1.
Kennedy family
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The Kennedy family is an American family that has been prominent in American politics, public service, and business during the 20th century. Three of the four sons of Joseph, Sr. and Rose Kennedy served as senator, the first Kennedys to reside in the United States were Patrick Kennedy and Bridget Murphy, who sailed from Ireland to East Boston in 1849. Their son Patrick Joseph went into Massachusetts politics and business, P. J. s brother-in-law, Charles M. Hickey, served as mayor of Brockton, Massachusetts in 1913. Under President Franklin D. Josephs wife was Rose Fitzgerald, whose father, John F. Fitzgerald, served as a senator, member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Joseph and Rose had nine children, Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, John served as the President of the United States, while Robert and Ted both became prominent senators. Every Kennedy to hold elective office has served as a Democrat while other members of the family have worked for the Democratic Party or held Cabinet posts under Democratic administrations. Many have attended Harvard University, and the family has contributed greatly to that universitys John F. Kennedy School of Government, Joseph originally hoped for his eldest son, Joseph Jr. to become a politician and ultimately to be elected President. After Joseph Jr. was killed in World War II, Joseph Sr. s hopes transferred to his second son, during his presidency, John appointed Robert as Attorney General. Meanwhile, Ted was elected to the Senate in 1962, the family received intense publicity during Johns term as President, often emphasizing their relative youth, allure, education, and future in politics. The family suffered many tragedies, which contributed to the idea of the Kennedy curse, Kathleen, and John Jr. all died in airplane crashes. Italics denote members who married into the family, only members who held political office are shown below. P. J. Kennedy, Member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1884–89, member of the Massachusetts Senate, John F. Caroline Kennedy, United States Ambassador to Japan, 2013–17. Bobby Shriver, Member of the Santa Monica, California City Council, 2004–12, maria Shriver, First Lady of California, 2003–11, married Arnold Schwarzenegger, Chairman of the Presidents Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition, 1990–93, and governor of California, 2003–11. Mark Shriver, Member of the Maryland House of Delegates, 1995–2003, Robert F. Kennedy, United States Attorney General 1961–64, United States senator from New York, 1965–68. Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, Lieutenant governor of Maryland, 1995–2003, Joseph P. Kennedy II, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, 1987–99. Joseph P. Kennedy III, Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts, Jean Kennedy Smith, United States Ambassador to Ireland, 1993–98. Ted Kennedy, United States senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009, edward M. Kennedy Jr. Member of the Connecticut Senate, 2015–present. Patrick J. Kennedy, Member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, 1989–93, member of the United States House of Representatives from Rhode Island, the Kennedys, A Family Tree, St
2.
United States of America
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Ted Kennedy
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Edward Moore Ted Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second most senior member of the Senate when he died and was the senator in United States history. Ted Kennedy was the most prominent living member of the Kennedy family for many years and he was the youngest brother of US President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both victims of assassination, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy. Kennedy entered the Senate in a November 1962 special election to fill the seat held by his brother John. He was elected to a full term in 1964 and was re-elected seven more times. The Chappaquiddick incident on July 18,1969 resulted in the death of his automobile passenger, Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident and received a two-month suspended sentence. The incident and its aftermath hindered his chances of becoming president of the United States. His one attempt, in the 1980 presidential election, resulted in a Democratic primary campaign loss to incumbent President Jimmy Carter, Kennedy was known for his oratorical skills. His 1968 eulogy for his brother Robert and his 1980 rallying cry for modern American liberalism were among his best-known speeches and he became recognized as The Lion of the Senate through his long tenure and influence. More than 300 bills that Kennedy and his staff wrote were enacted into law, during the 2000s, he led several unsuccessful immigration reform efforts. Over the course of his Senate career and continuing into the Obama administration, Kennedy continued his efforts to enact health care. In May 2008, Kennedy was hospitalized suffering a seizure and was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor. He died on August 25,2009, at his Hyannis Port, by the later years of his life, he had come to be viewed as a major figure and spokesman for American progressivism. Edward Moore Kennedy was born on February 22,1932 at St. Margarets Hospital in the Dorchester section of Boston and his eight elder siblings included Joseph Jr. John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, and Jean. John asked to be the godfather, a request his parents honored. They named him after their fathers assistant instead and his formal education started at Gibbs School, in Sloane Street, Kensington, London. He attended ten different schools by the age of eleven, with his suffering as a result. At age seven, he received his First Communion from Pope Pius XII in the Vatican and he spent sixth and seventh grades in the Fessenden School, where he was a mediocre student, and eighth grade at Cranwell Preparatory School, both schools were in Massachusetts
4.
Chappaquiddick incident
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The Chappaquiddick incident was a single-vehicle car accident on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts on July 18,1969 that was the result of U. S. Senator Ted Kennedys negligence and resulted in the death of his 28-year-old companion, Mary Jo Kopechne, according to Kennedys own testimony, he accidentally drove his car off the one-lane bridge and into a tidal channel. He swam free, left the scene, and did not report the accident to authorities for ten hours, meanwhile, Kopechne had died by drowning in the vehicle that was submerged underwater. The next day, Kopechnes body and the car were recovered by divers. Kennedy pleaded guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of a crash causing personal injury, the Chappaquiddick incident became a nationally known scandal during the 1970s and likely influenced Kennedys decision not to campaign for President in 1972 and 1976. On July 18,1969, US Senator Ted Kennedy hosted a party on Chappaquiddick Island, also present were Kennedys cousin Joseph Gargan and Paul F. Markham, a school friend of Gargan who had previously served as the U. S. Attorney for Massachusetts. Attorney Charles Tretter, Raymond La Rosa, and John Crimmins also attended the party, Kennedy was also competing in the Edgartown Yacht Club Regatta, a sailing competition that was taking place over several days. All six men were married and all six women were single and 28, according to Kennedys own testimony at the inquest into Kopechnes death, he left the party at approximately 11,15 p. m. When he announced that he was about to leave, Kopechne told him that she was desirous of leaving, Kennedy then requested the keys to his mothers car from his chauffeur, Crimmins. Kopechne told no one that she was leaving with Kennedy, and left her purse, christopher Huck Look was a deputy sheriff who was working that night as a special police officer at the Edgartown regatta dance. Look left the dance, crossed over to Chappaquiddick in the clubs launch boat, got into his parked car and drove toward his home. He testified that between 12,30 and 12,45 a. m. he saw a car approaching the intersection of Dike Road. The car was driven by a man with a passenger in the front seat. The car first drove onto the private Cemetery Road and stopped there, thinking that the occupants of the car might be lost, Look got out of his car and walked towards the other vehicle. When he was 25 to 30 ft away, the car started backing towards him, when Look called out to offer his help, the car moved quickly eastward, towards the ocean, along Dike Road leaving a cloud of dust. Look recalled that the license plate began with an L. According to Kennedys inquest testimony, he made a turn onto Dike Road. Dike Road was unpaved, but Kennedy, driving at approximately twenty miles an hour, took no notice of that fact
5.
Rosemary Kennedy
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Rose Marie Rosemary Kennedy was the oldest daughter born to Joseph, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, and the sister of President John F. Kennedy, and Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Rosemary displayed behavioral problems, resulting in less academic and sporting ability than her siblings and her father arranged one of the first prefrontal lobotomies for her at the age of 23, but it failed and left her incapacitated permanently. Rosemary spent the rest of her life in an institution in Jefferson, Wisconsin and her condition may have inspired her sister, Eunice, to initiate the Special Olympics during 1962. Rose Marie Kennedy was born at her parents home in Brookline and she was the third child and first daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald. She was named after her mother, and commonly called Rosemary or Rosie, during her birth, the doctor was not immediately available and the nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby’s head to stay in the birth canal for two hours. The action resulted in a loss of oxygen. By Massachusetts state law, the Binet intelligence test was given to her before first grade, Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level and she studied but may have felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother John to accompany her to a tea-dance, thanks to him, she appeared not different at all during the tea-dance. According to Henry H. Goddard, Rosemary had personally suffered intellectual disabilities and she was deemed to have an IQ between 60 and 70. Younger sister Eunice surmised from various doctors visits to their home that Rosemary was both ill and epileptic. James Roosevelt took us in to see his father, President Roosevelt and he said, Its about time you came. How can I put my arm around all of you, have a fitting at 10,15 Elizabeth Arden. Played Ping-Pong with Ralphs sister, also another man. Walked with Peggy. also went to races with her, and bet and won a dollar. Went to the English Movie at five, went to the lounge with Miss Cahill and Eunice and retired early
6.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Sr. was an American businessman, investor, and politician known for his high-profile positions in United States politics. Kennedy was married to Rose Kennedy, three of their nine children attained distinguished political positions, President John F. Kennedy, Attorney General and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy. He was a member of the Democratic Party and of the Irish Catholic community. He was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be the first chairman of the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and later directed the Maritime Commission. Kennedy served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1938 until late 1940, in the 1920s Kennedy made huge profits from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios, ultimately merging several acquisitions into Radio-Keith-Orpheum studios. His company, Somerset Importers, became the exclusive American agent for Gordons Gin, in addition, Kennedy purchased spirits-importation rights from Schenley Industries, a firm in Canada. He owned the largest office building in the country, Chicagos Merchandise Mart, giving his family an important base in that city, Kennedy allowed surgeons to perform a lobotomy on his daughter Rosemary Kennedy in 1941. Various reasons for the operation have been given, but it left her permanently incapacitated, Kennedy resigned under pressure shortly afterwards. In later years, Kennedy worked behind the scenes to continue building the financial and political fortunes of the Kennedy family, after a disabling stroke in 1961, Kennedy developed aphasia and lost all power of speech, but remained mentally intact. He was confined to a wheelchair until his death in 1969, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of businessman and politician Patrick Joseph P. J. Kennedy. He had a younger brother Francis, and two sisters, Mary and Margaret. All four of Joes grandparents had immigrated to Massachusetts in the 1840s to escape the Irish famine and he was born into a highly sectarian society, where Irish Catholics were excluded by upper-class Boston Brahmins. Boston Irish thus became active in the Democratic Party, which included P. J. P. J. Kennedy followed in the footsteps of older cousins by attending Harvard College. He focused on becoming a leader, working energetically to gain admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club. While at Harvard he joined the Delta Upsilon International fraternity and played on the baseball team, in 1937, he received an honorary degree in Doctor of Laws from Oglethorpe University. On October 7,1914, Kennedy married Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald, honey Fitz Fitzgerald and Mary Josephine Josie Hannon. The marriage joined two of the citys most prominent political families, as Kennedys business success expanded, he and his family kept homes in the Boston area, suburban New York City, Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, and Palm Beach, Florida
