Euroscepticism
Euroscepticism means criticism of the European Union and European integration. It ranges from those who oppose some EU institutions and policies and seek reform, to those who oppose EU membership outright and see the EU as unreformable; the opposite of Euroscepticism is known as pro-Europeanism. The main sources of Euroscepticism have been beliefs that integration undermines national sovereignty and the nation state. Euroscepticism is found in groups across the political spectrum, both left-wing and right-wing, is found in populist parties. Although they criticise the EU for many of the same reasons, Eurosceptic left-wing populists focus more on economic issues while Eurosceptic right-wing populists focus more on nationalism and immigration; the recent rise in radical right-wing parties is linked to a rise in Euroscepticism. Eurobarometer surveys of EU citizens show that trust in the EU and its institutions has declined since a peak in 2007. Since it has been below 50%. A 2009 survey showed that support for EU membership was lowest in the United Kingdom and Hungary.
By 2016, the countries viewing the EU most unfavourably were the UK, Greece and Spain. A referendum on continued EU membership was held in the UK in 2016, which resulted in a 51.9% vote in favour of leaving the EU. Since 2015, trust in the EU has risen in most EU countries as a result of falling unemployment rates and accelerating economic growth. Euroscepticism should not be confused with anti-Europeanism, a dislike of European culture and European ethnic groups by non-Europeans. While having some overlaps and anti-Europeanism are different. Anti-Europeanism has always had a strong influence in American culture and American exceptionalism, which sometimes sees Europe on the decline or as a rising rival power, or both; some aspects of Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom have been mirrored by U. S. authors. There can be considered to be several different types of Eurosceptic thought, which differ in the extent to which adherents reject integration between member states of the European Union and in their reasons for doing so.
Aleks Szczerbiak and Paul Taggart described two of these as soft Euroscepticism. According to Taggart and Szczerbiak, hard Euroscepticism is "a principled opposition to the EU and European integration and therefore can be seen in parties who think that their countries should withdraw from membership, or whose policies towards the EU are tantamount to being opposed to the whole project of European integration as it is conceived."The Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group in the European Parliament, typified by such parties as the United Kingdom Independence Party, displays hard Euroscepticism. In western European EU member countries, hard Euroscepticism is a characteristic of many anti-establishment parties; some hard Eurosceptics prefer to call themselves'Eurorealists' rather than'sceptics', regard their position as pragmatic rather than "in principle". Additionally, Tony Benn, a left-wing Labour Party MP who fought against European integration in 1975 by opposing membership of the European Communities in that year's referendum on the issue, emphasised his opposition to xenophobia and his support of democracy, saying: "My view about the European Union has always been not that I am hostile to foreigners, but that I am in favour of democracy I think they're building an empire there, they want us to be a part of their empire and I don't want that."The Czech president Václav Klaus rejected the term "Euroscepticism" for its purported negative undertones, saying that the expressions for a Eurosceptic and their opponent should be "a Euro-realist" and someone, "Euro-naïve", respectively.
