1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
3.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
4.
Kent, Ohio
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Kent is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the largest city in Portage County. It is located along the Cuyahoga River in Northeast Ohio on the edge of the county. The population was 28,904 in the 2010 Census and 29,810 in the 2015 estimate, the city is counted as part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area. Part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, Kent was settled in 1805 and was known for years as Franklin Mills. Settlers were attracted to the due to its location along the Cuyahoga River as a place for water-powered mills. Later development came in the 1830s and 1840s as a result of the position along the route of the Pennsylvania. Leading up to the American Civil War, Franklin Mills was noted for its activity in the Underground Railroad. With the decline of the canal and the emergence of the railroad, in 1864 the town was renamed Kent in honor of and in gratitude for Marvin Kents efforts. It was incorporated as a village in 1867 and became a city after the 1920 Census, today Kent is a college town best known as the home of the main campus of Kent State University, founded in 1910, and as the site of the 1970 Kent State shootings. Historically a manufacturing center, education is the citys largest economic sector with Kent State University the citys, the Kent City School District and the Kent Free Library provide additional education opportunities and resources. Many of Kents demographic elements are influenced by the presence of the university, particularly the median age, median income, the city is governed by a council-manager system with a city manager, a nine-member city council, and a mayor. Kent has nearly 20 parks and preserves and hosts a number of festivals including ones related to Earth Day, folk music. In addition to the Kent State athletic teams, the city hosts a number of amateur. Local transportation infrastructure includes a bus service and hike-and-bike trails. As the home of the Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent is known as The Tree City while residents are referred to as Kentites, the city has produced a number of notable individuals, particularly in politics, athletics, and the entertainment industry. The region was inhabited by various tribes of American Indians. The site, known as Bradys Leap, is now a city park, settlement by Europeans began in the late 1790s and early 19th century. Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy Connecticut merchant, had purchased the 16, 000-acre township, Franklin Township was surveyed in 1803 and settled in November 1805 when John Haymaker and his family moved west from Warren to the banks of the Cuyahoga River
5.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Suburban
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
8.
Kent State Golden Flashes
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The intercollegiate athletic teams at Kent State University are known as the Golden Flashes or simply as the Flashes. The university fields sixteen varsity teams in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I level with football competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision. Kent State is a member of the Mid-American Conference and has been part of the MAC East division since it was created in 1998. Official school colors are Kent State Blue and Kent State Gold, joel Nielsen is athletic director, a position he has held since May 1,2010. Athletic events were held during the very first semester at Kent State in late 1913, with intramural teams for female students. Early mens athletic events, in basketball and baseball, were played against local school, church. The first intercollegiate athletic event, a basketball game, was held in January 1915. A dedicated athletic field was built around 1920 and the schools first gymnasium opened in 1925, Football also debuted as a sport in 1920, followed by wrestling, mens tennis, mens gymnastics, and mens swimming. From 1932–1951, Kent State competed as a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference before joining the Mid-American Conference in 1951, the schools first permanent football stadium and a new basketball gym opened in 1950. S. Additional womens sports, including swimming, field hockey, basketball, the most recent changes occurred in the late 1990s when womens golf and womens soccer were added as varsity sports. Plans were announced in March 2016 to add a lacrosse program for the 2018–19 season. Both the mens and womens teams have been the most successful in MAC play having won the most conference titles in MAC history through 2015. The mens golf team has finished as high as 5th nationally in 2012 to go with 6th. Kent State also has had high national finishes from the indoor and outdoor track and field teams, womens gymnastics. Athletics at Kent State began shortly after the school was first organized in 1910, the schools first sporting event was a mens basketball game in 1913 against Kent High School and the following spring the baseball team was organized, known as the Normal Nine. The football team followed in 1920 and held their first game on October 30, around this same time, the teams became known as the Silver Foxes because then-president John Edward McGilvrey raised silver foxes on his farm east of campus. After McGilvreys controversial firing in 1926, the new administration held a contest to choose a different team name and Golden Flashes was chosen, the first use of Golden Flashes occurred in 1927 after it was approved by the student body and faculty athletic committee. The school colors are defined as Kent State blue and Kent State gold
9.
NCAA Division I
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
10.
Mid-American Conference
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Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan, with single members located in Illinois, Indiana, and New York. For football, the MAC participates in the NCAAs Football Bowl Subdivision, the MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and has two members in the nearby Akron area. The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of former players in the National Football League. The conference also ranks highest among all eleven NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates, Wayne University left after the first year. Miami University and Western Michigan University took the place of those charter members for the 1948 season, the MAC added the University of Toledo, Kent State University, and Bowling Green State University. The University of Cincinnati resigned its membership February 18,1953, the membership was steady for the next two decades except for the addition of Marshall University in 1954 and the departure of Western Reserve in 1955. Marshall was expelled from the conference in 1969 due to NCAA violations, NIU left after the 1985–86 season. The University of Akron joined the conference in 1992, the conference became the largest in Division I-A with the re-admittance of Marshall and NIU and addition of the State University of New York at Buffalos Bulls in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The University of Central Florida joined for football only in 2002, Marshall and Central Florida would leave after the 2004–05 academic year, both joining Conference USA in all sports. In May 2005, the Temple Owls in Philadelphia signed a contract with the MAC as a football-only school. The Missouri State Bears, Evansville Purple Aces, and Southern Illinois Salukis participate in the MAC for mens swimming and diving, in 2012, the West Virginia Mountaineers joined the Florida Atlantic Owls and Hartwick College Hawks as mens soccer affiliates. Missouri, Northern Iowa, and Old Dominion are wrestling affiliates, the Missouri State Bears are also an affiliate for field hockey. The UMass Minutemen joined the MAC as a member in July 2012. Meanwhile, Temple ended its affiliation with the MAC in football, the Chicago State Cougars were an affiliate for mens tennis until joining the Western Athletic Conference, which sponsors that sport, in July 2013. There are twelve schools with membership, Ten schools have MAC affiliate membership status. On July 1,2012, Temple joined the Big East Conference for football only, on September 19,2012, the MAC announced Missouri, Northern Iowa and Old Dominion would join as wrestling affiliates, as the Southeastern and Missouri Valley Conferences do not sponsor wrestling. Missouri and Northern Iowa participated only in the tournament in the 2012–13 school year. Old Dominion did not begin MAC competition until 2013–14, when it left the Colonial Athletic Association for Conference USA, the 2014–15 school year saw one affiliate member leave for another conference and two new affiliates join
11.
