1.
Pritzker Prize
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Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the premier architecture prizes. The prize is said to be awarded irrespective of nationality, race, creed, the recipients receive US$100,000, a citation certificate, and since 1987, a bronze medallion. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture accompanied the monetary prize, any licensed architect can also make a personal application for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft nominated himself for the award and eventually won it, the jury, each year consisting of five to nine experts. Recognized professionals in their own fields of architecture, business, education, publishing, the prize Chair is 2002 winner, Glenn Murcutt, earlier chairs were J. Carter Brown, the Lord Rothschild, and the Lord Palumbo. Inaugural winner Philip Johnson was cited for 50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens, the 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryue Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44, partners in architecture have shared the award. In 1988, Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer were both honored with the award. The most recent winners, in 2017, are the Spanish architects Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem and this was the first time three architects shared the prize. A. a Roche was born in Ireland, C Gehry was born in Canada. D Hadid was born in Iraq, E Rogers was born in Italy. Driehaus Architecture Prize List of architecture prizes General Past laureates
2.
SANAA
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SANAA is a multiple award-winning architectural firm based in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1995 by architects Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa founded SANAA in 1995. They later won the Golden Lion in 2004 for the most significant work in the Ninth International Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale, in 2010, they were awarded the Pritzker Prize, which made Sejima the second female to win this prize. In 2010, Sejima and Nishizawa were awarded the Pritzker Prize, lifestyle Curation in the Work of Sejima and Nishizawa. Architecture at the Edge of Everything Else, after the Crash, Architecture in Post-Bubble Japan. ISBN 978-1-56898-776-7 Kristin Feireiss, The Zollverein School of Management and Design Essen, prestel, München 2006, ISBN 978-3-7913-3539-1 Gallery MA. Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa / SANAA Works 1995–2003, Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue Dokuhon. GA ARCHITECT18 Sejima Kazuyo + Nishizawa Ryue, ISBN 4-87140-426-9 Joseph Grima and Karen Wong Shift, SANAA and the New Museum. Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa, SANAA, SANAA Houses, Kazuyo Sejima + Ryue Nishizawa. ISBN 978-84-96540-70-5 SANAA Official Website SANAA, Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, Pritzker Prize goes to SANAA - NPR audio Zollverein School of Management and Design SANAA, Architecture Travel Guide on www. checkonsite. com
3.
Japanese people
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Japanese people are an ethnic group native to Japan. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of the population of their country. Worldwide, approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent, of these, people of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries are referred to as the Japanese diaspora. The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to ethnic groups, including the Yamato, Ainu. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate, the Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction, the adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99%. Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism, Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japans native religion. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran, most Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese peoples religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions, Christianity in Japan is among the nations minority religions. Just under 2%, or about 2.5 million, of Japans population are Christians, many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil, which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. About 60% of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics, while 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic, certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles, historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works, some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Junichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Yasunari Kawabata, Fumiko Enchi, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. In contemporary Japan, popular authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation, in the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay haniwa, beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji, after the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China
4.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
5.
Modern architecture
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Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron, plate glass, the cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, the iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, in 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four story house in the suburbs of Paris. Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist, for each function its material, for each material its form and its ornament. This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, at the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art 1896-99) designed by Charles Rennie MacIntosh, had a facade dominated by large bays of windows. The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France, it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In 1903-1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete, previously used for industrial structures. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectators view of the stage. Otto Wagner, in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style, in his book Moderne Arkchtekture he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on modern life. Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior, the reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, an open space of steel, glass. The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings and his Steiner House, in Vienna, was an example of what he called rationalist architecture, it had a simple stucco rectangual facade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann, a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture and this residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings and a tower
6.
Rolex Learning Center
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The Rolex Learning Centre is the campus hub and library for the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, in Lausanne, Switzerland. Designed by the winners of 2010 Pritzker Prize, Japanese-duo SANAA, kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, partners of the Tokyo-based design firm SANAA, were selected as the lead architects in EPFLs international competition of December 2004. The team was selected among famous architects and even some Pritzker Prize Laureates such as Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Jean Nouvel, Herzog & de Meuron, the construction took place between 2007 and 2009. It cost 110 million Swiss francs and was funded by the Swiss government as well as by private sponsors, the building opened on 22 February 2010 and was inaugurated on 27 May 2010. Part of the 2014 film Love Is the Perfect Crime was filmed at the EPFL Learning Centre, cantonal and University Library of Lausanne Lausanne campus Official website EPFL Library Learning Centre construction blog Photo documentation of the construction EPFL Learning Centre on YouTube
7.
New Museum
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The New Museum of Contemporary Art, founded in 1977 by Marcia Tucker, is a museum in New York City at 235 Bowery, on Manhattans Lower East Side. It is among the few contemporary art museums worldwide exclusively devoted to presenting contemporary art from around the world, the museum originally opened in a space in the Graduate Centre of the then-named New School for Social Research at 65 Fifth Avenue. The New Museum remained there until 1983, when it rented and moved to the first two and a half floors of the Astor Building at 583 Broadway in the SoHo neighborhood. In 1999, Marcia Tucker was succeeded as director by Lisa Phillips, in 2001, the museum rented 7,000 square feet of space on the first floor of the Chelsea Art Museum on West 22nd Street for a year. In 2003, the New Museum formed an affiliation with Rhizome, the New Museum is established by an independent curator Marcia Tucker in 1977. It is dedicated to new art and new ideas, by artists who have not yet received large exposure or recognition. Ever since it is founded, the museum has taken on the mission to challenge the stiff institutionalization of art museum and it continues to bring fresh air into the art world, connects it with common public and releases it from its elitist association. In December 1,2007, the New Museum opened the doors to its new $50 million location at 235 Bowery, between Stanton and Rivington Streets. The seven-story 58, 700-square-foot facility, designed by the Tokyo-based firm Sejima + Nishizawa/SANAA, sANAA’s design is chosen because it is in accord with the museum’s mission—the flexibility of the building, its changeable atmosphere corresponds to the ever-changing nature of contemporary art. In April 2008, the new building was named one of the architectural New Seven Wonders of the World by Conde Nast Traveler. The New Museum has been and will continue to be a landmark of the Bowery district. “Bowery embraces idiosyncrasy in a manner and we were determined to make the museum building feel like that”. The neighborhood appears to be a confrontation with the convention image of downtown Manhattan—an adventurous spirit that the New Museum always sees itself searching for. The Bowery location has gallery and events space, plus a Resource Center with books and computers for access to their web site. The New Museum Digital Archive is a resource that provides accessibility to primary sources from exhibitions, publications. The archive holds 7,500 written and visual materials for artists, the New Museum Digital Archives database is searchable through 4,000 artists, curators, and organizations connected to New Museum exhibitions, performances, and publications. When she founded the museum, Marcia Tucker decided it should buy works and it was an innovative plan that was never carried out. In 2000, the museum accepted its first corporate donation of artworks, the museum now has a modest collection of about 1,000 works in many media
8.