François Asselineau of the French Popular Republican Union has criticised the use of the term'sceptic' to describe hard Eurosceptics, would rather advocate the use of the term "Euro opponent". However, he believes the use of the term'sceptic' for soft Eurosceptics to be correct, since other Eurosceptic parties in France are "merely criticising" the EU without taking into account the fact that the Treaty of Rome can only be modified with a unanimous agreement of all the EU member states, something he considers impossible to achieve. Soft Euroscepticism is support for the existence of, membership of, a form of European Union, but with opposition to specific EU policies; the European Conservatives and Reformists group, typified by centre-right parties such as Czech Civic Democratic Party, along with the European United Left–Nordic Green Left, an alliance of the left-wing parties in the European Parliament, display soft Euroscepticism. Some have claimed. Kopecky and Mudde have said that if the demarcation line is the number of and which policies
Benjamin Constant
Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque, or Benjamin Constant, was a Swiss-French political activist and writer on politics and religion. He was the author of a biographical psychological novel, Adolphe, he was a fervent liberal of the early 19th century, who influenced the Trienio Liberal movement in Spain, the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Portugal, the Greek War of Independence, the November Uprising in Poland, the Belgian Revolution, liberalism in Brazil and Mexico. Henri-Benjamin Constant was born in Lausanne to descendants of Huguenot Protestants who had fled from Artois to Switzerland during the Huguenot Wars in the 16th century, his father, Jules Constant de Rebecque, served as a high-ranking officer in the Dutch States Army, like his grandfather, his uncle and his cousin Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque. When Constant's mother died soon after his birth, both his grandmothers took care of him. Private tutors educated him in the Netherlands. At the Protestant University of Erlangen, he gained appointment to the court of Duchess Sophie Caroline Marie of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
He had to leave after an affair with a girl, moved to the University of Edinburgh. There he lived at the home of Andrew Duncan, the elder and became friends with James Mackintosh and Malcolm Laing; when he left the city, he promised to pay back his gambling debts. In 1787, he returned, traveling on horseback through Scotland. In those years the European nobility, with their prerogatives, had come under heavy attack by those who were influenced by Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality. In Paris, at the home of Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard he became acquainted with Isabelle de Charriere, a 46-year old Dutch woman and writer, who helped publish Rousseau's Confessions, who knew his uncle David-Louis Constant de Rebecque well by correspondence for 15 years; when he stayed at her home in Colombier Switzerland, they wrote an epistolary novel together. She acted as a mother to him until Constant's appointment to the court of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel that required him to move north.
He left the court when the War of the First Coalition began in 1792. In Brunswick, he had married Wilhelmina von Cramm, but he divorced her in 1793. In September 1794, he met and became interested in the famous and rich Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, brought up on the principles of Rousseau, they both admired Talleyrand. Their intellectual collaboration between 1795 and 1811 made them one of the most celebrated intellectual couples of their time. After the Reign of Terror in France, Constant became a defender of bicameralism and of the Parliament of Great Britain. In revolutionary France this strand of political thought resulted in the Constitution of the Year III, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients. In 1799, after 18 Brumaire, Constant was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte to the Tribunat, but in 1802, the first consul forced him to withdraw because of his speeches and his connections with Mme de Staël. Constant became acquainted with Julie Talma, the wife of François-Joseph Talma, who wrote him many letters of compelling human interest.
In 1800, the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise, an act of terror, failed. In 1803, at a time when Britain and France were at peace, Jean Gabriel Peltier, while living in England, argued that Napoleon should be killed; the lawyer James Mackintosh defended the French refugee against a libel suit instigated by Napoleon – First Consul of France. Mackintosh's speech was published in English and across Europe in a French translation by Madame de Staël, she was forced to leave Paris. De Staël, disappointed in French Rationalism, became interested in German Romanticism. Constant moved with their two children to Weimar. Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel welcomed them the day after their arrival. In Weimar they met Friedrich von Schiller. In Berlin, they met with August Wilhelm Schlegel, his brother, Friedrich Schlegel. Constant parted from de Stael and in 1806 lived in Rouen and Meulan, where he started to work on his novel Adolphe. In 1809, he secretly married Caroline von Hardenberg, a woman, divorced twice.
He moved back to Paris in 1814. As a member of the Council of State, he became friends with Madame Récamier and argued with Germaine de Staël, who had asked him to pay his debts when their daughter Albertine married Victor de Broglie. During the Hundred Days of Napoleon, who had become more liberal, Constant fled to the Vendée, but returned when he was invited several times at the Tuileries in order to set up changes for the Charter of 1815. After the Battle of Waterloo, Constant moved to London – not in the company of Madame Récamier, who went south, but with his wife. In 1817, back in Paris, he sat in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower legislative house of the Restoration-era government. One of its most eloquent orators, he became a leader of the parliamentary bloc first known as the Independants and as "liberals", he became an opponent of Charles X of France during the Restoration between 1815 and 1830. In 1822, in light of Constant's political career, Goethe praised him in the following terms: I spent many instructive evenings with Benjamin Constant.
