1.
Government of Kerala
–
The Government of Kerala headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the head of state. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram and is seated at the Kerala Government Secretariat or the Hajur Kutcheri. The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1,1956 after merging of State of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district of the Madras state as part of States Reorganisation Act,1956, the Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, the Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment, P Sathasivam is the present governor. The Governor enjoys many different types of powers, Executive powers related to administration, appointments, Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature. Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the Governor, the legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same, all members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one nominated by the governor from the Anglo-Indian Community. The elected members one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is elected by the members. The conduct of meeting in the house is the responsibility of the Speaker, the main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be approved by the governor before it becomes applicable. The normal term of the assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the High Court of Kerala is the apex court for the state, it also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. It is a court of record and has all the powers of such a court including the authority to punish an individual for contempt of court. Like all other High Courts of India, this court also consists of a Chief Justice, at present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice H. L. Dattu and two additional judges
Government of Kerala
–
The state assembly building in
Trivandrum.
Government of Kerala
–
Government of Kerala
Government of Kerala
–
High Court of Kerala at
Ernakulam
Government of Kerala
–
The
Government Secretariat Complex in
Thiruvananthapuram, which houses offices of ministers and secretaries
2.
Public Transport
–
Public transport modes include city buses, trolleybuses, trams and passenger trains, rapid transit and ferries. Public transport between cities is dominated by airlines, coaches, and intercity rail, high-speed rail networks are being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transport runs to a timetable, with the most frequent services running to a headway. Share taxis offer services in many parts of the world. Paratransit is sometimes used in areas of low demand and for people who need a door-to-door service, there are distinct differences in urban public transit between Asia, North America, and Europe. In Asia, mass transit operations are run by profit-driven privately owned and publicly traded mass transit. In North America, mass transit operations are run by municipal transit authorities. In Europe, mass transit operations are run by both state-owned and private companies. Public transport services can be profit-driven by use of pay-by-the-distance fares or funded by government subsidies in which flat rate fares are charged to each passenger. Services can be profitable through high ridership numbers and high farebox recovery ratios, or can be regulated. Fully subsidized, zero-fare services operate in some towns and cities, for geographical, historical and economic reasons, there are differences internationally regarding use and extent of public transport. It has 3,400 members from 92 countries, conveyances designed for public hire are as old as the first ferries, and the earliest public transport was water transport, on land people walked or rode an animal. Ferries appear in Greek mythology—corpses in ancient Greece were buried with a coin underneath their tongue to pay the ferryman Charon to take them to Hades, the omnibus was introduced to London in July 1829. The first passenger railway opened in 1806, it ran between Swansea and Mumbles in southwest Wales in the United Kingdom. In 1825 George Stephenson built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in northeast England, the usability of different types of public transport, and its overall appeal, can be measured by seven criteria, although they overlap somewhat. These are speed, comfort, safety, cost, proximity, speed is calculated from total journey time including transfers. Proximity means how far passengers have to walk or otherwise travel before they can begin the public transport leg of their journey, timeliness is how long they have to wait for the vehicle. Directness records how far a journey using public transport deviates from the shortest route, an airline provides scheduled service with aircraft between airports
Public Transport
–
New York City Subway, the world's largest
rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of
stations
Public Transport
–
The
Moscow Metro is one of the
busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.
Public Transport
–
A hybrid-engine fully accessible
Toronto Transit Commission transit bus in Toronto
Public Transport
–
Early trolley car in
Newton, Massachusetts
3.
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the Evergreen city of India, Thiruvananthapuram was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The city was ruled by the Ays and was captured by the rulers of Venad in tenth century A. D, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and made Thiruvananthapuram the capital in 1745. It remained as a state ruled by Travancore under the loose governance of the British before joining the Indian Union in 1948. With nearly 80% of the software exports, Thiruvananthapuram is a major IT hub with the Technopark. Indias first and only magic academy, Magic Academy Research Centre run by Merlin award-winning magician Gopinath Muthukad is situated in Thiruvananthapuram, the city is home to animation companies like Toonz India Ltd and Tata Elxsi Ltd. The Kinfra Film and Video Park is one of the most advanced film and it is consistently ranked among the best cities to live in Kerala as well as India. The city was referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, when the government decided to reinstate the citys original name Thiruvananthapuram. Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient region with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BCE, the city was a trading post for spices, sandalwood and ivory. The early rulers of the city were the Ays and after their fall in the 10th century, in 1729, Marthanda Varma founded the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor and Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital in 1745 after shifting the capital from Padmanabhapuram in Tamil Nadu. In the mid-19th century, the city was under the reign of Swathi Thirunal, an observatory was established in 1837 with the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College established in 1873. Several colleges were established by Moolam Thirunal, sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904, was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state. After Indian Independence in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union, in 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Travancore-Cochin, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with the Kingdom of Cochin. The king of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma, became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956, when the state of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital. The city has a population of 752,490 according to the 2011 census, the sex ratio is 1,032 females for every 1,000 males. In October 2010, the number of wards was increased from 86 to 100 post expansion of city limits by adding Sreekaryam, Vattiyoorkavu, Kudappanakunnu, hindus comprise 68. 5% of the population, Christians about 16. 7% and Muslims form 13. 7%. The major languages spoken are Malayalam and English, in Palayam in the city centre, there is a mosque, a temple and a Christian church next to each other as neighbours, establishing the communal harmony of Keralites
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Clockwise from top right:
Kovalam Beach,
Napier Museum,
Trivandrum Central,
Kowdiar Palace,
Niyamasabha Mandiram,
Infosys Building,
The Sculpture of Jalakanyaka Mermaid
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Seal
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Painting by
Raja Ravi Varma depicting
Richard Temple-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos being greeted by
Visakham Thirunal, with
Ayilyam Thirunal of Travancore looking on, during Buckingham's visit to Thiruvananthapuram,
Travancore in early 1880.
Thiruvananthapuram
–
Kowdiar Palace built in 1915 was the official residence of the
Travancore Royal Family.
4.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
Kerala
–
A houseboat near
Alappuzha, Kerala
Kerala
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Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding
Varuna (the
Hindu God of water) to part the seas and reveal Kerala.
Kerala
–
A
dolmen erected by Neolithic people in
Marayur
Kerala
–
Silk Road map. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).
5.
Tamil Nadu
–
Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
Tamil Nadu
–
Location of Tamil Nadu (marked in red) in
India
Tamil Nadu
–
Sage
Agastya father of Tamil literature,
Sangam period
Tamil Nadu
–
Megalithic Sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu.
6.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
Karnataka
–
Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at
Pattadakal, Karnataka, built successively by the kings of the
Chalukya Empire and
Rashtrakuta Empire is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Karnataka
–
Map of Karnataka
Karnataka
–
Hoysala Empire sculptural articulation in
Belur.
Karnataka
–
Shilabalika sculpture at the Chennakeshva Temple in Belur
7.
King of Travancore
–
Maharaja of Travancore was the principal title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Travancore in India. After British India became independent as two dominions in 1947, Chithira Thirunal agreed to accede his state to the new Dominion of India. On December 28,1971, Chithira Thirunal lost his privy purse, since then the head of the Travancore royal family is the pretender to the abolished title. The titular Maharaja fulfills his duties as Maharaja of Travancore in rituals related to the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, so the titles were not abolished by the Government, only their political powers and right to receive Privy Purse were cancelled
King of Travancore
–
Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma I (
Dharma Raja)
King of Travancore
–
Anizham Thirunal
Marthanda Varma I
King of Travancore
–
Ayilyom Thirunal
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi
King of Travancore
–
Uthrittathi Thirunal
Gowri Parvati Bayi
8.
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
–
He reigned under the regency of his maternal aunt, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, until he came of age and was invested with full ruling powers on November 6,1931. The period of Sree Chithira Thirunals reign witnessed many-sided progress and he enacted the now famous Temple Entry Proclamation in 1936, established the University of Travancore in 1937. The Women Studies Journal Samyukta reports that, 40% of the Travancores revenue was set apart for education, historians like A. Sreedhara Menon credit him for the industrialization of Travancore as well. P. Ramaswamy Iyer, would represent the aspects of Sree Chithira Thirunals reign. Upon Indias independence from the British on 15 August 1947, Sree Chithira Thirunal initially chose to keep his domain an independent country, as this was unacceptable to the Govt. Of India, several rounds of negotiations were held between the Maharaja and the Indian representatives, finally an agreement was reached in 1949 and Sree Chithira Thirunal agreed to merge Travancore officially as a part of the Union of India. In 1949, Travancore was united with Cochin, and Sree Chithira Thirunal served as the first, Sree Chithira Thirunal was an Hon. Major General with the British Indian Army and the Colonel-in-Chief and the Supreme Commander of the Travancore Military and of the Travancore-Cochin State Forces, for the period 1924–56. Colonel in the Indian Army since 1949, as the Travancore Military was integrated by him into the former, as the 9th, after the Constitutional Amendment of 1971, he was stripped of his political powers and emoluments from the privy purse by the Indira Gandhi government. At the age of 78, after suffering a stroke, he fell into a coma for nine days, along with the Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology, many other charitable trusts were established using the funds, land and buildings provided by him. Sree Chithira Thirunal also sponsored the education of a young K. R. Narayanan who went on to become the 10th President of India. He was born on a Deepavali day on November 7,1912 and his siblings were Karthika Thirunal Lakshmi Bayi and Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma. Sree Chithira Thirunals mother, Sethu Parvathi Bayi, was related, by birth. In 1900, following the absence of heirs in the Travancore Royal Family, she had been adopted by her maternal great-aunt. His early education in Malayalam and Sanskrit was imparted by the eminent scholar of the time, Sri Attoor Krishna Pisharody, later he had his higher education under Captain G. T. B. At the age of 16, also began his training in State Craft and Administration, the head tutor of Sree Chithira Thirunal, Captain. Harvey, quoted in his report to the Travancore government that, His Highness is an intelligent and willing pupil and his Highness continued to make very satisfactory progress in his studies and that mental progress and expansion of personality have been marked and rapid. The establishment of a household, has resulted in much greater self-reliance, initiative
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
–
A portrait of the Maharaja
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
–
Amma Maharani Sethu Parvathi Bayi - Mother of Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
–
Maharaja Sree Chithira Thirunal after his investiture ceremony in 1931
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
–
The Maharajah with
V. P. Menon inaugurating the Travancore-Cochin Union
9.
