1.
Jomo Kenyatta
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Jomo Kenyatta was a Kenyan politician who governed the Republic of Kenya as Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as President from 1964 to 1978. He was the first person to hold that latter post and he led the Kenya African National Union party. Kenyatta was born to Kikuyu parents in Kiambu, then part of British East Africa, in youth he worked as a carpenter, and later became politically engaged through the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929 he travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu tribal land affairs, in 1933-34 he studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow before returning to London and studying at University College London and the London School of Economics. He remained in England during the Second World War, working as a farm labourer, in 1946 he returned to East Africa and became a teacher. In 1947 he was elected President of the Kenya African Union, in 1952, he was among the Kapenguria Six arrested and charged with involvement in the Mau Mau Uprising against the British. He then led the KANU delegation at the negotiations which secured Kenyas independence, in the 1963 general election, Kenyatta led KANU to victory. As Prime Minister, he supported the government in transforming Kenya into a republic, centralising power in his party, he prohibited KANUs only rival, Kenya Peoples Union, from competing in elections, Kenya thus became a de facto one-party state. His regime faced border conflicts with Somalia and a mutiny in Nairobi. His economic policies were conservative and capitalist, and he espoused a pro-Western, following Kenyattas death, he was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi. Kenyatta is considered the father of the Kenyan nation. Kenyatta was an intellectual who authored several books, and is remembered as a Pan-Africanist. He was criticised as authoritarian and for overseeing a growth in corruption, many places have been named after him. He is also the father of Kenyas fourth and current President, Jomo Kenyatta was born in Kiambu to parents Muigai wa Kungu and Wambui in the village of Gatundu, in British East Africa, a member of the Kikuyu. His date of birth, sometime in the early to mid-1890s, was even to him. However, at least one biography gives his date of birth as 20 October 1891, a date so precise as to likely be apocryphal. His father died while Kamau was very young, after which, as was the custom, he was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who also inherited his mother, to become Kamau wa Ngengi. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ngenda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather Kũngũ wa Magana, to whom he became very close
2.
Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
3.
Central bank
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A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a states currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries, Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference. Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists, prior to the 17th century most money was commodity money, typically gold or silver. However, promises to pay were widely circulated and accepted as value at least five hundred years earlier in both Europe and Asia. The Song dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, in 1455, in an effort to control inflation, the succeeding Ming Dynasty ended the use of paper money and closed much of Chinese trade. The Bank of Amsterdam, established in the Dutch Republic in 1609, is considered to be the forerunner to modern central banks. The Wisselbanks innovations helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of the banking system that now plays a vital role in the worlds economy. Along with a number of local banks, it performed many functions of a central banking system. Lucien Gillard calls it the European guilder, and Adam Smith devotes many pages to explaining how the bank guilder works, the model of the Wisselbank as a state bank was adapted throughout Europe, including the Bank of Sweden and the Bank of England. Established by Dutch-Latvian Johan Palmstruch in 1668, Sveriges Riksbank is often considered by many as the worlds oldest central bank, the lenders would give the government cash and also issue notes against the government bonds, which could be lent again. A Royal Charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694, the bank was given exclusive possession of the governments balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue banknotes. The £1. 2M was raised in 12 days, half of this was used to rebuild the Navy and these modern central banking functions evolved slowly through the 18th and 19th centuries. The currency crisis of 1797, caused by panicked depositors withdrawing from the Bank led to the government suspending convertibility of notes into specie payment. The bank was accused by the bullionists of causing the exchange rate to fall from over issuing banknotes. Nevertheless, it was clear that the Bank was being treated as an organ of the state, henry Thornton, a merchant banker and monetary theorist has been described as the father of the modern central bank. An opponent of the real bills doctrine, he was a defender of the bullionist position, thorntons process of monetary expansion anticipated the theories of Knut Wicksell regarding the cumulative process which restates the Quantity Theory in a theoretically coherent form. Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, many consider the origins of the central bank to lie with the passage of the Bank Charter Act of 1844. Under this law, authorisation to issue new banknotes was restricted to the Bank of England, at the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt
4.
