1.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
2.
Kauai
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For the Childish Gambino EP see STN MTN / Kauai Kauaʻi or Kauai is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands. With an area of 562.3 square miles, it is the fourth largest of these islands, known also as the Jurassic Isle, Kauaʻi lies 105 miles across the Kauaʻi Channel, northwest of Oʻahu. This island is the site of Waimea Canyon State Park, the United States Census Bureau defines Kauaʻi as census tracts 401 through 409 of Kauaʻi County, Hawaiʻi, which comprises all of the county except for the islands of Kaʻula, Lehua and Niʻihau. The 2010 United States Census population of the island was 67,091, the most populous town was Kapaʻa. Hawaiian narrative locates the origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa. The story relates how he named the island of Kauaʻi after a favorite son, another possible translation is food season. Kauaʻi was known for its dialect of the Hawaiian language. While the standard language today adopts the dialect of Hawaiʻi island, which has the sound, in effect, Kauaʻi dialect retained the old pan-Polynesian /t/, while standard Hawaiʻi dialect has changed it to the. Therefore, the name for Kauaʻi was said as Tauaʻi. Kauaʻis origins are volcanic, the island having been formed by the passage of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaii hotspot, at approximately six million years old, it is the oldest of the main islands. The highest peak on this island is Kawaikini at 5,243 feet. The second highest peak is Mount Waiʻaleʻale near the center of the island,5,148 feet above sea level, one of the wettest spots on earth, with an annual average rainfall of 1,170 centimetres, is located on the east side of Mount Waiʻaleʻale. The high annual rainfall has eroded deep valleys in the central mountains, at 3,000 feet deep, Waimea Canyon is often referred to as The Grand Canyon of the Pacific. Kokeo Point lies on the side of the island. The Na Pali Coast is a center for recreation in a setting, including kayaking past the beaches. The headland, Kuahonu Point, is on the south-east of the island, Kauaʻi’s climate is tropical, with generally humid and stable conditions year round, although weather phenomena and infrequent storms have caused instances of extreme weather. At the lower elevations the annual precipitation varies from an average of about 50 inches on the windward shore, average temperature in Lihue, the county seat, ranges from 78 °F in February to 85 °F in August and September. Kauaʻi’s mountainous regions offer cooler temperatures and provide a pleasant contrast to the coastal areas
3.
Kawaiisu
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Today, some Kawaiisu people are enrolled in the Tule River Indian Tribe. Before European contact, the Kawaiisu lived in permanent winter villages of 60 to 100 people and they often divided into smaller groups during the warmer months of the year and harvested California native plants in the mountains and deserts, and animals, for food and raw materials. The Kawaiisu are related by language and culture to the Southern Paiute of southwestern Nevada and they may have originally lived in the desert before coming to the Tehachapi Mountains region, perhaps as early as 2000 years ago or before. The Kawaiisu have been known by other names, including the Caliente, Paiute, and Tehachapi Indians. The Kawaiisu maintained friendly relations with the neighboring Kitanemuk and also participated in cooperative antelope drives with the Yokuts, the Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center, the Kawaiisu exhibit at the Tehachapi Museum. A local newspaper noted in 2010, There are also several hundred living Kawaiisu descendents, the Kawaiisu language, or Tehachapi, is a member of the Southern Numic division of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Kawaiisu homeland was bordered by speakers of non-Numic Uto-Aztecan languages, the Kitanemuk to the south spoke Takic, the Tübatulabal to the north spoke the Tübatulabal language a linguistic isolate. The Yokuts to the west were non-Uto-Aztecan, because they also spoke a Southern Numic language, the Chemehuevi to the east are the closest linguistic relatives to Kawaiisu. Estimates for the populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber proposed the combined 1770 population of the Kawaiisu, Koso and he estimated the surviving population of the Kawaiisu, Koso, and Chemehuevi in 1910 as 500. Garfinkel, Alan P. Donald R. Austin, David Earle, myth, Ritual and Rock Art, Coso Decorated Animal-Humans and the Animal Master. Garfinkel, Alan P. and John F. Romani, dating Aboriginal Occupation at Tihesti-va’a-di, Changing Land Use Patterns at a Kawaiisu Village, Tehachapi, California. Kern County Archaeological Society Journal 10, 45-63, garfinkel, Alan P. and Harold Williams. The Handbook of the Kawaiisu, A Sourcebook and Guide to Primary Resources on the Native Peoples of the far southern Sierra Nevada, Tehachapi Mountains, berkeley, CA, University of California Press. CS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Kawaiisu Language and Cultural Center Kawaiiasu of Tomo-Kahni Antelope Valley Indian Museum, Kawaiisu peoples Petroglyphs. us, Native American Rock Art
4.
Guard rail
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Guard rail or guardrail, sometimes referred to as guide rail or railing, is a system designed to keep people or vehicles from straying into dangerous or off-limits areas. A handrail is less restrictive than a rail and provides both support and the protective limitation of a boundary. Most public spaces are fitted with guard rails as a means of protection against accidental falls, any abrupt change in elevation where the higher portion is accessible makes a fall possible. Due to this responsibility and liability, rails are placed to protect people using the premises, guardrails are generally required by code where there is a drop of 30 or more. Examples of this are both architectural and environmental, environmental guard rails are placed along hiking trails where adjacent terrain is steep. Railings may also be located at scenic overlooks, guard rails in buildings are numerous, and are required by building codes in many circumstances. Guard rails along stairways are common, and catwalks and balconies are also lined with them, the most common residential guard rail is usually a wood railing around the deck. This typically is built on-site from pressure treated lumber, featuring a design of vertical baluster spaced every 3.5 to comply with building code. Other guard rail construction options are available, cable railings typically use stainless steel cables strung horizontally. Glass balusters and glass panels open the view while still providing safety, with the increasing popularity of composite lumber for decking, manufacturers, like TimberTech are providing composite railing components. Wrought iron is another choice that is traditional and sturdy, Building codes also require that no opening in a guard be of a size such that a 4 sphere may pass. There are three exceptions according to the 2003 International Building Code Section 1012.3 which allow openings to not exceed 8 or 21 depending on occupancy groups or special areas, an architect who was famous for creative use of handrails for social stability was Alvar Aalto. The guard rails of a tower such as the Space Needle or Eiffel Tower become exaggerated to the point of becoming a fence or cage. This is also done on bridges and overpasses to prevent accidents, guardrails are used in a facility setting to protect a companys greatest assets which include their people and expensive equipment. The strongest guardrail option is utilizing a manufacturer who produces industrial strength guardrail and this guardrail is constructed out of 4 Schedule 806 Schedule 40. It is then sleeved in Hi-Density Thermoplastic Polyethylene which makes it maintenance free and it can be mounted using a base-plate or cored into cement to enhance the strength. Guardrail can also be constructed of 10 gauge high-tensile steel formed into a two-rib corrugated design with two secondary ribs and this guardrail is similar in appearance to guardrails in an outdoor setting, but is often used in facilities. Once it is impacted, it must be repaired and replaced, guardrails were being used for the first time in Germany
5.
Narita, Chiba
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Narita is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport, the international airport serving the Greater Tokyo Area. As of February 1,2016, the city has an population of 131,096. Its total area was 213.84 square kilometres, the area Narita has been inhabited since the Japanese Paleolithic period. Archaeologists have found tools dating to some 30,000 years ago on the site of Narita Airport. Numerous shell middens from the Jōmon period, and hundreds of tumuli from the Kofun period have been found in numerous locations around Narita. Place names in the vicinity of Narita appear in the Nara period Manyōshū, during the Heian period, the area was a center for the revolt of Taira Masakado. During the Edo period, the continued to prosper as part of the tenryō within Shimōsa Province under direct control of the Tokugawa shogunate. After the Meiji Restoration, the area was organized as a town under Inba District on April 1,1889, portions of the town were destroyed by Allied air raids in February and May,1945. On March 31,1954, Narita gained city status through merger with the villages of Habu, Nakago, Kuzumi, Toyosumi, Toyama. Growth in the began in earnest in 1966, when Prime Minister Eisaku Sato laid out the plan for Narita International Airport. The development of the airport and accompanying access to central Tokyo led to residential, commercial and industrial development in the city. However, construction of the airport was opposed, and violent demonstrations occurred through the end of the 1960s and early 1970s. On March 27,2006, the towns of Shimofusa and Taiei were merged into Narita, Central Narita is roughly defined as the area between Narita Station, Keisei Narita Station and the Narita-san Temple. The main road in central Narita is Omotesandō, which is lined with about 150 small shops and has extensively renovated in recent years. Narita New Town is a residential area to the west of Narita Station. It has 16,000 homes with a population of 60,000. The area was designed in 1968 based on the new towns surrounding London in the UK, there are also several Urban Renaissance Agency and other government-subsidized housing projects in the area
6.