Northeast Ohio
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Northeast Ohio refers to the northeastern region of the U. S. state of Ohio. Northeast Ohio also includes most of the area known historically as the Connecticut Western Reserve, in 2011, the Intelligent Community Forum ranked Northeast Ohio as a global Smart 21 Communities list. It has the highest concentration of Hungarian Americans in the United States, the state of Ohio defines Northeast Ohio as an 18-county region. The Cleveland–Akron–Canton media market covers much of this area, including all of Northeast Ohio except for the Youngstown/Warren region and it is the 19th largest in the United States as of 2017, according to Nielsen Media Research. Northeast Ohio and the Cleveland CSA are also part of the larger Great Lakes Megalopolis, quicken Loans Arena is also home to two additional professional franchises, the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League. The Monsters are the top minor league affiliate of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League, there are a number of other professional sports teams in the region that play in various minor leagues. Additionally, there is an independent baseball team, the Lake Erie Crushers of the Frontier League, the Youngstown Phantoms are a junior ice hockey team in the United States Hockey League that has home games at Covelli Centre. Motorsports venues in the region include Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington and Summit Motorsports Park in Norwalk, a major NHRA venue. The region is home to a number of NCAA athletic programs, including four in Division I, the Akron Zips, Cleveland State Vikings, Kent State Golden Flashes, and Youngstown State Penguins. Both Akron and Kent State are members of the Cleveland-based Mid-American Conference, while Cleveland State, six schools compete at the NCAA Division II level, the Lake Erie College Storm, Ursuline Arrows, Malone Pioneers, Ashland Eagles, Notre Dame Falcons, and Walsh Cavaliers. One school, the Mount Vernon Nazarene Cougars, competes in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, the Cleveland Metroparks are a system of nature preserves that encircle the city, and the Cuyahoga Valley National Park encompasses the Cuyahoga River valley between Cleveland and Akron. The region is home to Mentor Headlands Beach, the longest natural beach on the Great Lakes, definition of abbreviations, FAA - The location identifier assigned by the Federal Aviation Administration. IATA - The airport code assigned by the International Air Transport Association and those that do not match the FAA code are shown in bold. ICAO - The location indicator assigned by the International Civil Aviation Organization, - The number of enplanements that occurred at the airport in calendar year 2009, as per FAA records. In the 1950s, AT&T assigned most of Northeast Ohio area code 216, the western half of the region, including Ashland and Richland counties, and parts of Huron, Wayne and Erie counties, was assigned area code 419. In 1996, area code 216 was reduced in size to cover the half of its prior area. Area code 330 was introduced for the half of Northeast Ohio, including Summit, Portage, Medina, Stark, Columbiana and Mahoning counties. In 1997, area code 216 was further split as the need for phone numbers grew
12.
Kent State University at Geauga
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Kent State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region, the university was established in 1910 as a teacher-training school. The first classes were held in 1912 at various locations and in buildings in Kent. As of September 2016, Kent State is one of the largest universities in Ohio with an enrollment of 40,782 students in the system and 30,167 students at the main campus in Kent. It is ranked by the Carnegie Foundation as one of the top 77 public research universities in the US, in 2010, Kent State was ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. U. S. News & World Reports 2017 rankings put Kent State as tied for #188 for National Universities, Kent State had a Fall 2015 acceptance rate of 85%. Kent State University was established in 1910 as an institution for training school teachers. It was part of the Lowry Bill which also created a school in Bowling Green. As such, it is the public university in Ohio named for an individual. The first president was John Edward McGilvrey, who served from 1912 to 1926, McGilvrey had an ambitious vision for the school as a large university, instructing architect George F. Hammond, who designed the original campus buildings, to produce a master plan. Classes began in 1912 before any buildings had been completed at the campus in Kent and these classes were held at extension centers in 25 cities around the region. By May 1913, classes were being held on the campus in Kent with the opening of Merrill Hall, the school graduated 34 students in its first commencement on July 29,1914. In 1915, the school was renamed Kent State Normal College due to the addition of four-year degrees, by then additional buildings had been added or were under construction. Kent States enrollment growth was particularly notable during its summer terms, in 1924, the schools registration for summer classes was the largest of any teacher-training school in the United States. In 1929, the state of Ohio changed the name to Kent State College as it allowed the school to establish a college of arts, mcGilvreys vision for Kent was not shared by many others outside the school, particularly at the state level and at other state schools. His efforts to have the funding formula changed created opposition, particularly from Ohio State University. This resulted in a 1923 credit war where Ohio State refused Kent transfer credits and it was this development – along with several other factors – which led to the firing of McGilvrey in January 1926. From 1944 to 1963, the University was led by President George Bowman, during his tenure, the student senate, faculty senate and graduate council were organized
13.
Kent State University at East Liverpool
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Kent State University at East Liverpool, also known as Kent State East Liverpool and Kent State East Liverpool Campus, is a public university located in East Liverpool, Ohio. Administered with Kent State University at Salem as part of Kent State University Columbiana County, Kent State East Liverpool offers bachelors, the campus consists of two buildings in downtown East Liverpool, the Main Building and the Mary Patterson Building. Together, the East Liverpool and Salem campuses serve more than 3,500 students, tuition is less than $5,300 annually for in-state, lower division classes. Out-of-state tuition for residents in select counties in West Virginia and Pennsylvania was reduced in the spring of 2010. Residents must reside in either Brooke, Hancock, or Ohio counties in West Virginia, or, Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, Lawrence, Kent State University Columbiana County Campuses
14.