Toledo Museum of Art
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The Toledo Museum of Art is an internationally known art museum located in the Old West End neighborhood of Toledo, Ohio, United States. It houses a collection of more than 30,000 objects, the museum was founded by Toledo glassmaker Edward Drummond Libbey in 1901, and moved to its current location, a Greek revival building designed by Edward B. Green and Harry W. Wachter, in 1912. The main building was expanded twice, in the 1920s and 1930s, additional buildings were added in the 1990s and 2006. The museum contains collections of glass art and of 19th and 20th century European and American art, as well as small but distinguished Renaissance, Greek, Roman. Other artists in the permanent collection include Holbein, Cole, Cropsey, Turner, Tissot, Degas, Monet, Cézanne, Matisse, Miró, Picasso, Calder, Bearden, Close, and Kiefer. The Rubens painting, The Crowning of Saint Catherine, was bought by the Toledo Museum of Art from Albert Koppel in 1950, Rubens had originally painted it for the church of the Augustinians in Mechelen where it was installed in 1631. In the eighteenth century the church sold it to a dealer. It remained as part of the Rutland estate until 1911 when the 8th Duke of Rutland sold it to the German-Jewish banker, on Koppels death in 1933 it was illegally appropriated by senior Nazi Hermann Göring for his private collection. At the end of World War II it was discovered by American troops in a mine and was eventually reclaimed, with several other paintings, by Albert Koppel. The Peristyle, a hall within the east wing, is built in a classical style to match the museums exterior. The hall is the principal concert space for the Toledo Symphony Orchestra, a sculpture garden, containing primarily postwar works was added in 2001 and runs in a narrow band along the museums Monroe Street facade. The 1, 750-seat Peristyle was part of the 1933 expansion, seating is divided into floor and riser seating, with the riser seating arranged in a half-circle, similar to a Greek theater. At the back of the seating are 28 Ionic columns that give the concert hall its name. A Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Frank Gehry, was added in the 1990s and it includes the museums library as well as studio, office, and classroom space for the art department of the University of Toledo. In 2000, the firm of SANAA was chosen to design a new building to house the museums glass collection. Front Inc. was appointed to assist the architects in developing concepts for the glass wall systems. With its grand staircase leading up to a row of Ionic columns, the new structure’s low, horizontal form, fits in this context with remarkable delicacy, as if the architects hesitated to disturb the surroundings. The buildings curved glass walls were imported entirely from China, the building showcases the museums original glass collection in addition to several new works, including one prominent glass sculpture by Dale Chihuly
9.
Mito, Ibaraki
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Mito is the capital city of Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of September 2015, the city has an population of 270,953. Its total area is 217.32 km², the Yamato people settled in Mito around the 4th century CE. Around the end of the Heian period, Baba Sukemoto, a warlord of the Heike clan, moved to Mito and built a castle there. Ieyasus son Tokugawa Yorifusa was then given Mito Castle, becoming head of one of the three branches of the clan qualified to provide a new shogun should the main family line fail. The Kōdōkan was the largest of the han schools, the capital of Edo was directly connected to Mito by the Mito Kaidō. The Tokugawa ruled Mito until the Meiji restoration, the modern city of Mito was formed on April 1,1889 with the establishment of the municipalities system. It was one of the first 31 cities in Japan, with a population of 25,000, it was designated as the prefectural capital. By 1900, the Joban Line connected Mito to Tokyo, and by 1910, telephones, more than three-quarters of the city was burned to the ground during the Mito air raid of August 2,1945, just before the end of World War II. The borders of Mito expanded in 1955-1958 through the annexation of the villages of Kamiono, Watari, Yoshida, Sakedo, Kawawada, Yanagawa, Kunita and Iitomi. The village of Tsunezumi was annexed in 1992, in 2001, Mito was designated a special city with increased local autonomy. The neighboring town of Uchihara was annexed in 2005, the city suffered from severe damage in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami with 25,982 houses completely or partially destroyed, however, there were only two fatalities. Mito is located in central Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki Prefecture Hitachinaka Kasama Naka Ibaraki Ōarai Shirosato Mito has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but the months are somewhat drier. Mito is primarily a commercial center and administrative city as most industry in Ibaraki is concentrated around the nearby cities of Tsukuba or Hitachi. Mito has a modest but thriving industry, centered on the Kairaku-en gardens. Ibaraki Korean Primary, Middle and High School, a North Korean school, is in the city, constructed by Tokugawa Nariaki in 1842, the park is known nationwide for its ume trees. Many people come to the park in spring to view the blossoms, in summer, Mito also holds the Mito Koumon Festival
10.
Japan Women's University
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Japan Womens University is the oldest and largest of private Japanese womens universities. The university was established on 20 April 1901 by education reformist Jinzo Naruse, the university has around 6000 students and 200 faculty. It has two campuses, named after the neighborhoods in which they are located, Mejirodai in Bunkyō, Tokyo, there are associated schools from kindergarten through senior high school. Jinzo Naruse, enlightened founder and pedagogue, had the principle Education for the women, with sacred spirituality, with Japanese peoples dignity
11.
Toyo Ito
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Toyo Ito is a Japanese architect known for creating conceptual architecture, in which he seeks to simultaneously express the physical and virtual worlds. He is an exponent of architecture that addresses the contemporary notion of a simulated city. In 2013, Ito was awarded the Pritzker Prize, one of architectures most prestigious prizes and he was a likely front-runner for the Pritzker Prize for the previous 10 years. Ito was born in Seoul, Korea to Japanese parents on 1 June 1941, in 1943, he moved to Japan with his mother and two sisters living until middle school age in rural Shimosuwa, Nagano Prefecture. Ito attended Hibiya High School in central Tokyo and graduated from the University of Tokyos department of architecture in 1965, after working for Kiyonori Kikutake Architect and Associates from 1965 to 1969, in 1971 he started his own studio in Tokyo, named Urbot. In 1979, the name was changed to Toyo Ito & Associates. Throughout his early career Ito constructed numerous private projects that expressed aspects of urban life in Japan. His most remarkable early conceptual contributions were made through projects of scale, such as White U. With the Pao for the Tokyo Nomad Girl projects in 1985 and 1989, Ito presented a vision of the life of an urban nomad, tower of Winds and Egg of Winds are interactive landmarks in public spaces, resulting from a creative interpretation of contemporary technical possibilities. Whilst their function is in fact exhaust air outlets for the system below, their significance lies in Itos treatment of their opacity. Toyo Itos office is known as a ground for talented younger architects. Architects who previously worked for his office include Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa, Astrid Klein and Mark Dytham, Katsuya Fukushima, Makoto Yokomizo, Itos work is often said to have affinities with the ideas of philosophers such as Munesuke Mita and Gilles Deleuze. Ito has defined architecture as clothing for urban dwellers, particularly in the contemporary Japanese metropolis and this theme revolves around the equilibrium between the private life and the metropolitan, public life of an individual. The current architecture of Toyo Ito expands on his work produced during the postmodern period, in doing so, he seeks to find new spatial conditions that manifest the philosophy of borderless beings. Itos work has exhibited widely. In 1991, Ito used 130 video projectors to simulate the urban environment of Tokyo for the Visions of Japan exhibition at The Victoria, later, in 2000, his Vision and Reality at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art also became a traveling exhibition. Ito designed the Berlin-Tokyo/Tokyo-Berlin Exhibition at the Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, the design featured a smooth, undulating landscape that occupied almost the entirety of the museums main exhibition space. This exhibition, in collaboration with the Mori Art Museum, was one of the largest undertakings in the museums history, a major retrospective of Itos work was shown at the Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery in 2006 as Toyo Ito, The New Real in Architecture
12.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
13.
Venice Biennale
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The Venice Biennale is an arts organization based in Venice, and also the original and principal exhibition it organizes. The organization changed its name to the Biennale Foundation in 2009, while the exhibition is called the Art Biennale to distinguish it from the organisation. The Art Biennale, a visual art exhibition, is so called as it is held biennially. A year later, the council decreed to adopt a by invitation system, to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too, to works by uninvited Italian artists. The first Biennale, I Esposizione Internazionale dArte della Città di Venezia was opened on April 30,1895 by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I, the first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. In 1910 the first internationally well-known artists were displayed- a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt, a show for Renoir. A work by Picasso was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public, by 1914 seven pavilions had been established, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Great Britain, France, and Russia. During World War I, the 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled, in 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art,1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists. Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there, in 1928 the Istituto Storico dArte Contemporanea opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art, in 1933 the Biennale organised an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section, during World War II, the activities of the Biennale were interrupted,1942 saw the last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, the Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her famous New York collection,1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into the canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of interventions in the Biennales exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe,1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon the designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Rays Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West,1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Emilio Vedova, and Pietro Consagra
14.