7.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
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Dame Eunice Mary Kennedy Shriver, DSG was a member of the Kennedy family, she was the sister of President John F. Kennedy and senators Robert F. Kennedy and Ted Kennedy. Her husband, Sargent Shriver, was the United States Ambassador to France during the Lyndon Johnson presidency, in 1962, she founded Camp Shriver, which started on her Maryland farm known as Timberlawn, and evolved into the Special Olympics in 1968. Eunice Mary Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, she was the fifth of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and she was educated at the Convent of The Sacred Heart, Roehampton, London and at Manhattanville College in Upper Manhattan. After graduating from Stanford University with a Bachelor of Science degree in sociology in 1943 and she eventually moved to the U. S. Justice Department as executive secretary for a project dealing with juvenile delinquency. In 1969, Shriver moved to France and pursued her interest in intellectual disability there, Shriver actively campaigned for her elder brother, John, during his successful 1960 U. S. presidential election. Although Shriver was a Democrat, she was a supporter of the pro-life movement. In 1990, Shriver wrote a letter to The New York Times denouncing the misuse of a quotation by President Kennedy used out of context by a pro-choice group. During Bill Clintons 1992 Democratic U. S. presidential campaign, casey of Pennsylvania, and Bishop Austin Vaughan of New York – who signed a letter to The New York Times protesting the Democratic Partys pro-choice plank in its platform. Shriver was a supporter of several organizations, Feminists for Life of America. Anthony List, and Democrats for Life of America, a lifelong Democrat, she supported her Republican son-in-law Arnold Schwarzeneggers successful 2003 Governor of California election. On January 28,2008, Shriver was present at American University in Washington, D. C. when her brother, senator Edward M. Kennedy, announced his endorsement of Barack Obamas 2008 Democratic U. S. presidential campaign. She has also helped to establish numerous other university programs, government initiatives, health-care facilities, in 1982, Shriver founded the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Center for Community of Caring at University of Utah, Salt Lake City. The Community is a grades K-12, whole school, comprehensive character education program with a focus on disabilities, adopted by almost 1,200 schools nationwide and in Canada. She was awarded the nations highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 1984 by U. S. President Ronald Reagan, in 1990 Shriver was awarded the Eagle Award from the United States Sports Academy. The Eagle Award is the Academys highest international honor and was awarded to Shriver for her significant contributions to international sport, in 1992, Shriver received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards. For her work in nationalizing the Special Olympics, Shriver received the Civitan International World Citizenship Award and her advocacy on this issue has also earned her other awards and recognitions, including honorary degrees from numerous universities. She is the second American and only woman to appear on a US coin while still living and her portrait is on the obverse of the 1995 commemorative silver dollar honoring the Special Olympics. On the reverse is the quotation, As we hope for the best in them, in addition to the Teddy recognition, she was selected in 2006 as part of the NCAA Centennial celebration as one of the 100 most-influential individuals in its first century, she was listed ninth
8.
Special Olympics
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Special Olympics competitions are held every day, all around the world—including local, national and regional competitions, adding up to more than 108,000 events a year. These competitions include the Special Olympics World Games, which alternate between summer and winter games, Special Olympics World Games are held every two years. The most recent Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Graz, Schladming and she started this camp because she was concerned about children with intellectual disabilities having nowhere to play and that they could benefit from sports activities. Camp Shriver became an event, and the Kennedy Foundation gave grants to universities, recreation departments. This frank article about the Presidents family was seen as a watershed in changing attitudes toward people with intellectual disabilities. Though Rosemary was born with disabilities, she had later undergone a lobotomy. It has often said that Rosemarys disability was Eunices inspiration to form Special Olympics. The games should not focus on one individual, she said, meanwhile, in 1958, Dr. James N. Dr. Oliver would later serve as consultant to Camp Shriver, moreover, he believed that the benefits of such activity would be seen in all areas of the athletes’ lives. The first International Special Olympics Summer Games were held in July 1968 at Soldier Field in Chicago, about 1500 athletes from the U. S. and Canada took part in the one-day event, which was a joint venture by the Kennedy Foundation and the Chicago Park District. Burke then approached her to fund the event, Eunice, in turn, encouraged her to expand on the idea and the JPK Jr. Foundation provided a grant of $25,000. Eunice Kennedy Shriver was honorary chairman, at the July 1968 games, Shriver announced the formation of Special Olympics and that more games would be held every two years as a Biennial International Special Olympics. In 1971, The U. S. Olympic Committee gave the Special Olympics official approval to use the name “Olympics”, the first 1977 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in February 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, U. S. In 1988, the Special Olympics was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee, in 1997, Healthy Athletes became an official Special Olympics initiative, offering health information and screenings to Special Olympics athletes worldwide. By 2010, the Healthy Athletes program had given free health screenings, in 2003 the first Special Olympics World Summer Games to be held outside of the United States took place in Dublin, Ireland. Approximately 7,000 athletes from 150 countries competed over 18 disciplines, the Dublin games were also the first to have their own opening and closing ceremonies broadcast live, performed by the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese. Most significantly the 2003 games dramatically changed the perceptions and attitudes of society regarding the abilities, the opening ceremony of the 2003 Games has been described by President McAleese as a time when Ireland was at its superb best. On October 30,2004, President George W. Bush signed into law the Special Olympics Sport and Empowerment Act, the bill authorized funding for its Healthy Athletes, Education, and Worldwide Expansion programs
9.
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy Jr. was a United States Navy lieutenant. He was killed in action while serving as a patrol bomber pilot in World War II and was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross. He was the eldest of nine born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Joe Sr. had plans for Joe Jr. to become President. However, Joe Jr. was killed participating in a top-secret mission in 1944, and the high expectations of the father then fell upon Joe Jr. s younger brother John. Kennedy was born in Hull, Massachusetts and he first attended the Dexter School in Brookline, Massachusetts, with his brother, John. He graduated from The Choate School in 1933 in Wallingford, Connecticut and he then entered Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduating in 1938. Kennedy participated in football, rugby, and crew, and he served on the student council, Kennedy then spent a year studying under the tutelage of Harold Laski at the London School of Economics before enrolling in Harvard Law School. From a very young age, Kennedy was groomed by his father, when he was born, his grandfather John F. Fitzgerald, then Mayor of Boston, told the news, This child is the future President of the nation. He often boasted that he would be president even without help from his father and he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1940. Kennedy planned to run for Massachusettss 11th congressional district in 1946, Kennedy expressed approval of Adolf Hitler. His father sent him to visit Nazi Germany in 1934. He wrote to his father, praising Hitler’s sterilization policy as “a great thing” that “will do away with many of the specimens of men. ”He explained that Hitler is building a spirit in his men that could be envied in any country. Kennedy left before his year of law school at Harvard to enlist in the U. S. Naval Reserve on June 24,1941. He entered flight training to be a Naval Aviator, and after training and he was assigned to Patrol Squadron 203 and then Bombing Squadron 110. In September 1943, he was sent to Britain and became a member of Bomber Squadron 110, Special Air Unit ONE and he piloted land-based PB4Y Liberator patrol bombers on anti-submarine details during two tours of duty in the winter of 1943–1944. Kennedy had completed 25 combat missions and was eligible to return home and he instead volunteered for an Operation Aphrodite mission. Kennedy was appointed a lieutenant on July 1,1944, after the U. S. Army Air Forces operation missions were drawn up on July 23,1944, Lieutenants Wilford John Willy and Kennedy were designated as the first Navy flight crew
10.
East Suffolk
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East Suffolk, along with West Suffolk, was created in 1888 as an administrative county of England. The administrative county was based on the quarter sessions division of Suffolk. East Suffolk County Councils headquarters were at East Suffolk County Hall in Ipswich, in 1974, most of the county reunified with West Suffolk and the county borough of Ipswich to form the non-metropolitan county of Suffolk. A small part of East Suffolk succeeded into Norfolk in 1974
11.
Operation Aphrodite
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It was hoped that it would match the British success with Tallboy and Grand Slam ground penetration bombs but the project was dangerous, expensive and unsuccessful. Of 14 missions flown, none resulted in the destruction of a target. Many aircraft lost control and crashed or were shot down by flak, however, a handful of aircraft scored near misses. One notable pilot death was that of LT Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. USNR, the program effectively ceased on January 27,1945 when General Spaatz sent an urgent message to Doolittle, Aphrodite babies must not be launched against the enemy until further orders. By late 1943, General Henry H, arnold had directed Brigadier General Grandison Gardners electronic engineers at Eglin Field, Florida, to outfit war-weary bombers with automatic pilots so that they could be remotely controlled. The plan was first proposed to Major General James H. Doolittle some time in 1944, Doolittle approved the plan for Operation Aphrodite on June 26, and assigned the 3rd Bombardment Division with preparing and flying the drone aircraft, which was to be designated BQ-7. In the U. S. Navys similar project, Operation Anvil, final assignment of responsibility was given to the 562nd Bomb Squadron at RAF Honington in Suffolk. Old Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers were stripped of all normal combat armament and all other non-essential gear, to allow easier exit when the pilot and co-pilot were to parachute out, the canopy was removed. The drone was loaded with explosives weighing more than twice that of a B-17s normal bomb payload, the British Torpex used for the purpose was itself 50% more powerful than TNT. A relatively remote location in Norfolk, RAF Fersfield, was the launch site, initially, RAF Woodbridge had been selected for its long runway, but the possibility of a damaged aircraft that diverted to Woodbridge for landings colliding with a loaded drone caused concerns. After successful turnover of control of the drone, the crew would arm the payload. The mothership would then direct the missile to the target, when the training program was complete, the 562nd Squadron had ten drones and four motherships
12.
Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
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Kathleen Agnes Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, also known as Kick Kennedy, was an American socialite. She was the daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Kennedy, sister of future U. S. President John F. Kennedy, and wife of the Marquess of Hartington, heir apparent to The 10th Duke of Devonshire. When her father was appointed United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Kathleen made many friends in London, working with the Red Cross, she began a romantic relationship with Lord Hartington, whom she married in May 1944. He was killed on active service in Belgium only four months later, Kathleen died in a plane crash in 1948, flying to the south of France on holiday with her married partner The 8th Earl Fitzwilliam. Kathleen Agnes Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, fourth child and second daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and she was especially close to her older brother, the future president John F. Kennedy. Kathleen was nicknamed “Kick” because of her irrepressible nature, Kathleen was educated at Riverdale Country School in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, New York. She also attended Noroton Convent of the Sacred Heart in Noroton, Connecticut and this was particularly the case when Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1938. As a child, Kathleen was very athletic and played football with her brothers and her optimism and high spirits attracted many suitors, some of whom were Jacks closest friends. When Kathleen attended the Riverdale Country School, her mother did not approve of the attention being shown to her daughter. Eventually, Kathleen started to date and had her first serious relationship with Peter Grace, Kennedys time in England during her fathers appointment as Ambassador would dramatically influence the remainder of her life. With World War II imminent following the invasion of Poland in September 1939, after returning to the States, Kennedy enrolled at the Finch School for a time and then attended Florida Commercial College. In addition to her studies, Kennedy also began doing work for the Red Cross. In 1941, she decided to school and began working as a research assistant for Frank Waldrop. She later teamed with Inga Arvad, who wrote the Did You Happen to See, column and was eventually given her own column where she reviewed films and plays. In 1943, seeking a way to return to England, Kennedy signed up to work in a center for servicemen set up by the Red Cross. During her time in England, both before and particularly during the war, she gradually but increasingly more independent from her family. During this time, Kennedy began a relationship with politician William Cavendish. He was the eldest son and heir apparent of His Grace The 10th Duke of Devonshire, the two had met and begun a friendship when she moved to England when her father was appointed Ambassador
13.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
14.
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
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Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was the last child of United States President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. His birth weight was 4 pounds 10 1⁄2 ounces, shortly after birth, he developed symptoms of hyaline membrane disease, now called infant respiratory distress syndrome. He was transferred to Boston Childrens Hospital where he died two days later, following treatment in a hyperbaric chamber. At that time, all that could be done for a baby with hyaline membrane disease was to make efforts to keep the blood chemistry as close to normal as possible. A funeral mass was held on August 10,1963, in the chapel of Cardinal Richard Cushing in Boston. The child was buried at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts. The First Lady and the President were deeply affected by the death, upon their departure from Otis Air Force Base, the couple – seldom publicly affectionate – were seen holding hands. Secret Service agent Clint Hill recalled the couple having a closer relationship that was visible following Patricks death. Press secretary Pierre Salinger believed that while the President and First Lady had been brought closer by the White House, preterm birth Kennedy family Kennedy family tree President John F. Kennedy on the Death of His Infant Son Patrick Bouvier Kennedy Shapell Manuscript Foundation
15.
Otis Air National Guard Base
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It was previously known as Otis Air Force Base prior to its transfer from the active duty Air Force to the Air National Guard. In the local community, it is commonly known as Otis Air Base or simply Otis. It is also called by its old name, Otis Air Force Base. It was named in honor of pilot and Boston surgeon, Lt. Frank Jesse Otis, today major units include the Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod and the 102nd Intelligence Wing. Otis Air National Guard Base is named for pilot, flight surgeon and he was a member of the 101st Observation Squadron who was killed on 11 January 1937 when his Douglas O-46A crashed at Hennepin, Illinois, while on a cross-country training mission. In 1938, the field area at Camp Edwards was named Otis Field in his memory. Ten years later the base was renamed Otis Air Force Base in his honor, until 1973, it was the largest Aerospace Defense Command base in the world and is the only base named for a doctor. During World War II, the field was known as Naval Auxiliary Air Facility Otis and was a field for Naval Air Station Quonset Point. During the Cold War, the base was a key Aerospace Defense Command installation, the 551st flew the EC-121 Warning Star before moving to Hanscom Air Force Base in 1969. The 551st was also the first Air Force wing to fly the EC-121, the 33rd flew various fighter jets in conjunction with the 60th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. The expanding mission led to the runways being lengthened in 1960, the base was also home to the 26th Air Defense Missile Squadron, which operated BOMARC surface-to-air missiles. The regular air force began leaving Otis in the late 1960s as improvements in radar made the 551st more costly compared to newer technologies. The 551st and the 60th left Otis when the Air Force began to move the air defense mission over to the Air National Guard. Strategic Air Command maintained the 19th Air Refueling Squadron at Otis AFB flying the KC-97 Stratofreighter, after active duty units left, the Massachusetts Air National Guards 102d Fighter Wing became the main unit at the base, flying fighter and air defense missions. The Wings 101st Tactical Fighter Squadron shared missions with the 33rd Tactical Fighter Wing during the Cold War, in 1987, the 102 FW transitioned to the F-15A Eagle, and, later, to the F-15C Eagle. The base was utilized as a stopover for a French Air Force Mirage IV on the way to French Polynesia for Operation Tamoure. Following the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, the 102 FW was directed to transfer its F-15 aircraft to its sister unit, all F-15 aircraft were transferred by January 2008 and the 102 FW was redesignated as the 102d Intelligence Wing, a non-flying unit. President John F. Kennedy used Otis on many occasions for the landing of Air Force One when he traveled to the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis and he would then board an Army or Marine Corps helicopter which would then take him to the compound
16.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
17.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
18.
Assassination of John F. Kennedy
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On November 22,1963, John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was fatally shot in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dallas Dealey Plaza, at 12,30 p. m. Fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald, he was traveling with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, Kennedys death marked the fourth and most recent assassination of an American President. The Committee was not able to identify any individuals or groups involved with the conspiracy, in addition, the HSCA found that the original federal investigations were seriously flawed in respect of information-sharing and the possibility of conspiracy. As recommended by the HSCA, the evidence indicating conspiracy was subsequently re-examined and rejected. However, Kennedys assassination is still the subject of debate and has spawned numerous conspiracy theories. Polling in 2013 showed that 60% of Americans believe that a group of conspirators was responsible for the assassination, President Kennedy traveled to Texas to smooth over frictions in the Democratic Party between liberals Ralph Yarborough and Don Yarborough and conservative John Connally. A presidential visit to the state of Texas was first agreed upon by Lyndon B. Johnson, President John F. Kennedys vice president, and Texas native, President Kennedys trip to Dallas was first announced to the public in September 1963. The exact motorcade route was finalized on November 18 and announced to the public a few days before November 22, the White House staff informed the Secret Service that the President would arrive there via a short flight from Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth to Dallas Love Field. Leaving from Dallas Love Field,45 minutes had been allotted for the motorcade to reach the Trade Mart at an arrival time of 12,15 p. m. The actual route was chosen to be a meandering 10-mile route between the two places, which could be driven slowly in the allotted time, on November 14, both men attended a meeting at Love Field and drove over the route that Sorrels believed best suited for the motorcade. From Love Field, the route passed through a portion of Dallas, through Downtown along Main Street. The planned route to the Trade Mart was widely reported in Dallas newspapers several days before the event, for the benefit of people who wished to view the motorcade. The route on Main Street precluded a direct turn onto the Fort Worth Turnpike exit, the Texas School Book Depository was situated at this corner of Houston and Elm. Three vehicles were used for Secret Service and police protection in the Dallas motorcade, the first car, an unmarked white Ford, carried Dallas Police Chief Jesse Curry, Secret Service Agent Win Lawson, Sheriff Bill Decker and Dallas Field Agent Forrest Sorrels. The second car, a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible, held driver Agent Bill Greer, SAIC Roy Kellerman, Governor John Connally, Nellie Connally, President Kennedy, Secret Service agents Clint Hill, Jack Ready, Tim McIntyre and Paul Landis rode on the running boards. By the time the motorcade reached Dealey Plaza, they were five minutes away from their planned destination. At 12,30 p. m. President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you and those were the last words ever spoken by John F. Kennedy
19.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city
20.
Lee Harvey Oswald
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Lee Harvey Oswald was an American former U. S. Marine who assassinated President John F. Kennedy on November 22,1963. Shortly after being discharged from the Marine Corps, Oswald defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959 and he lived in the Belarusian city of Minsk until June 1962, at which time he returned to the United States with Marina, his Russian wife, eventually settling in Dallas. Following Kennedys assassination, Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer J. D. Tippit, Oswald was later charged with the murder of Kennedy. He denied shooting anybody, saying that he was a patsy, two days later, while being transferred from the city jail to the county jail, Oswald was fatally shot by Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby in full view of television cameras broadcasting live. In September 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Oswald acted alone in assassinating Kennedy by firing three shots from the Texas School Book Depository and this conclusion was supported by previous investigations carried out by the FBI, the Secret Service, and the Dallas Police Department. The assassination has spawned numerous conspiracy theories, Oswald was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on October 18,1939 to Robert Edward Lee Oswald, Sr. and Marguerite Frances Claverie. Robert Oswald died of an attack two months before Lee was born. Lees elder brother Robert, Jr. was also a former Marine, through Marguerites first marriage to Edward John Pic, Jr. Lee and Robert Jr. were the half-brothers of Air Force veteran John Edward Pic. In 1944, Marguerite moved the family from New Orleans to Dallas, Texas, Oswald entered the 1st grade in 1945 and over the next half-dozen years attended several different schools through the 6th grade in the Dallas and Fort Worth areas. Oswald took an IQ test in the 4th grade and scored 103, on achievement tests in, he twice did best in reading, as a child, Oswald was described by several people who knew him as withdrawn and temperamental. In August 1952, when Oswald was 12, his mother took him to New York City where they lived for a time with Oswalds half-brother. Oswald and his mother were asked to leave after an argument in which Oswald allegedly struck his mother. Oswald attended the 7th grade in the Bronx, New York, but was often truant, the reformatory psychiatrist, Dr. Dr. Hartogs detected a personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies and recommended continued treatment. In January 1954, Oswalds mother returned to New Orleans, taking Oswald with her, in New Orleans, Oswald completed the 8th and 9th grades. He entered the 10th grade in 1955 but quit school after one month, after leaving school, Oswald worked for several months as an office clerk and messenger in New Orleans. In July 1956, Oswalds mother moved the family to Fort Worth, Texas, a few weeks later in October, Oswald quit school at age 17 to join the Marines, he never received a high school diploma. By the age of 17, he had resided at 22 different locations, though the young Oswald had trouble spelling and may have had a reading-spelling disability, he read voraciously. By age 15, he claimed to be a Marxist, writing in his diary, I was looking for a key to my environment, I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries
21.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
22.
