Kea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Kea (disambiguation).

Kea
Kea on rock while snowing.jpg
An adult kea at Arthur's Pass, New Zealand
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Nestoridae
Genus: Nestor
Species: N. notabilis
Binomial name
Nestor notabilis
Gould, 1856
Nestor notabilis -range map -New Zealand.png
Range in green

The kea (/ˈkiːə/; Māori: [kɛ.a]; Nestor notabilis) is a species of large parrot in the family Nestoridae[2] found in the forested and alpine regions of the South Island of New Zealand. About 48 cm (19 in) long, it is mostly olive-green with a brilliant orange under its wings and has a large, narrow, curved, grey-brown upper beak. The kea is the world's only alpine parrot. Its omnivorous diet includes carrion,[3] but consists mainly of roots, leaves, berries, nectar, and insects. Now uncommon, the kea was once killed for bounty due to concerns by the sheep-farming community that it attacked livestock, especially sheep.[4] In 1986, it received full protection under the Wildlife Act.[5]

The kea nests in burrows or crevices among the roots of trees. Kea are known for their intelligence and curiosity, both vital to their survival in a harsh mountain environment. Kea can solve logical puzzles, such as pushing and pulling things in a certain order to get to food, and will work together to achieve a certain objective.[6] They have been filmed preparing and using tools.[7]

Taxonomy and naming[edit]

The kea was described by ornithologist John Gould in 1856.[8] Its specific epithet, the Latin term notabilis, means "noteworthy".[9] The common name kea is from Māori, probably an onomatopoeic representation of their in-flight call – ‘keee aaa’.[10] The term "kea" is both singular and plural.

The genus Nestor contains four species: the New Zealand kaka (Nestor meridionalis), the kea (N. notabilis), the extinct Norfolk kaka (N. productus), and the extinct Chatham kaka (N. chathamensis). All four are thought to stem from a "proto-kākā", dwelling in the forests of New Zealand five million years ago.[11][12] Their closest relative is the flightless kakapo (Strigops habroptilus).[11][12][13][14] Together, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea, an ancient group that split off from all other Psittacidae before their radiation.[11][12][14][15]

A gathering or group of kea is called a circus.[16]

Description[edit]

Kea in flight
Orange feathers can be seen under the wing during flight

The kea is a large parrot about 48 cm (19 in) long and weighs between 800 grams (1.8 lb) and 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).[17] It has mostly olive-green plumage with a grey beak having a long, narrow, curved upper beak. The adult has dark-brown irises, and the cere, eyerings, and legs are grey. It has orange feathers on the undersides of its wings. The feathers on the sides of its face are dark olive-brown, feathers on its back and rump are orange-red, and some of the outer wing are dull-blue. It has a short, broad, bluish-green tail with a black tip. Feather shafts project at the tip of the tail and the undersides of the inner tail feathers have yellow-orange transverse stripes.[18] The male is about 5% longer than the female, and the male's upper beak is 12–14% longer than the female's.[19] Juveniles generally resemble adults, but have yellow eyerings and cere, an orange-yellow lower beak, and grey-yellow legs.[18]

Juveniles have yellow eyerings and cere, an orange-yellow lower beak, and grey-yellow legs

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The kea is one of ten endemic parrot species in New Zealand.

Kea sign at Arthur's Pass

The kea ranges from lowland river valleys and coastal forests of the South Island's west coast up to the alpine regions of the South Island such as Arthur's Pass and Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park, closely associated throughout its range with the southern beech (Nothofagus) forests in the alpine ridge. Apart from occasional vagrants, kea are not found in the North Island, although fossil evidence suggests a population lived there over 10,000 years ago.[20]

The population was estimated at between 1,000 and 5,000 individuals in 1986,[21] contrasting with another estimate of 15,000 birds in 1992.[22] The kea's widespread distribution at low density across inaccessible areas prevents accurate estimates.[23][24]

Current population estimates suggest that between 3000 and 7000 individuals are left.[25]

Kea investigating tourists

Interactions with humans[edit]

Kea damaging a parked car
Adult Kea close-up at Milford Sound, New Zealand

The kea's notorious urge to explore and manipulate makes this bird both a pest for residents and an attraction for tourists. Called "the clown of the mountains",[26] it will investigate backpacks, boots, skis, snowboards, and even cars (most commonly the rubber areas e.g. window frames), often causing damage or flying off with smaller items. Kea have been kept as pets before being protected, but rarely, since they were difficult to capture and destructive when in captivity.