Mwai Kibaki
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Mwai Kibaki, C. G. H. is a Kenyan politician who was the third President of Kenya, serving from December 2002 until April 2013. Kibaki was previously Vice-President of Kenya for ten years from 1978 to 1988 under President Daniel arap Moi. He also held ministerial positions in the Kenyatta and Moi governments, including time as minister for Finance under Kenyatta. Kibaki served as an opposition Member of Parliament from 1992 to 2002 and he unsuccessfully stood as a presidential candidate in 1992 and 1997. He served as the Leader of the Official Opposition in Parliament from 1998 to 2002, in the 2002 presidential election, he was elected as President of Kenya. Kibaki was born in 1931 in Kikuyu village, Othaya division of Kenyas then Nyeri District and he is the youngest son of Kikuyu peasants Kibaki Gĩthĩnji and Teresia Wanjikũ. Though baptised as Emilio Stanley by Italian missionaries in his youth, Kibaki turned out to be an exemplary student. He attended Gatuyainĩ School for the first two years, where he completed what was then called Sub A and sub B and he later joined Karima mission school for the three more classes of primary school. After Karima Primary and Nyeri Boarding primary schools, he proceeded to Mangu High School where he studied between 1947 and 1950 and he passed with a maximum of six points in his O level examination by passing six subjects with Grade 1 Distinction. Influenced by the veterans of the First and Second World Wars in his native village, however, a ruling by the Chief colonial secretary, Walter Coutts, which barred the recruitment of the Kikuyu, Embu and Meru communities into the army, put paid to his military aspirations. After his graduation, Kibaki took up an appointment as Assistant Sales Manager Shell Company of East Africa, during the same year, he earned a scholarship entitling him to postgraduate studies in any British University. He consequently enrolled at the prestigious London School of Economics for a B. Sc. in public finance and he went back to Makerere in 1958 where he taught as an Assistant Lecturer in the economics department until 1961. In 1961, Kibaki married Lucy Muthoni, the daughter of a church minister, Kibaki then helped to draft Kenyas independence constitution. In 1963, Kibaki was elected as Member of Parliament for Doonholm Constituency in Nairobi and his election was the start of a long political career. In 1963 Kibaki was appointed the Permanent Secretary for the Treasury, appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and chairman of the Economic Planning Commission in 1963, he was promoted to Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1966. In 1969, he became Minister of Finance and Economic Planning where he served until 1982, in 1974, Kibaki, facing serious competition for his Doonholm Constituency seat from a Mrs. The same year Time magazine rated him among the top 100 people in the world who had the potential to lead and he has been re-elected Member of Parliament for Othaya in the subsequent elections of 1979,1983,1988,1992,1997,2002 and 2007. When Kibaki was the minister of Finance Kenya enjoyed a period of prosperity, fuelled by a commodities boom, especially coffee, with remarkable fiscal discipline
5.