Birch Bayh
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Birch Evans Bayh Jr. is a former U. S. Senator from Indiana who served from 1963 to 1981 and he is the only non-Founding Father to author two amendments to the United States Constitution and was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1976. He is the father of former Indiana Governor and former U. S, Senator Evan Bayh and Christopher Bayh, a lawyer in Indianapolis, Indiana. Bayh was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, the son of Leah Ward, a teacher and his ancestry includes German, English, Northern Irish, and Scottish. Bayh spent summers on his farm in Shirkieville, Indiana. As a student at New Goshen High School, young Birch took part in speaking contests, played baseball and basketball, from 1946 to 1948, Bayh served as an MP with the United States Army in occupied Germany following World War II. He excelled in sports, competing as a Golden Gloves boxer in college, Bayh graduated from the Purdue University School of Agriculture in 1951, where he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega social fraternity and senior class president. In 1951, he won Alpha Tau Omegas highest individual collegiate award and he married Marvella Hern in August 1952, and took courses at Indiana State University in Terre Haute for two years while also running the family farm. Bayhs political career began at age 26 with his election to the Indiana House of Representatives in 1954, at the time, Bayh was the youngest Speaker in Indiana state history. While he served in the legislature, Bayh studied law at Indiana Universitys School of Law, received his JD in 1960, at age 34, Bayh was elected to the United States Senate in the 1962 midterm elections, defeating 18-year incumbent Homer E. Capehart. Capehart was outspoken on the threat of Soviet nuclear missiles being placed in Cuba, Bayhs disadvantage was dramatized in the opening scene of the 2000 film Thirteen Days, as President John F. Kennedy rattles a newspaper and asks an aide, You see this goddamn Capehart stuff. And the aide responds, Bayhs going to lose and his first name is Birch, His last name is Bayh. For more than four decades—throughout his entire career in politics—Bayh continued to manage the growing of corn, as a freshman senator, Bayh was assigned to the Judiciary Committee and the Public Works Committee. While his service on the Public Works Committee allowed him to assist Hoosiers with various problems, Bayh was serving on the Subcommittee on Constitutional Amendments in August 1963 when its chairman Estes Kefauver died of a heart attack. Judiciary Committee Chairman James Eastland planned to terminate the subcommittee to save money, thus, Bayh assumed the Constitutional Amendments Subcommittee chairmanship less than a year into his first term. As chairman, Bayh was the architect of two constitutional amendments. The 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy brought a new urgency to the matter, Bayh introduced an amendment on December 12,1963, which was studied and then re-introduced and passed in 1965 with Emanuel Celler, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee. It has since been invoked six times, most notably in the 1973 vice presidential and 1974 presidential succession of Gerald Ford, as a state legislator in the 1950s, Bayh unsuccessfully worked to lower the voting age in Indiana
23.
Robert F. Kennedy
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Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was previously the 64th U. S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor, Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism. After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, prior to entering public office, he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy. Kennedy was the manager for his brother John in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Attorney General after the election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, after his brothers assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson administration for a few months. He left to run for the United States Senate in New York in 1964, in 1968, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, he appealed especially to poor, African-American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. Robert F. Kennedy was born on November 20,1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts and his older brothers were Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. and John F. Jack Kennedy, who was elected the 35th President of the United States in 1960. His younger brother was longtime United States Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy, all four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a businessman and a leading Irish Catholic figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr. expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedys hopes fell on his son, John. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a role in the familys political ambitions. Kennedys older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John would take him for walks and regale him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, John sometimes referred to Robert as Black Robert due to his prudishness and disposition. He described his position in the hierarchy by saying, When you come from that far down
24.
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
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Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian/Jordanian immigrant, was convicted of Kennedys murder and is serving a life sentence for the crime. The shooting was recorded on tape by a freelance newspaper reporter. Kennedys body lay in repose at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York for two days before a funeral Mass was held on June 8 and his body was interred near his brother John at Arlington National Cemetery. His death prompted the protection of presidential candidates by the United States Secret Service, Hubert Humphrey later went on to win the Democratic nomination for the presidency, but ultimately lost the election to Republican Richard Nixon. As with his brother Johns death, Kennedys assassination and the circumstances surrounding it have spawned a variety of conspiracy theories, Kennedy remains one of only two sitting United States Senators to be assassinated, the other being fellow Democrat Huey Long in 1935. Kennedy visited the British Mandate of Palestine in 1948 and wrote dispatches at the time for the Boston Post about his trip, during his stay, he wrote that he grew to admire the Jewish inhabitants of the area. As a Senator, he became a strong supporter and advocate for Israel. Kennedy was United States Attorney General from January 1961 until September 3,1964 and he took office as Senator from New York on January 3,1965. The run up to the 1968 presidential election saw the incumbent president, Johnson, serving during a period of social unrest. The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4,1968 led to riots across the US. Two weeks later, a demoralized Johnson announced he was no longer seeking re-election, one month later, Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced he would seek the presidency. Humphrey did not participate in any primaries but he did obtain the support of many Democratic Party delegates, following the California primary, Kennedy was in second place with 393 delegates compared to Humphreys 561 and McCarthys 258. The 1968 presidential primary elections in California were held on Tuesday, the statewide results gave Kennedy 46% and McCarthy 42%. Four hours after the closed in California, Kennedy claimed victory in the states Democratic presidential primary. He spoke by phone with South Dakota Senator George McGovern, at approximately 12,10 a. m. PDT on June 5, he addressed his campaign supporters in the Ambassador Hotels Embassy Room ballroom, in the Mid-Wilshire district of Los Angeles. At the time, the government provided Secret Service protection for incumbent presidents, Kennedys only security was provided by former FBI agent William Barry and two unofficial bodyguards, former professional athletes. During the campaign, Kennedy had welcomed contact with the public, Kennedy had planned to walk through the ballroom when he had finished speaking, on his way to another gathering of supporters elsewhere in the hotel. However, with deadlines fast approaching, reporters wanted a press conference, Campaign aide Fred Dutton decided that Kennedy would forgo the second gathering and instead go through the hotels kitchen and pantry area behind the ballroom to the press area
25.
Sirhan Sirhan
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Sirhan Sirhan is a Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship who was convicted of the 1968 assassination of U. S. He is currently serving a sentence at the Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County. Sirhan was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine to an Orthodox Christian family and is an opponent of Israel. Some scholars believe that the assassination was the first major incident of violence in the United States stemming from the Arab–Israeli conflict in the Middle East. Sirhan was born into a Palestinian family in Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, when he was 12 years old his family emigrated, moving briefly to New York and then to California. In Altadena, he attended Eliot Junior High School, followed by John Muir High School and Pasadena City College, Sirhans father, Bishara, was characterized as a stern man who often beat his sons harshly. Shortly after the move to California, Bishara returned alone to the Middle East. Sirhan never became an American citizen, retaining instead his Jordanian citizenship, as an adult, Sirhan changed church denominations several times, joining Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist churches. Then in 1966, he joined the occult organization Ancient Mystical Order of the Rose Cross, commonly known as Rosicrucians. Around 12,15 a. m. PDT on June 5,1968 and he died nearly 26 hours later. Despite Sirhans admission of guilt, recorded in a confession made while in custody on June 9. The court judge did not accept his confession and denied his request to withdraw his not guilty plea so that he could plead guilty. On February 10,1969, Sirhans lawyers made a motion in chambers to enter a plea of guilty to murder in exchange for life imprisonment. Sirhan announced to the judge, Herbert V. Walker. He also asked that his counsel dissociate themselves from this case completely, when the judge asked him what he wanted to do about sentencing, Sirhan replied, I will ask to be executed. Judge Walker denied the motion and stated, This court will not accept the plea, the judge also denied Sirhans request for his counsel to withdraw, when his counsel entered another motion to withdraw from the case of their own volition, Walker denied this motion as well. Judge Walker subsequently ordered that the record pertaining to the motion be sealed, the trial proceeded, and opening statements began on February 12. The lead prosecutor in the Sirhan case was Lynn Buck Compton, the prosecutions opening statement, delivered by David Fitts, was replete with examples of Sirhans deliberate preparations to kill Kennedy
26.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
27.
Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968
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As a result, it was widely assumed when 1968 began that President Johnson would be a Democratic nominee, and that he would have little trouble in winning the Democratic nomination. Despite the growing opposition to Johnsons policies in Vietnam in both Congress and in the public, no prominent Democratic politician was prepared to run against a sitting President of his own party and they then appealed to Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, who was willing to openly challenge Johnson. Running as a candidate in the New Hampshire primary, McCarthy hoped to pressure the Democrats into publicly opposing the Vietnam War. He was boosted by thousands of college students who volunteered throughout the state. On March 12, McCarthy won 42% of the vote to Johnsons 49%, an extremely strong showing for such a challenger. In a surprise move on March 16, Robert F. Kennedy renounced his support for Johnson. McCarthy and his supporters viewed this as opportunism, creating a lasting enmity between the campaigns, Johnson was now faced with two strong primary challenges. In declining health and facing bleak political forecasts in the upcoming primaries, on March 31,1968, at the end of a televised address regarding the War, the President announced to a shocked nation that he would not seek re-election. By withdrawing from the race, he could avoid the stigma of defeat and could control of the party machinery to support Hubert Humphrey. It was also believed By who. that President Johnson himself was covertly supporting Humphrey, wallace and the Alabama governors third-party campaign in the general election. After Johnsons withdrawal, Vice President Hubert Humphrey announced his candidacy on April 27, Kennedy was successful in four state primaries and McCarthy won six, however, in primaries where they campaigned directly against one another, Kennedy won three primaries and McCarthy won one. Humphreys campaign concentrated on winning the delegates in non-primary states, where party leaders controlled the delegate votes, Kennedy defeated Branigin and McCarthy in the Indiana primary, and then defeated McCarthy in the Nebraska primary. However, McCarthy upset Kennedy in the Oregon primary, after Kennedys defeat in Oregon, the California primary was seen as crucial to both Kennedy and McCarthy. McCarthy stumped the states colleges and universities, where he was treated as a hero for being the first presidential candidate to oppose the war. Kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the larger cities. Kennedy and McCarthy engaged in a television debate a few days before the election, on June 4, Kennedy defeated McCarthy in California, 46% to 42%, and also won the South Dakota primary held the same day. After giving his speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. A Palestinian immigrant named Sirhan Sirhan was arrested, at the moment of Kennedys death, the delegate totals were, Hubert Humphrey 561 Robert Kennedy 393 Eugene McCarthy 258 Only 14 states held primaries at this time in addition to Washington, D. C
28.