Chiba Prefecture
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Chiba Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region and the Greater Tokyo Area. The sixth most populous prefecture, and 27th largest by area, Chiba is on the east coast of Honshu and largely consists of the Bōsō Peninsula. The name of Chiba Prefecture in Japanese is formed from two kanji characters, the first, 千, means thousand and the second, 葉 means leaves. The name first appears as an ancient kuni no miyatsuko, or regional command office, the name was adopted by a branch of the Taira clan, which moved to the area in present-day Chiba City in the late Heian period. The branch of the Taira adopted the name and became the Chiba clan and this compound is used in terms such as the Keiyō Line, Keiyō Road, Keiyō Rinkai Railway Rinkai Main Line, and the Keiyō Industrial Zone. Chiba Prefecture was settled in times, as evidenced by the Jōmon period remains in every part of the region. The prefecture holds the largest kaizuka sea shell mounds in Japan, evidence of a population in the prefecture that relied on the rich marine products of the Pacific Ocean. Kofun burial mounds are found across the prefecture, with the largest group being in Futtsu along Tokyo Bay, in the Asuka period, under the Taika Reform of 645, the administrative structure of present-day Chiba Prefecture changed significantly. Awa Province at the south of Chiba Prefecture, was separated from Kazusa Prefecture in 718 and these administrative units existed until they were abolished and merged into Chiba Prefecture after the Meiji restoration. The central government established a provincial temple in each province. The imperial court gradually extended its authority over the three provinces in the Nara and Heian periods, shōen feudal estates were established across the three provinces, and the region became an important source of tax revenue, agricultural and other products to the capital in Kyoto. As the Heian period progressed, however, the provincial governors came to exert military power independent of the central government in Kyoto. The Chiba clan broke entirely with the court and was instrumental in the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate. Chiba Prefecture was established on June 15,1873 with the merger of Kisarazu Prefecture, the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake caused widespread destruction in Chiba Prefecture, notably in the southernmost part of the Bōsō Peninsula, where 1,300 residents were killed. Koreans in several neighborhoods of Yachiyo were killed, and a tower was erected in 1972 near Yachiyodai Station to memorialize those killed in the incident, the militarization of Chiba Prefecture dates to the Russo-Japanese War. Coastal fortifications were built along Tokyo Bay as far south as Tateyama to protect the capital of the Japanese Empire from attack, after the United States took control of Saipan the northern part of the prefecture, most notably the city of Chiba and Chōshi, were firebombed. Much of the north of the prefecture was destroyed. Operation Coronet, one of two parts of Operation Downfall, was the land invasion of Tokyo in March 1946 by the United States
15.
Yamanashi Prefecture
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Yamanashi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of the main island of Honshu. The capital of the prefecture is the city of Kōfu, the Maruyama and Choshizuka Kofun located on Sone Hill of Nakamichi Town are believed to have been built from the end of the 4th century. From these remains it can be assumed that the people of Sone Hill had great influence, during the Heian period, Kai Province was created in this area. Among the many Kaigenji generations, those of the Takeda, Ogasawara, during the Sengoku period of the 16th century, Takeda Shingen attained the status of daimyō and built Tsuzuji Mansion and the Yōgai Castle in Kōfu. From this base, he attempted to unify and control Japan, after Takeda’s death in 1582, Kai-no-Kuni came under the control of the Oda and Toyotomi clans before being subsumed into the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period. Beneath the Edo shogunate, the Kofu clan and the Yamura clan were formed, with the development of the Kōshū Kaidō and Fuji River transport, goods, materials and culture flowed into the region. By the mid-19th century, the contradictions of military government and clan system caused stability to erode and resistance to erupt across Japan, preceding the Kōshū-Katsunuma battle, Kofu Castle had been captured by troops loyal to the Emperor Meiji. The province was renamed Kōfu Prefecture in 1869 and then Yamanashi Prefecture in 1871, the anniversary of this event on November 20,1872, is now celebrated as Prefectural Citizen’s Day in Yamanashi. In the early part of the Meiji period, industrial promotion policies furthered sericulture, silk textile production and wine making industries. In 1903, after seven years of construction, including the building of a three mile long tunnel at the Sasago Pass, the Chūō Railway Line from Hachiōji and central Tokyo finally reached Kōfu. The reduced journey times to the capital and the port of Yokohama brought significant change to local industry, agricultural production in farming communities was still on a small scale at the turn of the century and land reforms had yet to be introduced. From the 1920s however, tenancy and contract disputes between landowners and farmers in Yamanashi grew increasingly common, in 1926, the Minobu Railway Line connecting Kōfu with Shizuoka Prefecture opened, bringing an end to Fuji River transportation. The capital city, Kōfu, suffered damage during a major air raid on the night of 6 July 1945. Small scale manufacturing industries and commerce grew at rapid speed during the expansion of the post-war Japanese economy, the maglev line is designed to ultimately connect Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka with a station also planned to the South of Kofu. Central Government permission to proceed with an extension to the existing test track was granted on May 27,2011, at the end of 2013 construction was already well advanced as far as Fuefuki. Yamanashi Prefecture is bordered by Tokyo, Kanagawa Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, Shizuoka Prefecture, the prefecture is landlocked, with high mountains surrounding the central Kōfu Basin. Mount Fuji and the Fuji Five Lakes region is located on the border with Shizuoka. Mt. Fuji provides rain shadow effects, and as a result, 78% of the prefecture is covered by forests, making it one of the most densely wooded prefectures in Japan
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Kanagawa Prefecture
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Kanagawa Prefecture is a prefecture located in southern Kantō region of Japan. The capital of the prefecture is Yokohama, Kanagawa is part of the Greater Tokyo Area. Kanagawa Prefecture is home to Kamakura and Hakone, two highly popular side trip destinations from Tokyo, the prefecture has some archaeological sites going back to the Jōmon period. About 3,000 years ago, Mount Hakone produced an explosion which resulted in Lake Ashi on the western area of the prefecture. It is believed that the Yamato dynasty ruled this area from the 5th century onwards, in the ancient era, its plains were very sparsely inhabited. In medieval Japan, Kanagawa was part of the provinces of Sagami, Kamakura in central Sagami was the capital of Japan during the Kamakura period. During the Edo period, the part of Sagami Province was governed by the daimyō of Odawara Castle, while the eastern part was directly governed by the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo. Commodore Matthew Perry landed in Kanagawa in 1853 and 1854 and signed the Convention of Kanagawa to force open Japanese ports to the United States. Nearby Yokosuka, closer to the mouth of Tokyo Bay, developed as a port and now serves as headquarters for the U. S. 7th Fleet. After the Meiji period, many lived in Yokohama City. The Meiji Government developed the first railways in Japan, from Shinbashi to Yokohama in 1872, the epicenter of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. It devastated Tokyo, the city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. The sea receded as much as 400 metres from the shore at Manazuru Point, at Kamakura, the total death toll from earthquake, tsunami, and fire exceeded 2,000 victims. At Odawara, ninety percent of the buildings collapsed immediately, Yokohama, Kawasaki and other major cities were heavily damaged by the U. S. bombing in 1945. Casualties amounted to more than several thousand, after the war, General Douglas MacArthur, the chief commander of Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers for the Occupation of Japan, landed in Kanagawa, before moving to other areas. U. S. military bases remain in Kanagawa, including Camp Zama, Yokosuka Naval Base. In 1945, Kanagawa was the 15th most populous prefecture in Japan, in the years after the war, the prefecture underwent rapid urbanization as a part of the Greater Tokyo Area. The population as of September 1,2014, is estimated to be 9.1 million, Kanagawa became the second most populous prefecture in 2006
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Kumamoto