Whoever recollects what this excellent man accomplished in years, with what zeal he advanced without wavering along the path which, once chosen, was forever followed, re
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes, in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which expounded an influential formulation of social contract theory. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, geometry, the physics of gases, theology and general philosophy. Thomas Hobbes was born at Westport, now part of Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England, on 5 April 1588. Born prematurely when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Hobbes reported that "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear." His childhood is completely unknown, his mother's name is unknown. His father, Thomas Sr. was the vicar of Westport. Thomas Hobbes, the younger, had a brother Edmund, about two years older, a sister. Thomas Sr. was involved in a fight with the local clergy outside his church, forcing him to leave London and abandon the family.
The family was left in the care of Thomas Sr.'s older brother, Francis, a wealthy merchant with no family. Hobbes Jr. was educated at Westport church from age four, passed to the Malmesbury school, to a private school kept by a young man named Robert Latimer, a graduate of the University of Oxford. Hobbes was a good pupil, around 1603 he went up to Magdalen Hall, the predecessor college to Hertford College, Oxford; the principal John Wilkinson was a Puritan, he had some influence on Hobbes. At university, Hobbes appears to have followed his own curriculum. A. degree in 1608. He was recommended by Sir James Hussey, his master at Magdalen, as tutor to William, the son of William Cavendish, Baron of Hardwick, began a lifelong connection with that family. Hobbes became a companion to the younger William and in 1610 they both took part in a grand tour of Europe. Hobbes was exposed to European scientific and critical methods during the tour, in contrast to the scholastic philosophy that he had learned in Oxford.
His scholarly efforts at the time were aimed at a careful study of classic Latin authors. One outcome was, in 1628, his translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the first translation of that work into English from the original Greek, it has been argued that three of the discourses in the 1620 publication known as Horea Subsecivae: Observations and Discourses represent the work of Hobbes from this period. Although he associated with literary figures like Ben Jonson and worked as Francis Bacon's amanuensis, he did not extend his efforts into philosophy until after 1629. In June 1628, his employer Cavendish the Earl of Devonshire, died of the plague and the widowed countess dismissed Hobbes. Hobbes soon found work as a tutor to Gervase Clifton, the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet spent in Paris until 1631. Thereafter, he again found work with the Cavendish family, tutoring William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire, the eldest son of his previous pupil. Over the next seven years, as well as tutoring, he expanded his own knowledge of philosophy, awakening in him curiosity over key philosophic debates.
He visited Florence in 1636 and was a regular debater in philosophic groups in Paris, held together by Marin Mersenne. Hobbes's first area of study was an interest in the physical doctrine of motion and physical momentum. Despite his interest in this phenomenon, he disdained experimental work as in physics, he went on to conceive the system of thought to the elaboration. His scheme was first to work out, in a separate treatise, a systematic doctrine of body, showing how physical phenomena were universally explicable in terms of motion, at least as motion or mechanical action was understood, he singled out Man from the realm of Nature and plants. In another treatise, he showed what specific bodily motions were involved in the production of the peculiar phenomena of sensation, knowledge and passions whereby Man came into relation with Man, he considered, in his crowning treatise, how Men were moved to enter into society, argued how this must be regulated if Men were not to fall back into "brutishness and misery".
Thus he proposed to unite the separate phenomena of Body and the State. Hobbes came home, in 1637, to a country riven with discontent, which disrupted him from the orderly execution of his philosophic plan. However, by the end of the Short Parliament in 1640, he had written a short treatise called The Elements of Law and Politic, it was not only circulated as a manuscript among his acquaintances. A pirated version, was published about ten years later. Although it seems that much of The Elements of Law was composed before the sitting of the Short Parliament, there are polemical pieces of the work that mark the influences of the rising political crisis. Many elements of Hobbes's political thought were unchanged between The Elements of Law and Leviathan, which demonstrates that the events of the English Civil War had little effect on his contractarian methodology. However, the arguments in Leviathan were modified from The Elements of Law when it came to the necessity of consent in creating political obligation.