Chappaquiddick Island
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Chappaquiddick Island, a part of the town of Edgartown, Massachusetts, is a small peninsula and occasional island on the eastern end of Marthas Vineyard. Norton Point, a barrier beach, connects Marthas Vineyard. Occasional breaches occur due to hurricanes and strong storms separating the islands for periods of time, most recently, the two were separated for 8 years from 2007 to 2015. Though both land forms have, over the course of history, mostly connected to one another. Visitors come to the island for beaches, cycling, hiking, nature tours and birding, and the MyToi Gardens. Chappaquiddick has one business, the Chappy Store, occasionally open during the months to serve basic needs. Two fire trucks are stationed on the island from Edgartown, Chappaquiddick Road and Pocha Road, both paved, provide access to sandy, woodland roads, trails, and shorelines. Chappaquiddick became internationally recognized following the July 18,1969 incident, senator Ted Kennedy was accidentally driven off the islands Dike Bridge, which fatally trapped his young colleague, Mary Jo Kopechne, inside. The name Chappaquiddick comes from an Indian word cheppiaquidne meaning separated island, the island has been historically spelled as Chaubaqueduck or, alternatively, Chappaquidgick. The island was mainly the home territory of the Chappaquiddick band of Wampanoag Indians. They still have a reservation of about 100 acres of land in the interior. Early white colonists settled Edgartown in 1642, quickly proclaiming Chappaquiddick as village property as well, the first homes owned by people of exclusively European descent were built around 1750 where residents raised livestock and farmed the land. The Trustees of Reservations, a conservation organization, owns and manages nearly 1,000 acres of land from the southeastern point, Wasque, to Cape Poge. Wasque is a fishing spot for catching bluefish, striped bass. The Cape Poge Lighthouse, first erected in 1801, has served ships navigating the shoalwaters, the main interior bodies of water include Cape Poge Bay, Katama Bay, and Pocha Pond, all salty. Between 2007 and 2013, approximately 40 acres of land were lost at Wasque, where currents eroded bluffs, swallowed Swan Pond, damaged shoreline trails, Chappaquiddick is located at 41°22′34″N 70°28′33″W. The United States Census Bureau defines it as Block Group 1, Census Tract 2003 of Dukes County and it has 15.915 km² of land. Administratively, it is part of the town of Edgartown and Dukes County, as of the census of 2010, there were 179 people residing on the island
29.
Mary Jo Kopechne
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Kopechne was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Her father, Joseph Kopechne, was a salesman, and her mother. Kopechne was of part Polish heritage, when Kopechne was an infant, the family moved to Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Growing up, she attended parochial schools and she graduated with a degree in business administration from Caldwell College for Women in 1962. After graduation, Kopechne moved to Montgomery, Alabama, to teach for a year at the Mission of St. Jude, by 1963, Kopechne relocated to Washington, D. C. to work as secretary for Florida Senator George Smathers. She joined New York Senator Robert F. Kennedys secretarial staff following his election in November 1964, for that office she worked as a secretary to the senators speechwriters and as a legal secretary to one of his legal advisers. She was also a participant on the Kennedy office softball team. During the 1968 U. S. presidential election, Kopechne helped with the wording of Kennedys March speech that announced his presidential candidacy, during his campaign, she worked as one of the Boiler Room Girls. This was a nickname given to six young women whose office area was in a hot, loud. They were vital in tracking and compiling data and intelligence on how Democratic delegates from various states were intending to vote, Kopechne and the other staffers were knowledgeable politically, and were chosen for their ability to work skillfully for long, hectic hours on sensitive matters. They talked daily with field managers and also helped distribute policy statements to strategic newspapers and she has been described as hero-worshiping the senator. Kopechne was devastated emotionally by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy on June 5,1968, after working briefly for the Kennedy proxy campaign of George McGovern, she stated she could not return to work on Capitol Hill, saying I just feel Bobbys presence everywhere. I cant go back because it never be the same again. By mid-1969 she had completed work for a campaign in Jersey City. She was on her way to a professional career. Kopechne lived with three women in the Washington neighborhood of Georgetown. She was a fan of the Boston Red Sox and of fellow Polish-American Carl Yastrzemski and she was a devout Roman Catholic with a demure, serious, convent school demeanor, rarely drank much, and had no reputation for sexual activities with men. On July 18,1969, Kopechne attended a party on Chappaquiddick Island, off the east coast of Marthas Vineyard, the celebration was in honor of the dedicated work of the Boiler Room Girls, and was the fourth such reunion of the Robert F. Kennedy campaign workers
30.
Joseph P. Kennedy II
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Joseph Patrick Joe Kennedy II is an American businessman, Democratic politician, and a member of the Kennedy family. He served as a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from the 8th congressional district of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1999. In 1979 he founded and, until election to the U. S. House, led Citizens Energy Corporation and he is the eldest son of U. S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy as well as the eldest grandson of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. Kennedy was born in Brighton, a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, the second of 11 children of Ethel and Robert Francis Kennedy. He was named after his grandfather Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. the patriarch of the Kennedy family and he had a troubled youth, and was expelled from several private schools as a result of his quick temper. He regularly got into fights with his brothers and male cousins. Kennedy attended the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California, during 1972, after this he worked for several months as part of a federally funded program to combat and treat tuberculosis in the African American community in San Francisco, California. San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto personally praised Kennedys work in the community, Kennedy resigned from his position in the program, and returned to Massachusetts in the summer of 1973. On February 22,1972, Kennedy was on Lufthansa Flight 649 when it was hijacked, in August 1973, a Jeep he was driving overturned, fracturing one of his brother David Kennedys vertebrae, and permanently paralyzing Davids girlfriend, Pam Kelley. The police cited Kennedy with reckless driving and the judge temporarily suspended his drivers license, the Kennedy family paid for Kelley’s initial medical treatment and her continued care during the years following the accident. Kennedy returned to school after the accident, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Massachusetts Boston in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1979, Kennedy founded Citizens Energy, a non-profit organization, to provide discounted heating oil to low-income families. In 1986, incumbent Democrat and Speaker of the House Thomas Phillip Tip ONeill, Jr. who had held 8th Congressional district seat since 1953, announced his retirement. Kennedy decided to run for the seat, which his uncle, the Democratic nomination was contested by a number of well-known Democrats including State Senator George Bachrach and State Representative Mel King. However, Kennedy garnered endorsements from The Boston Globe and the retiring ONeill, Kennedy won the primary with 53%. He won the election with 72% of the vote. He won re-election in 1988,1990,1992,1994, Kennedys legislative efforts in U. S. House of Representatives included, Expanding the availability of credit to working Americans to buy homes and to open businesses. Requiring public disclosure of bank-lending practices in poorer neighborhoods and disclosure of bank home-mortgage approvals and refusals by race, sex, subsequent Federal Reserve Board studies based on these newly required disclosures found widespread evidence of discriminatory-loan practices. One study found that white borrowers in the category were approved for mortgages more than African American borrowers in the highest-income category
31.
Jeep
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Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the assets of its owner American Motors. The division is headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, Jeeps current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past. The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC, Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military, arguably making them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army, the term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart notes, The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, the first civilian models were produced in 1945. It inspired a number of light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations, only two companies responded to the request, American Bantam Car Company and Willys-Overland. The Army had set what seemed like an impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype, Willys asked for more time, but was refused. The bankrupt American Bantam Car Company had no engineering staff left on the payroll and solicited Karl Probst, after turning down Bantams initial request, Probst responded to an Army request and commenced work, initially without salary, on July 17,1940. Probst laid out plans for the Bantam prototype, known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car. Bantams bid was submitted, complete with blueprints, on July 22, while much of the vehicle could be assembled from off-the-shelf automotive parts, custom four-wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer. The hand-built prototype was completed in Butler, Pennsylvania, and driven to Camp Holabird, Maryland, the vehicle met all the Armys criteria except engine torque. The resulting Ford Pygmy and Willys Quad prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype, fifteen hundred of each of the three models were built and extensively field-tested. Delmar Barney Roos, Willys-Overlands chief engineer, made changes to meet a revised weight specification. He was thus able to use the powerful but comparatively heavy Willys Go Devil engine, the Willys version of the car would become the standardized Jeep design, designated the model MB and was built at their plant in Toledo, Ohio. The familiar pressed-metal Jeep grille was actually a Ford design feature, the Army chose Ford as the second supplier, building Jeeps to the Willys design. Willys supplied Ford with a set of plans and specifications
32.
Edward M. Kennedy, Jr.