People commonly encounter wild kea at South Island ski areas, where they are attracted by the prospect of food scraps. Their curiosity leads them to peck and carry away unguarded items of clothing, or to pry apart rubber parts of cars — to the entertainment and annoyance of human observers. They are often described as "cheeky". A kea has even been reported to have made off with a tourist's passport while he was visiting Fiordland National Park.[27]

Some people[according to whom?] believe that the unbalanced diet resulting from feeding kea human foods has a detrimental effect on the birds' health. The Department of Conservation also suggest that the time savings resulting from a more calorie-rich diet will give kea more free time to investigate and hence damage things at campsites and car parks.[28]

The birds' naturally trusting behaviour around humans has also been indicated as a contributing factor in a number of recent incidents at popular tourist spots where kea have been purposely killed.[29][30][31]

Lifespan[edit]

Mortality is high among young kea, with less than 40% surviving their first year.[32] The median lifespan of a wild subadult kea has been estimated at five years, based on the proportion of kea seen again in successive seasons in Arthur's Pass, and allowing for some emigration to surrounding areas. Around 10% of the local kea population were expected to be over 20 years of age.[22] The oldest known captive kea was 50 years old in 2008.[32]

Breeding[edit]

Kea chick, Walsrode Bird Park, Germany

At least one observer has reported that the kea is polygynous, with one male attached to multiple females. The same source also noted that there was a surplus of females.[33]

Kea are social and live in groups of up to 13 birds.[34] Isolated individuals do badly in captivity, but respond well to mirror images.[35]

In one study, nest sites occur at a density of one per 4.4 km2.[36] The breeding areas are most commonly in southern beech (Nothofagus) forests, located on steep mountainsides. Breeding at heights of 1600 m above sea level and higher, it is one of the few parrot species in the world to regularly spend time above the tree line. Nest sites are usually positioned on the ground underneath large beech trees, in rock crevices, or dug burrows between roots. They are accessed by tunnels leading back 1 to 6 m into a larger chamber, which is furnished with lichens, moss, ferns, and rotting wood. The laying period starts in July and reaches into January.[37] Two to five white eggs are laid, with an incubation time of around 21 days, and a brooding period of 94 days.[38]

Diet[edit]

An omnivore, the kea feeds on more than 40 plant species, beetle larvae, other birds (including shearwater chicks), and mammals (including sheep and rabbits).[6][34] It has been observed breaking open shearwater nests to feed on the chicks after hearing the chicks in their nests.[39] The kea has also taken advantage of human garbage and "gifts" of food.[40]

Sheep,suspected to have been killed by kea in July 1907

The controversy about whether the kea preys on sheep is long-running. Sheep suffering from unusual wounds on their sides or loins were noticed by the mid-1860s, within a decade of sheep farmers moving into the high country. Although some supposed the cause was a new disease, suspicion soon fell on the kea. James MacDonald, head shepherd at Wanaka Station, witnessed a kea attacking a sheep in 1868, and similar accounts were widespread.[3] Prominent members of the scientific community accepted that kea attacked sheep, with Alfred Wallace citing this as an example of behavioural change in his 1889 book Darwinism. Despite substantial anecdotal evidence of these attacks,[3][41] others remained unconvinced, especially in later years. For instance, in 1962, animal specialist J.R. Jackson concluded, while the bird may attack sick or injured sheep, especially if it mistook them for dead, it was not a significant predator.[42] In 1993, however, its nocturnal assaults were captured on video,[6] proving that at least some kea will attack and feed on healthy sheep. The video confirmed what many scientists had long suspected: that the kea uses its powerful, curved beak and claws to rip through the layer of wool and eat the fat from the back of the animal. Though the bird does not directly kill the sheep, death can result from infections or accidents suffered by animals when trying to escape. There are also anecdotal reports of kea attacking rabbits, dogs, and even horses.[41]

Threats and conservation[edit]

Together with local councils and runholders, the New Zealand government paid a bounty for kea bills because the bird preyed upon livestock, mainly sheep.[41][43] It was intended that hunters would kill kea only on the farms and council areas that paid the bounty, but some hunted them in national parks and in Westland, where they were officially protected. More than 150,000 were killed in the hundred years before 1970, when the bounty was lifted.[44] In the 1970s, the kea received partial protection after a census counted only 5,000 birds. The government agreed to investigate any reports of problem birds and have them removed from the land.[23] In 1986 it was given full protection under the Wildlife Act 1953.