Namely, Hobbes wrote in The Elements of Law that Patrimonial kingdoms were not formed by the consent of the governed, while in Leviathan he argued that they were. This was a reflection either of Hobbes's thoughts about the engagement controversy or of his reaction to treatises published by Patriarchalists
London School of Economics
The London School of Economics is a public research university located in London, a constituent college of the federal University of London. Founded in 1895 by Fabian Society members Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb, Graham Wallas, George Bernard Shaw for the betterment of society, LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and established its first degree courses under the auspices of the University in 1901; the LSE started awarding its own degrees in 2008, prior to which it awarded degrees of the University of London. LSE is located near the boundary between Covent Garden and Holborn; the area is known as Clare Market. The LSE has more than 11,000 students and 3,300 staff, just under half of whom come from outside the UK, it had an income of £ 354.3 million in 2017/18. One hundred and fifty-five nationalities are represented amongst LSE's student body and the school has the second highest percentage of international students of all world universities. Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of legal studies and social sciences.
LSE is a member of the Russell Group, Association of Commonwealth Universities, European University Association and is sometimes considered a part of the "Golden Triangle" of universities in south-east England. For the subject area of social science, LSE places second in the world in the QS Rankings, tenth in THE Rankings, eighth in the Academic Ranking of World Universities. LSE is ranked among the top fifteen universities nationally by all three UK tables, while internationally LSE is ranked in the top 50 by two of the three major global rankings. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the School had the highest proportion of world-leading research among research submitted of any British non-specialist university. LSE has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, economics, psychology, literature and politics. Alumni and staff include 53 past or present heads of state or government, 20 members of the current British House of Commons and 18 Nobel laureates; as of 2017, 26% of all the Nobel Prizes in Economics have been awarded or jointly awarded to LSE alumni, current staff or former staff, making up 16% of all laureates.
LSE alumni and staff have won 3 Nobel Peace Prizes and 2 Nobel Prizes in Literature. Out of all European universities, LSE has educated the most billionaires according to a 2014 global census of U. S dollar billionaires; the London School of Economics was founded in 1895 by Beatrice and Sidney Webb funded by a bequest of £20,000 from the estate of Henry Hunt Hutchinson. Hutchinson, a lawyer and member of the Fabian Society, left the money in trust, to be put "towards advancing its objects in any way they deem advisable"; the five trustees were Sidney Webb, Edward Pease, Constance Hutchinson, William de Mattos and William Clark. LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Louis Flood and George Bernard Shaw; the proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895 and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, Adelphi, in the City of Westminster. The School joined the federal University of London in 1900, was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university.
The University of London degrees of BSc and DSc were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences. Expanding over the following years, the school moved to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace to Clare Market and Houghton Street; the foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by King George V in 1920. The 1930s economic debate between LSE and Cambridge is well known in academic circles. Rivalry between academic opinion at LSE and Cambridge goes back to the school's roots when LSE's Edwin Cannan, Professor of Economics, Cambridge's Professor of Political Economy, Alfred Marshall, the leading economist of the day, argued about the bedrock matter of economics and whether the subject should be considered as an organic whole.. The dispute concerned the question of the economist's role, whether this should be as a detached expert or a practical adviser. Despite the traditional view that the LSE and Cambridge were fierce rivals through the 1920s and 30s, they worked together in the 1920s on the London and Cambridge Economic Service.
However, the 1930s brought a return to disputes as economists at the two universities argued over how best to address the economic problems caused by the Great Depression. The main figures in this debate were John Maynard Keynes from Cambridge and the LSE's Friedrich Hayek; the LSE Economist Lionel Robbins was heavily involved. Starting off as a disagreement over whether demand management or deflation was the better solution to the economic problems of the time, it embraced much wider concepts of economics and macroeconomics. Keynes put forward the theories now known as Keynesian economics, involving the active participation of the state and public sector, while Hayek and Robbins followed the Austrian School, which emphasised free trade and opposed state involvement. During World War II, the School decamped from London to the University of Cambridge, occupying buildings belonging to Peterhouse; the School's arms, including its mo
Adam Ferguson
Adam Ferguson, FRSE known as Ferguson of Raith, was a Scottish philosopher and historian of the Scottish Enlightenment. Ferguson was sympathetic to traditional societies, such as the Highlands, for producing courage and loyalty, he criticized commercial society as making men weak and unconcerned for their community. Ferguson has been called "the father of modern sociology" for his contributions to the early development of the discipline, his most well known work is his Essay on the History of Civil Society. Born at Logierait in Atholl, Scotland, the son of Rev Adam Ferguson, he received his education at Logierait Parish School, Perth Grammar School, at the University of Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews. In 1745, owing to his knowledge of Gaelic, he gained appointment as deputy chaplain of the 43rd regiment, the licence to preach being granted him by special dispensation, although he had not completed the required six years of theological study, it remains a matter of debate as to whether, at the Battle of Fontenoy, Ferguson fought in the ranks throughout the day, refused to leave the field, though ordered to do so by his colonel.