De La Rue
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De La Rue plc is a banknote manufacturer, security printing of passports and tax stamps, brand authentication and papermaking company with headquarters in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England. It also has a factory on the Team Valley Trading Estate, Gateshead, there are overseas offices in Kenya, Sri Lanka and Malta. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange, the company was founded by Thomas de la Rue, who moved to London in 1821 and set up in business as a stationer and printer. Working as a boy of the streets, in 1831 he secured his business a Royal Warrant to produce playing cards, in 1855 it started printing postage stamps and in 1860 it began printing banknotes. In 1896, the partnership was converted to a private company. In 1921, the de la Rue family sold their interests and it was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1947. The company, then called Thomas De La Rue & Company, a takeover bid for De La Rue was made by the Rank Organisation plc in 1968 but this was rejected by the Monopolies commission as being against the public interest. In 1991 the company’s name was changed again – this time to De La Rue plc, in 1995, the company acquired Portals Limited from the Portal family. For almost 300 years Portals had been regarded as the banknote paper manufacturer in the world. In 1997, De La Rue acquired Harrison and Sons, the stamp, in 2003, the company acquired the Debden-based banknote printing operations of the Bank of England. In 2003 and 2004 the company supplied banknotes to Iraq, the company was recognized by Hermann Simon as a role model for other small- to medium-sized businesses in his book Hidden Champions. The Highest Perfection, a history of De La Rue was published in 2011, written by Peter Pugh for De La Rue, it covered the years 1712-2003. In August 2014, the announced the appointment of Martin Sutherland as Chief Executive Officer. In 2016, the Cash Handling division was sold to Privet Capital, in September 2016 The Bank of England issued the new UK five pound note, the first UK note to be printed on polymer. In December 2016 the company announced it will acquire the DuPont Authentication division, De La Rue sells high-security paper and printing technology for over 150 national currencies. Thomas de la Rues designs for playing cards are the basis for the standard design. The playing card business was sold to John Waddington in 1969, the company has also printed postage stamps for the United Kingdom and some of its colonies, for Italy and for the Confederate States of America. Some famous stamps such as the Cape of Good Hope triangulars were printed by De La Rue & Co. after Perkins Bacon fell out of favour with the authorities of the time
6.
Economy of Kenya
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Kenyas economy is market-based with a few state-owned infrastructure enterprises and maintains a liberalised external trade system. The country is perceived as Eastern and central Africas hub for Financial. Major industries include, agriculture, forestry and fishing, mining and minerals, industrial manufacturing, energy, tourism, as of 2015 estimates, Kenya had a GDP of $69.977 billion making it the 72nd largest economy in the world. Per capita GDP was estimated at $1,587, the government of Kenya is generally investment friendly and has enacted several regulatory reforms to simplify both foreign and local investment, including the creation of an export processing zone. The export processing zone is expected to grow rapidly through input of foreign direct investment, an increasingly significant portion of Kenyas foreign inflows are remittances by non-resident Kenyans who work in the US, Middle East, Europe and Asia. Compared to its neighbours, Kenya has well-developed social and physical infrastructure, as of March 2014, economic prospects were positive with above 5% GDP growth expected, largely because of expansions in telecommunications, transport, construction and a recovery in agriculture. These improvements are supported by a pool of English-speaking professional workers. There is a level of computer literacy, especially among the youth. In 2017, Kenya ranked 92nd in the World Bank ease of doing business rating from 113rd in 2016, Gross domestic product grew at an annual average of 6. 6% from 1963 to 1973 and 7. 2% during the 1970s. Agricultural production grew by 4. 7% annually during the period, stimulated by redistributing estates, diffusing new crop strains. Between 1974 and 1990, however, Kenyas economic performance declined, with GDP growth averaging 4. 2% per year in the 1980s and 2. 2% a year in the 1990s. Kenyas inward-looking policy of import substitution and rising oil prices made Kenyas manufacturing sector uncompetitive, the government began a massive intrusion in the private sector. Lack of export incentives, tight controls, and foreign exchange controls made the domestic environment for investment even less attractive. From 1991 to 1993, Kenya had its worst economic performance since independence, Growth in GDP stagnated, and agricultural production shrank at an annual rate of 3. 9%. Inflation reached a record 100% in August 1993, and the budget deficit was over 10% of GDP. As a result of these problems, bilateral and multilateral donors suspended program aid to Kenya in 1991. Throughout these first three decades of independence, Kenyas parastatals, partly from a lack of expertise and endemic corruption, prominent Asian-Kenyan businesspeople include Manu Chandaria and Madatally Manji. In 1993, the Government of Kenya began a program of economic reform
7.
