1.
Django Unchained
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Set in the Old West and Antebellum South, it is a highly stylized tribute to Spaghetti Westerns, in particular the 1966 film Django by Sergio Corbucci, whose star Franco Nero has a cameo appearance. Development of Django Unchained began in 2007 when Tarantino was writing a book on Sergio Corbucci, by April 2011, Tarantino sent his final draft of the script to The Weinstein Company. Casting began in the summer of 2011, with Michael K. Williams, principal photography took place from November 2011 to March 2012 in California, Wyoming and Louisiana. Django Unchained premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11,2012, the film was nominated for several film industry awards, including five Academy Awards. Waltz won several awards for his performance, among them Best Supporting Actor at the Golden Globes, BAFTAs, Tarantino won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe, and a BAFTA award for writing the films original screenplay. The film grossed over $425 million worldwide in theaters against its $100 million budget, in 1858 Texas, the Speck brothers, Ace and Dicky, drive a group of black slaves on foot. Among the shackled slaves is Django, sold off and separated from his wife, the Speck brothers are stopped by Dr. King Schultz, a German dentist-turned-bounty hunter from Düsseldorf, who asks to buy one of the slaves. He questions Django about his knowledge of the Brittle brothers, a group of outlaws for whom Dr. Schultz is carrying a warrant, when Ace becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz, a superior gunslinger, kills Ace with a fast draw. Dr. Schultz insists on honorably paying Dicky a fair price for Django before leaving him at the mercy of the newly-freed slaves, as Django can identify the Brittle brothers, Dr. Schultz offers him his freedom in exchange for help tracking them down. After tracking and killing the Brittles to a plantation owned by Spencer Big Daddy Bennett and they are also briefly hunted by Big Daddy but Dr. Schultz deceives and kills most of his gang with an explosive in their carriage, as Django kills Big Daddy himself. Dr. Schultz explains that he responsible for Django since Django is the first person he has ever freed. Now fully trained, Django collects his first bounty, keeping the handbill for good luck, Dr. Schultz and Django meet Calvin at his gentlemans club in Greenville and submit their offer to buy one of his best fighters. Intrigued, Calvin invites them to his ranch at Candyland, after finding Broomhilda and telling her of their plan, Dr. Schultz claims to be charmed by her and offers to buy her as well. During dinner, Calvins staunchly loyal house slave Stephen becomes suspicious, Dr. Schultz agrees, and the papers for her freedom are drawn up and signed. Calvin smugly insists that the deal be sealed through a handshake, when Calvin threatens to kill Broomhilda, Dr. Schultz kills Calvin by shooting him in the heart with a concealed derringer. As Stephen mourns over Calvins death, Butch, Calvins bodyguard, kills Dr. Schultz by shooting him with a shotgun, an extensive gunfight begins, and Django guns down a great number of his opponents before surrendering when Broomhilda is taken hostage. The next morning, Stephen tells Django that Calvins sister, Lara Lee Candie-Fitzwilly, is in charge now, en route to the mine, Django proves to his escorts that he is a bounty hunter by showing them his handbill. The escorts release him and give him a pistol, which he uses to kill them before stealing a horse and returning to Candyland with a bag of dynamite
2.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
Spence School
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The Spence School is an American all-girls independent school in New York City, founded in 1892 by Clara B. Spence has about 688 students, with grades K-4 representing the Lower School, 5-8 representing the Middle School, Lower school average class sizes are 16-18 and middle and upper school average class sizes are 13-14. The student, teacher ratio is 7,1 and students of color in all make up approximately 33 percent of the student body. The school is popular with families in New York City. For the 2012-13 academic year, tuition is $40,000 for all grades K-12 and its sister schools are the all-girls Brearley School, the all-girls Chapin School and the all-boys Collegiate School, all in New York City. Forbes magazine ranked Spence ninth on its Americas Best Prep Schools list in 2010, the Spence School was founded in 1892 by Clara B. Spence, who was its head for 31 years, the schools motto is non scholae sed vitae discimus. The first building was located on New York Citys West 48th Street. The school once had a boarding option, the school has been located on East 