He did well, becoming principal chaplain in 1746. He continued attached to the regiment till 1754, disappointed at not obtaining a living, he left the clergy and resolved to devote himself to literary pursuits. After residing in Leipzig for a time, he returned to Edinburgh where in January 1757 he succeeded David Hume as librarian to the Faculty of Advocates, but soon relinquished this office on becoming tutor in the family of the Earl of Bute. In 1759 Ferguson became professor of natural philosophy in the University of Edinburgh, in 1764 transferred to the chair of "pneumatics" "and moral philosophy". In 1767, he published his Essay on the History of Civil Society, well received and translated into several European languages. In the mid-1770s he met Voltaire, his membership of The Poker Club is recorded in its minute book of 1776. In 1776 appeared his anonymous pamphlet on the American Revolution in opposition to Dr Richard Price's Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, in which he sympathised with the views of the British legislature.
In 1778 Ferguson was appointed secretary to the Carlisle Peace Commission which endeavoured, but without success, to negotiate an arrangement with the revolted colonies. In 1780 he wrote the article "History" for the second edition of Encyclopædia Britannica; the article is 40 pages long and replaced the article in the first edition, only one paragraph. In 1783 appeared his History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic. Ferguson believed that the history of the Roman Republic during the period of their greatness formed a practical illustration of those ethical and political doctrines which he studied especially; the history reads well and impartially, displays conscientious use of sources. The influence of the author's military experience shows itself in certain portions of the narrative. Tired of teaching, he resigned his professorship in 1785, devoted himself to the revision of his lectures, which he published under the title of Principles of Moral and Political Science. In his seventieth year, intending to prepare a new edition of the history, visited Italy and some of the principal cities of Europe, where he was received with honour by learned societies.
From 1795 he resided successively at Neidpath Castle near Peebles, at Hallyards on Manor Water, at St Andrews, where he died on 22 February 1816. He is buried against the east wall, his large mural monument includes a carved profile portrait in marble. In his ethical system Ferguson treats man as a social being, illustrating his doctrines by political examples; as a believer in the progression of the human race, he placed the principle of moral approbation in the attainment of perfection. Victor Cousin criticised Ferguson's speculations: We find in his method the wisdom and circumspection of the Scottish school, with something more masculine and decisive in the results; the principle of perfection is a new one, at once more rational and comprehensive than benevolence and sympathy, which in our view places Ferguson as a moralist above all his predecessors. By this principle Ferguson attempted to reconcile all moral systems. With Thomas Hobbes and Hume he admits the power of self-interest or utility, makes it enter into morals as the law of self-preservation.
Francis Hutcheson's theory of universal benevolence and Adam Smith's idea of mutual sympathy he combines under the law of society. But, as these laws appear as the means rather than the end of human destiny, they remain subordinate to a supreme end, the supreme end of perfection. In the political part of his system Ferguson follows Montesquieu, pleads the cause of well-regulated liberty and free government, his contemporaries, with the exception of Hume, regarded his writings as of great importance. Ferguson's An Essay on the History of Civil Society drew on classical authors and contemporary travel literature, to analyze modern commercial society with a critique of its abandonment of civic and communal virtues. Central themes in Ferguson's theory of citizenship are conflict, political participation and m
Sydney Boys High School
Sydney Boys High School, abbreviated as SBHS and colloquially called "Sydney Boys" or "High", is an academically selective public high school for boys located at Moore Park, New South Wales, a suburb within the City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Established in 1883 and operated by the New South Wales Department of Education, as a school within the Port Jackson Education Area of the Sydney Region, the school has 1,200 students from Years 7 to 12 — a number greater than most, if not all, other selective state schools — and is situated adjacent to its "sister school", Sydney Girls High School. The school is a member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales; the school ranks among schools in New South Wales in terms of academic achievement, ranking 5th in the state in the 2017 Higher School Certificate, has produced numerous notable alumni, or "Old Boys". Although Fort Street High School was established in 1849, Sydney Boys High School is the first state high school in New South Wales created under Premier Henry Parkes' public education system in the early 1880s, following the Public Instruction Act 1880.