E3 Series Shinkansen
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Later versions of the E3 series were also introduced for use on Yamagata Shinkansen Tsubasa services. Both mini-shinkansen lines join the Tohoku Shinkansen, providing services to, the design of the original Akita Shinkansen E3 series trains was overseen by industrial designer Kenji Ekuan. Doorway steps fold out to bridge the gap between the body and the platform at regular shinkansen stations. It was modified to full-production specifications in March 1997 ahead of the start of Akita Shinkansen services, until it was augmented to six cars in 1998, the pre-series was formed as follows, with scissors-type pantographs on cars 12,13, and 14. Set R1 was withdrawn following its final run on 20 July 2013. The full-production trainsets built from 1996 for the Akita Shinkansen were 5-car sets, a total of 26 Akita Shinkansen sets were in service by the end of 2005. Sets R1 to R16 were leased by East Japan Railway Company from the company, Akita Shinkansen Sharyō Hoyū. This lease ended on 21 March 2010 with the dissolution of Akita Shinkansen Sharyō Hoyū, the E3 series sets are scheduled to be phased out following the introduction of new E6 series sets from March 2013, with 19 sets scheduled to be withdrawn during fiscal 2013. From the start of the 15 March 2014 timetable revision, E3 series trainsets were no longer used on Akita Shinkansen Komachi services, two sets remained in service, used on Yamabiko and Nasuno services. Cars 12 and 15 are equipped with PS206 single-arm pantographs, the build details are as shown below. As of 1 October 2016, two of the original 26 sets are in operation, from 2014, a further two sets were introduced, reformed from withdrawn Akita Shinkansen E3-0 series R sets, to replace the two older sets L51 and L52. The sets are formed as shown below, with five motored cars, cars 12 and 14 are equipped with PS206 single-arm pantographs. The build details are as shown below, the former identities of the cars reformed into sets L54 and L55 are as shown below. The first of a fleet of twelve new E3-2000 series 7-car sets entered service on Yamagata Shinkansen Tsubasa services on 20 December 2008, the new fleet totally replaced the older 400 series trains by summer 2009. The new trains incorporate design improvements, including suspension, full-colour LED destination indicators. Seating capacity in cars 16 and 17 has been reduced by 4 compared with the E3-1000 series to provide uniform seating pitch in all cars, cars 12 and 14 are equipped with PS206 single-arm pantographs. As of 1 October 2016, the E3-2000 series fleet is as follows, from spring 2014, the entire fleet of 15 E3-1000 and E3-2000 series Tsubasa sets is scheduled to be reliveried in a new colour scheme designed by industrial designer Ken Okuyama. The first reliveried set is scheduled to appear in late April, three sets are scheduled to be repainted by June 2014, with the entire fleet of 15 sets repainted by mid 2016
7.
Cuteness
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Lorenz proposed the concept of baby schema, a set of facial and body features, that make a creature appear cute and activate in others the motivation to care for it. Cuteness may be ascribed to people as well as things that are regarded as attractive or charming. In terms of tissue, Jones said that the neurocranium grows a lot in juveniles while the bones for the nose. Some later scientific studies have provided evidence for Lorenzs theory. For example, it has shown that human adults react positively to infants who are stereotypically cute. Studies have also shown that responses to cuteness—and to facial attractiveness in general—seem to be similar across, in a study conducted by Stephan Hamann of Emory University, he found using an fMRI, that cute pictures increased brain activity in the orbital frontal cortex. Desmond Collins, who was an Extension Lecturer of Archaeology at London University, physical anthropologist Barry Bogin said that the pattern of childrens growth may intentionally increase the duration of their cuteness. Bogin said that this allometry of human growth allows children to have a superficially infantile appearance longer than in other mammalian species, Bogin said that this cute appearance causes a nurturing and care-giving response in older individuals. The perceived cuteness of an infant is influenced by the gender, the gender of an observer can determine their perception of the difference in cuteness. In a study by Sprengelmeyer et al. it was suggested that women were more sensitive to differences in cuteness than the same aged men. This suggests that reproductive hormones in women are important for determining cuteness, there are suggestions that hormone levels can affect a persons perception of cuteness. Konrad Lorenz suggests that caretaking behaviour and affective orientation towards infants as a mechanism. The Sprengelmeyer et al. study expands on this claim by manipulating baby pictures to test groups on their ability to detect differences in cuteness, the studies show that premenopausal women detected cuteness better than same aged postmenopausal women. Furthermore, to support this claim, women taking birth control pills that raise levels of reproductive hormones detect cuteness better than same aged women not taking the pill, Sprengelmeyer gathered 24 young women,24 young men, and 24 older women to participate in his study. He ran three studies in which images of white European babies were shown, and the participants were asked to them on a cuteness scale of one to seven. The study found differences among the groups in cuteness discrimination, which ruled out cohort, in the second study it was found that premenopausal women discriminated cuteness at a higher level than their postmenopausal female peers. This finding suggested a biological factor, which was investigated further in the third study. Here, Sprengelmeyer compared cuteness sensitivity between premenopausal women who were, and were not taking oral contraceptives, the study concluded that post-perceptual processes were impacted by hormone levels in females, and thus impacted sensitivity to cuteness
8.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
9.
Hello Kitty
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Hello Kitty, is a fictional character produced by the Japanese company Sanrio, created by Yuko Shimizu and currently designed by Yuko Yamaguchi. She is depicted as an anthropomorphic white Japanese Bobtail cat-inspired character with a red bow, shortly after her creation in 1974, Hello Kitty greeted the world with a Hello. on her first product. The Hello Kitty vinyl coin purse was introduced by Sanrio in March 1975, the character was then brought to the United States in 1976. The character is a staple of the segment of Japanese popular culture. By 2010, Sanrio had groomed Hello Kitty into a global marketing phenomenon worth $5 billion a year, originally aimed at pre-adolescent females, Hello Kittys market has broadened to include adult consumers. She can be found on a variety of products ranging from school supplies to fashion accessories, several Hello Kitty TV series, targeted towards children, have been produced. Hello Kitty is also the character at the two Japanese Sanrio theme parks, Harmonyland and the indoor Sanrio Puroland. She has a playful and funny character and is kind, in 1962, Shintaro Tsuji, founder of Sanrio, began selling rubber sandals with flowers painted on them. Tsuji noted the profits gained by adding a cute design to the sandals, the company produced a line of character merchandise around gift-giving occasions. Hello Kitty was designed by Yuko Shimizu and was added to the lineup of early Sanrio characters in 1974, the characters first appearance on an item was a vinyl coin purse in Japan where she was pictured sitting between a bottle of milk and a goldfish bowl. She first appeared in the United States in 1976, Sanrio decided to make Hello Kitty British because at the time when she was created, foreign countries, in particular Britain, were trendy in Japan. In addition, Sanrio already had a number of set in the US. Shimizu got the name Kitty from Lewis Carrolls Through the Looking-Glass, Sanrios motto is social communication and Tsuji wanted the brand name to reflect that. He first considered Hi Kitty before settling on Hello for the greeting, spokespeople for Sanrio have said that Hello Kitty does not have a mouth because they want people to project their feelings onto the character and be happy or sad together with Hello Kitty. Another explanation Sanrio has given for her lack of a mouth is that she speaks from the heart, shes Sanrios ambassador to the world and isnt bound to any particular language. Representatives for Sanrio have said they see Hello Kitty as a symbol of friendship, Hello Kitty sold well immediately after the 1974 launch, and Sanrios sales increased seven times up until they slumped temporarily in 1978. New series with Hello Kitty in different themed designs are released regularly, Yuko Yamaguchi, the main designer for most of Hello Kittys history, has said that she is inspired by fashion, movies and TV in creating new designs. Hello Kitty was originally marketed only to young girls, in the 1990s the target market for Hello Kitty was broadened to include teens and grown-ups as a retro brand
10.