91st Street since 1929. Spence offers an arts and science curriculum, including programs in the arts. Computers are integrated into the curriculum in the Kindergarten class and continue through the twelfth grade, in addition, English courses include Asian, African, African American, Caribbean, Latin American, and Middle Eastern Literature. In the Upper School most students, even though not required, take four years of math, beginning in 2007-08, Mandarin Chinese was added to the teaching of French, Spanish and Latin. A specialized computer/robotics course also becomes an elective in the seventh grade, the Varsity Softball Team won the AAIS Tournament 2015. The chess team in April 2008 finished first in the National All-Girls Chess Championship in Dallas, Texas, the Varsity Volleyball team finished first in the New York State Championships in 2008-2009, 2009-2010 and 2013-2014 school year. The Middle School Swim Team has won the AAIS Championships 9 out of the last 10 years, the Spence School campus is currently located in three buildings in the Carnegie Hill Historic District on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. The Upper School and Middle School are housed a half block from Central Park/5th Avenue at 22 East 91st Street, the Lower School is housed in the renovated landmark building William Goadby Loew House on East 93rd Street between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue. The location has been used as a backdrop in several movies and television shows including The Anderson Tapes and she graduated from Spence in 1982. Marathon Man, the car chase ends in a ball of fire that was filmed directly in front of Spence. Arthur, The Cooper-Hewitt Museum played the role of Arthurs family mansion, working Girl, Melanie Griffith and Harrison Ford crash a wedding filmed in the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, but Spence is clearly visible
5.
George Washington University
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The George Washington University is a private research university in Washington, D. C. GW is the largest institution of education in Washington, D. C. In his will, Washington left his 50 shares in the Potomac Company to help endow the university, however, due to the companys financial difficulties, the funding did not materialize. The university was chartered by an act of Congress on February 9,1821 and its name was changed to Columbian University in 1873 and to the George Washington University in 1904, in honor of Washington. GWs Graduate School of Political Management is the school of applied politics in the nations capital. GWs professional schools and the Elliott School of International Affairs are consistently ranked highly in national and international college rankings lists, the Princeton Review consistently ranks GW as one of the Most Politically Active schools. Some of the graduates have gone on to high positions within both the U. S. government and foreign governments. Notable alumni include former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid, former Secretary of State Colin Powell and he presented numerous letters to Congress and included the subject in his last will and testament. Baptist missionary and leading minister Luther Rice raised funds to purchase a site in Washington, the first commencement in 1824 was considered an important event for the young city of Washington, D. C. In attendance were President Monroe, John C, Calhoun, Henry Clay, Marquis de Lafayette and other dignitaries. During the Civil War, most students left to join the Confederacy, walt Whitman was among many of the volunteers to work on the campus. Following the war, in 1873, Columbian College became the Columbian University and moved to a downtown location centered on 15th and H streets. The university moved its operations to the D. C. neighborhood of Foggy Bottom in 1912. The George Washington University, like much of Washington, D. C. traces many of its origins back to the Freemasons, the Bible that the presidents of the university use to swear an oath on upon inauguration is the Bible of Freemason George Washington. Freemasonry symbols are displayed throughout the campus including the foundation stones of many of the university buildings. Many of the Colleges of the George Washington University stand out for their age, the Law School is the oldest law school in the District of Columbia. The School of Medicine and Health Sciences is the 11th oldest medical school in the nation, the Columbian College was founded in 1821, and is the oldest unit of the university. The Elliott School of International Affairs was formalized in 1898, the majority of the present infrastructure and financial stability at GW is due to the tenures of Presidents Cloyd Heck Marvin, Lloyd Hartman Elliott and Stephen Joel Trachtenberg
6.