Kent State University at Stark
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Kent State University at Stark, often referred to as Kent State University Stark and Kent State Stark, is a public liberal arts university and the largest regional campus of Kent State University. Kent State Stark promotes environmental and social responsibility and was recognized on the Presidents Service Learning Honor Roll for 2006,2007,2008 and 2009, ninety percent of graduates in 2008 took the Graduation Pledge to consider the environmental and social consequences of any job they consider. Kent State Stark is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is a member of AASCU. Kent State University at Stark is sometimes confused with the Stark State College of Technology which leases space from, the campus is located on 200 acres in Jackson Township and North Canton, Ohio, an area with a population over 380,000. Over 200 high school students take advantage of programs each semester. Over 500 students graduate from Kent State University at Stark annually, a Fall Commencement was added in December 2008 to accommodate student growth. Kent State Stark offers baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, Masters Degrees Part-time Masters of Business Administration M. A. and M. Ed. Associate Degrees Associate of Arts Associate of Science Associate of Arts in Justice Studies Kent State Stark faculty are committed to student success, ninety percent of full-time faculty hold a Ph. D. or an equivalent terminal degree in their field. Every student is taught by one of the 293 qualified faculty and Kent State Stark does not use graduate assistants, faculty have earned doctorates from twenty U. S. states and ten foreign universities. All instructors hold at least a degree in their teaching field. Small class sizes are designated in the strategic plan as a campus value. Classes average only eighteen students per section and 85% of undergraduate classes have fewer than thirty students, part of the University System of Ohio, Kent State University at Stark has a local advisory board representing business, industry, education, arts and elected officials. Board members are elected for renewable terms and confirmed by the Kent Board of Trustees. To accommodate the surge of students utilizing the new G. I. Bill, in 1946 Kent State created the Canton Division, known as Kent State University Canton, KSUC grew rapidly, with a student newspaper, a small student union in a nearby house, a band, chorus and radio station. Kent State Canton closed in Spring 1950 when Ohio cut funding, community members campaigned to establish a municipal university, but a levy to finance that plan failed in February 1950. Kent State continued to provide programs, mostly in business. The demand for teachers in the 1950s inspired the Cadet program
15.
Kent State University at Tuscarawas
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Kent State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region, the university was established in 1910 as a teacher-training school. The first classes were held in 1912 at various locations and in buildings in Kent. As of September 2016, Kent State is one of the largest universities in Ohio with an enrollment of 40,782 students in the system and 30,167 students at the main campus in Kent. It is ranked by the Carnegie Foundation as one of the top 77 public research universities in the US, in 2010, Kent State was ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. U. S. News & World Reports 2017 rankings put Kent State as tied for #188 for National Universities, Kent State had a Fall 2015 acceptance rate of 85%. Kent State University was established in 1910 as an institution for training school teachers. It was part of the Lowry Bill which also created a school in Bowling Green. As such, it is the public university in Ohio named for an individual. The first president was John Edward McGilvrey, who served from 1912 to 1926, McGilvrey had an ambitious vision for the school as a large university, instructing architect George F. Hammond, who designed the original campus buildings, to produce a master plan. Classes began in 1912 before any buildings had been completed at the campus in Kent and these classes were held at extension centers in 25 cities around the region. By May 1913, classes were being held on the campus in Kent with the opening of Merrill Hall, the school graduated 34 students in its first commencement on July 29,1914. In 1915, the school was renamed Kent State Normal College due to the addition of four-year degrees, by then additional buildings had been added or were under construction. Kent States enrollment growth was particularly notable during its summer terms, in 1924, the schools registration for summer classes was the largest of any teacher-training school in the United States. In 1929, the state of Ohio changed the name to Kent State College as it allowed the school to establish a college of arts, mcGilvreys vision for Kent was not shared by many others outside the school, particularly at the state level and at other state schools. His efforts to have the funding formula changed created opposition, particularly from Ohio State University. This resulted in a 1923 credit war where Ohio State refused Kent transfer credits and it was this development – along with several other factors – which led to the firing of McGilvrey in January 1926. From 1944 to 1963, the University was led by President George Bowman, during his tenure, the student senate, faculty senate and graduate council were organized
16.
Kent State University at Salem
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Kent State Salem is administered with Kent State University at East Liverpool as Kent State Universitys Columbiana County Campuses. As of September 2011, enrollment at Kent State Salem is 2,023 with total enrollment for the Columbiana Campuses at over 3,500, Kent State Salem occupies two buildings, the City Center and the Main Building. The City Center is located in downtown Salem on the site of Salem High School, while the Main Building is located on the 98 acres campus in Salem Township. In August 2011, the Health and Sciences wing was completed, the wing consists of additional centralized classrooms, labs, lecture hall and centralized faculty offices for nursing and radiology. Like other Kent State regional campuses, students at Kent State Salem can begin coursework for any of the undergraduate majors available at Kent State, combined with Kent State East Liverpool, more than 20 degrees are offered, including 12 bachelors degrees. Tuition is also lower than at the campus in Kent for in-state. Out-of-state tuition for residents in select counties in West Virginia and Pennsylvania was reduced in the spring of 2010. Residents must reside in either Brooke, Hancock or Ohio counties in West Virginia, or, Allegheny, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Erie, as of September 2011, enrollment at Kent State Salem is 2,023. Kent State Salem was established in 1962 as an outreach program housed at Salem High School, in 1966 it was relocated to an office building on South Broadway Street before it was moved to the permanent campus site in 1971. Kent State University Kent State University at Salem
17.