Japanese popular culture
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Japanese popular culture encompasses the modern popular culture of Japan. Contemporary forms of culture, much like the traditional forms, are not only forms of entertainment. There is an industry of music, films, and the products of a huge comic book industry. Game centers, bowling alleys, and karaoke parlors are well-known hangout places for teens while older people may play shogi or go in specialized parlors, after the end of the US occupation of Japan in 1952, Japanese popular culture has been deeply influenced by American media. Rather than being dominated by American products however, Japan has localised these influences by imitating, Kawaii is a Japanese term which means cute and beautiful. Kawaii is also used to some men who are considered to have cute personalities. Kawaii in Japan has been a trend for many Japanese markets. The use of Kawaii in public relations has been a factor for many. One type of mascot in Japan that are noted for their Kawaii-ness are characters known as yurukiyara, each year Japan celebrates a new winner and this years current number one is Bari-san from Ehime prefecture. Despite this, his popularity pales in comparison to that of last years champion, Kumamon of Kumamoto prefecture. Having pulled in over 2.5 billion yen in sales across the nation this past year, he is widely adored. Japanese pop culture is highly surrounded by idealized celebrities who appear on different forms of mass media. These idols are mostly girls portrayed for their cuteness and innocence and they must have a perfect public image and be good examples to young people. Idols aim to play a range of roles as media personalities, e. g. pop or J-pop singers, panelists of variety programs, bit-part actors, models for magazines. Alternative media idols include the emerging net idol, a form of idol in which grows popularity on the internet as its base foundation, many net idol groups create a large standing online before transferring their career towards the professional Music Industry. During 2016, about 636 thousand people attended their live concerts, the group has been ranked as the most popular female idol group from 2013 to 2016. Geinōkai is the world of Japanese entertainment, encompassing everything from movies and television to radio, geinōjin is a term, often used interchangeably with talent, which refers to members of the Geinōkai. Talent refers to a large group of people who appear on television from night to night
11.
Japanese street fashion
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There are many styles of street fashion in Japan, created from a mix of both local and foreign labels. Some of these styles are extreme and avant-garde, similar to the haute couture seen on European catwalks. The rise and fall of many of these trends has been chronicled by Shoichi Aoki since 1997 in the fashion magazine Fruits, in 2003, Japanese hip-hop, which had long been present among underground Tokyos club scene, influenced the mainstream fashion industry. The popularity of the music was so influential that Tokyos youth imitated their favorite hip hop stars from the way they dress with oversized clothes to tanned skin, though the styles have changed over the years, street fashion is still prominent in Tokyo today. Young adults can often be found wearing subculture attire in large urban districts such as Harajuku, Aoyama, Ginza, Odaiba, Shinjuku. Containing many different themes within its boundaries, Lolita has become one of the larger, the more well-known styles within Lolita fashion are as follows, Gothic Lolita - is Lolita with a heavy influence from the Eastern and Victorian Goth style. Often characterized by dark colors, crosses, bats and spiders, Victorian iron gates and architectural designs are also often seen in dress prints. Skirts are usually worn knee length with petticoats beneath for volume, blouses or shirts are lace-trimmed or ruffled in the Victorian style. Knee length socks with boots, bonnets, brooches, and a parasol finish out this style of Lolita, Sweet Lolita - is the most childlike style, mostly characterized by baby animals, fairy tale themes and innocent, childlike attire. It was originally inspired by Victorian childrens clothing and Alice in Wonderland, hello Kitty, Rilakkuma and other cute pop culture characters are popular among the Sweet lolitas. Pastel colors are used, as well as other muted colors like black and dark reds, large headbows, cute purses, elegant parasols and stuffed animals are popular accessories for Sweet Lolita. Punk Lolita - An experimental style, mixing the influences of Punk with Lolita and it can sometimes look deconstructed or crazy, while keeping most of the Lolita silhouette. It is more business-like and focuses on light colors such as, blue, green, kodona, a. k. a. boystyle and ouji, is a more masculine counterpart of lolita, influenced by Victorian boys clothing. Prince pants, which are short capri-style pants that are cut off the knee, usually some sort of detail are commonly worn with masculine blouses, top hats. Gyaru, which is known as ganguro, which is actually a subcategory of gyaru, is a type of Japanese street fashion that originated in the 1970s. Gyaru focuses on style, dwelling on man-made beauty. Gyaru is also inspired by Western fashion. The ganguro style of Japanese street fashion became popular among Japanese girls in the early 1990s, ganguro falls into the larger subculture of gyaru fashion
12.
Japanese cuisine
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Japanese cuisine encompasses the regional and traditional foods of Japan, which have developed through centuries of social and economic changes. The traditional cuisine of Japan is based on rice with miso soup and other dishes, side dishes often consist of fish, pickled vegetables, and vegetables cooked in broth. Seafood is common, often grilled, but also served raw as sashimi or in sushi, seafood and vegetables are also deep-fried in a light batter, as tempura. Apart from rice, staples include noodles, such as soba, Japan also has many simmered dishes such as fish products in broth called oden, or beef in sukiyaki and nikujaga. Foreign food—in particular Chinese food like ramen, fried dumplings, and gyōza—as well as foods like curry, historically, the Japanese shunned meat, but with the modernization of Japan in the 1880s, meat-based dishes such as tonkatsu became common. Japanese cuisine, particularly sushi, has become popular throughout the world, as of 2011, Japan overtook France in number of Michelin-starred restaurants and has maintained the title since. Japanese cuisine is based on combining the staple food, which is steamed rice or gohan, with one or several okazu or main dishes. This may be accompanied by a clear or miso soup and tsukemono, the phrase ichijū-sansai refers to the makeup of a typical meal served, but has roots in classic kaiseki, honzen, and yūsoku cuisine. The term is used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays. Rice is served in its own small bowl, and each item is placed on its own small plate or bowl for each individual portion. This is done even at home and it contrasts with the Western-style dinners at home, where each individual takes helpings from the large serving dishes of food presented at the middle of the dining table. Placing okazu on top of rice and soiling it is frowned upon by old-fashioned etiquette. The small rice bowl or chawan doubles as a word for the large tea bowls in tea ceremonies, thus in common speech, the drinking cup is referred to as yunomi-jawan or yunomi for the purpose of distinction. In the olden days, among the nobility, each course of a full-course Japanese meal would be brought on serving napkins called zen, which were originally platformed trays or small dining tables. In the modern age, faldstool trays or stackup-type legged trays may still be used in zashiki, i. e. tatami-mat rooms. Teishoku means a meal of fixed menu, a dinner à prix fixe served at shokudō or ryōriten, which is somewhat vague, defines it as fare served at teishoku dining hall, etc. Emphasis is placed on seasonality of food or shun, and dishes are designed to herald the arrival of the four seasons or calendar months, seasonality means taking advantage of the fruit of the mountains as well as the fruit of the sea as they come into season. Thus the first catch of skipjack tunas that arrives with the Kuroshio Current has traditionally been greatly prized, if something becomes available rather earlier than usual, the first crop or early catch is called hashiri
13.
Hiragana
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Hiragana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana, kanji, and in some cases rōmaji. It is a lettering system. The word hiragana literally means ordinary or simple kana, Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems. With one or two exceptions, each sound in the Japanese language is represented by one character in each system. Because the characters of the kana do not represent single consonants, words that do have common kanji renditions may also sometimes be written instead in hiragana, according to an individual authors preference, for example to impart an informal feel. Hiragana is also used to write furigana, a reading aid that shows the pronunciation of kanji characters, There are two main systems of ordering hiragana, the old-fashioned iroha ordering and the more prevalent gojūon ordering. Of the 50 theoretically possible combinations, yi and wu do not exist in the language, wo is usually pronounced as a vowel in modern Japanese, and is preserved in only one use, as a particle. Romanization of the kana does not always follow the consonant-vowel scheme laid out in the table. For example, ち, nominally ti, is very often romanised as chi in an attempt to represent the actual sound in Japanese. These basic characters can be modified in various ways, by adding a dakuten marker, a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant, k→g, ts/s→z, t→d, h→b and ch/sh→j. Hiragana beginning with an h can also add a handakuten marker changing the h to a p, a small version of the hiragana for ya, yu or yo may be added to hiragana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide to a, u or o, for example, き plus ゃ becomes きゃ. Addition of the small y kana is called yōon, a small tsu っ, called a sokuon, indicates that the following consonant is geminated. In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation, for example, the sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop, as in いてっ. However, it cannot be used to double the na, ni, nu, ne, no syllables consonants – to double these, Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana, for example, おかあさん. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are used to represent trailing off sounds. Standard and voiced iteration marks are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ respectively, the following table shows the complete hiragana together with the Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription in the gojūon order. Hiragana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them, obsolete and normally unused kana are shown in gray
14.