Nnamdi Asomugha
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Nnamdi Asomugha is a former American football cornerback. He played college football for the University of California, Berkeley and he also played for the Philadelphia Eagles and San Francisco 49ers. For many years he was considered one of the best shutdown corners in the NFL, nnamdi Asomugha was born in Lafayette, Louisiana, to Nigerian Igbo parents. He was raised in Los Angeles, California, Asomugha attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he played for the California Golden Bears football team. Asomugha graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Interdisciplinary Studies focused on Corporate Finance, Asomugha was the second Cal player to be drafted in the first round of the 2003 NFL draft by the Oakland Raiders. He was moved to cornerback but played sparingly the first two seasons of his career and he became a starter in 2005 and set new highs in tackles with 60 tackles and passes broken up with 14. In 2006, he recorded his first two interceptions against the Cleveland Browns. He got his third interception four weeks later against the Pittsburgh Steelers, though the team suffered through a 2-14 season, Asomughas 2006 campaign was his finest yet as he finished the season with 50 tackles, eight interceptions, a sack, a forced fumble and one touchdown. His interception total tied him for second highest total in the National Football League along with four other players, after the season, Asomugha was invited to the Pro Bowl as an alternate but because of late notice he was not able to attend the annual all-star game. He also received the Oakland Raiders Commitment to Excellence Award and was named the teams Most Valuable Player, in addition, Asomugha was selected to Dr. Z Sports Illustrated 2006 All-Pro team as well as The Associated Press 2006 All-Pro Team. Asomugha was selected as the Raiders Team Captain for the 2007 season, opposing quarterbacks tested him only 31 times with a mere 10 completions the entire season. One NFL scout told Pro Football Weekly that Asomugha was thrown at less than any defender in the last ten years in 2007 and he finished the 2007 season with 34 tackles,1 interception and 7 breakups and was named a 2008 Pro Bowl alternate. A free agent in the 2008 offseason, the Raiders placed the franchise tag on Asomugha on February 20,2008. Asomugha was again selected a captain before the 2008 season. Opposing quarterbacks tested him only 27 times the entire season resulting in just 8 completions, only perennial all-pros Randy Moss and Tony Gonzalez would catch more than one ball on him during the year. New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick said Asomugha is as complete a cornerback as he has all year. He finished the 2008 season with 40 tackles,1 interception,1 forced fumble and he received the Oakland Raiders Commitment to Excellence Award for the second time and was named the teams 2008 Co-Most Valuable Player along with running back Justin Fargas. Asomugha was selected as a starter for the 2009 Pro Bowl and he was selected onto The Sporting News 2008 All-Pro Team as well as the Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL Team for 2008
7.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
8.
Scandal (TV series)
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Scandal is an American political thriller television series starring Kerry Washington. Created by Shonda Rhimes, it debuted on ABC on April 5,2012, Kerry Washingtons character, Olivia Pope, is partially based on former George H. W. Bush administration press aide Judy Smith, who serves as a co-executive producer. The show takes place in Washington, D. C, Season 1 introduced Olivia Pope and the various members of her firm, as well as President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant III and his chief of staff Cyrus Beene. An assassination attempt is made on Fitzs life, which almost kills him, as a result, Sally takes over as President, much to Cyrus dismay. After surviving, Fitz decides to get a divorce, which Mellie tries to avoid by somehow convincing her OB/GYN to induce her labour 4 weeks early, Huck is arrested for the attempted assassination after being framed by his girlfriend Becky. After David helps Huck go free, Huck, Olivia and her team trick Becky to show up at the hospital where she is arrested, Fitz finds out that Verna was behind the assassination and kills her. At the funeral, he reveals to Olivia that he doesnt want a divorce as he is devastated after learning about the rigging from Verna, the second arc focuses on finding the mole who is leaking classified information from the White House. Olivia and the team investigate the case after figuring out that the CIA Directors suicide