Kent State University at Trumbull
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Kent State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Kent, Ohio, United States. The university also includes seven regional campuses in Northeast Ohio and additional facilities in the region, the university was established in 1910 as a teacher-training school. The first classes were held in 1912 at various locations and in buildings in Kent. As of September 2016, Kent State is one of the largest universities in Ohio with an enrollment of 40,782 students in the system and 30,167 students at the main campus in Kent. It is ranked by the Carnegie Foundation as one of the top 77 public research universities in the US, in 2010, Kent State was ranked as one of the top 200 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. U. S. News & World Reports 2017 rankings put Kent State as tied for #188 for National Universities, Kent State had a Fall 2015 acceptance rate of 85%. Kent State University was established in 1910 as an institution for training school teachers. It was part of the Lowry Bill which also created a school in Bowling Green. As such, it is the public university in Ohio named for an individual. The first president was John Edward McGilvrey, who served from 1912 to 1926, McGilvrey had an ambitious vision for the school as a large university, instructing architect George F. Hammond, who designed the original campus buildings, to produce a master plan. Classes began in 1912 before any buildings had been completed at the campus in Kent and these classes were held at extension centers in 25 cities around the region. By May 1913, classes were being held on the campus in Kent with the opening of Merrill Hall, the school graduated 34 students in its first commencement on July 29,1914. In 1915, the school was renamed Kent State Normal College due to the addition of four-year degrees, by then additional buildings had been added or were under construction. Kent States enrollment growth was particularly notable during its summer terms, in 1924, the schools registration for summer classes was the largest of any teacher-training school in the United States. In 1929, the state of Ohio changed the name to Kent State College as it allowed the school to establish a college of arts, mcGilvreys vision for Kent was not shared by many others outside the school, particularly at the state level and at other state schools. His efforts to have the funding formula changed created opposition, particularly from Ohio State University. This resulted in a 1923 credit war where Ohio State refused Kent transfer credits and it was this development – along with several other factors – which led to the firing of McGilvrey in January 1926. From 1944 to 1963, the University was led by President George Bowman, during his tenure, the student senate, faculty senate and graduate council were organized
18.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
19.
Independence, Ohio
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Independence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 7,133, Independence was originally Center, and under the latter name was laid out in 1830. Independence is located at 41°22′55″N 81°38′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.64 square miles, of which 9.54 square miles is land and 0.10 square miles is water. Independence is also the intersection of I-480 and I-77, the I-77/I-480 interchange or the cloverleaf interchange as Clevelanders call it, is the biggest interchange in Ohio. The cloverleaf opened in 1940, but construction of the Willow Freeway, in the late 1970s I-480 connected into I-77. This interchange is similar to interchanges in Los Angeles, the original 1939 cloverleaf is still in existence on Granger and Brecksville Roads. This is still in use today, but not by as many cars because of I-77, as of the census of 2010, there were 7,133 people,2,770 households, and 2,054 families residing in the city. The population density was 747.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 2,868 housing units at an average density of 300.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 6% White,0. 4% African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 9% Asian,0. 2% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 1% of the population. 23. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05. The median age in the city was 47 years. 22. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,17. 9% were from 25 to 44,33. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 19. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 5% male and 51. 5% female, of the citys population over the age of 25,36. 0% held a bachelors degree or higher. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,109 people,2,673 households, the population density was 741.6 people per square mile. There were 2,726 housing units at a density of 284.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 58% White,0. 58% African American,1. 29% Asian,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 21. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,23. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 5% from 45 to 64
20.
Twinsburg, Ohio
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Twinsburg is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States about halfway between Akron and Cleveland. The population was 18,795 at the 2010 census, in 2013 and 2015 Twinsburg was named one of the top 50 best place to live in the United States by CNN Money Magazine. Twinsburg is located at 41°19′27″N 81°27′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.80 square miles, of which 13.77 square miles is land and 0.03 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 18,795 people,7,507 households, the population density was 1,364.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,898 housing units at a density of 573.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 78. 5% White,13. 4% African American,0. 1% Native American,5. 7% Asian,0. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 2% of the population. 27. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 25. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,5. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,24. 8% were from 25 to 44,29. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46. 8% male and 53. 2% female, of the citys population over the age of 25,44. 1% holds a bachelors degree or higher. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,006 people,6,641 households, the population density was 1,366.7 people per square mile. There were 6,871 housing units at a density of 552.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 93% White,8. 73% African American,0. 11% Native American,2. 95% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 31% from other races, and 0. 96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 03% of the population,24. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.08. In the city the population was out with 26. 7% under the age of 18,5. 1% from 18 to 24,35. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $61,638, and the median income for a family was $72,634
21.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
22.
Florence
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Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time. It is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has called the Athens of the Middle Ages. A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, from 1865 to 1871 the city was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy. The Historic Centre of Florence attracts 13 million tourists each year and it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, Renaissance art and architecture, the city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics. Due to Florences artistic and architectural heritage, it has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world, in 2008, the city had the 17th highest average income in Italy. Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a period as a flourishing trading and banking medieval commune. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe, the language spoken in the city during the 14th century was, and still is, accepted as the Italian language. Starting from the late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the gold florin—financed the development of all over Europe, from Britain to Bruges, to Lyon. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the Hundred Years War and they similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their provisional capital of Avignon and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome. Florence was home to the Medici, one of European historys most important noble families, Lorenzo de Medici was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were popes in the early 16th century, Leo X, catherine de Medici married king Henry II of France and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. Marie de Medici married Henry IV of France and gave birth to the future king Louis XIII, the Medici reigned as Grand Dukes of Tuscany, starting with Cosimo I de Medici in 1569 and ending with the death of Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The Etruscans initially formed in 200 BC the small settlement of Fiesole and it was built in the style of an army camp with the main streets, the cardo and the decumanus, intersecting at the present Piazza della Repubblica. Situated along the Via Cassia, the route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the Arno, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre. Peace returned under Lombard rule in the 6th century, Florence was conquered by Charlemagne in 774 and became part of the Duchy of Tuscany, with Lucca as capital. The population began to again and commerce prospered
23.