Ateji
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In modern Japanese, ateji principally refer to kanji used to phonetically represent native or borrowed words with less regard to the underlying meaning of the characters. This is similar to manyōgana in Old Japanese, conversely ateji also refers to kanji used semantically without regard to the readings. For example, the sushi is often written with the ateji 寿司. Though the two characters have the readings su and shi respectively, the character 寿 means ones natural life span, ateji as a means of representing loanwords has been largely superseded in modern Japanese by the use of katakana, although many ateji coined in earlier eras still linger on. Ateji are particularly common on traditional store signs and menus, for example, kōhī, the Japanese loanword for coffee, is generally written using the katakana コーヒー, but on coffee shop signs and menus, it is often written with the ateji 珈琲. Many characters have gained meanings derived from ateji usage, for example, ateji was once widely utilized for foreign place names, such as in the ateji ajia used to write Asia. The original ateji word is now considered archaic, but the character 亜 has gained the meaning Asia in such compounds as tōa, even though 亜 originally meant subsequent. From the ateji amerika, the character was taken, resulting in the semi-formal coinage beikoku. When using ateji to represent loanwords, the kanji are sometimes chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching, a stock example is 倶楽部 for club, where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as together, fun and place. Another example is 合羽 for the Portuguese capa, a kind of raincoat, the characters can mean wings coming together, as the pointed capa resembles a bird with wings folded together. The ad hoc usage of Chinese characters for their phonetic values dates nearly to the introduction of Chinese characters to Japan, two widespread uses of ateji came out of this. On one front, scholars and monks used kanji characters as translation aids between the lines of Chinese texts, on the other, poets simply used kanji phonetically to write in Japanese. Many different characters were used with the sound values. This system of characters is called 万葉仮名 manyōgana, the kana of modern Japanese developed as organic simplifications of manyōgana that were eventually codified. Ateji found some use in the Meiji era and in the 20th century, in Buddhist Japanese, Sanskrit terms used in some chants also derive from ateji but were not called such. These Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese in China long ago, the translation rule for mantras were not to translate the mantra, but instead to represent it phonetically with Chinese characters. For the sutras, they were translated into Chinese Literary Language, the terms prajñāpāramitā and samyaksaṃ-bodhi, or Perfection of Wisdom and Fully Enlightened, both appear in the Heart Sutra, but are written using ateji. 訓読み kun-yomi should not be confused with ateji, intentional improvised use of irregular kanji spellings is known as 義訓 gikun, and generally requires furigana to be read properly
15.
Kanji
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Kanji, or kanji, are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana and katakana. The Japanese term kanji for the Chinese characters literally means Han characters and is using the same characters as the Chinese word hànzì. Chinese characters first came to Japan on official seals, letters, swords, coins, mirrors, the earliest known instance of such an import was the King of Na gold seal given by Emperor Guangwu of Han to a Yamato emissary in 57 AD. Chinese coins from the first century AD have been found in Yayoi-period archaeological sites, however, the Japanese of that era probably had no comprehension of the script, and would remain illiterate until the fifth century AD. The earliest Japanese documents were written by bilingual Chinese or Korean officials employed at the Yamato court. For example, the correspondence from King Bu of Wa to Emperor Shun of Liu Song in 478 has been praised for its skillful use of allusion. Later, groups of people called fuhito were organized under the monarch to read, during the reign of Empress Suiko, the Yamato court began sending full-scale diplomatic missions to China, which resulted in a large increase in Chinese literacy at the Japanese court. The Japanese language had no form at the time Chinese characters were introduced. Chinese characters also came to be used to write Japanese words, around 650 CE, a writing system called manyōgana evolved that used a number of Chinese characters for their sound, rather than for their meaning. Manyōgana written in cursive style evolved into hiragana, or onna-de, that is, ladies hand, major works of Heian-era literature by women were written in hiragana. Katakana emerged via a path, monastery students simplified manyōgana to a single constituent element. Thus the two writing systems, hiragana and katakana, referred to collectively as kana, are descended from kanji. Katakana are mostly used for representing onomatopoeia, non-Japanese loanwords, the names of plants and animals, and for emphasis on certain words. In 1946, following World War II and under the Allied Occupation of Japan and this was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. The number of characters in circulation was reduced, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, some characters were given simplified glyphs, called shinjitai. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged and these are simply guidelines, so many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, these are known as hyōgaiji. The kyōiku kanji are 1,006 characters that Japanese children learn in elementary school, originally the list only contained 881 characters. This was expanded to 996 characters in 1977 and it was not until 1982 the list was expanded to its current size
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Kogal
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Kogal is a Japanese fashion culture that involves schoolgirls wearing an outfit based on their uniform, but with very short skirts. The short skirts are worn irrespective of the season, the girls may also wear loose socks, scarves and have dyed hair. The word kogal is anglicized from kogyaru, a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru, the girls refer to themselves as gyaru, although this word is applied to several other fashion looks as well. Aside from the miniskirt or microskirt, and the socks, kogals favor platform boots, makeup. They may also dye their hair brown and get artificial suntans and they have a distinctive slang peppered with English words. They are often, but not necessarily, enrolled students, centers of kogal culture include the Harajuku and Shibuya districts of Tokyo, in particular Shibuyas 109 Building. Pop singer Namie Amuro promoted the style, Kogals are avid users of photo booths, with most visiting at least once a week, according to non-scientific polls. While critics condemned the gyaru as shallow, materialistic, and devoted to conspicuous consumption, admirers describe them as kindhearted, active women in exuberant health. The word kogal is a contraction of kōkōsei gyaru and it originated as a code used by disco bouncers to distinguish adults from minors. The term is not used by the girls it refers to and they call themselves gyaru, a Japanese pronunciation of the English word gal. The term gyaru was first popularized in 1972 by an ad for a brand of jeans. In the 1980s, a gyaru was a dressed woman. When written 子, ko means young woman, so kogyaru is sometimes understood in the sense of young gal, however, if this was the meaning originally intended, wakai gyaru would be more logical. Kogals have been accused of conspicuous consumption, living off their parents, critics decry their materialism as reflecting a larger psychological or spiritual emptiness in modern Japanese life. Some kogals support their lifestyle with allowances from wealthy parents, living a parasite single existence that grates against traditional principles of duty and industry. Others have charged that the phenomenon is less about the girls and their fashions than a media practice to fetishize school uniforms. I wish that I were in school at a different time. Now, with kogal being such an issue in Japan, nobody can see me for me and they only see me as kogal, like the ones they see on TV
17.
The Tale of Genji
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It is sometimes called the worlds first novel, the first modern novel, the first psychological novel or the first novel still to be considered a classic. Notably, the work illustrates a unique depiction of the lifestyles of high courtiers during the Heian period. While regarded as a masterpiece, its classification and influence in both the Western and Eastern canons has been a matter of debate. The Tale of Genji may have been written chapter by chapter in installments, the work does not make use of a plot, instead, events happen and characters simply grow older. One remarkable feature of the Genji, and of Murasakis skill, is its internal consistency, for instance, all characters age in step and the family and feudal relationships maintain general consistency. One complication for readers and translators of the Genji is that almost none of the characters in the text are given explicit names. The characters are referred to by their function or role, an honorific, or their relation to other characters. This lack of names stems from Heian-era court manners that would have made it unacceptably familiar, Modern readers and translators have used various nicknames to keep track of the many characters. The Tale of Genji was written in a court language that was already unreadable a century after it was written. Thus, the Japanese have been reading annotated and illustrated versions of the work since as early as the 12th century and it was not until the early 20th century that Genji was translated into modern Japanese, by the poet Akiko Yosano. The debate over how much of Genji was actually written by Murasaki Shikibu has gone on for centuries and is unlikely to ever be settled some major archival discovery is made. It is generally accepted that the tale was finished in its present form by 1021, Murasaki Shikibus own diary includes a reference to the tale, and indeed the application to herself of the name Murasaki in an allusion to the main female character. That entry confirms that if not all of the diary was available in 1008 when internal evidence suggests convincingly that the entry was written. Lady Murasaki is said to have written the character of Genji based on the Minister on the Left at the time she was at court, Other translators, such as Tyler, believe the character Murasaki no Ue, whom Genji marries, is based on Murasaki Shikibu herself. Other scholars have doubted the authorship of chapters 42 to 54. For political reasons, the emperor removes Genji from the line of succession, demoting him to a commoner by giving him the surname Minamoto, the tale concentrates on Genjis romantic life and describes the customs of the aristocratic society of the time. Genjis mother dies when he is three years old, and the Emperor cannot forget her, the Emperor Kiritsubo then hears of a woman, formerly a princess of the preceding emperor, who resembles his deceased concubine, and later she becomes one of his wives. Genji loves her first as a stepmother, but later as a woman, Genji is frustrated by his forbidden love for the Lady Fujitsubo and is on bad terms with his wife
18.
