979 made headlines for weeks, as many people demonstrated and used civil disobedience to prevent the building of a dam on the river Altaelva in order to produce hydropower. The dam was built, however, and the river offers good salmon fishing. The king of Norway usually visits the river once in the summer to fish, the urban area made up of Bossekop, Elvebakken, and Bukta, also known collectively as Alta became a town on 1 January 2000. The population has been growing steadily for many years, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor
Alta Municipality
–
Alta-Marketsgata
Alta Municipality
–
Alta Sentrum
Alta Municipality
–
Alta river
Alta Municipality
–
Alta-Airport
39.
Nordreisa
–
Nordreisa is a municipality in Troms county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Storslett, other villages include Oksfjordhamn, Sørkjosen, and Rotsund. The municipality consists of the Reisadalen valley, with the river Reisaelva and deep forests, surrounded by mountains. Most people live in Storslett, where the river meets the Reisafjorden, Sørkjosen, just northwest of Storslett, is the location of Sørkjosen Airport with flights to Tromsø and several destinations in Finnmark. The European route E6 runs through the part of the municipality. The municipality of Nordreisa was established on 1 January 1886 when the part of Skjervøy was separated to form the new municipality. On 1 January 1890, the Trætten and Loppevolden farms were transferred to Nordreisa from Skjervøy, the parts of Skjervøy lying on the mainland were transferred from Skjervøy to Nordreisa on 1 January 1972. On 1 January 1982, the part of Uløya was transferred from Skjervøy to Nordreisa. The municipality is named after the Reisafjorden, which again is named after Reisaelva, the river name is probably derived from the verb rísa which means raise. The first element Nord was added to distinguish the municipality from Sørreisa, the municipality was originally named Nordreisen, but the ending was later changed to the present form. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 21 December 1984. The arms show two white salmon on a green background and this was chosen since the river Reisaelva is one of the countrys best salmon rivers. See also, Coats-of-arms for Grane, Kvalsund and Mandal, the Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Nordreisa. It is part of the Nord-Troms deanery in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland, most inhabitants are descendants of settlers from Finland who came over in the 18th century, escaping famine and war. Today, only a few old people can speak Finnish, some inhabitants have Sami or Norwegian backgrounds, and today the Norwegian language is most commonly used. Few old buildings survive in Nordreisa, as everything was destroyed in early 1945 by retreating German troops. The two major attractions are the old trading post at Havnnes, with old houses that escaped the war damages, and the waterfall of Mollisfossen. The upper, or southernmost, areas of the municipality are covered by the Reisa National Park with unique forest, in the 2007 municipal elections, Nordreisa recorded the highest vote for the right-wing Progress Party in Norway at 49. 3%
Nordreisa
–
View of Storslett
Nordreisa
–
Map of Nordreisa
40.
Troms
–
Troms is a county in Northern Norway. It borders Finnmark county to the northeast and Nordland county in the southwest, norrbotten Län in Sweden is located to the south and further southeast is a shorter border with Lapland Province in Finland. To the west is the Norwegian Sea, the entire county, which was established in 1866, is located north of the Arctic circle. The Troms County Municipality is the body for the county, elected by the people of Troms, while the Troms county governor is a representative of the King. The county had a population of 161,771 in 2014, until 1919 the county was formerly known as Tromsø amt. On 1 July 2006, the Northern Sami name for the county, the county is named after the island Tromsøya on which it is located. Several theories exist as to the etymology of Troms, one theory holds Troms- to derive from the old name of the island. Several islands and rivers in Norway have the name Tromsa, the mountains name in Sámi, Rumbbučohkka, is identical in meaning, and it is said to have been a sacred mountain for the Sámi in pre-Christian times. The Sámi name of the island, Romsa, is assumed to be a loan from Norse –, however, an alternative form – Tromsa – is in informal use. There is a theory that holds the Norwegian name of Tromsø derives from the Sámi name, a common misunderstanding is that Tromsøs Sámi name is Romssa with a double s. This, however, is the accusative and genitive form of the noun used when, for example, the coat of arms of Troms was made by Hallvard Trætteberg, and adopted by royal resolution on 15 January 1960. The official blazon in Norwegian translates to On a field Gules a griffin Or, Trætteberg chose to have the griffin as charge because that animal was the symbol of the mighty clan of Bjarne Erlingsson on Bjarkøy in the 13th century. Troms is located in the part of the Scandinavian peninsula. Due to the distance to the more densely populated areas of the continent. Troms has a rugged and indented coastline facing the Norwegian Sea. However, the large and mountainous islands along the coast provide an excellent sheltered waterway on the inside, starting in the south, the largest islands are, northeastern part of Hinnøya, Grytøya, Senja, Kvaløya, Ringvassøya, Reinøy, Vannøy, and Arnøy. Some of these islands, most noteworthy Senja, have a rugged outer coast with mountains. There are several fjords that stretch quite far inland
Troms
–
Troms fylke Romssa fylka
Troms
–
Troms has many fjords and mountainous islands; the highest mountains are inland.