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Kumamoto is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyushu, Japan. As of March 1,2010, the city has an population of 731,286. The total area is 389.53 km2, greater Kumamoto had a population of 1,460,000, as of the 2000 census. As of 2010, Kumamoto Metropolitan Employment Area has a GDP of US$39.8 billion and it is not considered part of the Fukuoka–Kitakyushu metropolitan area, despite their shared border. The city was designated on April 1,2012 by government ordinance, katō Kiyomasa, a contemporary of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was made daimyo of half of the administrative region of Higo in 1588. After that, Kiyomasa built Kumamoto Castle, due to its many innovative defensive designs, Kumamoto Castle was considered impregnable, and Kiyomasa enjoyed a reputation as one of the finest castle-builders in Japanese history. After Kiyomasa died in 1611, his son, Tadahiro, succeeded him, the current administrative body of the City of Kumamoto was founded on April 1,1889. Near the end of World War II, Kumamto experienced several air raids, about one third of the city was burned, and more than 300 people died. On February 1,1991, the towns of Akita, Kawachi, Tenmei, on October 6,2008, the town of Tomiai was merged into Kumamoto. On March 23,2010, the town of Jōnan, a series of earthquakes struck the area beginning April 14,2016, including a tremor with moment magnitude 7.1 early in the morning of April 16,2016, local time. Kumamoto has a subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is significant throughout the year, but is much heavier around the summer, especially the months of June, the citys most famous landmark is Kumamoto Castle, a large and, in its day, extremely well fortified Japanese castle. It was during this time that the tradition of eating basashi originated, basashi remains popular in Kumamoto and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in Japan, though these days it is usually considered a delicacy. Within the outer walls of Kumamoto Castle is the Hosokawa Gyobu-tei and this traditional wooden mansion has a fine Japanese garden located on its grounds. Miyamoto Musashi lived the last part of his life in Kumamoto and his tomb and the cave where he resided during his final years is situated close by. He penned the famous Go Rin no Sho whilst living here, Kumamoto is also home to Suizen-ji Jōju-en, a formal garden neighboring Suizenji Temple approximately 3 kilometers southeast of Kumamoto Castle. A notable shrine is Takahashi Inari Shrine, Suizenji Park is also home to the Suizenji Municipal Stadium, where the citys football team, Roasso Kumamoto used to play regularly, but nowadays they use the larger KKWing Stadium in Higashi Ward. The downtown area has a district centred on two shopping arcades, the Shimotori and Kamitori, which extend for several city blocks
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Osaka
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Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Japan. Historically a merchant city, Osaka has also known as the nations kitchen. Some of the earliest signs of habitation in the Osaka area at the Morinomiya ruins comprise shell mounds, sea oysters. It is believed that what is today the Uehonmachi area consisted of a land with an inland sea in the east. During the Yayoi period, permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular, by the Kofun period, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The large numbers of increasingly larger tomb mounds found in the plains of Osaka are seen as evidence of political-power concentration, in 645, Emperor Kōtoku built his Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace in what is now Osaka, making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa, although the capital was moved to Asuka in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between Yamato, Korea, and China. Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of Emperor Shōmu, and remained so until 745, in 1496, Jōdo Shinshū Buddhists established their headquarters in the heavily fortified Ishiyama Hongan-ji, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. Oda Nobunaga began a siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks. Toyotomi Hideyoshi constructed Osaka Castle in its place in 1583, Osaka was long considered Japans primary economic center, with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class. Over the course of the Edo period, Osaka grew into one of Japans major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and its popular culture was closely related to ukiyo-e depictions of life in Edo. By 1780 Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous Kabuki, in 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō, a low-ranking samurai, led a peasant insurrection in response to the citys unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the Bakufu at the same time as Hyōgo on 1 January 1868, just before the advent of the Boshin War and the Meiji Restoration. Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century, jippenisha Ikku in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, Edo writers by contrast saw zeeroku as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. The modern municipality was established in 1889 by government ordinance, with an area of 15 square kilometres, overlapping todays Chūō. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres, Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the Manchester of the Orient, the rapid industrialization attracted many Korean immigrants, who set up a life apart for themselves
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Tochigi, Tochigi
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Tochigi is a city located in Tochigi Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of May 2015, the city had an population of 159,648. Its total area was 331.50 square kilometres, because the city escaped war damage during World War II, many historical temples, traditional shops and kura remain in the city center. The city was awarded the Utsukushii-machinami Taisho prize from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, Tochigi is located in the very southern portion of Tochigi Prefecture, bordering on Ibaraki Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture to the southwest. In the southern part of the city the Yanaka Reservoir, which is in the Watarase flood control area, is used for sailboating and windsurfing and it was designated a Ramsar Site in June 2012. Envoys using the Reiheishi Way sent from the Imperial Court going to Shrines and Temples of Nikkō stayed at the area in the city. Most the area was formerly tenryō territory controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate, however, following the Meiji Restoration and the creation of Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi Town was the prefectural capital from 1871 until its relocation to Utsunomiya in 1884. On April 1,1937, Tochigi was elevated to city status, on September 30,1954, Tochigi absorbed the villages of Ōmiya, Minagawa, Fukiage and Terao. This was followed by the village of Kōō on March 31,1957, Tochigi hosted its first film festival, the Kuranomachikado, or, Eizo Film Festival from October 5,2007, to October 8,2007. On March 29,2010, Tochigi absorbed the towns of Fujioka, Ōhira and this was followed by the town of Nishikata on October 1,2011, and the town of Iwafune on April 5,2014. Tochigi city is a commercial center, and has a mixed local economy. Food processing, automotive parts and light manufacturing dominated the industrial sector, isuzu has maintained a factory since 1961. In 2010, the city ranked first in the number of farming families in the prefecture, kokugakuin Tochigi Junior College Tochigi also has 31 primary schools,15 middle schools and eight high schools
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Ibaraki, Ibaraki
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Ibaraki is a town located in Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki Prefecture, in the northern Kantō region of Japan. As of September 2015, the town had an population of 32,924. Its total area was 121.58 km², located in central Ibaraki Prefecture, Ibaraki is located in the flatlands near the Pacific Ocean, and almost encompasses Lake Hinuma, the 30th largest body of freshwater in Japan. Nagaoka was elevated to town status on February 11,1955 and merged with Kawane, Ibaraki annexed neighboring Ishizaki on March 5,1958. The town was set to merge with Mito, on December 8,2007, but following the election of a new mayor in April 2007, Ibaraki has six elementary schools, two middle schools and one high school. Ibaraki is not served by any train service
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Nagano, Nagano
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Nagano is the capital city of Nagano Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. As of 1 October 2016, the city had an population of 375,234. Its total area was 834.81 square kilometres, during the Sengoku period, the area was hotly contested between the forces of the Uesugi clan based in Echigo Province and the Takeda clan based in Kai Province. The several Battles of Kawanakajima between Uesugi Kenshin and Takeda Shingen were fought near here, during the Edo period, much of the area came under the control of the Sanada clan based at Matsushiro Domain. The area suffered from flooding in 1742, and from a earthquake in 1847. Following the Meiji restoration and the creation of the system on April 1,1889. Nagano was elevated to city status on April 1,1897 and it was the first city founded in Nagano Prefecture and the 43rd city in Japan. The city borders expanded on July 1,1923, with the annexation of the town of Yoshida and villages of Sarita, Miwa. The city again expanded on April 1,1954 by annexing neighbouring villages of Asahi, Furusato, Yanagihara, Wakatsuki, Asakawa, Naganuma, Amori, Odagiri, Imoi and Mamejima. In 1959, due to the flooding of Chikuma River,71 people died or were missing and 20,000 homes were flooded. On October 16,1966, the city expanded by annexing the neighbouring towns of Kawanakajima, Matsushiro and Wakaho, and villages of Shinonoi, Kohoku, Shinko. During the 1985 Matsushiro earthquake,27 people died and 60 homes were destroyed or badly damaged due to landslides, in 1998, Nagano hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics and the Paralympics. It was elevated to a city with increased local autonomy in 1999. Nagano continued to expand on January 1,2005, by absorbing the municipalities of Toyono, and the village of Togakushi, and Kinasa, Nagano hosted the 2005 Special Olympics World Winter Games. On January 1,2010, Nagano absorbed the town of Shinshūshinmachi, as of 2010, Nagano was the southernmost host of the Winter Olympic Games. The Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon is held annually to commemorate the occasion, Nagano is located in north-central Nagano Prefecture, near the confluence of the Chikuma River and the Sai River. The city receives heavy winter snow totaling 2.57 metres from December to March, the city has 12 public high schools operated by the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education, one public high school operated by the city government, and five private high schools. In addition, the city has four special education schools, the citys main railway hub, Nagano Station, and the smaller Shinonoi Station, were expanded for the Olympics