Kenyan shilling
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The shilling is the currency of Kenya. It is divisible into 100 cents, the Central Bank of Kenya shifted its target to tighten liquidity, including increasing interest rate and money market operations. But expected inflows due to tea export drove up the rate to about 84 shillings per US dollar on 31 January 2012. The Kenyan shilling replaced the East African shilling in 1966 at par. The first coins were issued in 1966 in denominations of 5,10,25 and 50 cents, in 1973 and 1985, 5-shillings coins were introduced, followed by 10-shillings in 1994 and 20-shillings in 1998. Between 1967 and 1978, the portrait of Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya, in 1980, a portrait of Daniel arap Moi replaced Kenyatta until 2005, when the central bank introduced a new coin series that restored the portrait of Kenyatta. The coins are 50 cents and 1 shilling in stainless steel, a bi-metallic 40-shilling coin with the portrait of then-President Mwai Kibaki was issued in 2003 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of independence. New coins with the image of Kenyatta were issued in 2005, new banknotes and coins are scheduled to be released to meet up with this new law. On 14 September 1966, the Kenyan shilling replaced the East African shilling at par, the Central Bank of Kenya issued notes in denominations of 5,10,20,50 and 100 shillings. All of the feature a portrait of Kenyas first prime minister and president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, on the front. 5 shillings notes were replaced by coins in 1985, with the same happening to 10 and 20 shillings in 1994 and 1998, in 1986,200 shillings notes were introduced, followed by 500 shillings in 1988 and 1000 shillings in 1994. As with the coins, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta appeared on the banknotes issued until 1978, with Daniel arap Mois portrait replacing him in 1980. In 2003, after Mwai Kibaki replaced Moi as president,5,10, and 20 shilling notes from the 1978 series with Kenyattas picture that had been in storage were issued, and circulated for a time. A new series of notes was introduced on which Kenyatta reappeared with denominations of 50,100,200,500 and 1000 shillings. The issue of 12 December 2003 commemorates the 40 years of Independence 1963–2003, the banknotes are printed in Nairobi by De La Rue. In 2013, the Kenyan design agency Ark proposed a new symbol for the currency, arithmetically, the equality sign is a function that shows balanced relationships between items of the same value - a relationship that forms the basis of money as a medium of exchange. This equivalence certifies the stability of the Shilling, the proposed symbol was shared online and created a lot of interest within the general public and critics alike. It gained quite a lot of feedback with the Kenyan public praising the idea of finally having and owning their own signature symbol for the local currency
8.
Agriculture in Kenya
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Agriculture in Kenya dominates Kenyas economy. 15–17 percent of Kenyas total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed, in 2006, almost 75 percent of working Kenyans made their living by farming, compared with 80 percent in 1980. About one-half of Kenyas total agricultural output is non-marketed subsistence production, Agriculture is also the largest contributor to Kenya’s gross domestic product. In 2005, agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for about 24 percent of the GDP, as well as 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports. Farming is the most important economic sector in Kenya, although less than 8 percent of the land is used for crop and feed production, and less than 20 percent is suitable for cultivation. Kenya is a producer of tea and coffee, as well as the third-leading exporter of fresh produce, such as cabbages, onions. Small farms grow most of the corn and also produce potatoes, bananas, beans, the most common varieties that Kenyan sweet potato farmers grow are white, red and purple. The yellow-fleshed sweet potatos popularity has increased, due to promoting it as a source of vitamin A. The vitamin A deficiency is not fatal, but it leaves the immune system depleted and susceptible to measles, malaria, the deficiency also may cause blindness. Despite efforts to develop completely resistant plants, little has been achieved so far, where farmers piecemeal their sweet potato harvest, there can be up to a 10 percent crop loss due to disease and weevils. Beetle pests can completely destroy sweet potato plantations, Kenya is the worlds 3rd largest exporter of cut flowers. Roughly half of Kenyas 127 flower farms are concentrated around Lake Naivasha,90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi, to speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables. The Kenya Flower Council says that the industry directly employs 90,000. Kenyan flowers make up 30 to 35% of flowers auctioned in Europe, Kenyas roses, carnations and summer flowers are also popular in Russia and the U. S. Planting rice between two sweet potato crops have long been suggested, when sweet potatoes and rice crops were planted in fields adjacent to each other, the sweet potato weevil infestation level dropped. Reduced weevil damage was observed when sweet potato was intercropped with proso millet and sesame, the sweet potato has been found to inhibit germination of proso millet. This crop rotation and growing pattern is common in Africa. Weed control requires many hours of manual labour, uncontrolled weed growth reduces crop yield by as much as 60 percent
9.