Troms
–
Balsfjord in central Troms
Troms
–
The 1505 m / 5000 ft Piggtind in the Lyngen Alps, at the intersection of Tromsø, Balsfjord and Storfjord municipalities. February 2009.
41.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
Finland
–
Hakkapeliitta featured on a 1940 Finnish stamp
Finland
–
Flag
Finland
–
Now lying within Helsinki,
Suomenlinna is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of an inhabited 18th century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.
Finland
–
Pioneers in Karelia (1900) by
Eero Järnefelt
42.
Lake
–
A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
Lake
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Oeschinen Lake in the
Swiss Alps
Lake
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Lake Tahoe on the border of
California and
Nevada
Lake
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The
Caspian Sea is either the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
Lake
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The
Seven Rila Lakes are a group of glacial lakes in the
Bulgarian Rila mountains.
43.
Finnmarksvidda
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Finnmarksvidda is Norways largest plateau, with an area greater than 22,000 square kilometres. The plateau lies about 300 to 500 metres above sea level, approximately 36% of Finnmark county lies on the Finnmarksvidda. From Alta Municipality in the west to the Varanger Peninsula in the east it stretches for approximately 300 kilometres, being at least that wide from north to south, the southeastern part of the plateau is protected by the Øvre Anárjohka National Park. The 1,409 square kilometres park opened in 1976, the plateau includes extensive birch woods, pine barrens, bogs and glacially formed lakes. Finnmarksvidda is situated north of the Arctic Circle and is best known as the land of the once nomadic Sami people and their shelters in the tundra, are still in use in winter time. The 24-hour averages for January and July in the location are −17.1 °C and 13.1 °C. Precipitation is only 366 millimetres per year, karasjok has recorded up to 32.4 °C in July, giving a possible yearly amplitude of 84°C, which is rare in Europe. The annual mean temperatures on the plateau are as low as −3 °C, this being is the lowest average in mainland Norway − lower even than that of Jan Mayen and Bjørnøya
Finnmarksvidda
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The lowest elevations can be found in the eastern part of Finnmarksvidda, near
Karasjok and
Tana. River valleys in the area are only 100 - 250 m
above sea level.
Finnmarksvidda
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Finnmarksvidda near Alta.
Altaelva valley in the background
Finnmarksvidda
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Kautokeino municipality is Norway's largest by area. Within its borders is the coldest village in continental Norway, Sihcjavri.
44.