London Passenger Transport Board
–
The London Passenger Transport Board was the organisation responsible for local public transport in London and its environs from 1933 to 1948. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the LPTB was set up by the London Passenger Transport Act 1933 enacted on 13 April 1933. The bill had been introduced by Herbert Morrison, who was Transport Minister in the Labour Government until 1931, because the legislation was a hybrid bill it had been possible to allow it to roll over into the new parliament under the incoming National Government. The new government, although dominated by Conservatives, decided to continue with the bill with no serious changes, on 1 July 1933 the LPTB came into being, covering the London Passenger Transport Area. The LPTB had a chairman and six other members, the first chairman and vice-chairman were Lord Ashfield and Frank Pick, who had held similar positions with the Underground Group. Members of the board had a term of office of three and seven years, and were eligible for reappointment. Ninety-two transport and ancillary undertakings, with a capital of approximately £120 million, central buses, trolleybuses, underground trains and trams were painted in Underground and London General red, coaches and country buses in green, with coaches branded Green Line. Already in use on most of the system, UNDERGROUND branding was extended to all lines. The name was said to have coined by Albert Stanley. The LPTB embarked on a £35 million capital investment programme that extended services and reconstructed many existing assets, during this period two icons of London Transport were first seen,1938 tube stock trains and the RT-type bus. Although curtailed and delayed by the outbreak of World War Two, however, the most profound change enacted by the Board through the new works was the transition from tram to trolleybus operation alluded to earlier. In 1933 the LPTB had operated 327 route miles of tramways and 18 route miles of trolleybuses, by 1948 these totals were 102 and 255 miles respectively. The LPTB continued to develop the identity, design and commercial advertising that had been put in place by the Underground Group. This included stations designed by Charles Holden, bus garages by architects such as Wallis, Gilbert & Partners, the posters and advertising issued by the LPTB were often of exemplary quality and are still much sought after. The LPTB was replaced in 1948 by the London Transport Executive under the Transport Act 1947 and it was effectively nationalised, but with considerable autonomy. The LPTB continued to exist as an entity until wound up on 23 December 1949. T C Barker and Michael Robbins, A History of London Transport, Volume two – the Twentieth Century to 1970, George Allen & Unwin Ltd,1974 The Railway Archive – London Passenger Transport Act,1933
London Passenger Transport Board
–
London Passenger Transport Area
10.
Kanyakumari (town)
–
Kanyakumari pronunciation, also known as Kanniyakumari, formerly known as Cape Comorin, is a town in Kanyakumari District in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The name comes from the Devi Kanya Kumari Temple in the region and it is the southernmost tip of peninsular India. Kanyakumari town is the tip of the Cardamom Hills, an extension of the Western Ghats range. The nearest town is Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanyakumari District,22 km away. Kanyakumari has been a town since Sangam period and is a popular tourist destination, ptolemys geography describes commercial relations between western India and Alexandria, the chief eastern emporium of the Roman Empire. He identified Kanyakumari along with the Gulf of Mannar as a center for pearl fishery and he also identifies Korkai, a place to the east of Kanyakumari, as an emporium of pearl trade. Kanyakumari District consists of those known locally as Nanjil Nadu. The names of the villages of the such as Azhagiapaandipuram, Bhoothapandy. Nanjilnadu was under the rule of Pandiyas till the early 10th century, the Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks were under the rule of the Chera Dynasty. Veera Kerala Varma, one such chieftain, styled himself as Nanjil Kuravan, the annexation commenced by Veera Kerala Varma was to a large extent continued by his successors and completed by AD1115. For about four centuries, the Venad was ruled by powerful kings who were making incursions into the Pandian territories. As a result, Vijayanagar kings proceeded against Venad, in 1609 Kanyakumari fell into the hands of Viswanatha Nayak of Madurai. Consequent on this, there was no threat to Nanjilnadu until 1634. During the regime of Ravi Varma and Marthanda Varma, Venad was disturbed by the internal strife, sanda Sahib of Arcot took advantage of this situation and attacked Nanjilnadu. After Marthanda Varma, Venad had weak rulers and as a result there was frequent interference by the British whose control was established over Venad. From 1947 to 1956, it was under the rule of Maharaja of Travancore. During the period between 1956–1961, the system has fallen in line with that of other districts in Tamil Nadu. Kanyakumari has been a centre for art and religion for centuries
Kanyakumari (town)
–
Kanyakumari
Kanyakumari (town)
–
Thiruvalluvar Statue at Night
Kanyakumari (town)
–
Gandhi Memorial Kanyakumari
Kanyakumari (town)
–
Thiruvalluvar Statue
11.
Palakkad
–
In earlier times, Palakkad was known as Palakkattussery. Palakkad is the seventh most populous town in Kerala and lies near the Palghat Gap, Malayalam is the generally spoken language in Palakkad. The commonly held belief is that the name Palakkad is a fusion of two Malayalam words, Pala, which was the name given for barren land during the Sangam period, and Kadu, which means forest. Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, Malayalam is the generally spoken language in Palakkad as it is the official language. The town is blessed with many small and medium rivers, which are tributaries of the Bharathapuzha River, of the number of dams in Palakkad district, the largest Malampuzha dam is 12 km from Palakkad town. Palakkad has a wet and dry climate. Temperatures remain moderate throughout the year, with exception in March, a very high amount of precipitation is received in Palakkad, mainly due to the South-West monsoon. July is the wettest month, and the annual rainfall is around 83 inches. The nearest international airport is Coimbatore International Airport, which is about 62 km from Palakkad, there has been a proposal for a mini domestic airport at East Yakkara with respect to setting up domestic airports for enhanced air connectivity by the civil aviation ministry of India. 60 acres has been identified for the project at East Yakkara Palakkad, there are two railway stations serving Palakkad - Palakkad Junction is a broad gauge railway junction and Palakkad Town railway station located in the heart of the Palakkad town. Close to Palakkad Junction is the office of Palakkad Railway Division, the cities of Coimbatore, Erode, Salem, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kozhikode and Ernakulam are connected by the broad gauge line. Train services to Pollachi, Dindigul and Madurai are through the broad gauge line through Palakkad Town station, Palakkad is well connected by roads. As per Census 2011, population of Palakkad in 2011 is 130,955, total literates in Palakkad city are 112,479 of which 56,065 are males while 56,414 are females. Average literacy rate of Palakkad city is 94.20 percent of male and female literacy was 96.83 and 91.73 percent. Hindus form 68% of the population with 89098 members, muslims constitute 27. 9% of the population with 36620 members. Christians constitute 3. 8% of the population with 5006 members, the metropolitan area of Palakkad includes Hemambikanagar, Marutharode, Palakkad municipality, Pirayiri, Pudussery Central, Pudussery West, and Puthuppariyaram. Its urban / metropolitan population is 293,566 of which 143,650 are males and 149,916 are females, the literacy rate of Palakkad Metropolitan Area is 92. 14%, much higher than the national average of 59. 5%. Malayalam is the most spoken language, Palakkad Fort – Fort dating from 1766, built by Hyder Ali of Mysore
Palakkad
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View from outside the northern wall of
Palakkad Fort
Palakkad
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Paddy fields in Palakkad
Palakkad
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verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015)
12.
Coimbatore
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Coimbatore, also known as Kovai, is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of the Noyyal River surrounded by the Western Ghats, it is the second largest city in the state after Chennai and it is the largest city in the Kongunadu region. It is administered by the Greater Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the capital of Coimbatore district. It is one of the fastest growing cities in India. It is often referred to as the Manchester of South India due to its cotton production, Coimbatore is also referred to as the Pump City and it supplies nearly half of Indias requirements of motors and pumps. Coimbatore was part of Kongu Nadu during the Sangam period between c, 1st and the 4th centuries CE and was ruled by the Cheras as it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore was located along the ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India, the medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai. In 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district, the city experienced a textile boom in the early 19th century due to the decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai. Post independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation, Coimbatore was ranked the best emerging city in India by India Today in the 2014,2015 &2016 annual Indian city survey. The city was ranked fourth among Indian cities in investment climate by Confederation of Indian Industry, Coimbatore has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Coimbatore was rated as the safest city in India for women according to National Crime Records Bureau report in 2015, there are multiple theories regarding the origin of the name Coimbatore. According to one theory, Coimbatore is a derivation of Kovanputhur, after chieftain Kovan or Koyan, evolved into Koyambatoor, koyamma, the goddess worshiped by Koyan evolved into Koniamma and later Kovaiamma. Another theory states that the name could have derived from Kovaiamma. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c, 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. The Kosar tribe mentioned in the second century CE Tamil epic Silappathikaram, the region was located along an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE, a Chola highway called Rajakesari Peruvazhi ran through the region
Coimbatore
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Clockwise from top: Avinashi Road,
Perur Pateeswarar Temple, Victoria Town Hall, Sungam flyover,
PSG College of Technology,
Ukkadam Periyakulam Lake
Coimbatore
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The Sugarcane Breeding Institute at Coimbatore, 1928
Coimbatore
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Western Ghats along the Coimbatore-Palghat National Highway
13.
Perkins Engines
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It was established in Peterborough, England, in 1932. Over the years Perkins has expanded its engine ranges and produces thousands of different engine specifications including diesel and gas engines. F. Perkins Limited, established on 7 June 1932, was founded in Queen Street, Peterborough, to design and manufacture high-speed diesel engines by Frank Perkins, Chapman was design engineer and company secretary and was given a ten percent shareholding. He was to remain with the business for more than a decade before re-joining the RNVR though remaining a consultant to the company, Frank Perkins obtained further initial support from directors Alan J M Richardson and George Dodds Perks. Before Chapman and Perkins the diesel engine was a heavy and slow revving workhorse, chapmans concept was the high-speed diesel – an engine that could challenge gasoline as the primary motive power. Sales were strong and by the time of World War II the company made two series of engines, P4 and P6, soon after the war, the company went public, and established a number of licensees for local manufacturing and sale. F. Perkins Ltd was purchased by its largest customer, Massey Ferguson, keeping its separate identity, the business continued under the name of Perkins Engines and in 1994 became a subsidiary of LucasVarity. Development continued and Perkins updated its engines to meet stricter emissions rules while developing new series for power generation and forklift trucks. A supplier to Caterpillar Inc. since the 1970s, Perkins was bought by Caterpillar in 1998 for US$1.325 billion, on 1 January 2009 Gwenne Henricks became President of Perkins Engines replacing Hans Haefeli, after having worked in Caterpillar’s Electronics and Connected Worksite Division in North America. Henricks is also a vice-president of Caterpillar, Perkins engines were also used as standard factory equipment in Jeeps and Dodge trucks in the United States in the 1960s. They also continued to be popular in European trucks from their customer, Commer and other companies. The Perkins 6.354 medium duty engine was designed to be enough to replace petrol/gasoline V8 engines in trucks. After acquiring Rolls-Royce Diesels of Shrewsbury in 1984, Perkins continued to supply British Rail with engines for its diesel multiple units, Perkins went on to purchase Gardner Engines in the summer of 1986 to complement their line of lighter diesel engines. Global product support is provided by 4,000 distribution, parts, in 2015, Perkins Engines Company consolidated its U. S. distribution from six to three master distributors. Serving Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas. Has 5 full-service locations in Ridgefield, WA, Oklahoma City, OK, Surprise, AZ, Santa Fe Springs, CA, manufactured with 1100 Series Perkins engines. Wanco Long-Run Light Towers - Wanco Long-Run Light Towers feature an exclusive, revolutionary design that more light than a metal halide light tower. Powered by Perkins diesel, 3-cylinder, water-cooled engine, list of Perkins engines Official website
Perkins Engines
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Perkins Engines Company Limited
Perkins Engines
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Perkins in Peterborough
Perkins Engines
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A 1935 Perkins diesel car engine (Autocar Handbook, 13th ed.)
14.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
15.