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Gifu
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Gifu is a city located in the south-central portion of Gifu Prefecture, Japan, and serves as the prefectural capital. The city has played an important role in Japans history because of its location in the middle of the country, during the Sengoku period, various warlords, including Oda Nobunaga, used the area as a base in an attempt to unify and control Japan. Gifu continued to flourish even after Japans unification as both an important shukuba along the Edo period Nakasendō and, later, as one of Japans fashion centers. Before becoming a city, it was part of the former Atsumi District. Mount Kinka, one of the major symbols, is home to a nationally designated forest and Gifu Castle. Gifu also hosts festivals and events throughout the year. Two major rail lines connect Gifu to Japans national and international transportation infrastructure, JR Centrals Tōkaidō Main Line runs through the city, connecting it with Nagoya, one of Japans largest cities, and the surrounding area. The city has a train route to Chūbu Centrair International Airport. Gifu has active relationships with six sister cities, as of July 2011, the city has an estimated population of 412,895 and a population density of about 2,000 persons per km2. The total area is 202.89 km², two archaeological sites in the city of Gifu have shown that the area around modern-day Gifu has had residents since pre-history because of Gifus location in the fertile Nōbi Plain. The Ryomonji and Kotozuka sites have produced large burial mounds that are representative of the late-Yayoi period, as civilization in Japan grew, permanent settlements began to appear and, eventually, the village of Inokuchi was established, which would eventually become the modern city of Gifu. Control Gifu and you control Japan was a common phrase during the Sengoku period, for over 200 years, the Mino Province was under control of the Toki Clan, a powerful regional clan. However, it would be Nobunaga that eventually absorbed Dōsans Saitō clan in the mid-sixteenth century and it was during Nobunagas reign of power that the area finally received its modern name. After consulting with a Buddhist priest, Nobunaga renamed the village and he took the first character from Qishan, the legendary mountain from which most of ancient China was unified. The second character means base of the mountain and comes from Qufu, though he was not originally from the area, Nobunaga chose to use Dōsans castle and mountain as his base of operations, which he renamed Gifu Castle and Mount Kinka, respectively. Gifus economy grew immensely during this period, primarily due to its location at the center of Nobunagas expanding empire, additionally, Nobunaga established Rakuichi Rakuza, a free market for his citizens to use, in direct response to the commercial monopoly of the areas temples and shrines. The liveliness of the town caused Louis Frois, a Portuguese Jesuit Missionary and guest of Nobunaga, following the death of Nobunaga, Gifus growth continued through the Edo period with the establishment of the Nakasendō as one of Tokugawas five routes. Although the route did not pass directly through Gifu, the nearby post towns of Kanō-juku and Gōdo-juku provided traffic and were amalgamated into the modern city of Gifu
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Yamagata, Yamagata
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Yamagata is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. As of October 2015, the city had an population of 252,632. The total area was 381.3 square kilometres, Yamagata is located in mountainous southeast Yamagata Prefecture. The Mogami River passes through the city, which includes Mount Zaō within its borders and this climate zone is characterized by hot, humid summers with daytime temperatures commonly higher than 30 °C and moderately long, cold and very snowy winters. Yamagata city is part of the snow area of Japan with snowfall most days throughout the winter season. Yamagata registered the highest temperature recorded in Japan until the record was broken by two cities on August 16,2007 The area of present-day Yamagata was part of Dewa Province. During the Edo period, it was the center of Yamagata Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate, the modern city of Yamagata was founded on April 1,1889 as the capital of Yamagata Prefecture. The city attained Special city status on April 1,2001, Yamagata University, including Kojirakawa Campus and Iida Campus. Yamagata also hosts the bi-annual Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival, taro potatoes, thin-sliced meat, and vegetables are cooked in a large pot at picnic spots. The banks of the Mamigasaki River are popular, once a year, on the first Sunday in September, the city government serves thousands of bowls from its giant iron pot, which is serviced by a building crane. In 2009,30,000 servings were prepared and served, yama-dera lies within the city limits,15 minutes by train from the center. Kajo Park, located in the city center of town northwest of the station, is the extensive grounds of castle keep of feudal warlord Mogami Yoshiaki. While most of the park is athletic fields and public buildings, the rebuilt walls, eastern main gate. The Mogami Yoshiaki Historical Museum nearby features items from the Edo period, and information on these exhibits and it also contains a small public museum with displays of natural and social history. Yamagata is twinned with the towns and cities
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Gunma Prefecture
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Gunma Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the northwest corner of the Kantō region on the main Honshu island. Japan was without horses until around the fifth century CE, the ancient province of Gunma was a center of the horsebreeding and trading activities for the newly immigrated continental peoples. The arrival of horses and the remains of horse-tackle coincides with the arrival of a migration from the mainland. From this point forward, the became a vital part of Japanese military maneuvers. When Mount Haruna erupted in the late 6th century, Japan was still in the pre-historical phase, the Gunma Prefectural archaeology unit in 1994 was able to date the eruption through zoological anthropology at the corral sites that were buried in ash. In the past, Gunma was joined with Tochigi Prefecture and called Kenu Province and this was later divided into Kami-tsu-ke and Shimo-tsu-ke. The area is referred to as Jomo. For most of Japanese history, Gunma was known as the province of Kozuke, the first modern silk factories were built with Italian and French assistance at Annaka in the 1870s. The modern Japanese army gunned down farmers with new repeating rifles built in Japan, the farmers in Gunma were said to be the first victims of the Murata rifle. In the twentieth century, the Japanese aviation pioneer Nakajima Chikushi of Oizumi, Gunma Prefecture, the factory now produces Subaru motorcars and other products under the name of Fuji Heavy Industries. In the 1930s, German architect Bruno Julius Florian Taut lived and conducted research for a while in Takasaki, the Girard Incident, which disturbed US-Japanese relations in the 1950s, occurred in Gunma in 1957, at Soumagahara Base near Shibukawa. Four modern prime ministers are from Gunma, namely, Takeo Fukuda, Yasuhiro Nakasone, Keizo Obuchi, and Yasuo Fukuda, one of only eight landlocked prefectures in Japan, Gunma is the northwestern-most prefecture of the Kantō plain. Except for the central and southeast areas, where most of the population is concentrated, to the north are Niigata and Fukushima prefectures, while to the east lies Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture, and Saitama Prefecture is to the south, some of the major mountains in Gunma are Mount Akagi, Mount Haruna, Mount Myōgi, Mount Nikkō-Shirane and Mount Asama, which is located on the Nagano border. Major rivers include the Tone River, the Agatsuma River, and this is because of the kara-kaze, a strong, dry wind which occurs in the winter when the snow falls on the coasts of Niigata. The wind carrying clouds with snow are obstructed by the Echigo Mountains, for this reason, the wind changes into the kara-kaze. More traditional industries include sericulture and agriculture, gunmas major agricultural products include cabbages and konjacs. Gunma produces 90% of Japans konjacs, and two-thirds of the farms in the village of Tsumagoi are cabbage farms, also, the city of Ōta is famous for car industry, notably the Subaru factory
25.