Anarjohka
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Anarjohka is a tributary of Tana River. It is about 153 kilometres long, with an area of about 3,152 square kilometres. The mean discharge at the mouth is about 33 cubic metres per second, the lower part of the river runs along the Finnish–Norwegian border. The border continues along Anarjohkas tributary Skiehččanjohka, while the part of the river lies within the eponymous Øvre Anárjohka national park in Norway. After Basevuovdi the river turns north, and its largest tributary, the only bridge over the Anarjohka is located at the Finnish village of Karigasniemi. At this border crossing the Norwegian and Finnish national highways meet, at Raidesuolu,5 kilometers further north, and some 10 kilometres east of Karasjok, the Anarjohka flows into the Karasjohka, and together the two rivers form the Tana River. Karigasniemi, with some 300 inhabitants, is the settlement of some size along the river. On the Norwegian side, between the bridge and north to the confluence with Karasjohka, lie the villages of Dorvonjárga and Gámehisnjárga. South of Karigasniemi the area surrounding the river is sparsely populated. There are small villages at Iškorasjohka, Jorgastak and Basevuovdi on the Norwegian side, Angeli, which lies opposite Basevouvdi on the Norwegian side, is the largest settlement along the river south of Karigasniemi. Upstream from Basevuovdi / Angeli there are no settlements at all, like the Tana, the Anarjohka is a very good river for salmon fishing. List of rivers of Norway List of rivers of Finland Media related to Anarjohka at Wikimedia Commons
Anarjohka
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Anarjohka at
Karigasniemi
45.
Karasjohka
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Karasjohka or Kárášjohka is a river in Finnmark county, Norway. The 161-kilometre long river runs through Kautokeino Municipality and Karasjok Municipality, the river is one of the most important rivers that drains the Finnmarksvidda plateau. It flows into the famous salmon-fishing Tana River near Karigasniemi on the Norway-Finland border, the river begins at the small lake Nuorttit Rávdojávri inside Øvre Anárjohka National Park, just over the border with Finland. The river begins high on the Finnmarksvidda plateau and then north through Kautokeino. About 15 kilometres west of the village of Karasjok, the river turns, at its confluence with the river Anarjohka, the two rivers form the Tana River. The Karasjohka river drains a watershed of 4,948 square kilometres, the European route E06 highway runs along the northern shore of the last 10 kilometres of the river
Karasjohka
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View of the river
46.
Kautokeinoelva
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Altaelva is the third longest river in Finnmark county, Norway. The river begins in the mountains and lakes in Kautokeino Municipality, near the border with Troms county and Finland, the 240-kilometre long river then runs northward into Alta Municipality where it flows out into the Altafjorden in the town of Alta. The river has carved out Sautso, one of the largest canyons in Europe on its way from the high Finnmarksvidda plateau down to the sea, the villages of Kautokeino and Masi are located along the river, in addition to the town of Alta. During the 1970s and 1980s, the river was the site of the Alta controversy regarding the construction of a power plant. The Alta power station was built in 1987, creating the lake Virdnejávri on the river. The river is one of the best salmon rivers in Norway, in older days, salmon up to 33 kilograms were recorded, and still fish up to 24 kilograms are caught. In 2011, there were 1,082 salmon that were caught on the river, the Altaelva literally means the Alta River in English. The Northern Sami language version of the name is Álttáeatnu and the Kven language version of the name is Alattionjoki. The part of the river that is upstream of the Alta dam is also called Kautokeinoelva, meaning the Kautokeino River and that part of the river is also known as Guovdageaineatnu or Eatnu in the Northern Sami language. Media related to Altaelva at Wikimedia Commons
Kautokeinoelva
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View of the
Sautso canyon
47.
Altaelva
–
Altaelva is the third longest river in Finnmark county, Norway. The river begins in the mountains and lakes in Kautokeino Municipality, near the border with Troms county and Finland, the 240-kilometre long river then runs northward into Alta Municipality where it flows out into the Altafjorden in the town of Alta. The river has carved out Sautso, one of the largest canyons in Europe on its way from the high Finnmarksvidda plateau down to the sea, the villages of Kautokeino and Masi are located along the river, in addition to the town of Alta. During the 1970s and 1980s, the river was the site of the Alta controversy regarding the construction of a power plant. The Alta power station was built in 1987, creating the lake Virdnejávri on the river. The river is one of the best salmon rivers in Norway, in older days, salmon up to 33 kilograms were recorded, and still fish up to 24 kilograms are caught. In 2011, there were 1,082 salmon that were caught on the river, the Altaelva literally means the Alta River in English. The Northern Sami language version of the name is Álttáeatnu and the Kven language version of the name is Alattionjoki. The part of the river that is upstream of the Alta dam is also called Kautokeinoelva, meaning the Kautokeino River and that part of the river is also known as Guovdageaineatnu or Eatnu in the Northern Sami language. Media related to Altaelva at Wikimedia Commons
Altaelva
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View of the
Sautso canyon
48.