Blushing
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Blushing is the reddening of a persons face due to psychological reasons. It is normally involuntary and triggered by stress, such as that associated with embarrassment, anger. Severe blushing is common in people who suffer social anxiety in which the person experiences extreme and persistent anxiety in social and performance situations. Blushing is generally distinguished, despite a close relation, from flushing, which is more intensive and extends over more of the body. If redness persists for abnormal amounts of time after blushing, then it may be considered a sign of rosacea. Idiopathic craniofacial erythema is a condition where a person blushes strongly with little or no provocation. Just about any situation can bring on intense blushing and it may take one or two minutes for the blush to disappear, severe blushing can make it difficult for the person to feel comfortable in either social or professional situations. People who have social phobia are particularly prone to idiopathic craniofacial erythema, psychological treatments and medication can help control blushing. Some people are sensitive to emotional stress. Given a stimulus such as embarrassment, the sympathetic nervous system will cause blood vessels to open wide, flooding the skin with blood. In some people, the ears, neck and upper chest may also blush, as well as causing redness, blushing can sometimes make the affected area feel hot. Erythrophobia is the fear of blushing, from Ancient Greek, ερυθρός red and Ancient Greek, there is evidence that the blushing region is anatomically different in structure. The facial skin, for example, has more capillary loops per unit area, in addition, blood vessels of the cheek are wider in diameter, are nearer the surface, and visibility is less diminished by tissue fluid. Evidence for special vasodilation mechanisms was reported by Mellander and his colleagues and they studied buccal segments of the human facial veins in vitro. Unlike veins from other areas of the skin, facial veins responded with an active myogenic contraction to passive stretch and were able to develop an intrinsic basal tone. Additionally Mellander et al. showed that the veins in this area were also supplied with beta-adrenoceptors in addition to the common alpha-adrenoceptors. These beta-adrenoceptors could exert a dilator mechanism on the above-described basal tone of the facial cutaneous venous plexus, Mellander and his colleagues propose that this mechanism is involved in emotional blushing. Drummond has partially confirmed this effect by pharmacological blocking experiments, in a number of trials, he blocked both alpha-adrenergic receptors and beta-adrenergic receptors
19.
Culture of Japan
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Japanese is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system, early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD, Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts, hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising. The Hindu-Arabic numerals are used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also very common. Early works of Japanese literature were influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature. Indian literature also had an influence through the spread of Buddhism throughout Japan, eventually, Japanese literature developed into a separate style in its own right as Japanese writers began writing their own works about Japan. Since Japan reopened its ports to Western trading and diplomacy in the 19th century, Western and Eastern literature have strongly affected each other, the music of Japan includes a wide array of performers in distinct styles both traditional and modern. The word for music in Japanese is 音楽, combining the kanji 音 on with the kanji 楽 gaku. Japan is the second largest music market in the world, behind the United States, and the largest in Asia, local music often appears at karaoke venues, which is on lease from the record labels. Traditional Japanese music is different from Western Music and is based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing. In 1873, a British traveler claimed that Japanese music, exasperates beyond all endurance the European breast. Painting has been an art in Japan for a long time, the brush is a traditional writing and painting tool. Japanese painters are often categorized by what they painted, as most of them constrained themselves solely to subjects such as animals, landscapes, Chinese papermaking was introduced to Japan around the 7th century. Later, washi was developed from it, native Japanese painting techniques are still in use today, as well as techniques adopted from continental Asia and from the West. Famous Japanese painters include Kanō Sanraku, Maruyama Ōkyo, and Tani Bunchō, the flowing, brush-drawn Japanese rendering of text itself is seen as a traditional art form as well as a means of conveying written information. The written work can consist of phrases, poems, stories, the style and format of the writing can mimic the subject matter, even to the point of texture and stroke speed. In some cases, it can take one hundred attempts to produce the desired effect of a single character
20.
Mechanical pencil
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A mechanical pencil or a propelling pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a lead /ˈlɛd/. The lead, often made of graphite, is not bonded to the outer casing, other names include automatic pencil, drafting pencil, technical pencil, click pencil, clutch pencil, leadholder, pen pencil, lead pencil, and pacer. Mechanical pencils are used to provide lines of constant width without sharpening in technical drawing and they have also been used for fine-art drawing. Mechanical pencils were first used in the 18th century, with many designs patented in the 19th and 20th centuries, conrad Gesner described a leadholder pencil in 1565, but the lead had to be manually adjusted to sharpen it. The earliest extant example of a pencil was found aboard the wreckage of HMS Pandora. The first patent for a pencil with lead-propelling mechanism was issued to Sampson Mordan. After buying out Hawkins patent rights, Mordan entered into a partnership with Gabriel Riddle from 1823 to 1837. The earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR, after 1837, Sampson Mordan ended the partnership with Riddle and continued to manufacture pencils as S. MORDAN & CO. His company continued to manufacture pencils and a range of silver objects until World War II. Between 1822 and 1874, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils, the first spring-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877 and a twist-feed mechanism was developed in 1895. The 0.9 mm lead was introduced in 1938, eventually,1.3 and 1.4 mm mechanisms were available, and 0.4 and 0.2 versions are now produced. The mechanical pencil became successful in Japan with some improvements in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa and it was introduced as the Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil. Success was not immediate, since the metal shaft—essential for the pencils long life—was unfamiliar to users, however, the Ever-Ready Sharp began selling in huge numbers after a company from Tokyo and Osaka made large orders. Later, Tokuji Hayakawas company got its name from that pencil, at nearly the same time in the US, Charles R. Keeran was developing a similar pencil that would be the precursor of most of todays pencils. Keerans design was ratchet-based, whereas Hayakawas was screw-based and these two development histories – Hayakawa and Keeran – are often mistakenly combined into one. Keeran patented his lead pencil in 1915 and soon afterwards arranged production, after some improvements, his design was marketed as the Eversharp pencil by the Wahl Adding Machine Company, by the early 1920s, Wahl had sold more than 12,000,000 Eversharps. Mechanical pencils can be divided into two types, those that both hold the lead and can actively propel it forward, and those that only hold the lead in position. Screw-based pencils advance the lead by twisting a screw, which moves a slider down the barrel of the pencil and this was the most common type in the earlier part of the twentieth century
21.
Japanese writing system
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The modern Japanese writing system is a combination of two character types, logographic kanji, which are adopted Chinese characters, and syllabic kana. Almost all written Japanese sentences contain a mixture of kanji and kana, because of this mixture of scripts, in addition to a large inventory of kanji characters, the Japanese writing system is often considered to be the most complicated in use anywhere in the world. Several thousand kanji characters are in regular use, each has an intrinsic meaning, and most have more than one pronunciation, the choice of which depends on context. Japanese primary and secondary students are required to learn 2,136 jōyō kanji as of 2010. The total number of kanji is well over 50,000, in modern Japanese, the hiragana and katakana syllabaries each contain 46 basic characters, or 71 including diacritics. With one or two exceptions, each different sound in the Japanese language corresponds to one character in each syllabary. Unlike kanji, these characters represent sounds only, they convey meaning only as part of words. Hiragana and katakana characters also originally derive from Chinese characters, but have been simplified and modified to such an extent that their origins are no longer visually obvious, the principle of the syllabic script itself is thought to have been borrowed from the Indian Sanskritic Siddham script. Although rare, there are words that use all three scripts in the same word. An example of this is the term くノ一, which uses a hiragana, a katakana, and it is said that if all three characters are put in the same kanji square, they all combine to create the kanji 女. Another example is 消しゴム which means eraser, and uses a kanji, a hiragana, to a lesser extent, modern written Japanese also uses acronyms from the Latin alphabet, for example in terms such as BC/AD, a. m. /p. m. Romanized Japanese, called rōmaji, is most frequently used by students of Japanese who have not yet mastered kana. Most kanji have more than one pronunciation, and some common kanji have many. Unusual or nonstandard readings may be glossed using furigana, kanji compounds are sometimes given arbitrary readings for stylistic purposes. For example, in Natsume Sōsekis short story The Fifth Night, the author uses 接続って for tsunagatte, the gerundive -te form of the verb tsunagaru, the word 接続, meaning connection, is normally pronounced setsuzoku. There are even kanji terms that have pronunciations that correspond with neither the onyomi or the kunyomi of the individual kanji within the term, such as 明日 and 大人. Hiragana are used to write the following, okurigana —inflectional endings for adjectives and verbs—such as る in 見る and い in 白い, and respectively た and かった in their past tense inflections 見た and 白かった. Miscellaneous other words of various types that lack a kanji rendition, or whose kanji is obscure, difficult to typeset
22.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
23.