was actually a murder, Olivia gets to know Captain Jake Ballard, who works with the leader of B613, Rowan, who orders Jake to get close to Olivia. At the end of the season, Mellie gives Fitz an ultimatum, either he becomes loyal to her, or she goes on national television, Fitz chooses Olivia, which makes Mellie reveal the affair. As Olivia and the continue to investigate who the mole is, Huck manages to capture Charlie. They figure out that Billy is working with David, who steals the Cytron card, at the end, Olivias name is leaked to the press as being Fitzs mistress, and it is revealed that Rowan is Olivias father. After Olivias name is leaked to the press as Fitzs mistress, the firm accepts new clients in order to pay the bills. Rowan becomes more involved with Olivias life, which begins to affect her and they discover during a military action code named Operation Remington, Fitz shot down a civilian aircraft over Iceland and Olivias mother was one of over 300 casualties. Determined to find out the truth about Operation Remington, the firm investigates Rowan, Quinn starts to hang out with Charlie, who sets her up to kill a security guard who was an eye-witness to the Federal Marshals removal of the passenger. As a result of Quinns inadvertent murder, Huck tortures her, Cyrus tries his best to find dirt on Marcus in order to ruin her campaign, but fails. After Olivia finds out that Fitz shot down the plane which killed her mother, she declines the offer of being the manager for Fitzs re-election. After an incident with Marcus sister, Josephine backs out of her campaign, the second part of the season focuses more on the re-election campaign as Olivia has taken over as the campaign manager. At the same time, Sally announces that she is running for President by being an Independent, as a result, Fitz chooses the Governor of California, Andrew Nichols, as his new Vice Presidential running-mate
9.
Shonda Rhimes
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Shonda Lynn Rhimes is an American television producer, screenwriter, and author. Rhimes has also served as the producer of the ABC television series Off the Map, How to Get Away with Murder. In 2007, Rhimes was named one of TIME magazines 100 People Who Help Shape the World, and in 2015, she published a memoir, Year of Yes, How to Dance It Out, Stand in the Sun, and Be Your Own Person. Rhimes was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Vera P. a university administrator, Rhimes lived in Park Forest South, with two older brothers and three older sisters. She has said she exhibited an early affinity for storytelling and that her time spent as a volunteer while in high school sparked an interest in hospital environments. Rhimes attended Marian Catholic High School in Chicago Heights, Illinois, before enrolling at Dartmouth College, at Dartmouth, she joined the Black Underground Theater Association and divided her time between directing and performing in student productions, and fiction. She wrote for the college newspaper, after college, she relocated to San Francisco with an older sibling and worked in advertising at McCann Erickson. She subsequently relocated to Los Angeles to attend the University of Southern California, while at USC she was hired by Debra Martin Chase as an intern. Rhimes credits her success, in part, to mentors like a prominent African-American producer. Chase would later serve as a mentor to Rhimes and they would work together on The Princess Diaries 2, Rhimes was ranked at the top of her class and earned the Gary Rosenberg Writing Fellowship. She obtained a Master of Fine Arts degree from the USC School of Cinematic Arts, after graduation, Rhimes found herself an unemployed scriptwriter in Hollywood. To make ends meet, Rhimes worked at a variety of day jobs, including an office administrator, during this period, Rhimes worked as research director on the 1995 Peabody Award-winning documentary, Hank Aaron, Chasing the Dream. In 1998 Rhimes made a film, Blossoms and Veils, starring Jada Pinkett-Smith and Jeffrey Wright. A feature script Rhimes wrote was purchased by New Line Cinema and this was soon followed by an assignment to co-write the acclaimed 1999 HBO movie Introducing Dorothy Dandridge. It earned numerous awards for its star, Halle Berry, in 2001, Rhimes wrote Crossroads, the debut film of pop singer Britney Spears. Despite being panned by critics, the film grossed over $60 million worldwide and she then moved on to Disney’s sequel to its popular 2001 movie The Princess Diaries. In 2003, Rhimes wrote her first pilot, about young female globe-trotting war correspondents, for ABC, Rhimes is the creator and currently executive producer and head writer of Greys Anatomy. The series debuted as a replacement on March 27,2005
10.