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Edward Moore Ted Kennedy Jr. is an American lawyer and politician. He is a partner at Epstein Becker & Green, a firm headquartered in New York City, New York and he is a son of Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy from Massachusetts and nephew of President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. Edward was born to Edward Moore Ted Kennedy and Joan Bennett Kennedy in Boston and he is the brother of Kara and Patrick J. Kennedy. In 1973, when Kennedy was twelve, osteosarcoma was diagnosed in his right leg, the leg was surgically amputated on November 17,1973. On that same day his father had escorted his cousin Kathleen down the aisle at her wedding, a made-for-TV movie, The Ted Kennedy Jr. Story, concentrated on this event in young Kennedys life. In 1982, his mother Joan revealed that Kennedy missed by just ten minutes being aboard Air Florida Flight 90, Kennedy was delayed on the drive to the airport and missed the flight. Kennedy graduated from the private St. Albans School in Washington and he attended Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1984. He continued his studies at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, earning a degree from the School of Forestry. He then attended the University of Connecticut School of Law at night, on May 19,2013, Kennedy received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of New Haven. After graduation he worked at the New Haven law firm Wiggin & Dana specializing in disability issues and he later co-founded served as president of the Marwood Group, a firm that advises corporations about health care and financial services. Kennedy is on the board of directors of the American Association of People with Disabilities, on April 8,2014, Kennedy announced his candidacy for a seat in the Connecticut State Senate representing the states 12th district. He was elected on November 4 and he was re-elected on November 8,2016. Kennedy was first sworn-in on January 7,2015 and she is an assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine at Yale University and an environmental advocate. She serves as spokeswoman for Stop the Pipeline, which blocked the Islander East natural gas pipeline across the Long Island Sound. His son, at age 11, announced his intention to run for U. S, Kennedy gave a tribute to his father at his fathers public funeral on August 29,2009. Kennedy family Kennedy family tree Kennedy Curse marwoodgroup. com, Marwood Group official website The Ted Kennedy Jr, Story at the Internet Movie Database Kennedy, Edward M. Jr. Eulogy given by Edward M. Kennedy Jr. for his father
33.
Murder of Martha Moxley
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Martha Moxley of Greenwich, Connecticut, was a 15-year-old American high school student who was murdered in 1975. She was last seen spending time at the home of the Skakel family. Michael Skakel, also 15 at the time, was convicted in 2002 of murdering Moxley, in 2013, he was granted a new trial by a Connecticut judge and released on $1.2 million bail. On December 30,2016, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled 4–3 to reinstate Skakels conviction, the case attracted worldwide publicity as Skakel is a nephew of Ethel Skakel Kennedy, the widow of Senator Robert F. Kennedy from the Kennedy family. On the evening of October 30,1975, Martha Moxley left with friends to attend Mischief Night, according to friends, Moxley began flirting with and eventually kissed Thomas Skakel, Michaels brother. Moxley was last seen falling together behind the fence with Thomas Skakel near the pool in the Skakel backyard at around 9,30 p. m, the next day, Moxleys body was found underneath a tree in her familys backyard. Her trousers and underwear were pulled down, but she had not been sexually assaulted, pieces of a broken six-iron golf club were found near the body. An autopsy indicated she had been bludgeoned and stabbed with the club, which was traced back to the Skakel home. Thomas Skakel was the last person known to have seen with Moxley the night of the murder and had a weak alibi. He became the suspect, but his father forbade access to his school. Kenneth Littleton, who had started working as a tutor for the Skakel family only hours before the murder. However, no one was charged, and the case languished for decades, over the years, both Thomas and Michael Skakel significantly changed their alibis for the night of Moxleys murder. Michael Skakel claimed that he had been window-peeping and masturbating in a tree beside the Moxley property from 11,30 p. m. to 12,30 a. m. Two former Élan School students, a treatment center for troubled youths, Gregory Coleman testified that Skakel was given special privileges, saying Skakel bragged, Im going to get away with murder. Although this proved to be unfounded, it resulted in a new investigation of the cold case. The Sutton Associates, a detective agency hired by Rushton Skakel in 1991. The Sutton Report, later leaked to the media, revealed that both Thomas and Michael Skakel altered their stories about their activities the night Martha was killed. In 1993, author Dominick Dunne, father of murdered actress Dominique Dunne, published A Season in Purgatory, mark Fuhrmans 1998 book Murder in Greenwich named Michael Skakel as the murderer and pointed out numerous mistakes the police had made in investigating the case
34.
Greenwich, Connecticut
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Greenwich /ˈɡrɛnᵻtʃ/ is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 61,171. The largest town on Connecticuts Gold Coast, it is home to many hedge funds, Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost municipality in Connecticut as well as the six-state region of New England. It takes roughly 40-50 minutes by train from Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, cNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Greenwich first on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States in 2005. The town is named after Greenwich, a borough of London in the United Kingdom, the town of Greenwich was settled in 1640. One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop, daughter-in-law of John Winthrop, founder, Greenwich was declared a township by the General Assembly in Hartford on May 11,1665. During the American Revolution, General Israel Putnam made an escape from the British on February 26,1779. Although British forces pillaged the town, Putnam was able to warn Stamford, p1270020-300x225. jpg | Putnam Hill, where General Putnam escaped. In 1974, Gullivers Restaurant and Bar, on the border of Greenwich and Port Chester, in 1983, the Mianus River Bridge, which carries traffic on Interstate 95 over an estuary, collapsed, resulting in the death of three people. For many years, Greenwich Point, was only to town residents. However, a lawyer sued, saying his rights to freedom of assembly were threatened because he was not allowed to go there, the lower courts disagreed, but the Supreme Court of Connecticut agreed, and Greenwich was forced to amend its beach access policy to all four beaches. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.2 square miles, of which 47.8 square miles is land and 19.4 square miles. In terms of area, Greenwich is twice the size of Manhattan. The town is bordered to the west and north by Westchester County, New York, to the east by the city of Stamford, and faces the Village of Bayville to the south across the Long Island Sound. The Census Bureau recognizes seven CDPs within the town, Byram, Cos Cob, Glenville, Old Greenwich, Pemberwick, Riverside, the USPS lists separate zip codes for Greenwich, Cos Cob, Old Greenwich, and Riverside. Additionally, Greenwich is often divided into several smaller, unofficial neighborhoods. The Hispanic population is concentrated in the corner of the town. In 2011, numerous neighborhoods were voted by the Business Insider as being the richest neighborhoods in America, Byram, Cos Cob, Greenwich, Old Greenwich, and Riverside each have their own ZIP Codes and with the exception of Byram, each has a Metro North station
35.
Ethel Skakel Kennedy
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Ethel Skakel Kennedy is an American human-rights campaigner and widow of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who was assassinated while running for nomination as Democratic presidential candidate in 1968. As Ethel Skakel, she was a classmate of Kennedys sister Jean at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart and she and Kennedy married in 1950 and had seven sons and four daughters. Their house, Hickory Hill at McLean, Virginia, was the scene of exclusive parties, soon after her husbands death, she founded the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights, a nonprofit charity working to realize RFKs dream of a just and peaceful world. In 2009, Ethel Kennedy was among the mourners at the funeral of her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy. In 2014, President Barack Obama awarded her a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Ethel Skakel was born in Chicago to businessman George Skakel and secretary Ann Brannack. She was the Skakels third daughter and sixth child, having five older siblings, Georgeann, James, George Jr. Rushton, and Patricia, George was a Protestant of Dutch descent while Ann was a Catholic of Irish ancestry. Ethel and her siblings were raised Catholic in Greenwich, Connecticut, George Skakel was the founder of Great Lakes Carbon Corporation, now a division of SGLCarbon. She attended the all-girls Greenwich Academy in Greenwich, as well as the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Manhattan, in September 1945, she began her college education at Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, where she was a classmate of Jean Ann Kennedy. Ethel first met Jeans brother Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy during a ski trip to Mont Tremblant Resort in Quebec in December 1945, during this trip, he began dating Ethels elder sister, Patricia. After Kennedy and Patricias relationship ended, he began dating Ethel and she campaigned for his elder brother John Fitzgerald Jack Kennedy in his 1946 campaign for the United States Congress, and wrote her college thesis on his book Why England Slept. Robert and Ethel became engaged in February 1950, and were married on June 17,1950 and her wedding dress and bridal party gowns were created by noted New York City fashion designer Mamie Conti. As newlyweds, the moved to Charlottesville, Virginia, where they lived while Robert Kennedy finished his last year at the University of Virginia Law School. The couple had children, Kathleen, Joseph, Robert Jr. David, Courtney, Michael, Kerry, Christopher, Max, Douglas. Rory was born after Senator Kennedy was assassinated, after Robert F. Kennedy graduated with his law degree, the family settled in the Washington, D. C. area and Bobby went to work for the Department of Justice. That path did not last long, as Kennedy was asked by his family to manage his brother John Kennedys successful 1952 Senate campaign in Massachusetts, throughout the 1950s, he worked for the federal government in investigatory roles for the United States Senate. In 1956, the Kennedys purchased Hickory Hill from Bobbys brother Jack and his wife and they needed a larger house, since Ethel was pregnant with their fifth child, Courtney. This enormous 13-bedroom, 13-bath home was situated on 6 acres in McLean, Robert and Ethel Kennedy held many gatherings at their home. Whether it was a party or a formal dinner party
36.
David A. Kennedy
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David Anthony Kennedy was the fourth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. David Anthony Kennedy, born on June 15,1955 in Washington, D. C. was the child of Robert F. Kennedy. As a child, David was shy, introverted and sensitive, Kennedy had been knocked over by a wave and was trapped on the bottom by the undertow. His father dove under the water and rescued him, scraping and bruising his own forehead in the process, frankenheimer gave Senator Kennedy theatrical makeup to hide the bruise, as he would be appearing on television hours later. The event left a scar on David and he began recreational drug use shortly thereafter. A1973 Jeep accident left Kennedys then girlfriend, Pamela Kelley and his oldest brother, Joseph Kennedy II, had been driving the Jeep and was charged with reckless driving. Kennedy sustained a fractured vertebra and became addicted to the painkillers he was given in the hospital and he began using heroin intravenously that autumn in his final year at Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. Kennedy spent two years as a student at Harvard College, pursuing a major in American history before dropping out in 1976 and he had ambitions of becoming a journalist and spent several months as an intern for a Tennessee newspaper in 1974. Some staff there were impressed with his aptitude, in 1974 Kennedy and his siblings were the target of kidnap threats, and were given Secret Service protection. He was frequently seen in Manhattan discos with a succession of attractive women and his most notable involvement was with British actress Rachel Ward, whom he met in one such establishment in 1979. Kennedy was diagnosed twice with bacterial endocarditis, an inflammation of the heart often associated with the use of intravenous drugs, as well as experiencing drug overdoses in 1976 and 1978, he also had some skirmishes with the law, including speeding offenses and a Driving under the influence~DUI. In the spring of 1984, Kennedy completed a stay at St. Marys Hospital. On April 19, he flew down to Palm Beach, Florida for Easter, Kennedy checked into Room 107 of the Brazilian Court Hotel and spent the next few days partying. On April 25, staff went to check on his welfare at the insistence of concerned family members, he was dead on the floor of his suite from an overdose of cocaine, Demerol. He was interred on April 27 in the plot at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline. David was the first of four of Joseph Kennedys young adult grandchildren to die prematurely and he was later followed in death by his younger brother Michael and cousins John, Jr. and Kara. RFK, A Candid Biography of Bobby Kennedy by C. David Heymann,1998 Searching For The Impossible, the Kennedys, An American Drama by Peter Collier and David Horowitz,1984
37.