Comics
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Comics is a medium used to express ideas by images, often combined with text or other visual information. Comics frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of panels of images, often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions, and onomatopoeia indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Size and arrangement of panels contribute to narrative pacing, cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in comics, fumetti is a form which uses photographic images. Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comic albums, and tankōbon have become increasingly common, and online webcomics have proliferated in the 21st century. The history of comics has followed different paths in different cultures, scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the Lascaux cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished particularly in the United States, western Europe, histories of Japanese comics and cartooning propose origins as early as the 12th century. Comics has had a reputation for much of its history. The English term comics is used as a noun when it refers to the medium. Though the term derives from the work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult, examples of early comics The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Japan had a prehistory of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The ukiyo-e artist Hokusai popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning, manga, in the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when Osamu Tezuka produced a prolific body of work. Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825, the most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. American comics developed out of magazines as Puck, Judge. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the New York World and later the New York American, particularly Outcaults The Yellow Kid, early Sunday strips were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fishers Mutt and Jeff. In Britain, the Amalgamated Press established a style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including Illustrated Chips
24.
Edo period
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The Edo period or Tokugawa period is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the countrys 300 regional daimyō. The period was characterized by growth, strict social order, isolationist foreign policies. The shogunate was established in Edo on March 24,1603. The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration on May 3,1868, instrumental in the rise of the new bakufu was Tokugawa Ieyasu, the main beneficiary of the achievements of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Already powerful, Ieyasu profited by his transfer to the rich Kantō area, after Hideyoshis death, Ieyasu moved quickly to seize control from the Toyotomi family. Ieyasus victory over the western daimyōs at the Battle of Sekigahara gave him control of all Japan. He rapidly abolished numerous enemy daimyō houses, reduced others, such as that of the Toyotomi, Ieyasu still failed to achieve complete control of the western daimyōs, but his assumption of the title of shogun helped consolidate the alliance system. After further strengthening his base, Ieyasu installed his son Hidetada as shogun. The Toyotomi were still a significant threat, and Ieyasu devoted the next decade to their eradication, in 1615, the Tokugawa army destroyed the Toyotomi stronghold at Osaka. The Tokugawa period brought 250 years of stability to Japan, the political system evolved into what historians call bakuhan, a combination of the terms bakufu and han to describe the government and society of the period. In the bakuhan, the shogun had national authority and the daimyōs had regional authority and this represented a new unity in the feudal structure, which featured an increasingly large bureaucracy to administer the mixture of centralized and decentralized authorities. The feudal hierarchy was completed by the classes of daimyō. Closest to the Tokugawa house were the shinpan, or related houses and they were twenty-three daimyōs on the borders of Tokugawa lands, all directly related to Ieyasu. The shinpan held mostly honorary titles and advisory posts in the bakufu, the second class of the hierarchy were the fudai, or house daimyōs, rewarded with lands close to the Tokugawa holdings for their faithful service. By the 18th century,145 fudai controlled such smaller han, members of the fudai class staffed most of the major bakufu offices. Ninety-seven han formed the group, the tozama, former opponents or new allies. The tozama were located mostly on the peripheries of the archipelago, because the tozama were least trusted of the daimyō, they were the most cautiously managed and generously treated, although they were excluded from central government positions. The Tokugawa not only consolidated their control over a reunified Japan, they also had unprecedented power over the emperor, the court, all daimyōs and the religious orders
25.
Netsuke
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Netsuke are miniature sculptures that were invented in 17th-century Japan to serve a practical function. In English the word may be italicized or not, with American English tending to favour the former and their solution was to place such objects in containers hung by cords from the robes sashes. The containers may have been pouches or small woven baskets, but the most popular were beautifully crafted boxes, which were shut by ojime. Whatever the form of the container, the fastener that secured the cord at the top of the sash was a carved, Netsuke, like the inrō and ojime, evolved over time from being strictly utilitarian into objects of great artistic merit and an expression of extraordinary craftsmanship. Such objects have a long history reflecting the important aspects of Japanese folklore, Netsuke production was most popular during the Edo period in Japan, around 1615–1868. Today, the art lives on, and some works can command high prices in the UK, Europe. Inexpensive yet faithful reproductions are available in museums and souvenir shops, okimono, small and purely decorative sculptures, were often made by the same artists who produced netsuke. Katabori-netsuke or sculpture netsuke - This is the most common type of netsuke and they are compact three-dimensional figures carved in a round shape and are usually around one to three inches high. Anabori-netsuke or hollowed netsuke - subset of katabori which are carved out for a hollow center, clams are most commonly the motifs for this type of netsuke. Sashi-netsuke - This is a form of katabori, literally stab netsuke, similar in length to the sticks. They are about six inches long, obi-hasami - another elongated netsuke with a curved top and bottom. It sits behind the obi with the curved ends visible above and these were often imitations of full-size noh masks and share characteristics in common with both katabori and manju/kagamibuta. Manjū-netsuke - a thick, flat, round netsuke, with carving usually done in relief, shaped like a manjū, a Japanese confection. Ryūsa-netsuke (柳左根付）- shaped like a manjū, but carved like lace, kagamibuta-netsuke or mirror-lid netsuke - shaped like a manjū, but with a metal disc serving as a lid to a shallow bowl, usually of ivory. The metal is highly decorated with a wide variety of metallurgical techniques. Karakuri-netsuke or trick/mechanism netsuke - any netsuke that has moving parts or hidden surprises, ivory - the most common material used before ivory from live animals became illegal. Netsuke made from mammoth ivory fill part of the tourist trade demand today and this is a dense, carvable substance that makes up the solid casque growing above the upper mandible. It is not ivory, horn, or bone, yet it has been called ivory for many centuries and it is softer than real ivory and is a creamy yellow in color, becoming red at the top and sides
26.
Sanrio
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Sanrio Co. Ltd. is a Japanese company that designs, licenses and produces products focusing on the kawaii segment of Japanese popular culture. Their products include stationery, school supplies, gifts and accessories that are sold worldwide, Sanrios best-known character is Hello Kitty, a little anthropomorphic cat girl. With her red bow and no visible mouth except in most of the animations, besides selling character goods, Sanrio takes part in movie production and publishing. They own the rights to both the Peanuts and Mr. Men characters in Japan and their animatronics branch, called Kokoro Company, Ltd. is best known for the Actroid android. They participate in the fast food industry, running a franchise of KFC in Saitama, Sanrio was founded by Shintaro Tsuji as the Yamanashi Silk Company in 1960, using 1 million yen in capital. In 1962, Tsuji expanded his enterprise from silk to rubber sandals with flowers painted on them, Tsuji noted the profits gained by simply adding a cute design to the sandals and hired cartoonists to design cute characters for his merchandise in response. In 1973 the company was established under the name Sanrio. The companys European website says the name comes from the Spanish words san, according to this book, Tsuji, Sanrios founder, said that Yamanashi, part of the companys former name, has an alternative onyomi reading of sanri. The remaining o was added from the ou sound people make when they are excited, the company produced a line of character merchandise around gift-giving occasions. Hello Kitty was added to the lineup of early Sanrio characters in 1974, the popular feline whose mouth is usually invisible has had both peaks and drops in sales over the years, but always has been the highest contributor to Sanrios sales. Other notably popular characters through the years have been The Little Twin Stars, My Melody, Keroppi, Tuxedo Sam, Badtz-Maru, Chococat, Cinnamoroll, Sugarbunnies, Jewelpet, Sanrio constantly adds new characters to its lineup. Specific characters are rotated in and out of active production, in late 2003, Sanrio won the Top Brand with a Conscience award from the Medinge Group of Sweden for its communication principles. The company has partnered with UNICEF since 1984, in 2006, Sanrio launched Sanrio Digital together with Typhoon Games to expand to the Internet, online games and mobile services. In conjuncture with this, Build-A-Bear Workshop released limited edition stuffed toys of several Sanrio characters, including Hello Kitty, Chococat, My Melody, Hello Kitty is alleged to be drawn in a similar style to the rabbit Miffy. On November 2,2010, a Dutch court ruled against Sanrio and ordered the company to stop marketing Cathy products in Belgium, Luxembourg, instead of continuing the court battle, the two companies will donate the legal fees to help the earthquake victims. In December 2011, Sanrio Global acquired the rights to the Mr. Men, in June 2016, it was announced that Sanrio has partnered with Loot Crate, Inc on a bi-monthly box. Sanrio hosts two theme parks in Japan, Sanrio Puroland in Tama, Tokyo, and Harmonyland in Hiji, Ōita, Sanrio Inc. is Sanrios American subsidiary. Sanrio Inc. has offices in South San Francisco, California and Torrance, Sanrios first Western Hemisphere store opened in San Joses Eastridge Mall
27.