Ohio State Normal College at Kent
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The Ohio State Normal College at Kent is a historic district in Kent, Ohio, United States. It consists of the five buildings on the main campus of Kent State University, with the first, Merrill Hall, opening in 1913. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the name of the district comes from the working name of what would later be named the Kent State Normal School in 1911 and ultimately Kent State University by 1935. On May 19,1910, Ohio Governor Judson Harmon signed into law the Lowry bill to establish two schools in northern Ohio, one in the northwest and one in the northeast. A five-member search commission was formed to examine the bids from each community interested in hosting the schools, after eliminating several communities in two rounds of applications and presentations, the commission arrived in Kent September 27 and examined two sites in Kent including the 52. 89-acre William S. Kent farm at the corner of East Main and South Lincoln, the commission returned for a surprise visit November 11 to again examine the Kent farm with final hearings November 19. News officially reached Kent November 25 via a telegram to William S, Kent from the Normal Schools Commission. Governor Judson Harmon announced that Kent had been selected as the site of the school for northeast Ohio on December 1. It was initially known as the Ohio State Normal College at Kent until July 17,1911 when the school was named by the new Board of Trustees. They agreed to name the school after William S, Kent as the Kent State Normal School making it the only public university in Ohio named for an individual. It was at the time the Board hired John Edward McGilvrey as the schools first president. Construction formally began June 18,1912 with a cornerstone ceremony on the site of Merrill Hall. The ceremony included a parade and procession to the site as well as speeches by President McGilvrey, the cornerstone was laid by Frank Merrill, who included a time capsule which included several historic photographs and other historic documents related to the establishment of the school. Merrill Hall was completed first in time to host the first classes on the campus May 19,1913,47 students attended that first session with 20 faculty members. Merrill Hall would serve as the home to all including the Teacher Training School, the library. Lowry Hall would also open in 1913 as the first dormitory and it was first referred to as Walden Hall because of its similar setting to Henry David Thoreaus Walden Pond before being named for John Hamilton Lowry in 1915. By 1915 the Administration Building was opened along with Science Hall, the Administration Building also housed the library, an auditorium, and a makeshift gymnasium which would play host to Kent States early basketball games. In addition to housing the science classes, Kent Hall also became the home of the University School until 1927, the final building of the original plan was Moulton Hall, an additional dormitory for women, which opened in 1917
24.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
25.
Kent State shootings
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The Kent State shootings was the shooting of unarmed college students protesting the Vietnam War at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, by members of the Ohio National Guard on May 4,1970. Twenty-nine guardsmen fired approximately 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, some of the students who were shot had been protesting the Cambodian Campaign, which President Richard Nixon announced during a television address on April 30. Other students who were shot had been walking nearby or observing the protest from a distance, Richard Nixon was elected president of the United States in 1968, promising to end the Vietnam War. In November 1969, the My Lai Massacre by American troops of between 347 and 504 civilians in a Vietnamese village was exposed, leading to increased opposition in the United States to the war. The nature of the draft also changed in December 1969, with the first draft lottery since World War II and this eliminated deferments allowed in the prior draft process, affecting many college students and teachers. The war had appeared to be winding down in 1969, so the new invasion of Cambodia angered those who believed it only exacerbated the conflict. Across the U. S. campuses erupted in protests in what Time called a student strike. President Nixon announced that the Cambodian Incursion had been launched by United States combat forces, at Kent State University, a demonstration with about 500 students was held on May 1 on the Commons. As the crowd dispersed to attend classes by 1 p. m. another rally was planned for May 4 to continue the protest of the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, There was widespread anger, and many protesters issued a call to bring the war home. A group of history students buried a copy of the United States Constitution to symbolize that Nixon had killed it, trouble exploded in town around midnight, when people left a bar and began throwing beer bottles at police cars and breaking downtown storefronts. In the process they broke a window, setting off an alarm. The news spread quickly and it resulted in several bars closing early to avoid trouble, before long, more people had joined the vandalism. By the time arrived, a crowd of 120 had already gathered. Some people from the crowd lit a bonfire in the street. The crowd appeared to be a mix of bikers, students, a few members of the crowd began to throw beer bottles at the police, and then started yelling obscenities at them. The entire Kent police force was called to duty as well as officers from the county, Kent Mayor LeRoy Satrom declared a state of emergency, called the office of Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes to seek assistance, and ordered all of the bars closed. The decision to close the bars early increased the size of the angry crowd, police eventually succeeded in using tear gas to disperse the crowd from downtown, forcing them to move several blocks back to the campus. City officials and downtown businesses received threats, and rumors proliferated that radical revolutionaries were in Kent to destroy the city and university, Mayor Satrom met with Kent city officials and a representative of the Ohio Army National Guard
26.