A study of kea numbers in Nelson Lakes National Park showed a substantial decline in the population between 1999 and 2009, caused primarily by predation of kea eggs and chicks.[45] Video cameras set up to monitor kea nests in South Westland showed that possums killed kea fledglings.[46]

Lead poisoning, mostly from the roofs of buildings/building materials, is also a significant cause of premature deaths among kea.[47][48] Research on lead toxicity in kea living at Aoraki/Mount Cook found that of 38 live kea tested all were found to have detectable blood lead levels, 26 considered dangerously high.[48] Additional analysis of 15 dead kea sent to Massey University for diagnostic pathology between 1991 and 1997 found 9 bodies to have lead blood levels consistent with causing death.[49] Research conducted by Victoria University in 2008 confirmed that the natural curiosity of kea which has enabled the species to adapt to its extreme environment, may increase its propensity to poisoning through ingestion of lead – i.e. the more investigative behaviours identified in a bird the higher its blood lead levels were likely to be.[50]

The 1080 pesticide is used to control invasive pest mammals such as stoats and possums and has also been implicated in kea deaths. For example, seven kea were found dead following an aerial possum control operation using 1080, at Fox Glacier in July 2008[51] and a further seven had been found dead in August 2011, following a 1080 aerial possum control operation in Ōkārito Forest.[52] Traps are also considered a risk to kea. In September 2011, hidden cameras caught kea breaking into baited stoat traps in the Matukituki Valley. More than 75% of the traps had been sprung.[53]

Despite being classified as Nationally Endangered in the New Zealand Threat Classification System[54] and endangered in the IUCN Red List and protected by law, kea are still deliberately shot. For example, in the late 1990s, a Fox Glacier resident killed 33 kea in the glacier car park[31] and in 2008, two kea were shot in Arthur's Pass and stapled to a sign.[29] Kea deaths due to traffic have prompted the NZ Transport Agency to install signs to help raise awareness, and to encourage people to slow down if necessary.[55]

A citizen science project called the "Kea Database" was launched in 2017 that allows for the recording of kea observations to an online database. If the recorded kea are banded, it is possible to match up observations with individual named birds, enabling the monitoring of the habits and behaviour of individual kea.[56]

Cultural references[edit]

The kea featured on the reverse side of the New Zealand $10 note between 1967 and 1992, when it was replaced with the whio.

Kea are the protagonists in New Zealand author Philip Temple's novels Beak of the Moon (1981) and Dark of the Moon (1993), recounting respectively the first encounters of a group of kea with humans at the time of the colonization of the South Island by Māori, and their life in present-day, human-dominated New Zealand.

The youngest section of Scouts New Zealand (known as Beavers in the United Kingdom and Joeys in Australia) is named after the bird.

References[edit]