Alta controversy
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Folkeaksjonen mot utbygging av Alta-Kautokeinovassdraget was founded at the local highschool, by around 80 protesters, on July 12,1978 The Detsika Camp was established in the summer of 1979. It received 6500 visitors from 20 nations—a number of the visitors were demonstrators, later in 1979 the Stilla Camp was established, and the Detsika Camp was disestablished. Folkeaksjonen - held an election at an annual meeting in Alta on January 24,1982. Folkeaksjonen - had its last national conference, in May 1982, proceedings in court against Alfred Nilsen, Bongo, Suhr and Flatberg, commence March 1,1983. They are later sentenced to fines and suspended prison sentences, on July 12,1978, the popular movement against development of the Alta-Kautokeino waterway was founded, creating an organizational platform for first opposing and then resisting construction work. This group and others filed for an injunction in Norwegian courts against the Norwegian government to prevent construction from beginning, documents that have since been declassified, show that the government planned to use military forces as logistical support for police authorities in their efforts to stop the protests. More than one thousand protesters chained themselves to the site when the work started again in January 1981, the police responded with large forces, at one point 10% of all Norwegian police officers were stationed in Alta. The protesters were removed by police. For the first time since World War II, Norwegians were arrested and charged with violating laws against rioting, the central organizations for the Sami people discontinued all cooperation with the Norwegian government. Two Sami women even travelled to Rome to petition the Pope, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government in early 1982, at which point organized opposition to the power plant ceased, and the power plant was built. This process reached a key milestone in 2005, when the Finnmark Act was passed and it is considered that though the Sami lost the battle over this particular issue, they made important long-term gains. It unified formerly disparate environmental groups with respect to a common cause, revived Sami interest in their culture and rolled back efforts of the Norwegian governments Norwegianization policy. The NGO organised the opposition against the construction in the Alta controversy, of these 10,000 actively participated in demonstrations, including the Stilla March. The organisation functioned as a cooperation between environmentalists and Sami activists, and not only succeeded at putting focus on environmental issues but also on Sami rights. After their acts of disobedience, the four leaders, Alfred Nilsen, Tore Bongo, Svein Suhr. A2014 documentary film Tidsvitne, Alta-kampen was produced by NRK La Elva Leve, in 2014 in one of the scenes of scenes of the Donald Duck Christmas story, mining activists—clad in gákti—and a chain gang show up. Associations to the Alta conflict of the 70s and 80s, where there was resistance to the building of a dam on the Alta River, are clear. Henvendelsene kom fra både IRA og venstreradikale nordmenn, mest sannsynlig AKP-medlemmer, ville sprenge skip i Alta - Under Alta-striden planla venstreradikale nordmenn å sprenge politibåten «Janina», som lå i Alta med 800 politifolk om bord
Alta controversy
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Sami language button (campaign against development of the Alta)
49.