Times Higher Education
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Times Higher Education, formerly the Times Higher Education Supplement, is a weekly magazine based in London, reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education. It is the United Kingdoms leading publication in its field, from its first issue, in 1971, until 2008 the Times Higher Education Supplement was published in newspaper format and was born out of, and affiliated with, The Times newspaper. On 10 January 2008, it was relaunched as a magazine and it is published by TES Global, which until October 2005 was a division of Rupert Murdochs News International. The magazine is edited by John Gill, phil Baty is the editor at large, and is responsible for international coverage. He is also the editor of the magazines World University Rankings, the magazine features a fictional satirical column written by Laurie Taylor, the Poppletonian, which reflects on life at the fictional Poppleton University. In 2011 Times Higher Education was awarded the titles of Weekly Business Magazine of the Year, Times Higher Education became known for publishing the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which first appeared in November 2004. On 30 October 2009 Times Higher Education broke with QS, then its partner in compiling the Rankings, the magazine developed a new methodology in consultation with its readers and its editorial board. Thomson Reuters collects and analyses the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the results have been published annually since autumn 2010. QS, which collected and analysed the data from 2004-2009. The magazine runs two sets of awards annually, the first is the Times Higher Education Awards. The 2011 awards took place on 24 November at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane, seventeen universities were given awards in different categories, with the University of Sheffield being University of the Year. Tessa Blackstone was given the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award, the University of Strathclyde was named as the University of the Year at the 2012 awards which took place on 29 November 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane. University of Strathclyde Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir Jim McDonald received the award at the ceremony, the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards were launched in 2009. The Thelmas were set up to recognise the impact that administrative staff have on the success of education institutions
27.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
28.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
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Master's degree
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A masters degree normally requires previous study at the bachelors level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course. The original meaning of the degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank of master in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities. This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendi, initially, the Bachelor of Arts was awarded for the study of the trivium and the Master of Arts for the study of the quadrivium. The nineteenth century saw an expansion in the variety of masters degrees offered. By 1861 this had been adopted throughout Scotland as well as by Cambridge and Durham in England, when the Philadelphia College of Surgeons was established in 1870, it too conferred the Master of Surgery, the same as that in Europe. In the United States, the first masters degrees were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation, at Harvard the 1700 regulations required that candidates for the masters degree had to pass a public examination, but by 1835 this was awarded Oxbridge-style 3 years after the BA. In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid nineteenth century, in Scotland all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter. Probably the most important masters degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science, at the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in 1858, in course, first awarded in 1859, and on examination, first awarded in 1862. The in course MS was last awarded in 1876, in Britain, however, the degree took a while longer to arrive. The same two degrees, again omitting the masters, were awarded at Edinburgh, despite the MA being the undergraduate degree for Arts in Scotland. In 1862, a Royal Commission suggested that Durham should award masters degrees in theology and science and this scheme would appear to have then been quietly dropped, with Oxford going on to award BAs and MAs in science. The Master of Science degree was introduced in Britain in 1878 at Durham. At the Victoria University both the MA and MSc followed the lead of Durhams MA in requiring an examination for those with an ordinary bachelors degree. The Bologna declaration in 1999 started the Bologna Process, leading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area, as the process continued, descriptors were introduced for all three levels in 2004, and ECTS credit guidelines were developed. This led to questions as to the status of the masters degrees. In 1903, the London Daily News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs the most stupendous of academic frauds, in 1900, Dartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science, first awarded in 1902. This was the first masters degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA, the idea quickly crossed the Atlantic, with Manchester establishing a Faculty of Commerce, awarding Bachelor and Master of Commerce degrees, in 1903. Over the first half of the century the masters degrees for honours graduates vanished as honours degrees became the standard undergraduate qualification in the UK
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Doctoral degree
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There are a variety of doctoral degrees, with the most common being the Doctor of Philosophy, which is awarded in many different fields, ranging from the humanities to the scientific disciplines. The term doctor derives from the Latin docere meaning to teach, the doctorate appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach Latin at a university. Its roots can be traced to the church in which the term doctor referred to the Apostles, church fathers. The right to grant a licentia docendi was originally reserved to the Catholic church, the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 guaranteed the access—at that time largely free of charge—of all able applicants. This right remained a bone of contention between the authorities and universities that were slowly distancing themselves from the Church. The right was granted by the pope to the University of Paris in 1213 where it became a universal license to teach, according to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The so-called professional, vocational, or technical curriculum of the Middle Ages included only theology, law, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany in the 17th century. The term philosophy does not refer solely to the field or academic discipline of philosophy, but is used in a sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning. In most of Europe, all fields were traditionally known as philosophy, the doctorate of philosophy adheres to this historic convention, even though the degrees are not always for the study of philosophy. D. University doctoral training was a form of apprenticeship to a guild, the traditional term of study before new teachers were admitted to the guild of Masters of Arts was seven years, matching the apprenticeship term for other occupations. Originally the terms master and doctor were synonymous, but over time the doctorate came to be regarded as a higher qualification than the masters degree, University degrees, including doctorates, were originally restricted to men. The use and meaning of the doctorate has changed over time, for instance, until the early 20th century few academic staff or professors in English-speaking universities held doctorates, except for very senior scholars and those in holy orders. After that time the German practice of requiring lecturers to have completed a research doctorate spread, universities shift to research-oriented education increased the doctorates importance. Today, a doctorate or its equivalent is generally a prerequisite for an academic career. Professional doctorates developed in the United States from the 19th century onward, the first professional doctorate to be offered in the United States was the M. D. The MD became the standard first degree in medicine during the 19th century, the MD, as the standard qualifying degree in medicine, gave that profession the ability to set and raise standards for entry into professional practice. The modern research degree, in the shape of the German-style Ph. D. was first awarded in the U. S. in 1861, in the UK, research doctorates initially took the form of higher doctorates, introduced from 1882 onwards. The PhD spread to the UK from the US via Canada, following the MD, the next professional doctorate, the Juris Doctor, was established by Chicago University in 1902