Volvo Buses
–
Volvo Buses is a subsidiary and a business area of the Swedish vehicle maker Volvo, which became an independent division in 1968. It is the worlds largest bus manufacturer, with a range of heavy buses for passenger transportation. The product range includes complete buses and coaches as well as combined with a comprehensive range of services. The bus operation has a presence, with production in Europe, North and South America. In India it set up its production facility in Bangalore, former production facility was located in Irvine, Scotland. Codes in parentheses are VIN codes for the chassis models, b9M – low-budget version of the B10M 1988–1991 B10C – special Australian coach version of the B10M 1978-1991, B10R 1978-1987. B6F/B6FA198. -198. 8-litre engine 2011-, B11R –10, KG, Heilbronn, Germany Prevost Coaches, Quebec, Canada, now known as Prevost Car Merkavim, Israel, jointly owned by Volvo Bus Corporation & Mayer Cars & Trucks Ltd
Volvo Buses
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Volvo Buses
Volvo Buses
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Hybrid Volvo 7700H bus at the Czech Bus Fair 2011
Volvo Buses
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Volvo bus used in
White Buses action of 1945
Volvo Buses
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Volvo B12 Bus 1940
16.
Scania AB
–
Scania AB, formerly AB Scania-Vabis, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine. Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, India, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, in addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scanias sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide, in 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world. Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014, Scanias logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania. AB Scania-Vabis was established in 1911 as the result of a merger between Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania, Vabis was established as a railway car manufacturer in 1891, while Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was established as a bicycle manufacturer in 1900. Both companies had tried their luck at building automobiles, trucks and engines, in 1910, Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania had succeeded in constructing reliable vehicles, while Vabis was at the brink of closing down. Development and production of engines and light vehicles were set to Södertälje, initially the headquarters were located in Malmö, but in 1912 they were moved to Södertälje. Prince Carl of Sweden owned a 1913 Scania-Vabis 3S, a type which was fitted with in-car buttons so the passenger could communicate with the driver, Scania-Vabis also built two-seat sports cars. For the next few years the companys profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad, the outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities, following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses. However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, after some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company. Denmark Towards the end of 1913, the established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the companys Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen, in 1914, the factory produced Denmarks first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, Norway In 1917 an agreement was established with the newly formed Norwegian company Norsk Automobilfabrik A/S about production under license of Scania-Vabis cars and lorries. Production began in 1919, but was ended in 1921 after production of only 77 lorries, during the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under licence. During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle. It also started to become a competitor to Volvo with their new L71 Regent truck which was introduced in 1954
Scania AB
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Scania A1 1901
Scania AB
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Scania Type A Tonneau 1903
Scania AB
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A vintage Scania truck (L80 successor to the Scania-Vabis L56)
Scania AB
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Scania R470 truck
17.
Ashok Leyland
–
Ashok Leyland is an Indian automobile manufacturing headquartered in Chennai, India. Founded in 1948, it is the 2nd largest commercial vehicle manufacturer in India, 4th largest manufacturer of buses in the world, operating six plants, Ashok Leyland also makes spare parts and engines for industrial and marine applications. It sells about 60,000 vehicles and about 7,000 engines annually and it is the second largest commercial vehicle company in India in the medium and heavy commercial vehicle segment with a market share of 28%. With passenger transportation options ranging from 19 seaters to 80 seaters, the company claims to carry more than 60 million passengers a day, more people than the entire Indian rail network. In the trucks segment Ashok Leyland primarily concentrates on the 16 ton to 25 ton range of trucks, however Ashok Leyland has presence in the entire truck range starting from 7.5 tons to 49 tons. With a joint venture with Nissan Motors of Japan the company made its presence in the Light Commercial Vehicle segment, Ashok Leylands UK subsidiary Optare has shut down its bus factory in Blackburn, Lancashire. This subsidiarys traditional home in Leeds has also been vacated in favour of a purpose built plant at Sherburn-in-Elmet, Ashok Motors was founded in 1948 by Raghunandan Saran, an Indian freedom fighter from Punjab. After Independence, he was persuaded by India’s first Prime Minister Nehru, Ashok Motors was incorporated in 1948 as a company to assemble and manufacture Austin cars from England, and the company was named after the founders only son Ashok Saran. The company had its headquarters in Rajaji Saalai, Chennai with the plant in Ennore, the Company was engaged in assembly and distribution of Austin A40 passenger cars in India. Ashok Leyland then started manufacturing commercial vehicles, under Leylands management with British expatriate and Indian executives the company grew in strength to become one of Indias foremost commercial vehicle manufacturers. Ashok Leyland’s long-term plan to become a player by benchmarking global standards of technology. Access to international technology and a US$200 million investment programme created a manufacturing base to roll out international class products. In 2007, the Hinduja Group also bought out IVECOs indirect stake in Ashok Leyland, the promoter shareholding now stands at 51%. Today the company is the flagship of the Hinduja Group, a British-based, early products included the Leyland Comet bus which was a passenger body built on a truck chassis sold in large numbers to many operators in India. By 1963, the Comet was operated by every State Transport Undertaking in India and it was soon joined in production by a version of the Leyland Tiger. In 1968, production of the Leyland Titan ceased in Britain, the Titan PD3 chassis was modified, and a five speed heavy duty constant-mesh gearbox was used together with the Ashok Leyland version of the O.680 engine. The Ashok Leyland Titan was very successful and continued in production for many years, during early 80s Ashok Leyland entered into a collaboration with Japanese company Hino Motors from whom technology for the H-series engines was sourced. Many indigenous versions of H-series engine were developed with 4 and 6 cylinders and also conforming to BS2 and these engines proved to be extremely popular with the customers primarily for their excellent fuel efficiency
Ashok Leyland
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India's first Semi -Trailer Ashok Leyland Comet (Cab) on a Mahindra Owen Semi Trailer 10-12 Ton Capacity built in 1959.
Ashok Leyland
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Raghunandan Saran, Founder of Ashok Leyland
Ashok Leyland
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An Ashok Leyland BEST bus in Mumbai. This bus has the Hino Engine.
Ashok Leyland
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Ashok Leyland's Modern Truck with factory built G-90 New Gen Cab.
18.
Tata Motors
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Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Mumbai, India, and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and it has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and Spain. Tata Motors principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover, founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives, the company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004 and purchased Jaguar Land Rover from Ford in 2008. Tata Motors is listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock Exchange of India, the company is ranked 226th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2016. On 17 January 2017, Natarajan Chandrasekaran was appointed chairman of the company, Tata entered the commercial vehicle sector in 1954 after forming a joint venture with Daimler-Benz of Germany. After years of dominating the commercial market in India, Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1991 by launching the Tata Sierra. Tata subsequently launched the Tata Estate, the Tata Sumo and the Tata Safari, Tata launched the Indica in 1998, the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car. A newer version of the car, named Indica V2, was an improvement over the previous version. Tata Motors also successfully exported large numbers of the car to South Africa, the success of the Indica played a key role in the growth of Tata Motors. In 2004, Tata Motors acquired Daewoos South Korea-based truck manufacturing unit, Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, on 27 September 2004, Tata Motors rang the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange to mark the listing of Tata Motors. In 2005, Tata Motors acquired a 21% controlling stake in the Spanish bus, Tata Motors continued its market area expansion through the introduction of new products such as buses and trucks. In 2006, Tata formed a joint venture with the Brazil-based Marcopolo, Tata Marcopolo Bus, in 2008, Tata Motors acquired the English car maker Jaguar Land Rover, manufacturer of the Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford Motor Company. Tata acquired full ownership of Hispano Carrocera in 2009, in 2009, its Lucknow plant was awarded the Best of All Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award. In 2010, Tata Motors acquired an 80% stake in the Italian design, the acquisition formed part of the companys plan to enhance its styling and design capabilities. In 2012, Tata Motors announced it would invest around ₹6 billion in the development of Futuristic Infantry Combat Vehicles in collaboration with DRDO. In 2013, Tata Motors announced it will sell in India, in 2014, Tata Motors introduced first Truck Racing championship in India T1 Prima Truck Racing Championship
Tata Motors
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The second-generation
Tata Indica; one of the best-selling cars in the history of the Indian automobile industry
Tata Motors
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The
Tata Nano, the world's most affordable car
Tata Motors
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The Tata Prima
Tata Motors
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The
Range Rover Evoque
19.
Eicher Motors
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Eicher Motors Limited incorporated in 1982, is an Indian automaker company based in Gurgaon, India. Eicher Motors Limited owns Royal Enfield, Eicher Motors is a commercial vehicle manufacturer in India. The companys origins date back to 1948, when Goodearth Company was established for the distribution, in 1959 the Eicher Tractor Corporation of India Private Ltd was established, jointly with the Eicher tractor company, a German tractor manufacturer. Since 1965 Eicher in India has been owned by Indian shareholders. The German Eicher tractor was partly owned by Massey-Ferguson from 1970, Massey-Ferguson bought out the German company in 1973. In 2005 Eicher Motors Ltd sold their tractors and engines business to TAFE Tractors of Chennai, lCVs were sold under the Eicher Mitsubishi brand. In February 1990, Eicher Goodearth bought 26% stake in Enfield India Ltd, in July 2008, EML and Volvo Groups 50,50 joint venture VE Commercial Vehicles designs, manufactures and markets commercial vehicles, engineering components and provides engineering design. The Eicher Group has diversified interests in design and development, manufacturing, and local and international marketing of trucks, buses, motorcycles, automotive gears. Eicher has invested in the growth areas of management consultancy services, customised engineering. VE Commercial Vehicles Limited is a 50,50 joint venture between the Volvo Group and Eicher Motors Limited, Eicher Trucks Eicher Polaris Multix Royal Enfield Resolved tyre wear issue Eicher Group Official website
Eicher Motors
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An old Eicher Jumbo 20.16 truck in Tamil Nadu
Eicher Motors
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Eicher Motors Limited
Eicher Motors
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An Eicher Terra16 tipper truck by VECV
Eicher Motors
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Siddhartha Lal, Managing Director of Eicher Motors, at the World Economic Forum on India 2012
20.