East African shilling
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The East African shilling was the currency issued for use in British controlled areas in East Africa from 1921 until 1969. It was produced by the East African Currency Board and it is also the proposed name for a common currency that the East African Community plans to introduce. In the United Kingdom, the pound sterling used to be divided into twenty shillings, in British East Africa, however, even though twenty shillings were equal in value to one pound sterling, the shilling was always taken to be the primary unit of account. This state of affairs was unique amongst all the parts of the British Empire that used the sterling currency. This anomalous state of affairs arose because the first currency used by the British colonial authorities in British East Africa was the rupee and not the sterling. The East African shilling was introduced to Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda in 1921, the short-lived florin had been introduced because of increasing silver prices after World War I. At that time, the Indian rupee was the currency of the British East African states, the rupee, being a silver coin, rose in value against sterling. When it reached the value of two shillings, the decided to replace it with the florin. From the florin thence came the East African shilling, the currency remained pegged to one shilling sterling and was subdivided into 100 cents. In 1936, Zanzibar joined the board, and the Zanzibari rupee was replaced at a rate of 1.5 East African shillings to 1 Zanzibari rupee. It was replaced by local currencies following the territories independence, in 1951, the East African shilling replaced the Indian rupee in the Aden colony and protectorate, which became the South Arabian Federation in 1963. In 1965, the East African Currency Board was breaking up, the shilling was also used in parts of what is now Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea when they were under British control. Before 1941, these areas, then known as Italian East Africa were using the Italian East African lira, in 1941, as a result of World War II, Britain regained control and introduced the shilling, at a rate of 1 shilling to 24 lira. Italian Somaliland was returned to Italy in 1949 as a UN Trusteeship and soon switched to the Italian Somaliland somalo, British Somaliland gained independence in 1960, and joined what had been Italian Somaliland to create Somalia. In that year Somalia began using the Somali shilling at par with the East African shilling, the East African shilling ceased to be legal tender in Somalia during 1961. Ethiopia regained independence in 1941, with British support and began using the East African shilling, maria Theresa thalers, Indian rupees, and Egyptian pounds were also legal tender at the beginning of this time, and it is unclear exactly when this status ended. Full sovereignty was restored in late 1944, and the Ethiopian birr was reintroduced in 1945 at a rate of 1 birr =2 shillings, Eritrea was captured from the Italians in 1941, and began using the East African shilling, as well as the Egyptian pound. The lira was demonetized in 1942, when Eritrea formed a federation with Ethiopia in 1952, the birr, which was already in use in Ethiopia, was adopted in Eritrea
10.
Bi-metallic coin
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Bi-metallic coins are coins consisting of two metals or alloys, generally arranged with an outer ring around a contrasting center.00 coin and all Mexican coins of $1 or higher denomination. The silver-center cent pattern produced by the United States in 1792 is another example, though not legal tender, Moores tokens were circulated widely and accepted at face value by many merchants. Despite their popularity, the Royal Mint rejected the proposal, in recent times, the first circulating bi-metallic coin was the Italian 500 lire, first issued in 1982. India introduced 10 rupee bi-metallic coins in 2009 that are dated 2006, since 1996, Canada has also produced bi-metallic $2 coins, Great Britain has issued a bi-metallic 2 pounds coin since 1997 and Singapore has issued a bi-metallic 1 dollar coin since 2013. The first ever tri-metallic circulating coins were 20 franc coins introduced in France and these were similar to the corresponding bi-metallic 10 franc coins, but had two rings instead of one. As well as circulating coins, where they are restricted to high denomination coins, bi-metallic coins are often used in commemorative issues. For example, the only coin of the United States is the $10 Library of Congress commemorative. They are used primarily as a way of securing against coin counterfeiting, the manufacturing process is similar to that of ordinary coins, except that two blanks are struck at the same time, deforming the separate blanks sufficiently to hold them together. Worldwide Bi-Metallic Collectors Club - website World bimetallic coin news - WBCN - website, new issues, catalog, country index and reference prices
11.