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Library science
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Rather than classifying information based on nature-oriented elements, as was previously done in his Bavarian library, Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order. The first American school for science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in 1887. It is an aspect of the field of librarianship. Historically, library science has also included archival science, LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library and information science can also be seen as an integration of the two fields of science and information science, which were separate at one point. Library philosophy has been contrasted with science as the study of the aims. The earliest text on library operations, Advice on Establishing a Library was published in 1627 by French librarian, Naudé wrote prolifically, producing works on many subjects including politics, religion, history, and the supernatural. He put into all the ideas put forth in Advice when given the opportunity to build. Martin Schrettinger wrote the textbook on the subject from 1808 to 1829. The Jefferson collection provided the start of what became the Library of Congress, the term library economy was common in the U. S. until 1942, with the library science predominant through much of the 20th century. Later, the term was used in the title of S. R. Ranganathans The Five Laws of Library Science, published in 1931, and in the title of Lee Pierce Butlers 1933 book, An introduction to library science. S. R. Ranganathan conceived the five laws of science and the development of the first major analytico-synthetic classification system. In India, he is considered to be the father of science, documentation. He was one of the first faculty at the University of Chicago Graduate Library School and this research agenda went against the more procedure-based approach of library economy, which was mostly confined to practical problems in the administration of libraries. While Ranganathans approach was philosophical it was tied more to the day-to-day business of running a library. A reworking of Ranganathans laws was published in 1995 which removes the constant references to books, in more recent years, with the growth of digital technology, the field has been greatly influenced by information science concepts. This university was the first in Asia to begin teaching library science, the Punjab Library Primer was the first textbook on library science published in English anywhere in the world. The first textbook in the United States was the Manual of Library Economy and this report had a significant impact on library science training and education
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Liquid Crystal Institute
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The Glenn H. Brown Liquid Crystal Institute at Kent State University is a center of study for liquid crystal technology and education, blending basic and applied research on liquid crystals. This approach has resulted in technological advances and new applications such as tablets, optical shutters, variable transmission windows, projection display devices. Established in 1965, the institute is now directed by Dr. Hiroshi Yokoyama and is housed at KSUs Liquid Crystal and Materials Sciences building, completed in 1996. The LCI is home to the Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, which offers masters and Ph. D. studies in the physics and chemistry of liquid crystals, the program is open to incoming students with degrees in physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science. There have been five directors of the Liquid Crystal Institute, Glenn H. Brown Dr. Glenn H. Brown founded the Liquid Crystal Institute in 1965. In 1986 the Kent State University Board of Trustees honored him by naming the institute after him, west Oleg D. Lavrentovich Hiroshi Yokoyama Kent State University LCI Home
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Lowry bill
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It was named after its main sponsor, John Hamilton Lowry, a representative from northwest Ohios Henry County. It was approved and signed into law by Ohio Governor Judson Harmon on May 19,1910, following its approval, the Commission on Normal School Sites was established and search committees were formed to determine the sites of the two schools with nearly forty communitites applying. On November 25,1910, the Commission announced that the villages of Kent in the northeast and these schools would eventually evolve into what are today Kent State University and Bowling Green State University. Lowry Hall, one of the oldest buildings at Kent State University, was named for John Hamilton Lowry, all three schools were located in the southern half of the state while the majority of the growth, population, and need for teachers were in northern Ohio. The Lowry bill was the first successful action to establish teacher training schools in northern Ohio after several failed attempts
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Bowling Green, Ohio
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Bowling Green is a city in and the county seat of Wood County, Ohio, United States. The population was 30,028 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Toledo Metropolitan Area and a member of the Toledo Metropolitan Area Council of Governments. Bowling Green is the home of Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green was first settled in 1832, was incorporated as a town in 1855, and became a city in 1901. The village was named after Bowling Green, Kentucky by a postal worker who had once delivered mail there. With the discovery of oil in the late 19th and early 20th century, the wealth can still be seen in the downtown storefronts, and along Wooster Street, where many of the oldest and largest homes were built. A new county courthouse was constructed in the 1890s. This period was followed by an expansion of the automobile industry, in late 1922 or early 1923, Coats Steam Car moved to the area, but eventually went out of business. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.61 square miles. Bowling Green is within an area of land that was once the Great Black Swamp which was drained and settled in the 19th century, the nutrient-rich soil makes for highly productive farm land. Bowling Green, Ohio is in the North Western hemisphere at approximately 41. 376132°N, as of the census of 2010, there were 30,028 people,11,288 households, and 4,675 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,390.8 inhabitants per square mile, there were 12,301 housing units at an average density of 979.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 87. 6% White,6. 4% African American,0. 2% Native American,2. 1% Asian,1. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 8% of the population. 35. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age in the city was 23.2 years. 12. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,43. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 5% were from 25 to 44,15. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 8. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 0% male and 52. 0% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 29,636 people,10,266 households, and 4,434 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,919.0 people per square mile, there were 10,667 housing units at an average density of 1,050.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 84% White,2. 82% African American,0. 21% Native American,1. 83% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 81% from other races, and 1. 46% from two or more races
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Bowling Green State University