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Nestor notabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T22684831A93048746. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684831A93048746.en. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  2. ^ Joseph, Leo; et al. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3205: 26–40.
  3. ^ a b c Benham, W. B. (1906). "Notes on the Flesh-eating Propensity of the Kea (Nestor notabilis)". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 39: 71–89.
  4. ^ keaconservation.co.nz Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.: Kea Conservation Status.
  5. ^ Lindsey, T., Morris, R. (2000) Field Guide To New Zealand Wildlife. Auckland: Harper Collins. (ISBN 1-86950-300-7)
  6. ^ a b c nhnz.tv, Kea – Mountain Parrot, NHNZ, one hour documentary.
  7. ^ stuff.co.nz
  8. ^ Gould, J. (1856). On two new species of birds (Nestor notabilis and Spatula variegata) from the collection of Walter Mantell, Esq. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 94–95.
  9. ^ Simpson DP (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  10. ^ Ngā manu – birds, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 1 March 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger E. E.; Matsumoto T.; Eberhard J. R.; Graves G. R.; Sanchez J. J.; Capelli S.; Muller H.; Scharpegge J.; Chambers G. K.; Fleischer R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
  12. ^ a b c Grant-Mackie, E.J.; J.A. Grant-Mackie; W.M. Boon; G.K. Chambers (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher. 103.
  13. ^ Juniper, T., Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: A guide to parrots of the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (ISBN 0-300-07453-0)
  14. ^ a b De Kloet, Rolf S.; De Kloet, Siwo R. (September 2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36 (3): 706–21. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013. PMID 16099384.
  15. ^ Schweizer, M.; Seehausen O; Güntert M; Hertwig ST (2009). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 54 (3): 984–94. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021. PMID 19699808.
  16. ^ "New Zealand Birds | Collective Nouns for birds (the K's)". nzbirds.com. 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  17. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  18. ^ a b Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09251-6.
  19. ^ Bond, A. B.; Wilson, K. J.; Diamond, J. (1991). "Sexual Dimorphism in the Kea Nestor notabilis". Emu. 91 (1): 12–19. doi:10.1071/MU9910012.
  20. ^ Holdaway, R.N.; Worthy, T.H. (1993). "First North Island fossil record of kea, and morphological and morphometric comparison of kea and kaka" (PDF). Notornis. 40 (2): 95–108.
  21. ^ Anderson, R (1986). "Keas for keeps". Forest and Bird. 17: 2–5.
  22. ^ a b Bond, A.; Diamond, J. (1992). "Population Estimates of kea in Arthur's Pass National Park". Notornis. 39: 151–160.
  23. ^ a b Diamond, J., Bond, A. (1999) Kea. Bird of paradox. The evolution and behavior of a New Zealand Parrot. Berkeley; Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. (ISBN 0-520-21339-4)
  24. ^ Elliott, G., Kemp, J. (1999). Conservation ecology of Kea (Nestor notabilis) Archived 13 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.. Report. WWF New Zealand.
  25. ^ (DOC), corporatename = New Zealand Department of Conservation. "Kea". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  26. ^ "Clever clown of the mountains". University of Vienna - Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Cognitive Biology. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
  27. ^ Cheeky parrot steals tourist's passport, ABC News, 30 May 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  28. ^ "DOC's work with kea". Department of Conservation.
  29. ^ a b "Arthurs Pass neighbours at odds". The Press. 2 February 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  30. ^ "Dead kea dumped at Arthur's Pass were shot". Department of Conservation media release.
  31. ^ a b "Human-kea conflict". Kea Conservation Trust website. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011.
  32. ^ a b Akers, Kate & Orr-Walker, Tamsin (April 2009). "Kea Factsheet" (PDF). Kea Conservation Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010.
  33. ^ Jackson, J. R. (1962). "The life of the Kea". Canterbury Mountaineer. 31: 120–123.
  34. ^ a b Clark, C.M.H. (1970). "Observations on population, movements and food of the kea, Nestor notabilis" (PDF). Notornis. 17: 105–114.
  35. ^ Diamond, J.; Bond, A. (1989). "Note on the lasting responsiveness of a kea Nestor notabilis toward its mirror image" (PDF). Avicultural Magazine 95(2). pp. 92–94. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2011.
  36. ^ Elliott, G.; Kemp, J. (1999), Conservation ecology of kea (Nestor notabilis), WWF New Zealand
  37. ^ Jackson, J. R. (1960). "Keas at Arthur's Pass" (PDF). Notornis. 9: 39–58.[permanent dead link]
  38. ^ Falla, RA; Sibson, RB; Turbot, EG (1966), A Field guide to the birds of New Zealand, Collins, London, ISBN 0-00-212022-4
  39. ^ Christina Troup. Birds of open country – kea digging out a shearwater chick, Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Updated 20 November 2009. Accessed 22 January 2010.
  40. ^ Gajdon, G.K.; Fijn, N.; Huber, L. (2006). "Limited spread of innovation in a wild parrot, the kea (Nestor notabilis)". Animal Cognition. 9 (3): 173–181. doi:10.1007/s10071-006-0018-7.
  41. ^ a b c Marriner, G. R. (1906). "Notes on the Natural History of the Kea, with Special Reference to its Reputed Sheep-killing Propensities". Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 39: 271–305.
  42. ^ Jackson, J.R. (1962). "Do kea attack sheep?" (PDF). Notornis. 10: 33–38.
  43. ^ Marriner, G. R. (1907) Additional Notes on the Kea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 40, 534–537 and Plates XXXII-XXXIV.
  44. ^ Temple, P. (1996) The Book of the Kea. Auckland: Hodder Moa Beckett. (ISBN 0-340-600039)
  45. ^ Bloomberg, Simon (21 February 2009). "Possums take toll on kea at Nelson Lakes". The Nelson Mail. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  46. ^ "Nest cameras catch attacks on keas". Fairfax New Zealand. NZPA. 18 November 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
  47. ^ "Lead Poisoning". Kea Conservation Trust. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  48. ^ a b McLelland, J.M.; et al. (April 1996). "Kea (Nestor notabilis) Captive Management Plan and Husbandry Manual" (PDF). Threatened Species Occasional Publication No. 9. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  49. ^ Youl, Jennifer (2009). "Lead exposure in free-ranging Kea (Nestor Notabilis), Takahe (Porphyrio Hochstetteri) and Australasian Harriers (Circus Approximans) in New Zealand" (PDF). Massey University. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  50. ^ "Curiosity kills the kea, study shows". The Dominion Post. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  51. ^ "DOC reviews 1080 use after endangered kea die". The Dominion Post. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  52. ^ "Seven keas dead in wake of 1080 work". Otago Daily Times. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  53. ^ Ibbotson, Lucy (20 September 2011). "Kea 'gangs' breaking into Doc predator control traps". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  54. ^ Hitchmough, Rod; Bull, Leigh; Cromarty, Pam (2007). New Zealand Threat Classification System lists 2005 (PDF). Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 0-478-14128-9.
  55. ^ (DOC), corporatename = New Zealand Department of Conservation. "Drivers urged to slow down for kea". Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  56. ^ "Kea Database". keadatabase.nz. Retrieved 2017-09-21.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kea&oldid=863014453"