Cocaine
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Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug. It is commonly snorted, inhaled, or injected into the veins, mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, high doses can result in very high blood pressure or body temperature. Effects begin within seconds to minutes of use and last between five and ninety minutes, Cocaine has a small number of accepted medical uses such as numbing and decreasing bleeding during nasal surgery. Cocaine is addictive due to its effect on the pathway in the brain. After a short period of use, there is a risk that dependence will occur. Its use also increases the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, lung problems in those who smoke it, blood infections, Cocaine sold on the street is commonly mixed with local anesthetics, cornstarch, quinine, or sugar which can result in additional toxicity. Following repeated doses a person may have decreased ability to feel pleasure, Cocaine acts by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This results in concentrations of these three neurotransmitters in the brain. It can easily cross the barrier and may lead to the breakdown of the barrier. Cocaine is made from the leaves of the plant which are mostly grown in South America. In 2013,419 kilograms were produced legally and it is estimated that the illegal market for cocaine is 100 to 500 billion USD each year. With further processing crack cocaine can be produced from cocaine, after cannabis, cocaine is the most frequently used illegal drug globally. Between 14 and 21 million people use the drug each year, use is highest in North America followed by Europe and South America. Between one and three percent of people in the world have used cocaine at some point in their life. In 2013 cocaine use resulted in 4,300 deaths. The leaves of the plant have been used by Peruvians since ancient times. Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves in 1860, since 1961 the international Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs has required countries to make recreational use of cocaine a crime
38.
Pethidine
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Pethidine, also known as meperidine and Demerol, is a synthetic opioid pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class. Synthesized in 1939 as an anticholinergic agent by the German chemist Otto Eisleb, its analgesic properties were first recognized by Otto Schaumann while working for IG Farben. Pethidine is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, for much of the 20th century, pethidine was the opioid of choice for many physicians, in 1975, 60% of doctors prescribed it for acute pain and 22% for chronic severe pain. The norpethidine metabolite was found to have effects, so pethidine could, unlike most opioids. Pethidine is in Schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act 1970 of the United States as a Narcotic with ACSCN9230 with a 6250 kilo aggregate manufacturing quota as of 2014. The free base conversion ratio for salts includes 0.87 for the hydrochloride and 0.84 for the hydrobromide. The A, B, and C intermediates in production of pethidine are also controlled and it is listed under the Single Convention for the Control of Narcotic Substances 1961 and is controlled in most countries in the same fashion as is morphine. It is still used in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Pethidine is the preferred painkiller for diverticulitis, because it decreases intestinal intraluminal pressure, the adverse effects of pethidine administration are primarily those of the opioids as a class, nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, diaphoresis, urinary retention, and constipation. Unlike other opioids, it does not cause miosis because of its anticholinergic properties, overdose can cause muscle flaccidity, respiratory depression, obtundation, cold and clammy skin, hypotension, and coma. A narcotic antagonist such as naloxone is indicated to reverse respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome has occurred in patients receiving concurrent antidepressant therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Convulsive seizures sometimes observed in patients receiving parenteral pethidine on a chronic basis have been attributed to accumumulation in plasma of the metabolite norpethidine, fatalities have occurred following either oral or intravenous pethidine overdose. Pethidine has serious interactions that can be dangerous with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such patients may suffer agitation, delirium, headache, convulsions, and/or hyperthermia. Fatal interactions have been reported including the death of Libby Zion and it is thought to be caused by an increase in cerebral serotonin concentrations. It is probable that pethidine can also interact with a number of medications, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines. Like morphine, pethidine exerts its effects by acting as an agonist at the μ-opioid receptor. Pethidine is often employed in the treatment of postanesthetic shivering, the pharmacologic mechanism of this antishivering effect is not fully understood, but it may involve the stimulation of κ-opioid receptors. Pethidine has structural similarities to atropine and other alkaloids and may have some of their effects
39.
Palm Beach, Florida
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The Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the cities of West Palm Beach. In 2000, Palm Beach had a population of 10,468. Prior to Flagler, Palm Beach was sparsely populated, and was a part of Lake Worth, Palm Beach was established as a resort by Henry Morrison Flagler, who made the Atlantic coast barrier island accessible via his Florida East Coast Railway. The nucleus of the community was established by Flaglers two luxury hotels, the Royal Poinciana Hotel and The Breakers Hotel. West Palm Beach was built across Lake Worth as a town and has become a major city in its own right. The town was incorporated on 17 April 1911, an area known as the Styx housed many of the servants, most of whom were black. The workers rented their houses from the landowners. In the early 1900s the landowners agreed to all of the residents of the Styx. The houses were razed, according to the Palm Beach Daily News, the coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is not native to Florida. Its presence in Palm Beach is due to the shipwreck of the Spanish ship Providencia in 1878 and it was traveling from Havana to Cádiz, Spain with a cargo of coconuts. Since the shipwreck was near the shore, the coconuts were salvaged, a lush grove of palm trees soon grew on what was later named Palm Beach. Palm Beach is the easternmost town in Florida, located on a 16-mile long barrier island, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 10.4 square miles. 3.9 square miles of it is land and 6.5 square miles of it is water, the total area is 62. 45% water. Palm Beach has a tropical rainforest climate and this is a Köppen climate classification of Af where it is tropical and there is no dry season. It is wetter in the summer, from May to October, when convective thunderstorms and tropical downpours are common, average high temperatures in Palm Beach are 86 to 90 °F with lows of 70 to 75 °F. During this period, more than half of the days bring occasional afternoon thunderstorms. The winter brings drier, sunnier, and much less humid weather, average high temperatures of 75 to 82 °F and lows of 57 to 66 °F
40.
William Kennedy Smith
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William Kennedy Smith is an American physician whose work focuses on landmines and the rehabilitation of landmine victims. William Kennedy Smith is the second of four children of Stephen Edward Smith and his mother is the youngest daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He is the nephew of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy and he is the biological brother of Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. and the brother of adopted sisters Kym and Amanda. Smith married Anne Henry, a fundraising consultant, in May 2011 at Tilghman Island, Maryland. The couple has two children, India Rose born in 2012 and Stephen born in 2013, william Kennedy Smith was born on September 4,1960 in Brighton, Massachusetts. Smith spent the first years of his life in Washington D. C. while his father worked at the Pentagon during the Kennedy Administration, later, the family returned to New York, where Smith spent most of his childhood. Smith attended boarding school at Salisbury School in Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1992, after receiving his M. D. from Georgetown, Smith went to work in Somalia with the International Medical Corps. In 1996, Dr. Smith founded Physicians Against Land Mines, the goal of PALM was to permanently ban the sale and use of antipersonnel and land mines. PALM served as a partner alongside the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, and in 1997. The CIR also engaged in initiatives and the development of prosthetics technology to improve rehabilitation care for amputees in war-torn areas. By engineering and disseminating new technologies in prosthetics and orthotics, the RERC was able to improve access to mobility aids for landmine survivors. In 2001, under Smiths leadership, the CIR developed one of the worlds first distance learning program in prosthetics, orthotics and amputee care. Harnessing the power of the Internet, the CIR was able to deliver medical education to workers in clinics, in 2005, Dr. Smith and CIR staff collaborated with engineer Ralf Hotchkiss of Whirlwind Wheelchair International to design a new wheelchair appropriate for rugged environments. In the summer of 2005, the team conducted a research study in Kabul. Local medical professionals received hands-on training in wheelchair assembly and user assessment, when the workshop concluded, participants assembled 100 CIR-Whirlwind Wheelchairs, which were distributed to local users. Also in 2005, Smith formally launched the International Disability and Education Alliance Network website through the CIR, iDEAnet is a global collaboration of individuals and institutions that provide medical services and humanitarian relief. Like the CIR, it has a focus on disability in low-income. Its mission is to foster collaborative efforts to use distributed learning and telemedicine to address health disparities and foster effective, in 2008, CIR introduced its newest initiative, iCons in Medicine
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Michael LeMoyne Kennedy
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Michael LeMoyne Kennedy was the sixth of eleven children of Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Skakel. Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C and he was 5 years old when his uncle, President of the United States John F. Kennedy, was assassinated and 10 years old when his father, presidential candidate, Robert F. Kennedy, also was assassinated. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard College in 1980, Kennedy was the head of his brother Joes non-profit organization, Citizens Energy Corporation. He also helped organize his uncle Ted Kennedys re-election campaign against Mitt Romney in 1994, Kennedy married Victoria Denise Gifford, daughter of former pro-football player and sportscaster Frank Gifford and Maxine Avis Ewart, on March 14,1981, in New York City. They had one son, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy, Jr. and two daughters, Kyle Francis Kennedy, Rory Gifford-Kennedy, and resided in Cohasset, Massachusetts, until his death in December 1997. In 2014, his son Michael, Jr. and wife Mary gave birth to a son, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy III and later a daughter in 2016, Kyle and her husband Liam Kerr had three children, two sons Conor and Declan. A daughter, Josie, who was Conors twin, died in infancy in 2014, in 1997 the news broke that Michael, Sr. was having an affair with the familys former babysitter. Allegations were reported that the affair had begun three years before, when the babysitter was 14 years old. Kennedy took and passed three lie detector tests claiming he had not had sex with the Cohasset teen until she was 16 years old, Kennedy was placed under investigation for statutory rape. The babysitter, however, did not cooperate with prosecutors, shortly after the scandal began, Kennedy and his wife separated. After the affair, he checked himself into a Maryland rehab center for alcoholics, Kennedy died on December 31,1997, in a skiing accident in Aspen Mountain, Colorado. He was playing football while on skis with several members of the Kennedy family when at approximately 4,15 p. m. he hit a tree. Kennedy was not wearing a helmet or other safety equipment, some have stated that the family had been previously warned by the ski patrol to cease the activity. Others have stated that the ski patrol issued no such warnings, following the accident Kennedy was taken to Aspen Valley Hospital where he was pronounced dead at 5,50 p. m. He was interred on January 3,1998, in the plot at Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline. Kennedy family tree Kennedy Curse List of skiing deaths Michael LeMoyne Kennedy at the Internet Movie Database Michael Kennedy at Find a Grave
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Aspen, Colorado
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Aspen is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. Its population was 6,658 at the 2010 United States Census, founded as a mining camp during the Colorado Silver Boom and later named Aspen because of the abundance of aspen trees in the area, the city boomed during the 1880s, its first decade of existence. In the late 20th century, the city became a retreat for celebrities. Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson worked out of a downtown hotel, singer John Denver wrote two songs about Aspen after settling there. Today the musicians and movie stars have been joined by corporate executives, as a result of this influx of wealth, Aspen boasts some of the most expensive real estate prices in the United States and many middle-class residents can no longer afford to live there. It remains a popular tourist destination, with outdoor recreation in the surrounding White River National Forest serving as a complement to the four ski areas in the vicinity. Production expanded due to the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, by 1893, Aspen had banks, a hospital, a police department, two theaters, an opera house and electric lights. Economic collapse came with the Panic of 1893, when President Cleveland called a session of Congress. Within weeks, many of the Aspen mines were closed and thousands of miners were put out of work, eventually, after wage cuts, mining revived somewhat, but production declined and by the 1930 census only 705 residents remained. Remaining, however, were fine stocks of old buildings and residences. Aspens development as a ski resort first flickered in the 1930s when investors conceived of a ski area, friedl Pfeifer, a member of the 10th Mountain Division who had trained in the area, returned to the area and linked up with industrialist Walter Paepcke and his wife Elizabeth. The Aspen Skiing Corporation was founded in 1946 and the city became a well-known resort. Paepcke also played an important role in bringing the Goethe Bicentennial Convocation to Aspen in 1949, Aspen was now on the path to becoming an internationally known ski resort and cultural center, home of the Aspen Music Festival and School. The area would continue to grow with the development of three ski areas, Buttermilk, Aspen Highlands, and Snowmass. In 1977, notorious serial killer Ted Bundy, while in the Pitkin County Courthouse in Aspen for a hearing, jumped from a second-story window. He remained free for six days, hiding out on Aspen Mountain, in 1977, Aspen was thoroughly photographed for the Aspen Movie Map project funded by the U. S. Department of Defense. The Movie Map is one of the earliest examples of virtual reality software, Aspen is notable as the smallest radio market tracked by Arbitron, ranked at #302. Aspen is a Home Rule Municipality under Colorado law, an elected council of four members and the mayor supervise the citys operations, managed on a day-to-day basis by the city manager, an appointed official who serves at their pleasure
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John F. Kennedy Jr.