Vyttila Mobility Hub
–
Vyttila Mobility Hub is an integrated transit terminal in the city of Kochi. It is designed as a point of various forms of public transportation, such as local and long distance buses, metro rail. It is planned over an area of 37 acres in Vyttila, the foundation stone for Mobility Hub in Vytilla was laid by then Chief Minister of Kerala V. S. Achuthanandan on 7 June 2010. Construction of the first phase, consisting of the terminal for long distance buses and the amenities, started in December 2010. When fully implemented, it will have facilities to all modes of public transportation, as well as for shopping, entertainment. A fast-growing city like Kochi requires a comprehensive plan to meet the demands and requirements in Traffic, travelling in the city is a Herculean task due to congested roads and traffic jams. The large number of long-distance buses contributes to the present chaos, the number of vehicles in Ernakulam District has increased an average annual growth rate of 13 percent. The site for the mobility hub in Vyttila is well-connected with all routes and it serves as a meeting point for all intercity and intra-city roads. The site is connected to the city through the Sahodaran Ayyapan Road and it is connected to Edappally and Kakkanad providing hassle free transition in various directions. The project is estimated to cost around 121 crore and will be implemented in two phases, the project will have facilities for parking 175 buses,2,000 to 6,000 cars, and 2,000 to 10,000 two-wheelers. Three boat jettys and green zone would also be set up on the side of the hub. An air-conditioned tube too has been planned, to connect the terminal to the side of Vytilla junction. The hub will also have a proposed Metro rail station, passengers can easily get down at the bus terminal at the hub and use the Mass Transit System like the inter-city bus, auto, ferry, taxi or metro train to enter the city. The tenders for the construction of first phase was granted to Nagarjuna constructions from among seven companies which submitted tenders, the selection was on account of quoting the lowest amount for the execution of the project and the first phase of the project was completed by February 2011
Vyttila Mobility Hub
–
A view of Vyttila Mobilty Hub
Vyttila Mobility Hub
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Inside view of Vyttila Mobility Hub
Vyttila Mobility Hub
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Vyttila Mobility Hub - Bus
Vyttila Mobility Hub
–
A panoramic view of Vyttila Mobility Hub
21.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
–
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission was a massive city-modernisation scheme launched by the Government of India under Ministry of Urban Development. It envisaged an investment of over $20 billion over seven years. It was launched in 2005 for a period to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased improvements in their civic service levels. The government had extended the tenure of the mission for two years, i. e. from April 2012 to March 31,2014, jnNURM was a huge mission which relates primarily to development in the context of urban conglomerates focusing to the Indian cities. The Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor administered by the Ministry of Housing, the program is mainly implemented in towns with populations less than 20,000 as per the 1991 census. Focused attention relating to services in the context of integrated development is to be covered under the mission. Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, out growths, urban corridors, scale up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor. To take up urban renewal programme, i. e. re-development of inner cities area to reduce congestion, the duration of the mission is seven years beginning from December 2005. During this period, the sought to ensure sustainable development of participating cities. An evaluation of the experience of implementation of the mission would be undertaken before the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan in 2012, the duration of the mission was extended by two more years, until 31 March 2014. The mission emphasises transparency and accountability and it supports public-private partnerships and cost recovery to make service providers financially self-sustaining. The share of grant funding by the government can vary from 35% in the largest cities to up to 90% in cities in the Northeast. Most cities receive grants covering 50% or 80% of costs depending on size, capacity building is also included in the mission to assist urban local bodies to prepare strategies and projects. 13 specific reforms are mandatory f or states and municipalities before funds can be accessed, as of 2012 Gujarat led the tally for the state level reforms, being the only state to have achieved all 10 reforms required by the mission. Five states have achieved 9 out of 10 reforms, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, public disclosure and community participation laws have initially progressed slowly, with only five states managing to enact them as part of the reform agenda as of 2009. However, as of 2012 community participation laws have been enacted by 22 out of 31 states,20 states had decentralised the responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the state level to ULBs, and 19 had done so for city planning functions. As of 2012, Visakhapatnam, Surat and Pune had the distinction of having accomplished all 8 city level reforms, chennai, Greater Mumbai and Hyderabad had achieved 7 out of 8 reforms. As of 2009,415 projects requiring an investment of ₹440 billion, among the states, Maharashtra has been sanctioned the maximum number of projects under the mission
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
–
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
–
Interior of Low Floor Buses
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
–
Low floor bus from JNNURM for
Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) city, capital of
Kerala
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
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Low floor bus from JNNURM for
Coimbatore city
22.
Volvo B7RLE
–
Volvo B7RLE is a low-entry single-decker bus chassis manufactured by Volvo Buses since 2001. In markets where the Euro VI emission requirements are enforced, it was replaced by the B8RLE in 2013 in some markets, B7RLE is similar to its predecessor, the B10BLE. In essence the B7RLE is the front section of the B7L chassis mated with the section of the B7R chassis. Originally, the B7RLE featured the D7C 6-cylinder,7. 3-litre diesel engine with a turbocharger and intercooler, producing 250 or 275 bhp and this was replaced by the 7. 1-litre Volvo D7E engine producing 290 bhp, to Euro IV/Euro V/Euro III incentive emission standards. Unlike the B7L, the B7RLEs engine is mounted at the center of the rear overhang as opposed to the nearside, the Volvo B7RLE is also equipped with disc brakes and ABS. B7RLE was launched in mainland Europe and Australia in 2001, and then in the United Kingdom in 2003 to supplement the B7L single-decker, the B7RLE appealed more to UK operators, with whom the B7L was unpopular and has sold well compared to its predecessor. Initially the B7RLE was only available in the UK with Wright Eclipse Urban bodywork, since 2004 it has also been used as a low-floor single-decker coach, with a longer front overhang and Wright Eclipse Commuter body. From late 2006 the B7RLE in the UK is available with Plaxton Centro bodywork followed by Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and Optare Esteem bodywork in 2008. The B7RLE can also be found in other countries, including most European countries, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Greece. However, many of these buses use local bodywork, the bus uses Bustech, Custom Coach and Volgren bodywork, designed and built in Australia. In June 2011 Mercedes-Benz lost the contract with Transperth and Volvo won, all of the Volvos in the Transperth fleet have Volgren bodywork. The earlier B7RLEs featured the Volgren CR228L body, the models feature the Volgren Optimus body. All Transperth Volvo B7RLEs have McConnell urban seats and are air-conditioned by the Thermo King Citi-RT, B7RLE, also known as SUNWIN SWB6120V4LE/SWB6120V6LE, manufactured by Shanghai Sunwin Bus, is very common on Shanghai streets. In 2003, Huangbus purchased five B7RLEs with Jit Luen JL-08 bodies and D7E-290 7142cc engines. All 70 AVCs has put in service in 2012, and these buses are deployed on short distance routes such as 7M, 16M, 34M,270,273 or routes with very low ridership such as 72A. In India, B7RLEs were introduced into service in Bangalore in 2006 by BMTC and they were later inducted into the fleets of NMMT, and BEST for use in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. Custom made B7RLE chassis are assembled at Volvos factory outside Bangalore, the bodywork adopted by Malaysias B7RLE, operated by Kuala Lumpur-based bus operator RapidKL as a wheelchair accessible bus, features a more radical design by Gemilang Coachworks. Some Volvo B7RLEs also operate in Surabaya, Indonesia and it is the first wheelchair-accessible bus in Indonesia fitted with a Euro IV engine
Volvo B7RLE
–
A Volvo 8400-bodied B7RLE in service in
Kochi,
India.
Volvo B7RLE
–
A single door Volvo B7RLE used by BEST in Mumbai.
Volvo B7RLE
–
SBS Transit 's Volvo B7RLE Demonstrator at Farrer Road
Volvo B7RLE
–
KMB 's Volvo B7RLE (AVC25/PG9293) on route 14C at Kwun Tong Road
23.
Minibus
–
A minibus, microbus, or minicoach is a passenger carrying motor vehicle that is designed to carry more people than a multi-purpose vehicle or minivan, but fewer people than a full-size bus. In the United Kingdom, the minibus is used to describe any full-sized passenger carrying van. Minibuses have a capacity of between 8 and 30 seats. Larger minibuses may be called midibuses, minibuses are typically front-engined step-entrance vehicles, although low floor minibuses do exist. Minibuses are used for a variety of reasons, in a public transport role, they can be used as fixed route transit buses, airport buses, flexible demand responsive transport vehicles, share taxis or large taxicabs. Accessible minibuses can also be used for paratransit services, by local authorities, transit operators. Private uses of minibuses can include corporate transport, charter buses, schools, sports clubs, community groups and charities may also use minibuses for private transport. Individual owners may use reduced seating minibuses as cheap recreational vehicles, by size, microbuses are minibuses smaller than 8 metres long. Midibuses are minibuses bigger than microbuses but smaller than plenibuses, there are many different types and configurations of minibuses, due to historical and local differences, and usage. Minibus designs can be classified in three groups, with a general increase in seating capacity with each type, Van conversions. Simple, optional extras Body builds Purpose built The most basic source of minibus is the van conversion, Van conversions involve adding windows to the bodywork, and seating to the cargo area. Van conversion minibuses outwardly look the same shape as the parent van, access to the former cargo area for passengers is through the standard van side sliding door, or the rear doors. These may be fitted with equipment to make boarding easier. Optional extras to van converted minibuses can include the addition of a rollsign for transit work, for public transport use, this door may be an automatic concertina type. For other uses, this may be a simple plug style coach door, depending on the relevant legislation, conversions may also involve wheelchair lifts and tachograph equipment. A van conversion with an area in the front and a storage area in the back. These allow a higher seating capacity than a simple van conversion, often, the second stage manufacturer is a bus manufacturer. In a body-on-chassis minibus, a body is installed on a van or light truck chassis encompassing the drivers area
Minibus
–
Hino Poncho front-engined low-floor minibus
Minibus
–
Cacciamali Urby (built on
Iveco Daily chassis) operating in
Zagreb,
Croatia
Minibus
–
Toyota LPG Coaster green public minibus in Hong Kong
Minibus
–
Ford Transit minibus
24.
Vestibule bus
–
An articulated bus is an articulated vehicle used in public transportation. Due to their high capacity, articulated buses are often used as part of bus rapid transit schemes. Used almost exclusively on public bus services, articulated buses are approximately 18 metres in length. A less common variant of the bus is the bi-articulated bus. Their capacity is around 200 people, and their length about 25 metres, early examples of the articulated bus appeared in Europe in the 1920s. In Budapest, the first prototype of this bus was in service in 1960 and it was manufactured without the use of blueprints. Later Ikaruss blueprints were drawn up on the basis of existing prototype. There is an exhibition in Budapest at the Museum of Transportation in 2010 with the title The articulated bus is 50 years old. In the mid-1960s, AC Transit in California pioneered the American use of an articulated bus. Articulated buses have also used in Australia and Europe The first modern British bendy buses were built by Leyland-DAB. They were subsequently withdrawn from service because they proved to be expensive to maintain, one disadvantage that is sometimes experienced with some articulated models is the insufficiency of the effective motive power available to them. It is common for articulated buses to use the engine type as non-articulated buses. The extra weight of the bendy bus gives rise to a slower speed, when used in cities built on numerous inclines the vehicle is prone to overheating. This may lead to stalling, or in the worst situations to an outbreak of fire if the bus is powered by a diesel engine. During late 2003 and early 2004, a series of fires on newly delivered Mercedes-Benz Citaros led to Londoners humorously nicknaming the vehicles chariots of fire. Mercedes-Benz quickly addressed the problem, although the vehicles were out of service for a period, however, no overheating or fire-related incidents have ever been recorded in Vancouvers articulated electric trolley buses from a similar cause. Vancouvers articulated trolley buses were specifically chosen for the torque output of their electric motors. In some circumstances of urban operation, articulated buses may also be involved in more accidents than conventional buses
Vestibule bus
–
Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated
London bus in
London, United Kingdom.
Vestibule bus
–
Busscar bi-articulated
TransMilenio in
Bogota,
Colombia.
Vestibule bus
–
SMRT Buses (formerly known as Trans-Island) operates a fleet of
Mercedes-Benz O405 Gs, with the latest batch designed by
Pininfarina.
Vestibule bus
–
The articulation joint mechanism.
25.