Louvre-Lens
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The Louvre-Lens is an art museum located in Lens, Pas-de-Calais, Northern France, approximately 200 kilometers north of Paris. It displays objects from the collections of the Musée du Louvre that are lent to the gallery on a medium- or long-term basis, the Louvre-Lens annex is part of an effort to provide access to French cultural institutions for people who live outside of Paris. Though the museum maintains close links with the Louvre, it is primarily funded by the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. Only the Nord pas de Calais applied for the museum and proposed six cities, Lille, Lens, Valenciennes, Calais, Béthune, in 2004, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, then French Prime Minister, announced Lens as the recipient city. The last mine in Lens closed in 1986, which caused the unemployment rate to well above the French national average. France abandoned us when the coal stopped, and we became a ghost town, other critics pointed out that the museum makes no attempt to address Lens turbulent history or its current economic difficulties. The construction company Eiffage was chosen to construct the Lens-based Louvre branch, the Louvre-Lens Museum, SANAA + Imrey Culberts first building in France, was awarded the Prix darchitecture de lEquerre dArgent for 2013. The French government hopes that the location near the border of France will be a draw for English, Belgian. In addition, the Louvre-Lens is near several World War memorials, including the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in Vimy, the museum is built on a 20-hectare mining site that closed in the 1960s. The area is elevated due to filling in of the mine. Altogether, the museum is 360 m long and contains 28,000 m2 of exhibition space, the design of a central building flanked by two wings mimics the Paris Louvre. The square, central building is the reception area. It contains several curved glass rooms that contain a cafeteria, bookstore, to the east of the entry hall is the 3,000 m2 Galerie du Temps which houses approximately 200 items from the Paris Louvre collection. The items in the large, open hall are arranged chronologically, from 3,500 BC to mid-19th century, beyond the Galerie du Temps is the Pavillon de Verre which exhibits works from neighboring museums. The building to the west of the hall is a gallery for temporary exhibits and, beyond that. The Exhibitions Temporaires is dedicated to exhibits which last 3 months, the first exhibition, titled Renaissance, included Leonardo da Vincis recently-restored The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. The second exhibit was dedicated to Rubens and included 170 of his works, the following weekend, the museum welcomed its first visitors, three weeks after the opening, the museum welcomed its 100, 000th visitor. On May 2013, during Long Night of Museums 2013,500,000 visitors viewed the masterpieces displayed in the Louvre-Lens Museum, while 700,000 visitors were anticipated for the first year, the years final tally was approximately 900,000
26.
Seibu Railway
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Seibu Railway Company, Ltd. is a conglomerate based in Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan, with principal business areas in railways, tourism, and real estate. Seibu Railways operations are concentrated in northwest Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture, however it and its holding company hold shares of numerous bus, hotel and tourism operations nationwide. Seibu Railway was originally the name of a service between Shinjuku and Ogikubo, which was transferred to the Tokyo metropolitan government in 1951 and eventually closed in 1962. The current Seibu Railway is a product of a 1945 merger between the former Seibu Railway and the Musashino Railway, which was founded in 1912 to operate what is now known as the Seibu Ikebukuro Line, the sewage service continued through the American occupation until 1951. As a result of this cooperation, Seibu Railway merged with Musashino Railway to form the current Seibu Railway. The former Seibu network based around Shinjuku and the former Musashino network based around Ikebukuro remain operationally separated today, in 1986, Seibu Railway moved its headquarters from the Ikebukuro area to Tokorozawa, Saitama, where the two main Seibu lines intersect. Tsutsumi became the shareholder in Seibu Railway following the merger through his holding company Kokudo Corporation. Seibu Railway had its public offering on the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1949. Station numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, following the death of Tsutsumi in 1964, his third son Yoshiaki Tsutsumi inherited control of Kokudo and continued the practice of falsifying shareholder records. He was arrested on fraud charges in March 2005. On December 21,2005, Seibu Railway was delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange, a reorganization of the group, completed in February 2006, created Seibu Holdings to act as a holding company for both the railway and Prince Hotels. Cerberus Capital Management, an American investment fund, became the largest shareholder in Seibu Holdings with a 29. 9% share of the new company. Cerberus then executed a tender offer to increase its stake to 35% as of June 2013, at the June 2013 shareholder meeting, several proposals by Cerberus were voted down, including the election of outside directors and the abolition of non-core lines. As of June 2013, Yoshiaki Tsutsumi remains an investor in Seibu Holdings through his 36% investment in NW Corporation. Tsutsumi refused to respond to the Cerberus tender offer at the urging of Seibu management and they fall into two separate groups. Tokorozawa Station is the point of Ikebukuro Line and Shinjuku Line. Seibu Railway is well known for its bright yellow colored trains, however, more recent trains have a blue colored line on unpainted stainless steel or aluminium bodies. The Ikebukuro Line group includes the Ikebukuro Line and its branches, the new trains are to be built by Hitachi, with the design and styling overseen by architect Kazuyo Sejima
27.
Japan Institute of Architects
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The Japan Institute of Architects is a voluntary organization for architects in Japan, and an affiliated organization of the Union Internationale des Architectes. The institution was founded in May 1987 and includes round about 4,100 members today, the former Japanese architect associations, the Japan Architects Association and the Japan Federation of Professional Architects Association were merged into the JIA in 1987. The JIAs principal aim is to define and promote the social and legal status of professional architects in Japan, the association consists of the ten regional chapters Hokkaidō, Tōhoku, Kantō-Kōshinetsu, Tōkai, Hokuriku, Kinki, Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū and Okinawa. JIA Award JIA Grand Prix JIA Young Architect Award JIA Sustainable Architecture Award JIA25 Years Award JIA Architect of the Year JIA
28.
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
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Its purpose is the recognition of significant contributions to the arts, literature, or the propagation of these fields. Its origin is attributed to the Order of Saint-Michel as acknowledged by French government sources, membership is not, however, limited to French nationals, recipients include numerous foreign luminaries. Foreign recipients are admitted into the Order, without condition of age, the Order has three grades, Commandeur — medallion worn on necklet, up to twenty recipients a year. Officier — medallion worn on ribbon with rosette on left breast, chevalier — medallion worn on ribbon on left breast, up to 200 recipients a year. The reverse central disc features the head of Marianne on a golden background, the Commanders badge is topped by a gilt twisted ring. The ribbon of the Order is green with four white stripes, however, in the statutes there is a clause saying Les Officiers et les Commandeurs de la Légion dhonneur peuvent être directement promus à un grade équivalent dans lOrdre des Arts et des Lettres. Ribbons of the French military and civil awards Ordre des arts et des lettres du Québec, a Quebec order based in part on the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Nominations dans lOrdre des Arts et Lettres
29.