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. often referred to as JFK Jr. or John John, was an American lawyer, journalist, and magazine publisher. He was the surviving son of former President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. His father was assassinated three days before his third birthday, from his early childhood onwards, Kennedy was the subject of great media scrutiny, and he became a popular social figure of Manhattan. Trained as a lawyer, he worked as a New York City Assistant District Attorney for four years, in 1995, he launched George magazine, using his political and celebrity status to publicize it. Kennedy died along with his wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and her elder sister Lauren in the crash of a plane he was piloting. Kennedy had intended to drop off Lauren at Marthas Vineyard before continuing to the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy in Hyannis Port, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was born at Georgetown University Hospital on November 25,1960, two weeks after his father was elected president. His parents had a daughter named Arabella four years before John Jr. s birth. John Jr. had a sister, Caroline, and an infant brother, Patrick. His putative nickname, John-John, came from a reporter who misheard JFK calling him John twice in quick succession, John Jr. lived in the White House during the first three years of his life, and later remained in the public spotlight up until his death. His father was assassinated on November 22,1963, and the funeral was held three days later on John Jr. s third birthday. In a moment that became an image of the 1960s, John Jr. stepped forward. The family continued with their plans for a party, to demonstrate that the Kennedys would go on despite the death of their father. Following his fathers assassination, Kennedy moved to the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City with his mother and sister, where he grew up. In 1967, his mother took him and his sister Caroline on a sentimental journey to Ireland. After his uncle Robert was assassinated in 1968, his mother took him and his out of the United States, saying, If theyre killing Kennedys. I want to get out of this country, the same year, she married Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and the family went to live on his private island of Skorpios. Kennedy is said to have considered his stepfather a joke, in 1971, Kennedy returned to the White House with his mother and sister for the first time since the assassination. President Richard Nixons daughters gave Kennedy a tour that included his old bedroom, when Onassis died in 1975, he left Kennedy $25,000, though Jacqueline was able to renegotiate the will, and acquired $20 million for herself and her children
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John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash
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On July 16,1999, John F. Kennedy Jr. died when the airplane he was piloting crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Marthas Vineyard, Massachusetts. The two passengers on board, Kennedys wife Carolyn Bessette and her sister Lauren, were also killed, Kennedy did not hold an instrument rating and was therefore only certified to fly under visual flight rules. However, at the time of the accident the weather and light conditions were such that all basic landmarks were obscured, making visual flight challenging, although legally still permissible. On the evening of July 16,1999, John F. Kennedy Jr. piloted a Piper Saratoga to attend the wedding of his cousin Rory Kennedy, the plane also carried his wife, Carolyn Bessette, and sister-in-law, Lauren Bessette. Kennedy had purchased his plane three months before his death, the Bessette sisters were seated in the second row of seats, which faced the rear of the plane and were back-to-back with the pilots seat. Kennedy checked in with the air control tower of Marthas Vineyard Airport before departure. At 8,39 p. m. on July 16, at 2,15 a. m. the next day, the Kennedy family reported to the local Coast Guard Air Station that the plane had not arrived. At 4 a. m, the U. S. Coast Guard began a search, Kennedys cousin, Anthony Stanislas Radziwill, told the press that if Kennedy was still alive hell find a way to get out. He possesses the will to survive, enough will for all three of them, officials were not optimistic about finding Kennedy alive after several pieces of debris from his plane were recovered in the Atlantic Ocean. There is always hope, Coast Guard Lt. Gary Jones said on July 17, but unfortunately, when you find certain pieces of evidence, you have to be prepared for anything. That same day, President Bill Clinton spoke with Kennedys older sister, Caroline, Clinton also spoke with Andrew Cuomo, who at the time was married to Kennedys cousin, Kerry. He wanted to let them know he was thinking about them, that well do everything we can, Clinton ordered warships of the U. S. Navy to assist in the search for Kennedys plane. Critics argued that this was an abuse of taxpayer dollars, as no ordinary citizen would receive similar treatment, Clinton said that afternoon that the Kennedys had suffered much, and given more. He also called for the Kennedys to feel the strength of God, the love of their friends, on July 19, NOAA vessel Rude located fragments of Kennedys plane using side-scan sonar. The Rude captured high-resolution images which were used to create a map of the ocean floor. At 11,30 p. m. the next day, Navy divers found parts of the plane strewn over a broad area of seabed 120 feet below the surface. Late on the afternoon of July 21, the recovered the bodies of Kennedy. Divers found Carolyns and Laurens bodies near the fuselage, while Kennedys body was still strapped in the pilots seat, Coast Guard Admiral Richard M. Larrabee said that all three bodies were near and under the fuselage, still strapped in
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Piper PA-32R
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The Piper PA-32R is a six-seat, high-performance, single engine, all-metal fixed-wing aircraft produced by Piper Aircraft of Vero Beach, Florida. The design began life as the Piper Lance, a retractable version of the Piper Cherokee Six. Later models became known by the designation Piper Saratoga, later Saratoga models provided updated/improved avionics, engine and interior touches but retained the same airframe design. Production of the Saratoga was discontinued in 2009, the Saratoga competed for sales with the Beechcraft Bonanza, Mooney Ovation, Cirrus SR22, Cessna 206 Stationair, and Cessna 350. Until 1972, when the line was destroyed in a flood. Afterwards, Piper began modifying its heavy lifting single engine PA-32 Cherokee Six, adding retractable landing gear, the PA-32R was built under license by Embraer in Brazil as the Embraer EMB-721 Sertanejo. Kits for the PA-32R-300, PA-32RT-300 and PA-32RT-300T were supplied to Chincul in Argentina for completion and they were designated the PA-A-32R and PA-A-32RT. For the 2008 model year, the Saratoga II HP model was eliminated, along with the 6X and 6XT, production of all PA-32 models ended in 2009. PA-32R-300 Marketed as the Piper Cherokee Lance, initial version of the retractable PA-32 line, with a standard tail. PA-32RT-300 After the first half of 1978, Piper modified the tail to a T design with the moved to the top of the vertical tail. Many pilots and owners complained about the T-tails lack of authority at low speeds, beginning with this model, the Cherokee name was officially dropped and the model was designated the Lance II. PA-32RT-300T Also in 1978 a turbocharged version, designated the Turbo Lance II, was introduced, the Turbo Lance II has a service ceiling of 20,000 ft with a rate of climb of 1050 ft/min. It can cruise at 10,000 ft at 175 kn true airspeed at 75% power burning 20 gal/h, fuel capacity is 94 U. S. gallons usable. The aircraft was the first to feature a large oval single air intake below the propeller hub. PA-32R-301 The 1980 models reverted to a standard design, and were designated as the Saratoga SP. In 1993 the airplane received several cosmetic and systems updates and was redesignated as the Saratoga II HP, pA-32R-301T The 1980 Turbocharged model was given the name Turbo Saratoga SP. The name and model designation stayed the same through the 1996 model year, starting with the 1997 model year the airplane received a new designation, the Saratoga II TC, and a new Lycoming TIO-540-AH1A engine. Externally the biggest difference was the new cowl, with much smaller, 1997-1998 Saratoga II TCs featured a King avionics suite, which was switched to dual Garmin GNS-430s and a GTX-320 transponder with the 1999 models
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Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