Olivia Pope
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Olivia Carolyn Pope is a fictional character portrayed by Kerry Washington, created by Shonda Rhimes and partially based on Judy Smith for the political drama television series Scandal. Pope is a Washington, D. C. -based crisis manager who runs her own firm, Pope & Associates, the character has become a widely watched fashion and style trendsetter. Pope is loosely based on Judy Smith, who served as George H. W. Bushs Deputy Press Secretary, on Scandal, she is a revered fixer who helped United States President Fitzgerald Grant win office. Pope is a lawyer and White House aide. Her delivery is through what The New York Timess Alessandra Stanley describes as admonitory, among her secrets is her affair with President Grant. Some of her employees have law degrees, but do not serve as lawyers, instead, they are gladiators in suits who mollify or avert a wide array of crises. The role is regarded as groundbreaking. for one series, among her prominent comedic predecessors, Diahann Carroll played the title role in Julia from 1968 to 1971. Pope is regarded as a character, yet possibly the most complex black female lead in television history. Although the show does not touch upon race that often, regarding her much publicized affair with Grant, Pope once said Im feeling a little, I dont know, Pope has given Washington a role as a standard bearer for middle-class and upper middle-class, educated black women. Among women of all races, Washingtons Pope is in the minority as a female protagonist of a television series who are emotionally strong, professionally powerful. Her leadership of a hodge podge crew is compared to that of Brenda Leigh Johnson of The Closer, Popes intensity infuses her team with a sense of urgency that gives the show its pace. Her strong, professional but feminine leadership style is accentuated by her fashion, Popes wardrobe is designed by Scandal costume designer Lyn Paolo, and it has caught the attention of the Vogue staff. In 2014, Washingtons portrayal of Pope and her promotion of Popes style earned her acclaim as a style influencer from the Accessories Council. Paolo attempted to make Pope stand apart from the black, gray, some of her most respected wardrobe pieces are from notable fashion houses such as Ferragamo, Burberry, Gucci, Armani, Prada, Valentino, Tory Burch, and Michael Kors. The Valentino was saved for the season 1 finale, in addition to the luxurious elements of her wardrobe that are on loan from designers, Pope wears modest elements that Paolo picks up from Nordstrom Rack, Bloomingdales and Loehmanns. The Pope character has become somewhat of a style icon, harpers Bazaar and Glamour analyze her wardrobe every week in a dedicated fashion watch columns. Time describes her as a real-world lifestyle tastemaker, pointing out that the Crate & Barrel wine glasses that she drinks from on the sold out at the store. Washington and Paolo curated a Saks Fifth Avenue installation of Pope fashions in October 2013 and that season, Popes attire was part of a special collection at Saks Fifth Avenue
11.
Ray (film)
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Ray is a 2004 American musical biographical film focusing on 30 years in the life of rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles. The independently produced film was written, produced and directed by Taylor Hackford, Charles was set to attend an opening of the completed film, but died of liver disease in June, several months before its premiere. Raised on a plantation in Northern Florida, Ray Charles Robinson went blind at the age of seven. Inspired by an independent mother who insisted he make his own way in the world, Charles found his calling. The films production was financed by Philip Anschutz, through his Bristol Bay Productions company. It was made on a budget of $40 million, Ray debuted at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival. The film went on to become a hit, earning $75 million in the U. S. with an additional $50 million internationally. The film received positive reviews, with most of the praise going to Jamie Foxxs performance for which he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor. The film did receive some negative reviews, with critics complaining that the film suffered from a screenplay which was buoyed by powerful performances. According to music critic Robert Christgau, Foxx does the impossible—radiates something approaching the charisma of the artist hes portraying, thats the only time an actor has ever brought a pop icon fully to life on-screen. Though George did drown to death in a tub, Ray did try to pull him out. In the studio scene where Charles is taught the Mess Around, he is told it is in the key of G, in the film, when he arrives in Seattle at the club where he is going to audition, Ray meets a teenage Quincy Jones that very night. This event is only true, as Ray actually met Quincy a few days after arriving. Throughout the film, it is suggested that Rays depression and heroin addiction were fueled by nervous breakdowns he had over the deaths of both George and his mother, as well as his blindness. The film shows Ray having a party in Los Angeles sometime in 1965 when he is informed that Margie has died of a drug overdose, in reality, her death from an alleged drug overdose did reportedly upset Charles, but it did not occur until 1973
12.