Cool Japan
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Cool Japan, along with Gross National Cool is a concept as an expression of Japans emergent status as a cultural superpower. It has been described as a form of power, the ability to indirectly influence behaviour or interests through cultural or ideological means. He also argued that Japans recession may even have boosted its national cool, due to the discrediting of erstwhile rigid social hierarchies. In a 2005 press conference, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs linked the idea to Bhutans concept of Gross National Happiness, the phrase gained greater exposure in the mid-noughties as NHK began a series Cool Japan Hakkutsu, Kakkoii Nippon. Which by the end of 2009 had reached over a hundred episodes, a 2010 editorial in the Yomiuri Shimbun argued that the government was not doing enough to advance the countrys business interests in this sphere, allowing South Korea to emerge as a competitor. Lecturer Roland Kelts has also suggested that a failure to distinguish, brand and engage the overseas audience. Laura Miller has critiqued Cool Japan campaign as exploiting and misrepresenting youth subcultural fashion, benjamin Boas points out that Cool Japan-branded efforts are often promoted without participation of foreigners, leaving out the perspectives of the very foreigners that they are trying to target. Nancy Snow refers to Cool Japan as a form of state-sponsored cultural retreading she calls Gross National Propaganda, Japanese singer-songwriter Gackt criticized the government for having set up a huge budget, yet have no idea where that money should go. The Japanese government has identified the culture industry as one of five areas of growth. The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced that Japanese pop culture is one of the key elements for Cool Japan and that pop culture includes idol, anime, the deputy director described its mission as to brand Japanese products with the uniqueness of Japanese culture. For 2011 it has a budget of ¥19 billion
28.
Musashi University
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Musashi University is a university in Tokyo, Japan. The university grew out of the boys private high school, Musashi Junior and Senior High School. The university has faculties of economics, humanities, and sociology, the university is one of the Tokyo Four Universities. Many of well-known people including prime ministers of Japan, emperors of Japan, and other government officials have graduated from one of the Tokyo Four Universities
29.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
30.
Japanese amberjack
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The Japanese amberjack or yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, is a species of jack fish in the family Carangidae. It is native to the northwest Pacific Ocean, from Japan to Hawaii and it is greatly appreciated in Japan, where it is called hamachi or buri. These fish are either cooked or raw, and are a seasonal favourite in the colder months when the meat has a higher fat content. Amberjack is typically thought of as a delicacy of Toyama. Some of the fish consumed are caught wild, but an amount is ranched. To populate the pens, every May, workers fish for the small wild fry and they scoop out the seaweed together with the mojako and put the mojako in cages in the sea. The small fry grow until they reach 10 to 50 grams in mass and they are then sold to aquaculturists, who grow them until they reach 3 kilograms called hamachi, or 5 kilograms called buri. These days, most aquaculturists use extruded pellets to feed the fish, froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. Media related to Buri at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Neoteny
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Neoteny (/niːˈɒtᵻni/ /niːˈɒtni/ or /niːˈɒtəni/, is the delaying or slowing of the physiological development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans, in progenesis, sexual development is accelerated. Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism, a type of heterochrony, some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of larval traits, as seen in salamanders. Both neoteny and progenesis cause the retention in adults of traits seen only in the young. Such retention is important in biology, domestication, and evolutionary developmental biology. The origins of the concept of neoteny have been traced to the Bible, the word neoteny is borrowed from the German Neotenie, the latter constructed by Kollmann from the Greek νέος and τείνειν. The adjective is either neotenic or neotenous, for the opposite of neotenic, different authorities use either gerontomorphic or peramorphic. In 1926, Louis Bolk described neoteny as the process in humanization. Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human primates, resulting in such as a large head, a flat face. These neotenic changes may have brought about by sexual selection in human evolution. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication, however, humans also have relatively large noses and long legs, both peramorphic traits. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in human evolution, stephen Jay Gould believed that the evolutionary story of humans is one where we have been retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors. J. B. S. Haldane mirrors Goulds hypothesis by stating a major trend in human beings is greater prolongation of childhood. Delbert D. Thiessen said that neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms, neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice. This is because there are resources available, less competition for those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly than their wild counterparts, the environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a trait is selected for
32.
Contact lens
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A contact lens, or simply contact, is a thin lens placed directly on the surface of the eye. Contact lenses are considered medical devices and can be worn to correct vision, in 2004, it was estimated that 125 million people use contact lenses worldwide, including 28 to 38 million in the United States. In 2010, worldwide market for contact lenses was estimated at $6.1 billion, multiple analysts estimated that the global market for contact lenses would reach $11.7 billion by 2015. As of 2010, the age of contact lens wearers globally was 31 years old. People choose to wear contact lenses for many reasons, aesthetics and cosmetics are the main motivating factors for people who want to avoid wearing glasses or to change the appearance of their eyes. Others wear contact lenses for functional or optical reasons, when compared with spectacles, contact lenses typically provide better peripheral vision, and do not collect moisture or perspiration, this makes them ideal for sports and other outdoor activities. Contact lens wearers can also wear sunglasses, goggles, or other eyewear of their choice without having to fit them with prescription lenses or worry about compatibility with glasses. Additionally, there are such as keratoconus and aniseikonia that are typically corrected better with contact lenses than with glasses. The size of the contact lens market is likely to due to the increasing occurrence of eye related conditions such as astigmatism. The other drivers are increasing population and the desire to make fashion statements, by the end of 2020, the value of the contact lens market is predicted to reach $13.5 billion. Neither idea was practically implementable in da Vincis time and he did not suggest his idea be used for correcting vision, as he was more interested in learning about the mechanisms of accommodation of the eye. Descartes proposed another idea in 1636, a tube filled with liquid placed in direct contact with the cornea. The protruding end was to be composed of glass, shaped to correct vision, however. In 1801, Thomas Young made a pair of contact lenses based on Descartes model. He used wax to affix water-filled lenses to his eyes, which neutralized its refractive power and he then corrected for it with another pair of lenses. However, like da Vincis, Youngs device was not intended to correct refraction errors and this enabled the manufacture of lenses that, for the first time, conformed to the actual shape of the eye. It was not until 1887 that German glassblower F. E. Muller produced the first eye covering to be seen through, in 1888, German ophthalmologist Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens. These lenses were made from heavy blown glass and were 18–21 mm in diameter, Fick filled the empty space between cornea/callosity and glass with a dextrose solution
33.