Erich Schelling
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Erich Schelling was a German architect. He was born in Wiesloch near Heidelberg and studied at the State Technical College in Karlsruhe from 1924 to 1928 and he was made head of the architectural office at Hermann Alker before leaving to set up his own office in Karlsruhe in 1937. Later that year he was appointed Professor of Architecture at the State Technical College and his first major commission was the conversion of a Karlsruhe building to be a Nazi publishing house in 1939. In 1942 he opened a office in Strasbourg, where he was commissioned to construct a new administrative building. After the war he worked on the reconstruction of industry, particularly on the FAG Kugelfischer factories in Schweinfurt, Schellings buildings help define the image of Karlsruhe. Some of them, such as the Schwarzwaldhalle, the Nancy Hall, the Chamber of Crafts and Trades and he married interior designer Trude Schelling-Karrer, who collaborated with him in his work. In 1992, after Schellings death, she founded the Schelling Architecture Foundation, the Foundation awards the Schelling Architecture Award and the Schelling Architecture Theory Award every two years in his honour. With a foreword by Heinrich Klotz
30.
Pritzker Architecture Prize
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Founded in 1979 by Jay A. Pritzker and his wife Cindy, the award is funded by the Pritzker family and sponsored by the Hyatt Foundation. It is considered to be one of the premier architecture prizes. The prize is said to be awarded irrespective of nationality, race, creed, the recipients receive US$100,000, a citation certificate, and since 1987, a bronze medallion. Before 1987, a limited edition Henry Moore sculpture accompanied the monetary prize, any licensed architect can also make a personal application for the prize before 1 November every year. In 1988 Gordon Bunshaft nominated himself for the award and eventually won it, the jury, each year consisting of five to nine experts. Recognized professionals in their own fields of architecture, business, education, publishing, the prize Chair is 2002 winner, Glenn Murcutt, earlier chairs were J. Carter Brown, the Lord Rothschild, and the Lord Palumbo. Inaugural winner Philip Johnson was cited for 50 years of imagination and vitality embodied in a myriad of museums, theaters, libraries, houses, gardens, the 2004 laureate Zaha Hadid was the first female prize winner. Ryue Nishizawa became the youngest winner in 2010 at age 44, partners in architecture have shared the award. In 1988, Gordon Bunshaft and Oscar Niemeyer were both honored with the award. The most recent winners, in 2017, are the Spanish architects Rafael Aranda, Carme Pigem and this was the first time three architects shared the prize. A. a Roche was born in Ireland, C Gehry was born in Canada. D Hadid was born in Iraq, E Rogers was born in Italy. Driehaus Architecture Prize List of architecture prizes General Past laureates
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Tama Art University
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Tama Art University or Tamabi is a private art university located in Tokyo, Japan. It is known as one of the top art schools in Japan, the forerunner of Tamabi was Tama Imperial Art School founded in 1935. It was chartered as a college in 1950 and became a four-year college in 1953. Hachioji Campus Graduate School, Faculty of Art and Design Kaminoge Campus Headquarters, Graduate School, Faculty of Art, the Pacific Rim Project focuses on global issues such as environmental protection, natural disasters and related topics over the course of a 14-week program. The Project is based on research, the results of which are summarized and shared via public exhibits. Tamabi has bilateral agreements with 21 universities and institutes in 13 countries and regions. tv OpenCourseWare R INVADER Mono-ha 2020 Summer Olympics Minato, Chihiro, sozo-sei no uchu, Tokyo, Kosakusha,2008. ISBN 978-4-87502-413-2 Suzuki, Akira and Chihiro Minato Tsukuru toshokan wo tsukuru, Tokyo, Kashima Shuppankai,2007
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University of Applied Arts Vienna
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The University of Applied Arts Vienna is an institution of higher education in Vienna, the capital of Austria. It has had university status since 1970, the predecessor of the Angewandte was founded in 1867 as the k. k. It was closely associated with the Österreichischen Museums für Kunst und Industrie and it was the first school of its kind on the continent. In 1941 it became an institution of higher education, in 1970 it was awarded the title of a university and in 1998 the school was renamed the Universität für angewandte Künste. Today its faculty includes many distinguished artists and teachers, such as Judith Eisler, Erwin Wurm, Hartmut Esslinger, Greg Lynn, Wolf D Prix, the university has currently c.1,800 students and c.340 faculty. The students come from 49 different countries to study in the 29 disciplines of the school and they form their creative ideas in 56 different languages. The outcome of their processes is made public in 200 exhibitions a year, Applied arts live art and technology as symbiosis. Applied arts live art and society in interaction, Applied arts live art as an experimental approach towards science
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Princeton University
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Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The institution moved to Newark in 1747, then to the current site nine years later, Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The university has ties with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton has the largest endowment per student in the United States. The university has graduated many notable alumni, two U. S. Presidents,12 U. S. Supreme Court Justices, and numerous living billionaires and foreign heads of state are all counted among Princetons alumni body. New Light Presbyterians founded the College of New Jersey in 1746 in order to train ministers, the college was the educational and religious capital of Scots-Irish America. In 1754, trustees of the College of New Jersey suggested that, in recognition of Governors interest, gov. Jonathan Belcher replied, What a name that would be. In 1756, the moved to Princeton, New Jersey. Its home in Princeton was Nassau Hall, named for the royal House of Orange-Nassau of William III of England, following the untimely deaths of Princetons first five presidents, John Witherspoon became president in 1768 and remained in that office until his death in 1794. During his presidency, Witherspoon shifted the focus from training ministers to preparing a new generation for leadership in the new American nation. To this end, he tightened academic standards and solicited investment in the college, in 1812, the eighth president the College of New Jersey, Ashbel Green, helped establish the Princeton Theological Seminary next door. The plan to extend the theological curriculum met with approval on the part of the authorities at the College of New Jersey. Today, Princeton University and Princeton Theological Seminary maintain separate institutions with ties that include such as cross-registration. Before the construction of Stanhope Hall in 1803, Nassau Hall was the sole building. The cornerstone of the building was laid on September 17,1754, during the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall, making Princeton the countrys capital for four months. The class of 1879 donated twin lion sculptures that flanked the entrance until 1911, Nassau Halls bell rang after the halls construction, however, the fire of 1802 melted it. The bell was then recast and melted again in the fire of 1855, James McCosh took office as the colleges president in 1868 and lifted the institution out of a low period that had been brought about by the American Civil War. McCosh Hall is named in his honor, in 1879, the first thesis for a Doctor of Philosophy Ph. D. was submitted by James F. Williamson, Class of 1877. In 1896, the officially changed its name from the College of New Jersey to Princeton University to honor the town in which it resides
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Keio University
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Keio University, abbreviated as Keio or Keidai, is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is known as the oldest institute of education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo and it has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa. It has ten faculties, Letters, Economics, Law, Business and Commerce, Medicine, Science and Technology, Policy Management, Environment and Information Studies, Nursing and Medical Care, and Pharmacy. The university is one of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, in the United States, Keio has a high school called Keio Academy of New York. In 1868 he changed the name of the school to Keio Gijuku and it was the first Japanese university to reach its 150th anniversary, celebrating this anniversary in 2008. Fukuzawa stated the mission of Keio shown below, which is based on his speech at the party on November 1,1896. Those sentences were given to students as his will, and considered as the expression of Keios actual mission. Keio is known for being the first institution to introduce many modern systems in Japan. Keio is the earliest Japanese school that introduced a fixed course fee. It initially introduced the culture of speech to Japan, which Japan had never had before and it built Japans earliest speech house Mita Speech House in 1875 as well. It is regarded as Japans first university to accept international students, Keio accepted 2 Korean students in 1881 as its first international students. 60 Korean students entered in 1883 and 130 Korean students in 1895, Keio put Independence and self-respect as a foundation of its education. This is meant to be physically and mentally independent, and respect yourself for keeping your virtue, Independence and self-respect are also regarded as Fukuzawas nature and essence of his education. Learning half and teaching half is the unique culture in Keio. During the late Edo period and the early Meiji period, several private schools often used students as assistant teachers and it was called Learning half. Keio also had used this system. In the early period of such schools of Western studies, there had many things to learn not only for students
35.