Kochi
–
Kochi, also known as Cochin, is a major port city on the south-west coast of India by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea and is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. It is often called Ernakulam, which refers to the specific district, occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was occupied by the Dutch and the British. Kochi ranks first in the number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. Kochi is the home to Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy, Kochi is also home for Keralas National Law School, The National University of Advanced Legal Studies. An international art exhibition called Kochi-Muziris Biennale is conducted every two years across Kochi where artists from different parts of the world engage, ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi. The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin, which is seen in the seal of the synagogue which is owned by the community. The origin of the name Kochi is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi, yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci, meaning harbour. The name Cochin implies co-chin, meaning like-China and it looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti, and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, after the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer Anglicization of its original Malayalam name, Kochi and this change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court has later dismissed the plea. Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for centuries, and was known to the Yavanas as well as Jews, Syrians, Arabs. Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port Muziris around Kodungallur was destroyed by flooding of Periyar in 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng Hes treasure fleet. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, according to many historians, the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in early 12th century, after the fall of the Chera Kingdom. The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary, and the family ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular
Kochi
–
Clockwise from top:
Marine Drive Skyline,
Chinese fishing nets Fort kochi,
Kochi Marina,
Marine Drive New Expansion,
InfoPark
Kochi
–
Flag
Kochi
–
Seal
Kochi
–
Paradesi Synagogue Inscription
26.
Kollam
–
Kollam or Quilon, formerly Desinganadu, is an old seaport and city on the Laccadive Sea coast of Kerala, India. The city is on the banks Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam has had a strong commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans. Fed by the Chinese trade, it was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four year travels, desinganadus rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the 9th Century, on his way to Canton, China, Marco Polo, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. V. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syrian bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began and Quilon became the city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore. Kollam is a city on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake that took the title Gods Own Country without much demur. The braids of Ashtamudi Lake lie about 71 kilometres north of the state capital, the city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India, Kollam is the least polluted city in India. Four major trading centers/towns around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur, There was also internal trade through the Punalur Pass connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links, the factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe. Kollam is the fourth most populous city in Kerala and the fifth largest in incorporated area and it is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur, Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandevilles Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth. During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the point of trade. Kollam continues to be a business and commercial centre in the Southern Kerala. In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city, the present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by a fire
Kollam
–
From top clockwise:
RP Mall in
Downtown Kollam,
Lighthouse in
Tangasseri,
British Residency in
Asramam,
Kollam Junction railway station and
Kollam MEMU Shed, Aerial view of
Ashtamudi Lake,
Kollam Port,
Asramam Adventure Park, Jalakeli Kendram near
Kollam Beach
Kollam
–
Kollam in the 1500s
Kollam
–
Kollam in the 1700s
27.
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station
–
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station is an important transport hub in the Indian city of Kollam owned and operated by the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation under the depot code KLM. The bus station is located in Taluk Cutchery and is close to Kerala State Water Transport Departments Kollam City Water Transport terminal, long distance intrastate, inter-state and city buses run regularly from the bus station. Kollam KSRTC Bus Station is one among the major KSRTC depots in the state, because of the geographical position of Kollam, the depot is easily handling service through National Highways – NH66, NH183, NH744 of Kerala. Inter-state service towards Thoothukkudi, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tenkasi are also running from here, the depot is also serving as a hub for KURTCs A/C Volvo Kollam city bus services & Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Intercity A/C Volvo Bus services. KSRTCs regular A/C Garuda, Super Deluxe, Super Express, Super Fast, Limited Stop, Fast Passenger, Ordinary, Kollam zone of KSRTC is the second most revenue generating zone in Kerala. Kollam Depot will soon become a part of KSRTCs real-time booking system, would be setting-up in the Kollam depot, along with Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Thrissur and Kozhikode. KSRTC also have a plan to start an operating centre in the Andamukkam City Bus Stand situated at Downtown Kollam area, Kollam Andamukkam City Bus Stand Downtown Kollam Kollam Junction railway station Chinnakada
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station
–
A view of Kollam KSRTC Bus Station from
Asramam Link Road
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station
–
View of
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station from Adventure Park
Kollam KSRTC Bus Station
–
View of Kollam KSRTC Bus Station from
Asramam Link Road
28.
Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station
–
Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station is a state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation Thrissur Bus Station is situated in Kokkalai in the heart of the Thrissur City. The bus station is very near to the Thrissur Railway Station, the bus station runs long distance, inter-state and city services. It is an important station because of its strategic location on the major NH17. It is also the centre most station is the state thus having easiest access in the state to all the cities in Kerala. There is a reservation counter at Thrissur bus station. Kerala Government is rebuilding the bus station at a cost of Rs 50 crore and this modern bus station will be built on BoT basis. The new bus station can accommodate around three thousand buses in one day, around 100 buses can also be parked in the bus station according to the new plans
Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station
–
Entrance of Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station
29.
Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
–
Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering or SCT College of Engineering is a state-government-sponsored engineering college in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. In 2006 Outlook magazine gave it a rank of 98 in its list of Top 100 Engineering Colleges of India and it is one of three engineering colleges from the state of Kerala to appear on the list. In 2011 WEEK survey, it was ranked 65th in the list of top 100 engineering colleges in India, two other members are nominated by the chairman. Established under the University of Kerala in 1995, with AICTE approval, it is a accredited by the National Board of Accreditation, New Delhi. SCTCE is one of the seven colleges in the state of Kerala aided under the World Bank funded Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme, extensive links with research institutes and industries has enabled SCT to maintain the vocational and practical relevance of its courses. The college is at Pappanamcode 4 km from Trivandrum Central Railway Station and it is 15 km from Trivandrum International Airport. Tech degree program for Computer Science started in 2010 M. The AICTE sanctioned M. Tech degree program in Machine Design by Mechanical Engineering Department started in 2009 with a batch of students. AICTE also approved M. Tech degree program for Computer Science in 2010 with a batch of students. AICTE has sanctioned M. Tech degree program in Signal Processing by Electronics, a new M. Tech course on Vehicle Design and Road safety will be started shortly after getting AICTE approval. The TEQIP program of the government of India has brought changes in the quality of training offered by the college with the coming up of a Central Computing facility, the college conducts community development programs related to skill development and women empowerment. The admission procedure and fee structure of SCT College of Engineering is decided by the government of Kerala, the details are given in the admission prospectus published by Kerala State Entrance Commissioner and can be found under Government self-financing colleges category. A percentage of seats are reserved for the dependents of KSRTC employees, all admissions except under the NRI quota are based on the Common Entrance Examination conducted by the Commissioner for Entrance Examinations, Government of Kerala. Apart from experienced senior faculty, SCT College of Engineering has a number of young faculty members who have received their education/training from Indias premier institutes. Usually the recruitment is done by a selection test to the post of Assistant Professor, the test is conducted by a Kerala Government agency like LBS Centre for Science and Technology. The college staff association, SCT College of Engineering Staff Association, comprises all staff, the college has an industry institute partnership cell which conducts training and education programs for the benefit of public and students. It helps the students take up the challenge of solving the problems faced by industry, there is a Research and Consultancy wing. Most of the students are day-scholars, the students from faraway places reside in college-approved hostels near the campus. Accommodation in the city is also used, there are many cultural and technical festivals conducted by clubs
Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
–
SCT College of Engineering, Trivandrum
Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
–
Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
30.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
–
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
31.
The Indian Express
–
The Indian Express is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. It is published in Mumbai by Indian Express Group, in 1999, eight years after the groups founder Ramnath Goenkas death in 1991, the group was split between the family members. The southern editions taking the name The New Indian Express, while the editions, based in Mumbai, retaining the original Indian Express name. The Indian Express is published at nine locations—Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Kolkata, Vadodara, Chandigarh, Lucknow, in 1931, the Indian Express was started by an Ayurvedic doctor, P. Varadarajulu Naidu, at Chennai, being published by his Tamil Nadu press. Soon under financial difficulties, he sold the newspaper to Swaminathan Sadanand, the founder of The Free Press Journal, in 1933 The Indian Express opened its second office in Madurai, launching the Tamil edition, Dinamani. Sadanand introduced several innovations and reduced the price of the newspaper, faced with financial difficulties, he sold a part of his stake to Ramanath Goenka as convertible debentures. In 1935, when The Free Press Journal finally collapsed, and after a court battle with Goenka. Later Goenka bought the remaining 26% of the held by Sadanand. The newspaper then came under Goenkas sole control, taking the already anti-establishment tone of the paper to greater heights, also at that time, it faced stiff competition from the well established The Hindu and the Mail, as well as several other prominent newspapers. In the late 1930s the newspapers circulation was no more than 2000, in 1939 Goenka bought Andhra Prabha, another prominent Telugu daily newspaper. The name Three Musketeers was often used for the three dailies, in 1940 the whole premises was gutted by fire. This relocation also helped the Express obtain better high speed printing machines, some claimed the Goenka had deliberately set fire to escape financial embarrassment. In later years Goenka started the Mumbai edition with the landmark Express Towers as his office when he bought the Morning Standard in 1944, two years later it became the Mumbai edition of The Indian Express. Later, editions were started in cities, the Madurai edition in 1957, the Bangalore edition in 1965. The Delhi edition started was when the Tej groups Indian News Chronicle was acquired in 1951, in 1990 the group bought the Sterling group of magazines, along with it the Gentleman magazine
The Indian Express
–
The publication's 4 August 2009 front page
32.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
–
Flag
India
–
The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
–
Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
33.
Delhi Transport Corporation
–
Delhi Transport Corporation is the main public transport operator of Delhi. It operates buses on bus routes, including the mudrika. It is one of the largest CNG-powered bus service operator in the world, was inadequate in serving the purpose. It was then named Delhi Transport Service and it was again constituted as Delhi Road Transport Authority under the Road Transport Corporation Act,1950. Delhi Transport Corporation operates on routes in Delhi and neighbouring States. Delhi Transport Corporation services in Delhi has vastly distributed network of bus services and it connects almost every part of Delhi with this network of buses. The most Prominent of these being the Mudrika and the Bahri Mudrika Seva services interconnecting all parts of the city with a frequency of buses until approximately 10,30 p. m. Transportation in Delhi is under-going a vast change with the entry of the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, DTC has been helping Delhi Metro to connect Delhi City better by operating new bus routes connecting commuters in areas surrounding the metro stations for a better city experience. Delhi Transport Corporation has started High Capacity Bus Service on a few routes and this service uses buses with improved carrying capacity and better facilities like air-conditioning, less travel time, less congestion, more comfortable interiors, GPS navigation etc. The minimum bus fare starts at ₹5 and the maximum is ₹30. According to DTC officials, there will be 5,000 new low-floored buses in the capital, the buses that are being deployed under the cluster scheme would have state-of-the-art technology to guide and monitor them. They have been equipped with Global Position System devices so that their movement, DTC was one of the premier bus services of North India. Which connects almost all the centres of North India with its services. At present Interstate bus service is suspended and it covers only few area of NCR. People at far destination still miss the royal journey of DTC bus, Delhi Metro Transport in Delhi National Capital Region Transport Corporation Delhi Transport Corporation Website
Delhi Transport Corporation
–
DTC
Tata AC Buses
Delhi Transport Corporation
–
DTC
Tata Non AC buses
Delhi Transport Corporation
–
Old and New DTC Bus
Delhi Transport Corporation
–
Older Bus from DTC
34.
Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation
–
Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation is a state owned corporation for passenger transport providing bus services both within state of Gujarat, India and neighbouring states. GSRTC was established on 1 May 1960 with formation of Gujarat state. From a beginning of 7 divisions,76 depots and 7 divisional workshops, it has gone to 16 divisions,126 depots,226 bus stations,1,554 pick up stands and 9, 000+ buses. GSRTC purchased 1500+ new buses including air conditioned, sleeper coaches Volvo buses in 2009, GSRTC provides online and mobile phone ticket booking facility. It also provides internet service in Volvo buses for free. Currently the fleet of buses having online ticket booking facility includes Express, Gurjarnagri, Sleeper and it has built up many technical facilities
Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation
–
Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation ગુજરાત રાજ્ય માર્ગ વાહન વ્યવહાર નિગમ
35.
Haryana Roadways
–
Haryana Roadways State Transport is the Public Transport unit of the Government of Haryana in India. Haryana Roadways is a Major Part of Haryana Transport Department and it is the principal service provider for passenger transport in the state. So, in 1966 HRTL was established with two Regional Transport Authorities, on 1 December 1987, three RTAs were appointed at Ambala, Hisar and Faridabad. On 16 January 1991, three more RTAs were created at Rohtak, Karnal and Rewari, office of the Director General State Transport is responsible for providing well-coordinated, economical, safe and efficient transport action services to the public of the State. Haryana Roadways, a State Government Undertaking, is the service provider for passenger transport in the State. It has a fleet of approx,4000 buses being operated by 24 depots, each headed by a General Manager, and 13 sub-depots functioning under the depot concerned. These services are being provided to every part of the State as well as to important destinations in the neighbouring States, Haryana Roadways plies on an average 11.41 Lacs Km every day and carries 12.34 Lacs passengers daily on 1204 Intra-State and 446 Inter-State routes. Over the years Haryana Roadways has earned a name for itself for the range, in tune with the emerging requirements of the travelling public, Haryana Roadways has undertaken a series of new initiatives to provide better services to its clients. New Volvo AC bus services Saarthi have been introduced on Chandigarh-Delhi-Gurgaon, some of the trips are also touching the Indira Gandhi International Airport and the domestic Airport Delhi. Ten such buses are already in operation and this bus over time would become the main stay of Haryana Roadways for its distinct operations. About 200 buses are already in operation on different routes, Haryana Uday CNG bus services have been launched in the National Capital Region of Delhi. 300 buses are already in operation on different routes with in the NCR of the state, Haryana Roadways is the principal service provider for passenger transport in the State. It has a fleet of approx,4250 buses being operated by 24 depots, each headed by a General Manager, and 17 sub-depots functioning under the depot concerned. These services are being provided to every part of the State as well as to important destinations in the neighbouring States, Haryana Roadways plies on an average 1.11 million Km every day and carries 1.12 million passengers daily on 1116 Intra-State and 446 Inter-State routes. The state has decided to augment its fleet by 4,250 by the end of year 2012, new Volvo AC bus services Saarthi have been introduced on certain routes. Some of the trips are also touching the Indira Gandhi International Airport, Haryana Roadways Engineering Corporation Ltd. is a subsidiary of Haryana Roadways. It was incorporated on 27 November 1987 in Gurgaon and it was established to fabricate bus bodies mainly for Haryana Roadways. It fabricated 503 bodies in 2010-2011 alone. It is a profit making organisation which registered a profit of ₹5.86 crores in year 2010-2011. facebook. com/HRFaridabad
Haryana Roadways
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Haryana Roadways State Transport
36.
Kadamba Transport Corporation
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Kadamba Transport Corporation is a Government of Goa road transport undertaking. It was set up in 1980 by then Chief Minister Pratapsing Rane, Goa has long dependent on privatised bus-transport, and the blue-and-red-and-white Kadamba buses are an exception to this rule. Kadamba Transport Corporation was created to provide safe, reliable, time-saving, efficient, to a large extent, it is seen as having accomplished this objective, although the cost for providing this service has been substantial. It is heavily subsidized by the government and is reportedly in the red, the KTC operates 15 bus stands and 4 depots covering almost all of Goas cities and towns. Their services cover the length and breadth of Goa, the ticket prices are reasonable and for intra-Goa travel are purchased on the bus itself from the onboard bus conductor. These buses tend to be packed with passengers during peak hours and there are some non-stop shuttle mini-bus services as well, connecting cities like Panjim, Margao, Vasco, like the other bus services in Goa, they have special rates for children, students and senior citizens. KTC provides point-to-point services through what it calls mini/midi buses connecting the commercial towns like Panjim, Margao, Vasco, Mapusa, Ponda, Curchorem. These services have less waiting time and only seating passengers with additional facility of drop into the city during office timing i. e. up to 10 a. m, the tour covers 1600 km and costs Rs 2500 per person. Booking can be done at booking offices at bus-stands or at depots of the KTC, velankanni pilgrimages to the shrine at Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu are also conducted by KTC during the novena and feast. Booking needs to be done in advance, KTC also operates special services for schools, at their convenience and needs. The services are operated on the passes issued to the students based on the amount collected by the school management. The services are offered to the schools, Our Lady of Rosary High School Donapaula Sharada Mandir High School Miramar Kendriya Vidyalaya I. N. S. Mandovi Verem Hegdewar High School Panaji Sanjay School Porvorim Vidhya Prabhodini High school Porvorim St. Joseph High School Verna Regina Mundi High School Vasco St and this is in spite of special services running during these times. KTC also hires out its air-conditioned Volvo, luxury, semi-luxury, mini-bus, students can access these services, at a concessional rate of two rupees less per kilometre. Minimum amount charged for the trip varies, depending on the class, official sources say the entire share capital of the company—totalling Rs 299 million—is held by the Government of Goa. The capital has been invested to build infrastructure—like constructing depots, bus-stands, central workshops, carlos Almeida, the Bharatiya Janata Party legislator from Vasco is the Chairman of Kadamba as of May 2012. Venancio Furtado is the director of the company as of April 2012. As of 2012, KTC has a fleet of 415 buses, according to its 2005 citizens charter, it operated 87,690 kilometres per day, but concedes that it is unable to meet the entire demand of public transport
Kadamba Transport Corporation
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The KTC logo
Kadamba Transport Corporation
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Kadamba Transport Corporation ordinary bus
Kadamba Transport Corporation
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a KTC luxury bus at
Margao
Kadamba Transport Corporation
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Kadamba Tata Marcopolo Starbus Ultra Ac Deluxe at Margao Bus station Margao,Goa
37.
Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation
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The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation is a state-owned road transportation company in the state of Karnataka in India. KSRTC has the largest fleet of Volvo buses among state owned transport companies, KSRTC was set up in 1961 under the provisions of Road Transport Corporation Act,1950. It is wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka, in August 1997, KSRTC was divided to form Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation. In November 1997, another new road transport corporation called North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation was formed to cater to the needs of North Western parts of Karnataka. Later, the North Eastern Karnataka Road Transport Corporation was also formed with its office in Gulbarga. KSRTC has its Corporate office at Bangalore, presently, it covers seventeen Districts in the State under its operational jurisdiction. It has a workforce of about 37019 employees and it operates 26.65 lakh km daily holding a fleet of 8348 vehicles, earns traffic revenue of Rs.747.08 lakh daily catering to 26.18 lakh passengers on an average. It stands 5th amongst STUs in the Nation by size, KSRTC services covers 92% villages in Karnataka. KSRTC operates with a fleet of 17337 buses. It transports, on an average,74.57 lakh passengers per day and it also operates to the neighboring states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Goa and Kerala. KSRTC was the first state transport corporation to introduce Volvo B7RLE low floor city buses in India in 2005, at present, KSRTC operates Volvo, Mercedes Benz, Scania buses under the Airavat services. Airavat Bliss Fully air conditioned luxury Volvo multi axle bus service with chemical toilets, wifi, pantry, Airavat Club Class Fully air conditioned luxury bus service operated using Volvo and Mercedes Benz multi-axle buses with semi-recliner seats and with calf support. Airavat Fully air conditioned bus service operated using Volvo and Mercedes Benz buses with semi-recliner seats. Rajahamsa Non air conditioned bus service with recliner seats in 2+2 configuration built on Tata. Suhasa Fully air suspension non AC reclinable seat bus, other than Raajahamsa which normally ply over North Eastern Karnataka regions, corona Ambaari Fully air conditioned sleeper bus service. Ambaari Non A\C Sleeper Non air conditioned bus service built on Tata chassis. Corona Fully air conditioned and air suspension bus with 2+2 reclinable seats, can consider it to be an alternate option for Airavat. Sheethal Fully air conditioned and air vehicle with 3+2 non-reclinable seats built on Ashok Leyland chassis
Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation
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Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ರಸ್ತೆ ಸಾರಿಗೆ ನಿಗಮ
38.
Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation
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The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation abbreviated as, is the state run bus service of Maharashtra, India with 16,500 buses which ferry 7 million passengers daily on 18,700 routes. It serves routes to towns and cities within Maharashtra and adjoining states, apart from locations within the state of Maharashtra, the MSRTC service also covers destinations in neighboring states. It also offers a facility for online booking of tickets for all 18,700 routes, the undertaking is operating stage and contract carriage services in the entire area of the state of Maharashtra except S. T. undertaking defined under Section 68 A of M. V. The individual operators were asked to form a union on defined routes in a particular area and this also proved to be beneficial for travelers as some sort of schedule set in, with a time table, pick-up points, conductors, and fixed ticket prices. And the first blue and silver-topped bus took off from Pune to Ahmednagar, the driver and conductor used to wear khaki uniforms and peak caps. These were called Neelkamal and Giriyarohini and used to ply on the Pune-Mahableshwar route and they had two by two seats, curtains, interior decoration, a clock and green tinted glasses. The Bombay State Road Transport Corporation thus came into being, later changing its name to MSRTC with the re-organization of the state, the ST started with 30 Bedford buses having wooden bodies, coir seats. The fare charged on the Pune-Nagar route was nine paisa, later, in 1960, aluminium bodies were introduced as steel corrodes, especially in coastal areas, and the colour code also changed to red from the blue and silver. A partial night service was launched in 1956, the service about a decade later. The S. T. buses are used for transportation of the postal mail, distribution of medicines, newspapers. Transporting goods of the farmers to cities, is one of their jobs. MSRTC is the largest fleet owners in India, operating a fleet of approximately 16,500 buses that ferry 7 million passengers daily on 18,700 routes. The Ordinary, Parivartan, Asiad and City Buses are built at MSRTCs in-house workshops at Dapodi, Aurangabad and these workshops produce as high as 2,000 buses per annum on an average. The corporation has 9 tyre retreading plants along with 32 divisional workshops
Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation
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Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC)
Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation
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MSRTC Volvo Coach
Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation
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MSRTC's Green top Asiad bus on Expressway.
39.