The Last King of Scotland (film)
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The film was a co-production between companies from the United Kingdom and the United States, including Fox Searchlight Pictures and Film4, and was a financial success. The film tells the story of Nicholas Garrigan, a young Scottish doctor who travels to Uganda. The film received critical acclaim. Particular focus went to Whitaker, who received outstanding critical acclaim for his portrayal of Amin and he won Best Actor at the Academy Awards, among others. In 1970, Nicholas Garrigan graduates from school at the University of Edinburgh. With dull prospects at home, he decides to seek adventure abroad by working at a Ugandan missionary clinic run by Dr. David Merrit and Merrits wife, Garrigan becomes attracted to Sarah, who enjoys the attention, but refuses to engage in an extramarital affair. Meanwhile, General Idi Amin overthrows incumbent president Milton Obote in a coup détat, Garrigan sincerely believes Amin will help the country, while Sarah warns him of presidents who have taken over before. Garrigan is called to a car accident where he treats Amins hand. During the incident, Garrigan takes a gun and shoots a mortally wounded cow because no one else has the presence of mind to put it out of its misery, Amin is impressed by his quick action and initiative. Later, Amin invites Garrigan to become his physician and take charge of modernising the countrys health care system. Garrigan soon becomes Amins trusted confidant and is relied on for more than medical care. Although Garrigan is aware of violence around Kampala, he accepts Amins explanation that cracking down on the opposition will bring lasting peace to the country. Garrigan discovers that the leader has ostracised the youngest of his three wives, Kay, because she has given birth to an epileptic son, Mackenzie. When treating Mackenzie, Garrigan and Kay form a relationship and sleep with each other, eventually, Garrigan begins to lose faith in Amin as he witnesses the increasing paranoia, murders, and xenophobia in expelling South Asians from the country. Amin replaces Garrigans British passport with a Ugandan one to prevent him escaping, which leads Garrigan to frantically seek help from Stone. Garrigan is told the British will help him leave Uganda if he uses his position to assassinate Amin, Kay informs Garrigan that she has become pregnant with his child. Aware that Amin will murder her for infidelity if he discovers this, delayed by Amins command that he attend a press conference with Western journalists, Garrigan fails to meet Kay at the appointed time. She concludes she has abandoned and seeks out a primitive abortion in a nearby village
13.