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Bowling Green State University is a large, primarily residential, public research university located in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. The 1, 338-acre main academic and residential campus is located 15 miles south of Toledo, over the universitys history, it developed from a small rural normal school into a comprehensive public university. As of 2012 Bowling Green offered over 200 undergraduate programs, as well as masters and its academic programs have been nationally ranked by Forbes magazine, U. S. News & World Report, and Washington Monthly. The 2011 Carnegie Foundation classified BGSU as having high research activity, Research projects in the areas of psychology, sociology, education and human development, energy and sustainability are among the most prominent. BGSU had a residential student population of 6,500 students. The university also maintains a campus, known as BGSU Firelands, in Huron. Although the majority of students attend classes on BGSUs main campus, about 2,500 students attend classes at Firelands, about 85% of Bowling Greens students are from Ohio. The university hosts a student life program, with over 300 student organizations. The campus is home to events including the Dance Marathon, Winterfest. During the period, people of northwestern Ohio campaigned for a school in their region to better quality education. Bowling Green offered four possible sites and became one of four finalists including Fremont, Napoleon, despite the town being the home of John Lowry, Napoleon was ruled out because the commission found it had numerous saloons. Fremont was eliminated due to the specific stipulations imposed by the President Rutherford B. Hayes Memorial Commission. Bowling Green was chosen on November 10,1910 over Van Wert in a 3–2 vote by the commission, at the same time, the commission chose Kent for a school in Northeastern Ohio. Over the years 1911 and 1912, the Board of Trustees was appointed by the Governor, a campus plan was created and $150,000 was appropriated to develop the campus and construct the first buildings. The school opened on September 15,1914 as Bowling Green State Normal School in two locations at the Bowling Green Armory and at a branch school in Toledo for the 1914–1915 academic year. It initially enrolled 304 students from Ohio, Michigan, and New York who were taught by 21 faculty members, the school graduated its first class in 1915, consisting of 35 certified teachers. University Hall and Williams Hall opened that year, the schools first two permanent buildings, two years later the first baccalaureate degrees for teacher education were awarded. On March 28,1920 a tornado, part of the 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak, the tornado touched down near Bowling Green and strengthened as it moved into Ottawa County where it killed two people in Genoa
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Ohio State Normal College At Kent
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The Ohio State Normal College at Kent is a historic district in Kent, Ohio, United States. It consists of the five buildings on the main campus of Kent State University, with the first, Merrill Hall, opening in 1913. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the name of the district comes from the working name of what would later be named the Kent State Normal School in 1911 and ultimately Kent State University by 1935. On May 19,1910, Ohio Governor Judson Harmon signed into law the Lowry bill to establish two schools in northern Ohio, one in the northwest and one in the northeast. A five-member search commission was formed to examine the bids from each community interested in hosting the schools, after eliminating several communities in two rounds of applications and presentations, the commission arrived in Kent September 27 and examined two sites in Kent including the 52. 89-acre William S. Kent farm at the corner of East Main and South Lincoln, the commission returned for a surprise visit November 11 to again examine the Kent farm with final hearings November 19. News officially reached Kent November 25 via a telegram to William S, Kent from the Normal Schools Commission. Governor Judson Harmon announced that Kent had been selected as the site of the school for northeast Ohio on December 1. It was initially known as the Ohio State Normal College at Kent until July 17,1911 when the school was named by the new Board of Trustees. They agreed to name the school after William S, Kent as the Kent State Normal School making it the only public university in Ohio named for an individual. It was at the time the Board hired John Edward McGilvrey as the schools first president. Construction formally began June 18,1912 with a cornerstone ceremony on the site of Merrill Hall. The ceremony included a parade and procession to the site as well as speeches by President McGilvrey, the cornerstone was laid by Frank Merrill, who included a time capsule which included several historic photographs and other historic documents related to the establishment of the school. Merrill Hall was completed first in time to host the first classes on the campus May 19,1913,47 students attended that first session with 20 faculty members. Merrill Hall would serve as the home to all including the Teacher Training School, the library. Lowry Hall would also open in 1913 as the first dormitory and it was first referred to as Walden Hall because of its similar setting to Henry David Thoreaus Walden Pond before being named for John Hamilton Lowry in 1915. By 1915 the Administration Building was opened along with Science Hall, the Administration Building also housed the library, an auditorium, and a makeshift gymnasium which would play host to Kent States early basketball games. In addition to housing the science classes, Kent Hall also became the home of the University School until 1927, the final building of the original plan was Moulton Hall, an additional dormitory for women, which opened in 1917
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Marvin Kent
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Marvin Kent was born in Ravenna, Ohio, and was heavily involved in the business dealings of his father Zenas Kent from a very young age. During the 1860s he was instrumental in establishing the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, the village was named after him shortly thereafter in 1864. Kent also served as a president and as an Ohio state senator from the Republican party. He died in Kent, Ohio, in 1908, Kents father Zenas had several business ventures during the 1830s-1850s in Franklin Mills and briefly operated a tannery with John Brown. He also had land holdings and built a four-story commercial block in what is now downtown Kent in 1837 that was said to have been the tallest building in Ohio at the time. He eventually would relocate to Franklin Mills in 1851, marvin Kents son William Stewart Kent played a key role in the establishment of Kent State University in 1910 by donating the land for the original campus
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George F. Hammond
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His work is mostly Neoclassical architecture, including in the Beaux Arts Architecture style, and includes an example of Egyptian Revival architecture in the basement foyer of the Hollenden Hotel. Hammond was born in the Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts to George and he painted before becoming a professional architect and attended the Massachusetts Normal Art School. He studied with William R. Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in 1876, Hammond worked as a draftsman in the office of William G. Preston and in the office of William Ware in Boston. He began independent work in 1878 and became part of the Koehler & Hammond firm for a year and he moved to Cleveland in 1886. He was active in Cleveland until 1926, Hammond lived at 1863 Caldwell Road in Cleveland Heights. He designed hospitals, schools, factories, and power buildings in Chicago, Kansas City, New Orleans, Toronto, Hammonds home in Cleveland Heights is a fine Colonial Revival residence. Hammond designed several homes, especially in the Clifton Park area of Lakewood and published A Treatise on Hospital. Liberty E. Holden commissioned Hammond to design the 8-story Hollenden Hotel in Cleveland and it was said to have been outfitted handsomely with massive redwood and mahogany fittings, exclusively designed furniture, a crystal dining room that politicians used as a meeting place. It boasted electric lights,100 private baths, and fireproof construction Much of the design work was overseen by Hammond. The hotel was said to have had the longest bar in town, and to have been a place for precinct workers. Five presidents, McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson and Harding, with the decline of downtown Cleveland it became unprofitable in the 1980s and closed permanently in 1989. John W. Galbreath built a 32-story office building on the site, Hammond wrote an article in Concrete-cement Age, An Unusual Work in Concrete and Stone, about his application of Egyptian architecture in his design work at the Hammend Hotel in Cleveland. He also wrote foreword praising Skeleton construction in buildings and he planned a $6,000 residence for C. L. Lane at 54 Front Street in Berea, Ohio Hammond married Annie Borland Barstow in 1883 and after her death in 1886 married Annie E. Butcher of Toronto in 1897 and they divorced in 1922 and Hammonds third wife was Dorothy Weirick, whom he divorced in 1931. Hammond retired in 1926 and died in Falls Village, Connecticut in 1938, although his obituary says Pittsfield, Hollenden Hotel at the corner of Superior and East 6th He also authored Architectural Competitions for Public Buildings noted in Engineering magazine for subscription. Stark County Courthouse, a building in the Beaux Arts Classicism architecture style, industrial Building 2336-2344 of Canal Road in Cleveland McKinley High School,800 North Market Street a classical revival school building in Cleveland