Punjab Roadways
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Punjab Roadways is a commercial organization and having a fleet of 868 buses at present. In addition,101 buses of Kilometer Scheme are also operating under Punjab Roadways and it has been operating 2.77 lacs km daily for different State/Inter-state routes. About 5.00 Lacs passengers travel daily in the buses of Punjab Roadways and these buses are being operated by the PUNBUS on the valid route permits of the Punjab Roadways and are giving good results. The proposal to purchase 300 more buses by PUNBUS by taking loan of Rs.40.00 Crore from the banks has been finalized. Punjab Roadways came into being in the year 1948 with a fleet of 13 buses, with an objective to provide better service, Punjab Roadways replaced 534 buses in 1997-98 and 1998-99 through PUNBUS a fully owned Government Company. The primary objective of Punjab Roadways is to provide an economical, Punjab Roadways is also providing free/concessional travel to the deserving categories identified by the Punjab Government. Punjab Roadways is also operating and monitoring the Bus Stands of Punjab, Punjab Roadways has launched online bus ticket booking through Travelyaari. com and PUNBUSonline. com Punjab Roadways Punjab Roadways @facebook
Punjab Roadways
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Punjab Roadways
40.
Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation
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Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation is a public transport company which provides bus services in the Indian state Rajasthan. It is headquartered in Jaipur, Rajasthan, the corporation was established by Government of Rajasthan on 1 October 1964 under the Road Transport Act 1950. RSRTC operates ordinary, express and deluxe services and it has 5,000 buses in its fleet,56 depots across Rajasthan and 3 depots outside the state i. e. Indore, Ahmedabad and Delhi. RSRTC operates services in Rajasthan and adjoining states of Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jaipur City Transport Services Limited RSRTC official website
Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation
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Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation राजस्थान राज्य पथ परिवहन निगम
41.
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
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Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Limited is a public transport bus operator in Tamil Nadu, India. It operates Intercity bus services to cities within Tamil Nadu, and it also operates Public transport bus service in many cities of Tamil Nadu, with the exception of Chennai, where the public bus service is operated by MTC, a subsidiary of TNSTC. TNSTC is fully owned and operated by the Government of Tamil Nadu, TNSTC has started online booking facilities TNSTC Online Booking to book bus tickets between major cities served by TNSTC. School and college students get a bus pass to travel on TNSTC buses. TNSTC owns 321 depots and five workshops, TNSTC also offers contract and tourist services. Every bus owned by the corporation displays a portrait of Tamil poet Thiruvalluvar along with a two line verse from Thirukkural inside the bus, ultra deluxe non AC coaches with recliner seats, operated between important commercial centers to major cities. Air conditioned buses operated in intra city routes operated by TNSTC, SETC operates Air conditioned buses from all district headquarters to Chennai. TNSTC and SETC use custom made buses built on Ashok Leyland, Air conditioned buses for intra city routes in Chennai are supplied by Volvo and Tata Marcopolo. All divisions have individual own coach building units, in 1984, Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Limited established Institute of Road and Transport Technology at Chithode, Erode and IRT Perundurai Medical College at Perundurai near Erode. The price has been fixed at ₹10 per bottle, and the plant is set up in Gummidipoondi in Thiruvallur district. State Transport Undertakings TNSTC Bus Timings
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
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Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Limited தமிழ்நாடு அரசுப் போக்குவரத்துக் கழகம்
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
42.
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
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Telangana State Road Transport Corporation is a state-owned company that runs transport services within the Indian state of Telangana. It was formed in 2014 by splitting the Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, many other Indian metro towns in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, Odisha and Chhattisgarh are also linked with the services of TSRTC. It serves about 89.4 lakh passengers every day, having three zones and Services operating through 95 depots. Road transport corporation in Telangana State was first established as NSRRTD, Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established on 11 January 1958 in pursuance of the Road Transport Corporations Act 1950. Consequent upon bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh state into Telangana and residual Andhra Pradesh, the Government of Telangana has subsequently established Telangana State Road Transport Corporation, on 27.04.2016, under the Road Transport Corporation Act,1950. TSRTC has three zones, Hyderabad, Greater Hyderabad and Karimnagar and it has 13 regions,95 depots and 357 bus stations. TSRTC buses undertake operations on 3,687 routes, having a fleet of 10,460 under its wing. TSRTC operates various kinds of services catering to the needs of people from all walks of life connecting villages towns, TSRTC brands its services based on the level of comfort. Air conditioned buses are branded Vennela, Garuda Plus, Garuda, Vennela is the most expensive and comfortable service operated by TSRTC. Vennela translates to moon in Telugu and these are Isuzu buses fabricated by JCBL with sleeper berths arranged perpendicular to the body similar to a first class train. Each berth has its own LED TV with pre-loaded movies, value added services include a 500ml water bottle, facial wipes and blanket. There are currently only three Vennela buses in TSRTC, all of them are operated to Bengaluru out of Picket depot in Secunderabad. TSRTC operates Multi axle buses of Mercedes-Benz, Volvo and Scania make as Garuda Plus buses, designed for superior ride quality, these buses have reclining seats. Few old buses also have calf rests, there are two/three led TV s in each bus with pre loaded movies depending on the make. As in Vennela, passengers are given a 500ml water bottle, blanket, TSRTC operates Garuda plus buses on long distance interstate routes. TSRTC operates bi-axle buses of Volvo and Isuzu make as Garuda, there have been no additions to the fleet since 2009 apart from a few Vennela which were downgraded as Garuda. This class of service will be phased out slowly, TSRTC operates AC buses built on Ashok Leylands 12M Viking chassis as Rajadhani. Introduced in 2011, these buses were branded as Indra
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
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Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
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TSRTC GARUDA Plus VOLVO B11R Multi Axle I-Shift
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
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METRO LUXURY A/C Bus VOLVO 8400
Telangana State Road Transport Corporation
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METRO EXPRESS Ashok Leyland Semi Low Floor Bus
43.
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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With a fleet size of over 11851 buses we operate over 3 million kilometers catering to the travel needs of over 1.4 million people and earning over Rs.70 million everyday. Provision of adequate, efficient, well co-ordinated, comfortable and economical services to our passengers, while earning enough for self-sustenance & growth, is our motto. Passenger road transport services in the state of U. P. started on 15 May 1947 with the operation of bus service on the Lucknow - Barabanki route by the erstwhile U. P. At the time of establishment of the Corporation it had a fleet of 4253 buses which were operating on 1123 routes, the corporations earned kilometers operated at that time were 228.8 million kilometers. As a result of increase in operations, the earned kilometers totaled about 395.3 million kilometers. By the end of the period the fleet had risen to 8161 buses from the initial strength of 6198. At the end of 2006-07 the Corporation had 6561 buses apart from 784 hired buses operated under its control. In the XIth five-year plan 4518 buses were inducted and 4189 buses were removed from fleet. At the end of 2011-12 the Corporation had 6890 buses apart from 1763 hired buses operated under its control, the Corporation has been reconstituted on 30 Oct 2003 with the services in the state of Uttarakhand forming a separate corporation. The corporate office of the corporation is situated at Lucknow. For efficient functioning the corporation has been divided into 20 regions of which 1 region operates urban & sub-urban services, the total number of depots in the corporation is 116, including car-section. Each depot has a depot workshop attached to it to provide supportive maintenance facilities, with the implementation of ITMS, the entire transport department in the state would go online. U. P. S. R. T. C. is headquartered at Lucknow and has 20 regions operating out of 116 depots, UPSRTC operates a fleet of around 11,851 Buses primarily manufactured by Ashok Leyland. Some TATA and Volvo buses are also in service, JANTA Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns / villages / tehsils. Caters to rural and economy conscious traffic, USP - Reduced fares are charged. MINI Operates as shuttle service between district headquarters and nearby towns / villages / tehsils, Caters to rural and time conscious traffic. USP - Has 32 seats, gets filled up fast and reaches destination faster, ORDINARY New comfortable buses, operate between various districts Caters to the general traffic. USP - Ordinary fares are charged, GOLD LINE New, more comfortable and point to point services. Operates between different districts as direct services, USP - Starts at right time from starting station and again start at right time for return journey to starting station. Caters to comfort and time conscious traffic, SLEEPER New, comfortable and non AC Sleeper services for long routes
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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Uttar pradesh State Transport Corporation Limited
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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Barabanki UPSRTC (Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation) Bus Station.
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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NH-2 a UPSRTC bus
Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
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UPSRTC Bus Service in Daryaoganj
44.
South Bengal State Transport Corporation
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South Bengal State Transport Corporation is a West Bengal state government undertaken transport corporation. It plys buses in South Bengal and other parts of West Bengal to Durgapur, SBSTC owns many depots in West Bengal to station their buses. By providing link between Jharkhand and West Bengal, it is the backbone of many people residing in the areas between these two states. Also it connects many cities in West Bengal, particularly connecting major cities like Asansol, Durgapur, Bardhaman, Kolkata, Purulia, Bankura, initially, it started with only 8 buses operated inside the township covering a total route length of 65 km. In 1964-65, the strength increased to 25 with and total operating route length increased to 102 km. In 1965-66, the strength is increased to 62 and route length became 428 km. On 15 August 1967, it was renamed to Durgapur State Transport Board, in 1972-73, Durgapur-Siliguri bus service was introduced with 3 new town services and the total route length of long distance and town services went up to 1650 km and 143 km respectively. In 1973, DSTB was ultimately converted into public sector undertaking under the name and style of Durgapur State Transport Corporation, DSTC got its present name in 1988 with an objective of increasing its service to the entire south Bengal. The Corporation has a system of management which is, Depot, Division. The entire operational network of the Corporation is carried out through its two Divisional headquarters – one located at Durgapur and other at Belghoria, at the Corporate level, the Deputy Managing Director, Chief Accounts Officers and HODs of other discipline assist the Managing Director. Administrative Officer and other officers for administration, Dy. Chief Accounts Officer for accounts matter, the Divisional Managers are directly reporting to the Managing Director. The Depot Manager or Depot In-charge directly reports to the Divisional Manager, at the present, SBSTC operates road transport services from its two Divisional Offices - one at Durgapur and other at Belghoria. Corporation services link West Bengal with Bhutan and reach the border of Assam and this Corporation has operations in the inter-State routes like the present link with state of Jharkhand. Some inter-state routes on which the Corporation runs buses are Durgapur to Tata via Bankura and Purulia, the Corporation has planned to contact some more areas in more States in the near future. SBSTC provides its services through two divisions, namely Durgapur and Belghoria and it has a total fifteen depots, four bus terminus, two bus counter and one bus stand. B. S. T. C
South Bengal State Transport Corporation
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South Bengal State Transport Corporation দক্ষিণবঙ্গ রাষ্ট্রীয় পরিবহণ সংস্থা
South Bengal State Transport Corporation
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South Bengal State Transport Corporation
45.
Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service
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Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service runs the public bus service in the city of Ahmedabad in India. At present, AMTS has 910 buses serving the city, in addition AMTS is also responsible for 140 BRTS buses, and 100 feeder buses. The responsibility of the administration of AMTS comes under the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation There existed three transport services viz, ABC Co. Morris Transport and Munshi Bus service, before the municipal bus service. There was a shortage of petrol till 1946 due to the Second World War, coal gas was used as a fuel earlier in the buses and many buses were plying on gas. There were approximately 50,000 commuters who travelled in such buses, Morris company operated some 32 bus routes in the city. The buses ran on Gandhi Road, and Relief Road from Bhadra in the city area, There were clockwise and anti-clockwise routes running from Shahpur to Shahpur. Moreover, there were routes for Shahibaug, Dudheshwar, Vadaj, Sabarmati. Buses for the Sabarmati area ran from Vadaj, the first communal riots took place in 1941, and the atmosphere was tense in 1946 also. The buses run by private companies closed down during the emergency period, the private companies buses were in wretched condition, having wooden seats without sponge, a curse for the commuters, because the profit motive was at the centre for such commercial organizations. Hence the citizens demanded heavily for a transport service. The minimum bus fare was one Anna, and the bus fare was three Annas. They were in force from 1-1-47, Amdavad municipality decided to start a bus service in the public sector, keeping in view the ideal to end the troubles of the people and to give them good service at reasonable rates. There were 60 municipal buses running on the road on 1-4-47, the people of the city took pride in the bus service started by the municipality. The seats were spongy and comfortable in the new buses, All the routes started from Lal Darwaja and the railway station. The route numbers were similar to those of the Morris Company, with minor changes, clockwise and anti-clockwise circular routes were started from Lal Darwaja. Due to an inconvient body for the city-service, they were stopped as soon as the organization got its own buses and it was granted that all the municipal transport service staff would get monthly Rs.5 as a grain rebate. New buses As deliveries were received from the bus dealers, more buses came on the roads, an order was given to General Motors to buy 225 buses in total. Out of that,143 buses were received up to September 1947, the petrol supply was inadequate in those days, due to government regulations, so the buses on the road were much fewer than was required
Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service
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Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service
Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service
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AMTS Bus Stand
46.
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation is a government agency that operates the public transport bus service in Bangalore, India. It has the highest number of Volvo buses operated by a transport company in India. Dr. Ekroop Caur, IAS, is the Managing Director of the BMTC from August 2014, as the result of a split of the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, in the context of the citys expansion in the year 1997, Bangalore Transport Service was formed. Later Bangalore Transport Service became Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, and the colour scheme of BTS was also changed from red to a blue and white combination. For this day BMTC still remains a division of KSRTC, the profits earned by BMTC are used to cover the losses from the NWKRTC and NEKRTC divisions of KSRTC. These buses are numbered with a G prefix, BIG Circle, Suvarna class buses with special white colored BIG Circle livery. These buses ply on inner and outer ring roads, buses are numbered with a C prefix or a K prefix. Atal Sarige, Low fare buses painted with Indian tri-colour livery, Vajra, Air conditioned Volvo buses painted in red livery running on important routes serving the IT companies and major residential areas. Vayu Vajra, Green coloured Volvo buses operated in 12 routes connecting to Kempegowda International Airport, free Wi-Fi access is provided to the commuters in these buses. Marcopolo AC and Corona AC, Air conditioned buses with lower fare than Vajra services plying on select routes, Metro Feeder, Special buses running on 10 routes as feeder network to the Metro stations Hop On Hop Off, This service was introduced for sightseeing in Bangalore. It covers a route connecting about twenty landmarks of great historic, religious, BMTC has also introduced Mercedes Benz buses on a trial basis. BMTC has also introduced buses powered by solar energyon trial basis in Bangalore, the BMTC announced that it would acquire 150 electric buses by September 2017. The project will be funded by the Union Governments Faster Adoption, BMTC has 34 bus stations across the city and the 3 major bus stations are located at, Majestic K. R. BMTC unveiled a smart card for its bus services for the first time in June 2016. The company introduced smart cards on trial-basis on BMTC Bus No.335 operating between Majestic and Kadugodi bus stations in March 2017, apart from serving as an identification document, the smart cards can be used to purchase bus tickets and also swiped at point-of-sale enabled merchant establishments. The card costs ₹5 and can be recharged for up to ₹10,000, recharges higher than ₹10,000 require the customer to provide identification. According to Axis Bank, the BMTCs partner in the project, the cards open-loop structure allows other agencies to integrate their smart card schemes by adopting the standards of the BMTC smart card. Introduced on 4 February 2010, Bus Day is an event calling all the citizens of Bangalore to use public transport. The idea behind Bus Day is to observe the changes which can be brought in the city in trying to respect environment, traffic situation, the 4th of every month is observed as a Bus Day
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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BMTC Vajra
Volvo B7RLE
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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A BMTC
Volvo bus
Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
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A BMTC Corona bus
47.
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
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The Metropolitan Transport Corporation sometimes known as the MTC, is the agency that operates the public bus service in Chennai, India. The MTC has a fleet of 4000 buses and on a daily basis carries 5 million passengers to. In March 22,2016, the Union Transport Ministry reported that Chennai had the most crowded buses in the country with 1300 passengers per bus in each direction per day. During peak hours, in some routes, a bus with capacity to accommodate 80 persons carries twice the number of people due to the extensiveness of the system and it has an operating area of 3,929 square kilometres. MTC has a total of 730 routes with its largest terminus being Broadway in Central Chennai, Metropolitan Transport Corporation Ltd was established on 1 January 1972 with a fleet strength of 1,029 buses. The operational jurisdiction is the Chennai Metropolitan area and it served 176 routes and had 8 depots, including those at T. Nagar, Adyar, and Vadapalani. Depots at Anna Nagar and K. K, pallavan Transport Corporation was renamed as Metropolitan Transport Corporation Limited, Dr. Ambedkar Transport Corporation was renamed as Metropolitan Transport Corporation Ltd. on 1 July 1997. In order to make the Corporations viable, and for administrative control. The fleet strength of the Corporation at 1 March 2009 was 3,260 with 25 depots, a body building unit at Chromepet, during the year 2002-2003,117 buses have been purchased for replacement. After 2007, thousands of number of buses are purchased for new services as well as replacement for old buses, as of 2012, the corporation operates 42,961 services daily in 800 routes. The driver strength at MTC is 5,000 as against a required strength of 5,800. Local thugs and rowdies are employed as drivers, abuse and rash driving are a way of life for these people. Per RTO rules, an MTC bus could accommodate a maximum of 83 passengers, however, buses carry over 160 passengers in some routes, especially during peak hours, with many travelling on the footboard of the bus resulting in several accidents. According to Union Transport Ministry of India in March 22,2016 and this is due to the extensive routes the buses ply to and also the cost which is reasonably less than some of the major cities in the country. An exclusive and efficient BRTS on dedicated elevated roads is being proposed by MTC as well as the Tamil Nadu Government in order to improve the share of public transport, for a city like Chennai, ideally more than 60% of the people should be using public transport systems. However, owing to its vehicle density which is the second highest in the country, normal buses These buses in the MTC fleet were manufactured by Ashok Leyland and Tata Motors. These buses were launched in the 1990s and some continue to ply while the majority have been replaced in favor of newer buses. Semi-Low floor buses The semi-low floored and deluxe buses have improved passenger amenities like improved lighting, plastic moulded seats and driver operated pneumatic, the first set of such buses from Ashok Leyland were introduced in February 2007
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
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Deluxe bus from
Ashok Leyland
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
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Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Limited
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
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An ordinary fare (white board) bus
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)
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MTC's Tata Marcopolo Bus
48.
Indore City Bus
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Indore City Bus is a road transport system run by Atal Indore City Transport Services Limited or AICTSL. This transport system runs through 277 kilometers of road network in the Indore city, the city bus service has 6 private partners along with the city administration and the total investment has gone more than 40 Crores. Indore is the largest metropolitan city of the state of Madhya Pradesh, the city is growing rapidly with need for increasing mobility, high travel demand, increasing intensity of traffic, congestion, delays, accidents and other transportation problems. The intra-city public transport system is essentially road based with 500 private minibuses,550 tempos, the city felt a lack of public mass transport system for long time. Indore City Transport Services Limited was incorporated on 1 December 2005 with an objective to operate, seven key people were identified as the Board of Directors. Indore Municipal Corporation and Indore Development Authority invested a capital of Rs 2,500,000 jointly. The collector of Indore, Vivek Aggarwal was responsible for the execution of the project to run the bus service, the company is run as a public-private partnership. The city bus routes are spread citywide and also to neighboring cities, majority of city bus consist of ordinary route. Limited bus services which skips minor stops is used on Long routes, the buses have colour strips appended to routes. Green coloured buses connect Indore with Mhow, some buses like yellow and orange go beyond Indore region to Pithampur and Gandhinagar area. Buses with magenta strip mostly serve BRTS and provide connection AB Road, the ICTSL uses CNG powered buses for its operation. As of 2011, the ICTSL runs a total of 125 buses, ferrying an average of 55,000 passengers over 30 routes, two new suburbs Runji Gautampura and Depalpur also added in city bus circle on 15 December 2012. The ICTSL supplements suburban buses, which is the carrier on Indore region. It is for this reason that ICTSL always gives priority for feeder routes are given more priority than other routes, the city bus offers daily passes to regular travelers. The city bus fare has increased by Rs.1. The minimum charge for city bus is Rs.8 and the pass rate has been increased to Rs.600. This increase was attributed towards the recent crude oil price hike which made diesel, noted writer Gurcharan Das wrote in his blog on how Indores bus service could prove to be helpful in solving New Delhis bus transport problems. Blueline buses killed as many as 488 people in New Delhi during the 3-year span of 2005-2008, Gurcharan writes Indore is now quoted as having the best bus service in the world
Indore City Bus
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Indore City Bus
Indore City Bus
49.
Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
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Jaipur City Transport Services Limited is a city bus service for Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan state in India. The system has been running many years, but was heavily modified in 2007. RSRTC extended travelling facility to the colonies and sub-urban towns in, regardless of the heavy financial loss on the system, RSRTC has been operating about 300 city buses per day. For late night passengers, selected city night service buses connecting to the railway station. Recently it also inaugurated its HOP-ON HOP-OFF service for attracting foreign tourists, the process of development and expansion of the system to the commuters is a regular process in RSRTC and RSRTC is expediting its responsibility. For declaring its public responsibility, Jaipur City Transport Services has been published for better transparency, City bus service was introduced in 2007. The new city bus was very well received by the local populace, in 2009, a new fleet of low floor and low floor AC buses were introduced. It is run under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Bus service was initially only on the main roads, but it later operated in residential areas too. Now it also operates in congested areas, JCTSL was established to cater the increasing needs of Jaipur City. JCTSL is headquartered at Jaipur and has 15 primary routes and it has 4 depots, Sanganer, Vidhyadhar Nagar, Shastri Nagar, and Bais Godam. Jaipur City Transport Services employs 650 employees and it has a fleet of 400 buses. Of them,20 are A/C Low floor,380 are non A/C Low floor, at present there are 7 radial routes with 7 additional routes,3 circular routes,3 AC routes and 6 sub-urban routes. Buses in green colour are for suburban and rural services in, Jaipur city transport services limited operates a large number of A/C and non A/C low floor buses under the title RSRTC JNNURM. The type of bus can be judged on their colour, the A/C buses are in dark red, while the routes have their own colors. These buses are designed and equipped with all needed security measures. These buses can be used by the physically disabled, modern automatic door opening/closing function is there in this buses. Jaipur city transport services limited operates buses for suburban towns around Jaipur and these buses are green in color and have limited stops as compared to City buses. They have fixed fares and are good source of transportation for neighboring towns around Jaipur
Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
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Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
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RSTRC Non-AC Bus in Bharatpur
Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
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A bus stop of Jaipur BRTS
Jaipur City Transport Services Limited
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Jaipur BRTS