Women in architecture
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Women in architecture have been documented for many centuries, as professional practitioners, educators and clients. Since architecture became organized as a profession in 1857, the number of women in architecture has been low, at the end of the 19th century, starting in Finland, certain schools of architecture in Europe began to admit women to their programmes of study. However, only in recent years have begun to achieve wider recognition with several outstanding participants including two Pritzker prizewinners since the turn of the millennium. However, despite the fact that some 40% of architecture graduates in the world are now women. Two European women stand out as examples of women playing an important part in architecture. She has been put forward as the architect of Wotton House in Buckinghamshire and it has also been suggested that she tutored Sir Christopher Wren. Wilbraham had to use male architects to supervise the construction work, there is now much research including that by John Millar to show she may have designed up to 400 buildings including 18 London churches previously attributed to her pupil Sir Christopher Wren. Sarah Losh was an English woman and landowner of Wreay and she has been described as a lost Romantic genius, antiquarian, architect and visionary. Her main work is St Marys Church, Cumbria, but she also constructed various associated buildings, Louise Blanchard Bethune from Waterloo, New York, was the first American woman known to have worked as a professional architect. In 1881, she opened an independent office partnered with her husband Robert Bethune in Buffalo and she was named the first female associate of the American Institute of Architects in 1888 and in 1889, she became its first female fellow. Another early practicing architect in the United States was Emily Williams from northern California, in 1901, together with her friend Lillian Palmer, she moved to San Francisco where she studied drafting at the California High School of Mechanical Arts. Encouraged by Palmer, she went on to build a number of cottages and houses in the area, including a home on 1037 Broadway in San Francisco. Theodate Pope Riddle grew up in a background in Farmington, Connecticut. Her early designs, such as that for Hill-Stead, were translated into working drawings by the firm of McKim, Mead and White, providing her with an apprenticeship in architecture. She was the first woman to become an architect in both New York and Connecticut and in 1926 was appointed to the AIA College of Fellows. A notable pioneer of the days was Josephine Wright Chapman. Chapman received no education in architecture but went on design a number of buildings before setting up her own firm. The architect of Tuckerman Hall in Worcester, Massachusetts, she is considered to be one of Americas earliest and most successful female architects, Romanian architect Virginia Andreescu Haret, first woman to graduate with a degree in architecture in 1919 and first woman as Romanian Architectural Inspector General
36.
Architectural Digest
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Architectural Digest is an American monthly magazine founded in 1920. Its principal subject is design, not architecture more generally. The magazine is published by Condé Nast, which also publishes eight international editions of Architectural Digest, Architectural Digest is aimed at an affluent and style-conscious readership, and is subtitled The International Design Authority. The magazine also oversees the AD100, a list of top 100 architects, originally a quarterly trade directory called The Architectural Digest, A Pictorial Digest of Californias Best Architecture, the magazine was launched in 1920 by John Coke Brasfield. Brasfield was a Tennessee-born importer and advertising executive who founded the John C, Brasfield Publishing Corporation, which was based in Los Angeles, California. Interiors and exteriors of residences were featured in the magazine, along with floor plans, by 1963, the magazines subtitle had been altered to A Pictorial Digest of Outstanding Architecture, Interior Design, and Landscaping, and it began publishing on a bimonthly schedule. Two years later, The Architectural Digest and its publishing company were purchased by Cleon T, the magazines subtitle was altered to The Quality Guide to Home Decorating Ideas shortly thereafter, and was changed again, in 1974, to The Connoisseurs Magazine of Fine Interior Design. Brasfield Publishing Company was renamed Knapp Communications Corporation in 1977, Condé Nast Publications purchased Architectural Digest, as well as its sister publication Bon Appétit, from Knapp in April 1993. In 2011 the Chinese version of the magazine, AD China, was launched, the magazine is also published in other countries, including Germany, India, France, Italy, United States and Spain. Brasfield Sally Brasfield Knapp Bradley Little, a interior designer. Cleon T. Knapp, 1971–1975 Paige Rense, 1975–2010, she served as the magazines associate editor, 1968–1971
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
Laureate
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In English, the word laureate has come to signify eminence or association with literary awards or military glory. It is also used for winners of the Nobel Prize and the Gandhi Peace Award, in ancient Greece, the laurel was sacred to Apollo and as such sprigs of it were fashioned into a crown or wreath of honor for poets and heroes. This symbolism has been ever since. Laureate letters in old times meant the dispatches announcing a victory, the name of bacca-laureate for a bachelors degree shows a confusion with a supposed etymology from Latin bacca lauri, which, though incorrect, involves the same idea. Jonsons appointment does not seem to have been made as poet laureate. The post then became an institution, though the emoluments varied. Abolition was similarly advocated when Thomas Warton and William Wordsworth died, Wordsworth stipulated, before accepting the honor, that no formal effusions from him should be considered a necessity, but Tennyson was generally happy in his numerous poems of this class. The emoluments of the post have varied, Ben Jonson first received a pension of 100 marks, to Pye an allowance of £27 was made instead of the wine. Tennyson drew £72 a year from the Lord Chamberlains department, glory This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed
39.
Philip Johnson
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In 1978 he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and in 1979 the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. Johnson was born in Cleveland, Ohio on July 8,1906 and he was descended from the Jansen family of New Amsterdam, and included among his ancestors the Huguenot Jacques Cortelyou, who laid out the first town plan of New Amsterdam for Peter Stuyvesant. In 1928 he met Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who was at the time designing the German Pavilion for the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition. The meeting formed the basis for a relationship of both collaboration and competition In 1930, Johnson joined the architecture department of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. There he arranged for American visits by Gropius and Le Corbusier, in 1932, working with Hitchcock and Alfred H. Barr, Jr. and Henry-Russell Hitchcock, he organized the first exhibition on Modern architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in 1932. The show and their published book International Style, Modern Architecture Since 1922 played an important part in introducing modern architecture to the American public. When the rise of the Nazis in Germany forced the modernists Marcel Breuer and Mies van der Rohe to leave Germany, in 1936, in the depths of the Great Depression, he left the Museum of Modern Art for a brief venture into journalism and politics. In his 1994 biography of Johnson, Schultze wrote, In politics he proved to be a model of futility and he was never much of a political threat to anyone, still less an effective doer of either political good or political evil. In 1941, at the age of 35, Johnson abandoned politics and journalism and enrolled in the Harvard Graduate School of Design, in 1941, Johnson designed and actually built his first building, a house still existing at 9 Ash Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The house, strongly influenced by Mies van der Rohe, has a wall around the lot which merges with the structure, after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, Johnson enlisted in the Army. He spent his service during the war in the United States. In 1946, after he completed his service, Johnson returned to the Museum of Modern Art as a curator. At the same time, he began working to establish his architectural practice and he built a small house, in th style of Mies, in Saaponack, Long Island in 1946. This was followed by one of this most famous buildings, which he built for himself, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, completed in 1949, which has become a landmark of modern architecture. Johnson had curated an exhibit of Mies van der Rohes at the Museum of Modern Art in 1947, the house is a 56 foot by 32 foot glass rectangle, sited at the edge of a crest on Johnsons estate overlooking a pond. The buildings sides are glass and charcoal-painted steel, the floor, of brick, is not flush with the ground, the interior is an open space divided by low walnut cabinets, a brick cylinder contains the bathroom and is the only object to reach floor to ceiling. The New York Times described it in 2005 as one of the 20th centurys greatest residential structures, Johnson continued to add to the Glass House estate during each period of his career. After completing the Glass House, he completed two more houses in New Canaan in a similar to that of Mies, the Hodgson House