Northern Norway
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Northern Norway is the geographical region of Norway, consisting of the three northernmost counties Nordland, Troms and Finnmark, in total about 35% of the Norwegian mainland. Some of the largest towns in Northern Norway are Mo i Rana, Bodø, Narvik, Harstad, Tromsø, Northern Norway is often described as the land of the midnight sun and the land of the northern lights. Further north, halfway to the North Pole, is the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, the region is multi-cultural, housing not just Norwegians but also the indigenous Sami people, Norwegian Finns and Russian populations. Finnish is spoken in only a few communities in the east of Finnmark, Northern Norway covers about a third of Norway. The southernmost part, roughly the part south of the Arctic Circle, is called Helgeland, the inland is covered with dense spruce forests and mountains near the Swedish border, some of the biggest rivers in the region are the Vefsna and the Ranelva. The highest mountain in Northern Norway is found here in the Okstindan range south of Mo i Rana with Oksskolten reaching 1,915 metres above sea level, the Saltfjellet range, with its Svartisen glacier and intersecting Arctic Circle, divides Helgeland from the next region, called Salten. Notable peaks in Salten are the Børvasstindan south of Bodø, Suliskongen near Fauske, the Steigartindan, between Saltfjellet and eastern Finnmark, Norway spruce trees have originally been planted and are mostly privately owned. The older plantations are now producing lumber,80 years after planted, Lofoten is a chain of peaks that jut out of the ocean. From the mainland side it looks very barren, but behind the violet-black peaks there are also flatlands with good grazing for sheep, the Vesterålen islands consist of smaller and bigger islands with a huge variation in landscape. There are also glaciers, like Frostisen and Blåisen, big islands like Senja, Kvaløya and Ringvassøya have green, forested interiors and a barren, mountainous coastline, with smaller islands offshore. The Lyngen Alps are the highest mountains of the area, rising to 1,833 metres, the 269 metres Mollisfossen waterfall in Nordreisa is the highest waterfall in the north, while Målselvfossen is Norways national waterfall. Finnmark county has fjords and glaciers in the far southwest, the inland is covered by Finnmarksvidda, a relatively barren plateau about 300 to 400 metres high, with many lakes and rivers like Alta-Kautokeino and Tana/Deatnu. Even at this latitude, pine forests grow naturally in lowland areas inland, east of Honningsvåg, there are no islands protecting the barren coasts that rise directly up from the sea. The landscape towards the Russian border is comparatively flat, Finnmark is situated north of northernmost Finland, and to the east Norway has a 196 kilometres border with Russia. The oldest known historical culture in the region is called Komsa, the first people possibly arrived around 12–13,000 years ago, but it is uncertain whether they came from southern Norway or from the Kola Peninsula. Today the rock carvings at Hjemmeluft in Alta or at Leknes in Nordland are among the remainders of the Stone Age cultures, showing reindeer swimming across the fjords. A significant find area is between the river Tana and the fjord of Varanger, where the reindeer probably ran over the isthmus on the way between the winter and summer grazing, metals were introduced around 500 BC. The Sami culture can be traced back at least 2,000 years, there is also some archeological evidence of Bronze Age agricultural settlements about 2,500 years old, as in Steigen and Sømna
Northern Norway
–
A branch of
Tysfjord; the coast is home to innumerable
fjords.
Northern Norway
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Some of the major islands in Northern Norway
Northern Norway
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The islands along the coast creates sheltered sounds on the inside, as here in
Lenvik.
Northern Norway
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Målselva is one of the larger rivers;
Målselv municipality.
50.
Sahara desert
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The Sahara is the largest hot desert and the third largest desert in the world after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres is comparable to the area of the United States. The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of tropical savanna around the Niger River valley. The Sahara can be divided into several regions including, the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, the name Sahara is derived from ṣaḥārā, the plural of the Arabic word for desert. The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and it covers 9 million square kilometres, amounting to 31% of Africa. If all areas with an annual precipitation of less than 250 mm were included. It is one of three physiographic provinces of the African massive physiographic division. The Sahara is mainly rocky hamada, Ergs form only a minor part, wind or rare rainfall shape the desert features, sand dunes, dune fields, sand seas, stone plateaus, gravel plains, dry valleys, dry lakes, and salt flats. Unusual landforms include the Richat Structure in Mauritania, several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad. The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation, the northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are subdivisions of the great desert, Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years, the northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm isohyet of annual precipitation. To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, the southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha, or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm isohyet of annual precipitation. The Sahara is the worlds largest low-latitude hot desert and this steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere
Sahara desert
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A satellite image of the Sahara by
NASA World Wind.
Sahara desert
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Tadrart Acacus desert in western
Libya, part of the Sahara.
Sahara desert
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The top image shows the Safsaf Oasis on the surface of the Sahara. The bottom (using
radar) is the rock layer underneath, revealing black channels cut by the meandering of an ancient river that once fed the
oasis.
Sahara desert
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A geographical map of Africa, showing the ecological break that defines the Saharan area.
from last year)
Kautokeino (help·info) (Norwegian) or Guovdageaidnu (Northern Sami) (also: Finnish: Koutokeino and Kven: Koutokeino) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino. Other villages include Láhpoluoppal and Máze.