Alicia Masters
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Alicia Reiss Masters is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is usually depicted as a character to the superheroes the Fantastic Four. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, she first appeared in The Fantastic Four #8, a caring, sensitive character, she has been a romantic interest and confidante of The Thing, a member of the Fantastic Four who is frequently ashamed of his monstrous appearance. She has also helped explain human life and emotion to the alien Silver Surfer, Alicia is introduced in Fantastic Four #8, along with her stepfather, the supervillain known as the Puppet Master. Alicia turns on her stepfather when she realizes that he is mad and power-hungry, a subsequently published story explains that the Puppet Master had been responsible for her permanent blindness, which was caused by an explosion of radioactive clay during his fight with a rival. The physically vulnerable Masters was also used as a damsel in distress. The character plays an role in one of the most acclaimed comic book stories of the Silver Age, The Coming of Galactus. In that story arc, the Silver Surfer first comes to Earth as a herald to the powerful, world-destroying being Galactus and her passionate pleading with him about the value of life convinces him to reject his master and defend the Earth from destruction. After the Thing chooses to remain on a planet where he could change back to human form, Alicia falls in love with the dashing Human Torch. The Thing returns to attend their wedding. In Fantastic Four #300, Johny Storm and Alicia have their wedding, but it is foiled by the Mad Thinker, the Wizard, and Alicias stepfather. These three villains planned to attack the wedding, but at the last moment Puppet Master stopped them, Alicia is frequently trusted as a babysitter for Franklin Richards, the son of Invisible Woman and Mr. Fantastic. During the year-long period in which the FF were missing, Alicia is seen as his primary caretaker, in a 2007 storyline set in the aftermath of an apparent assassination of Captain America, Alicia designed the memorial to him. In the alternate future of the 1999 miniseries Earth X, Alicia has married Ben Grimm and they have two children, Buzz and Chuck, who have Bens orange-rock skin. Like most of humanity, Alicia has been granted due to the release of a mutative agent. In the 2005 storyline House of M, Alicia is part of the human resistance and she has spent some time as a sculptor, J. Jonah Jameson had commissioned one of himself for his home. The Ultimate Marvel version of the character is introduced into the revamp of the Fantastic Four, Ultimate Fantastic Four, in issue #29. She finds a depressed Ben in the park, her gesture of friendship instantly places her in mortal danger from Doctor Doom
14.
Fantastic Four
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The Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The group debuted in The Fantastic Four #1, which helped to usher in a new level of realism in the medium. As the first superhero team title produced by Marvel Comics, it formed a cornerstone of the companys 1960s rise from a division of a publishing company to a pop culture conglomerate. Since their original 1961 introduction, the Fantastic Four have been portrayed as a dysfunctional, yet loving. Breaking convention with other comic book archetypes of the time, they would squabble, the Fantastic Four have been adapted into other media, including four animated series and four live-action films. According to Lee, writing in 1974, Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes, if the Justice League is selling, spoke he, why dont we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes. Determined to carve a career for myself in the nowhere world of comic books, Lee concluded that, For just this once. Lee said he created a synopsis for the first Fantastic Four story that he gave to penciller Jack Kirby, Kirby turned in his penciled art pages to Lee, who added dialogue and captions. Kirby claims he came up with the idea for the Fantastic Four in Marvels offices, Kirby also sought to establish, more credibly and on numerous occasions, that the visual elements of the strip were his conceptions. He regularly pointed to a team he had created for rival publisher DC Comics in the 1950s, F you notice the uniforms, theyre the same. I always give them a skintight uniform with a belt, the Challengers and the FF have a minimum of decoration. And of course, the Things skin is a kind of decoration, the chest insignia of a 4 within a circle, however, was designed by Lee. The characters wear no uniforms in the first two issues, given the conflicting statements, outside commentators have found it hard to identify with precise detail who created the Fantastic Four. Comics historian R. C. Harvey believes that the Fantastic Four was a furtherance of the work Kirby had been doing previously, but Harvey notes that the Marvel Method of collaboration allowed each man to claim credit, and that Lees dialogue added to the direction the team took. Wells argues that it was Lees contributions which set the framework within which Kirby worked, and this made Lee more responsible. Comics historian Mark Evanier, an assistant to Jack Kirby in the 1970s, says that the considered opinion of Lee and Kirbys contemporaries was that Fantastic Four was created by Stan. No further division of credit seemed appropriate, the release of The Fantastic Four #1 was an unexpected success
15.