Whereas Fort Street Model School as it was founded took primary and secondary students neither Sydney Boys nor Sydney Girls High School has had a primary education division and are thus the first NSW state high schools founded for the express purpose of secondary education. Alternatively known as The Sydney High School, due to its being the first state high school, Sydney High School was established as two single-sex schools sharing a single building, with boys and girls on separate floors; the first day of instruction, for 46 boys, was October 1, 1883 and was at a building located in Castlereagh Street in the Sydney central business district, designed by Francis Greenway and constructed by convicts. From 1883 to 1892, Sydney Boys occupied the lower floor and entered from the Castlereagh Street side of the building, whereas Sydney Girls occupied the upper floor and entered from the Elizabeth Street side. In 1924, this building would be demolished and both schools would, in 1921, have relocated to Moore Park.
Presently, this site is home to the Elizabeth Street store of David Jones. In 1892, the boys' school was relocated to Mary Ann Street in Ultimo. In 1906, Sydney Boys High School became a member of the Athletic Association of the Great Public Schools of New South Wales, it is the sporting association's only state-operated member. In 1928, the school moved to its current location on the fringe of inner-city Sydney; this site was designed by George McRae, who designed the Queen Victoria Building. This site was the Moore Park Zoo, relocated to Mosman as Taronga Zoo; the Sydney Boys High School Year 7 intake is of around 180 students, but prospective students in higher years may matriculate to the school if vacancies exist. Offers of admission and matriculation into the school in Year 7 are made on the basis of academic merit, as assessed by the Selective High School Placement Test. In Years 7 to 8, the cohorts consist of 180 students in each year; the size of these cohorts are described by the 2001 SBHS Enrolment Policy.
Once admitted and matriculated, students are further grouped according to their strengths and/or weaknesses, or to their abilities, such as a weakness in English relative to mathematics or "general ability", as estimated by the Selective High School Placement Test, or a proven proficiency in music, as demonstrated by a formal qualification in music. Sydney Boys High School, like other academically selective schools and given the nature of its selective admissions criteria, has been known and is known for its academic achievement in the Higher School Certificate; the following table shows High's rankings relative to other schools in the state. The rankings are based on the percentage of exams sat that resulted in a placing on the Distinguished Achievers List as shown by the Board of Studies; the curriculum, endorsed by the New South Wales Board of Studies, is taught by the following 12 departments: The current Moore Park site hosts the Great Hall, other school buildings, tennis courts, a gymnasium, the Junior Quadrangle, the Flat, a common low-lying area of land between Sydney Boys and Sydney Girls High Schools.
The school buildings include 60 classrooms, two change rooms, the Junior Library, the Senior Library. Nearby to the school are a number of sports facilities, such as the tennis courts opposite to the Sydney Boys and Girls High Schools, located on Cleveland Street, the facilities at Centennial Park. Sydney Boys High School is affiliated with other facilities such as the Outterside Centre and the ANZAC Rifle Range. In addition to this, the school owns a number of vehicles, which it utilises to travel to sporting events, such as the annual The Armidale School versus the High School sporting exchange Armidale and the Head of the River at the Sydney International Regatta Centre. In addition, SBHS has its own cadet unit, which won the 23 Battalion AFX Trophy in 2012 and 2013, it has achieved notability in debating, having won the Hume Barbour and Karl Cramp trophies more times than any other school. SBHS competes in the Lawrence Campbell Oratory Competition and the GPS debating competition; the SBHS First Grade debating team have won the GPS Debating premiership 19 times, most from 2015-2018.
Sydney Boys High School has a long t