Momoiro Clover Z
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Momoiro Clover Z is a Japanese idol group. It is commonly abbreviated as MCZ or Momoclo, the five members of MCZ are known for energetic performances, incorporating elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies. MCZ are the first female group to hold a concert at National Olympic Stadium in Japan. They are the group to provide theme music for three major Japanese anime television series with worldwide distribution, Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z. In 2013, MCZ grossed the fourth highest total sales revenue by a music artist in Japan, during 2016, about 636 thousand people attended their live concerts, the most ever for a Japanese female group. MCZ has been ranked as the most popular female Japanese idol group from 2013 to 2016, MCZ has collaborated with other performers, including a 2015 recording with American hard rock band KISS, marking KISS first ever collaborative recording. In 2016, their first overseas tour titled Trans America Ultra Live was held in Hawaii, Los Angeles, on stage, Momoiro Clover Z members are easily distinguished by the colors of their clothes, similar to the characters from Power Rangers. In some songs and music videos, the group loosely parodies them, before the group made its debut, other girls were in the lineup, Sumire Fujishiro, Manami Ikura, Yukina Kashiwa, Tsukina Takai, Miyū Wagawa, and Runa Yumikawa. Formed in the spring of 2008 as a unit, the group was originally named Momoiro Clover. The name was chosen to imply that the group was composed of innocent girls who wanted to bring happiness to people, later in 2011, after the departure of Akari Hayami from the group, management added the letter Z to the groups name. The groups slogan is Idols you can meet right now, Momoiro Clover began as a street act in 2008, performing for bystanders in Tokyos Yoyogi Park. As most members were attending school on weekdays, the group was active mainly on weekends. In a one-year period, Momoiro Clover had a number of line-up changes, in March 2009, they became a five-member unit composed of Reni Takagi, Kanako Momota, Akari Hayami, Shiori Tamai, and Ayaka Sasaki. To support and promote their first indie single, Momoiro Punch, Momoiro Clover took advantage of holidays from May to August. They gave a total of 104 concerts in 24 electronic stores of the Yamada Denki network, the girls slept in the minivan, and groups managers drove. In the middle of the tour, Momoka Ariyasu was added to the group as a sixth member, the single was sold only at the groups live events and those sales were enough for it to place 11th in the Oricon Daily Singles Chart and 23rd in the weekly chart. In March 2010, the girls stated their goals, to take first place on Oricon, to participate in Kōhaku Uta Gassen and they usually performed in a small club with live music or on a roof of a department store. They sometimes set a stage of National Olympic Stadium, where notable musicians are allowed to perform
34.
Japan Expo
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It is held yearly at the beginning of July for four days in the Parc des Expositions de Villepinte. The attendance has increased steadily over the years, with 3,200 visitors welcomed in the first edition in 1999, the first exposition took place in 1999 at the Institut supérieur du commerce de Paris and welcomed 3,200 visitors, a number which has grown steadily. In 2002, Japan Expo was hosted at the Center of New Industries and Technologies in La Défense, in 2005, the event was canceled out of security concerns due to the large amount of visitors. The exposition has since moved to the larger Parc dExpositions in Paris-Nord Villepinte
35.
Japanese idol
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In Japanese pop culture idol is a term typically used to refer to young manufactured stars/starlets marketed to be admired for their cuteness. Idols are intended to be role models and they are supposed to maintain a good public image and be good examples for young people. Idols aim to play a range of roles as media personalities, e. g. pop singers, panelists of variety programs, bit-part actors, models for magazines. Their songs typically do not require great singing skills, their popular appeal comes largely from the attractiveness of their public image, Idols are often not considered serious musicians or serious actors. Consequently, many young stars now reject the label in their desire to be seen as professionals rather than as objects of fanatical devotion. The biggest annual idol concert festival is the Tokyo Idol Festival held since 2010, more than 300 idol groups, about 1500 idols performed and attracted about 80,000 spectators in 2016. Whether a person is categorized as an idol depends on how he or she got into the entertainment business, some entertainment companies and music projects specialize in idols, and they automatically market everyone they sign as an idol. Such idol music projects have their own steady following, i. e. idol fans who prefer the style of one particular project they support, but bigger companies can choose, for example, not to refer to a new pop group they create as an idol group. As a result, there are some groups and boy bands with practically the same kind of fan following that are not idols according to their official profiles. The term came to be applied to any cute actress or female singer, teenage girls, mostly between 14 and 16, and teenage males, mostly between 15 and 18, began rising to stardom. One in particular, Momoe Yamaguchi, was a star until her marriage. Idols dominated the pop scene in the 1980s, and this period is known as the Golden Age of Idols in Japan. In a single year, as many as 40 or 50 new idols could appear, a few idols from that era, such as Seiko Matsuda, are still popular. At the same time, the popularity of male Japanese idols, such as SMAP, Kinki Kids, Tokio and they gained high popularity in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Initially the term arose to describe very young newly emerging female singers who were noted for their innocence and freshness. A diversification occurred in the 1990s and instead of few idols vying for popularity, in the mid-1990s, idols became much younger than before, and groups of idols like Speed and Morning Musume became prominent. Idols also became a fixture in anime by singing opening or ending songs that have little relevance to the anime itself. Some experimented with being voice actors, and so voice actors themselves became somewhat like idols, even today, some are still involved with the video game industry, though they are not always entirely successful
36.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
37.
Tarento
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Tarento are celebrities who regularly appear on mass media in Japan, especially television. The term is a gairaigo word - borrowed a foreign language word - from the Greek word Ταλέντο which means Talent, and has a connotation of famous for being famous. During the Golden Age of Hollywood, bankable stars were described as Tarento, Japanese television programs often feature these media personalities. Many, sometimes dozens at a time, are called in to part in these prime time shows. Often, tarento, whether men or women, have notoriously short career spans, the vast majority make just enough to maintain a middle-class lifestyle in Tokyo, Japans media capital. This is because their talent agencies take a majority share of their earnings for the appearances that they make on TV. Part of the money given up by the tarento is to pay for initial support the agencies gave them in terms of housing, financial stipends. These cuts can sometimes be as much as 90%, however, their work achieves social prominence, and a successful tarento career can be the launching point for a career as movie actor or even political figure. An example is Takeshi Kitano, a prominent director, who started out as a comedy tarento, Tarento who are unable to leverage their career into something larger sometimes slowly fade away into eventual obscurity. Other elements of a character may include their origins and other/former careers, intelligence, hobbies and skills. The way by which a person becomes tarento can more often not be categorized. These are people on programs that have a phrase, wardrobe. Their on-TV characters tend to be very shallow as they milk the comic device or neta that gave them notoriety and it is these figures that tend to have the shortest shelf life on TV as they quickly fade into obscurity after the novelty of their act wears off. They are known in Japan as ippatsuya, or one trick pony, examples of this kind include Yoshio Kojima, Dandy Sakano, and Razor Ramon Hard Gay. Owarai is Japanese for laughter, or in case a comic talent. Owarai tarento are generally former comedians, often in manzai, who, after becoming famous, one of the bigger examples of this phenomenon is Kazushige Nagashima, the son of the legendary Yomiuri Giants player and manager, Shigeo Nagashima. After failing to become a baseball player, he turned to the entertainment circuit. This is because they spend time making music CDs, star vehicles and these people are occasionally referred to as obaka-aidoru or dumb idols
38.
Morning Musume
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Morning Musume was formed in 1997 by rock singer-songwriter turned record producer Tsunku, who later composed the vast majority of the groups songs over the decade. They are the group of Hello. Project that specialises in upbeat, pop-oriented music coupled with dance performance, the group produced several splinter groups, and often collaborates with other Hello. Project acts, including Country Musume, Berryz Kobo, Cute, Melon Kinenbi, the groups name can be translated as Morning Girls or Morning Daughters, as the name suggests, it consists of members mostly in their late adolescence and early 20s. * All colour values are approximate, Japanese producer Tsunku started the group in 1997 through an audition for a female rock vocalist for his band Sharan Q. The audition was held on the Japanese TV show Asayan, the winner was Michiyo Heike, later to become a soloist under what would eventually become known as Hello. Tsunku decided to form a group consisting of five of the runners-up, Natsumi Abe, Yuko Nakazawa, Kaori Iida, Asuka Fukuda. They were issued a challenge to sell 50,000 copies of their single, Ai no Tane. They managed the feat in four days in a very grassroots manner. In early 1998, the girls were ready with their first official single, the success of this single brought them three new members known as the second generation, Kei Yasuda, Mari Yaguchi, and Sayaka Ichii, bringing the total member count to eight. The second single, Summer Night Town, was the first single of the new lineup—a mature pop tune about unsuccessfully attempting to hide ones true feelings. Their third single, Daite Hold on Me. continued in the same vein musically as Summer Night Town, leader Nakazawa also started her solo career. First Time was released in July 1998, featuring the singles Ai no Tane, Morning Coffee and that year, Tsunku also formed Tanpopo, the first subgroup of Morning Musume, with Kaori Iida, Aya Ishiguro, and Mari Yaguchi. Tanpopo touted slower, more mature songs, when Morning Coffee was released, however, Morning Musumes label Zetima went under different name, One Up Music. However, in April 1998, one month before the release of Summer Night Town, One Up Music ended its deal with Warner. Distribution rights would be given to Sony Music Japans sub label Epic Records for Summer Night Town, First Time, the song features rap passages by L The Headtoucha and intense vocal harmonization by the groups members. This was Asuka Fukudas last single with Morning Musume, making her currently the member at 2 years. Asuka claimed that she was leaving in order to focus on her studies, Manatsu no Kōsen was released in May and was a summer tune
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