World Intellectual Property Organization
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The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations. WIPO was created in 1967 to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of property throughout the world. WIPO currently has 189 member states, administers 26 international treaties, the current Director-General of WIPO is Francis Gurry, who took office on October 1,2008. 186 of the UN Members as well as the Cook Islands, Holy See, non-members are the states of Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, Palau, Solomon Islands, South Sudan and East Timor. WIPO was formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, under Article 3 of this Convention, WIPO seeks to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. WIPO became an agency of the UN in 1974. Unlike other branches of the United Nations, WIPO has significant financial resources independent of the contributions from its Member States and this proposal was well supported by developing countries. A number of civil society bodies have been working on a draft Access to Knowledge treaty which they would like to see introduced. In December 2011, WIPO published its first World Intellectual Property Report on the Changing Face of Innovation, WIPO is also a co-publisher of the Global Innovation Index. WIPO has established WIPOnet, an information network. The project seeks to link over 300 intellectual property offices in all WIPO Member States, in addition to providing a means of secure communication among all connected parties, WIPOnet is the foundation for WIPOs intellectual property services. The Economics and Statistics Division is responsible for collecting statistics on IP activity worldwide, in addition, the Division carries out economic analysis on how IP and innovation policy choices affect economic performance
12.
History of Kenya
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A part of Eastern Africa, the territory of what is now Kenya has seen human habitation since the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic. The Bantu expansion from a West African centre of dispersal reached the area by the 1st millennium AD, with the borders of the modern state at the crossroads of the Bantu, Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic ethno-linguistic areas of Africa, Kenya is a truly multi-ethnic state. The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, the British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony. The independent Republic of Kenya was formed in 1964 and it was ruled as a de facto one-party state by the Kenya African National Union, it was an alliance led by Jomo Kenyatta during 1963 to 1978. Kenyatta was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi, who ruled until 2002, Moi came under pressure, notably by US ambassador Smith Hempstone, to restore a multi-party system, which he did by 1991. Moi won elections in 1992 and 1997, which were overshadowed by political killings on both sides, during the 1990s, evidence of Mois involvement in human rights abuses and corruption was uncovered. He was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 election, which was won by Mwai Kibaki, widely reported electoral fraud on Kibakis side in the 2007 elections resulted in the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis. After that Kenya was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta in the 2013 elections, subsequently many species of early hominid have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by Martin Pickford in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old Orrorin tugenensis and it is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1995 Meave Leakey named a new species of hominid Australopithecus anamensis following a series of discoveries near Lake Turkana in 1965,1987 and 1994. In 20113.2 million year old stone tools were discovered at Lake Turkana - these are the oldest stone tools found anywhere in the world and pre-date the emergence of Homo. The oldest Acheulean tools ever discovered anywhere in the world are from West Turkana, the first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were hunter-gatherer groups, akin to the modern Khoisan speakers. For the most part, these communities were assimilated into various food producing societies that began moving into Kenya from the 3rd millennium BC and they kept domestic stock, most likely sheep and goats, and possibly also had a knowledge of agriculture. By 1000 BC and even earlier, the Southern Cushities had spread into central Kenya, in present times the descendants of the Southern Cushitic speakers are located in north central Tanzania near Lake Eyasi. Their past distribution, as determined by the presence of loanwords in other languages, encompasses the distribution of the Highland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture. The arrival of the Southern Nilotes in Kenya occurred shortly before the introduction of iron to East Africa, the past distribution of the Southern Nilotic speakers, as inferred from place names, loan words and oral traditions includes the known distribution of Elmenteitan sites. The Bantu expansion is thought to have reached western Kenya around 1000 BC, later migrations through Tanzania led to settlement on the Kenyan coast where these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Kenya is an interesting country that is located in East Africa Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD
Kenya
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