Fantastic Four (2005 film)
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Fantastic Four is a 2005 American-German superhero film based on the Marvel Comics team of the same name. It was directed by Tim Story, and released by 20th Century Fox, the film stars Ioan Gruffudd, Jessica Alba, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, Julian McMahon and Kerry Washington. This was the second live-action Fantastic Four film to be filmed, a previous attempt, titled The Fantastic Four, was a B-movie produced by Roger Corman that ultimately went unreleased. Fantastic Four was released in the United States on July 8,2005, a sequel, Fantastic Four, Rise of the Silver Surfer, was released in 2007. A reboot of the name was released in 2015. Doom agrees in exchange for control over the experiment and a majority of the profits from whatever benefits it brings, Reed brings aboard his ex-girlfriend and Von Dooms chief genetics researcher Sue Storm and her ex-astronaut younger brother Johnny Storm. The quintet travels to space to observe the cosmic energy clouds, but Reed miscalculates. Reed and the Storms leave the station to rescue Ben. Ben receives full exposure in space, while the others receive a more limited dose within the station. Meanwhile, Von Doom faces a backlash from his stockholders because of the publicity from the space mission, bens fiancee Debbie cannot handle his new appearance and leaves him. Ben goes to brood on the Brooklyn Bridge and accidentally causes a traffic pileup while preventing a man committing suicide. Ben, Reed and the Storms use their various abilities to contain the damage, the media dubs them the Fantastic Four. They move into Reeds lab in the Baxter Building to study their abilities, Von Doom, himself mutating, offers his support but blames Reed for the failure of the spaceflight, which has lost him his companys hope for an IPO. Reed tells the group he will construct a machine to recreate the storm and reverse its effects on them, meanwhile, Von Dooms arm has become organic metal, giving him superhuman strength allowing him to produce bolts of electricity, and he begins plotting revenge. He drives a wedge between Ben and Reed, who has rekindled his relationship with Susan Storm, using the machine, Von Doom restores Ben to human form, while accelerating Von Dooms condition, causing much of his body to turn to metal. Von Doom knocks the human Grimm unconscious and captures Reed, Sue confronts Doom but is outmatched. Ben arrives to assist her, transformed into the Thing again by reusing the machine, Reed proposes marriage to Sue, who accepts. Rachel McAdams, Ali Larter and Keri Russell were considered for Sue Storm, as in almost all of the previous Marvel Comics-based films, Fantastic Four co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance
16.
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer
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Fantastic Four, Rise of the Silver Surfer is a 2007 superhero film, based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Fantastic Four. A sequel to the 2005 film Fantastic Four, the film is directed by Tim Story, beau Garrett appears as Frankie Raye, along with Doug Jones as the Silver Surfer, with Laurence Fishburne voicing the Surfer. The plot follows the Fantastic Four as they confront the Silver Surfer and it was released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 2,2007. As Reed Richards and Sue Storm prepare for their wedding, an object enters Earths atmosphere. General Hager directs Reed to track and identify its movements, during the wedding, Reeds systems detect the phenomenon approaching New York City, which suffers a blackout from the objects electromagnetic pulses. Johnny Storm pursues the object, discovering it to be a silver humanoid on a flying surfboard, the Silver Surfer drags him into the upper atmosphere, suffocates and then drops him. Johnny barely survives, successfully flying only at the last moment, tracing the Surfers cosmic energy, Reed discovers that a series of planets the alien has visited are all destroyed. Reed and Sue contemplate abandoning their lives as superheroes in order to have a life and raise a family. With the Surfer creating craters around the globe, Reed determines that the next will appear in London. The team arrives too late to stop the crater, which drains the River Thames, meanwhile, the Surfers movements around the globe bring him past Latveria, where the cosmic energy affects their ex-friend Victor Von Doom, freeing him from two years encased in metal. A scarred Doom traces the Surfer to the Russell Glacier and offers to join forces, when the Surfer rebuffs him, Doom attacks. The Surfer retaliates, blasting Doom through the ice, but the energy of the Surfers blast heals Dooms body. Doom leverages his experience into a deal with the American military, deducing that the Surfers board is the source of his power, Reed develops a tachyon pulse generator that will separate the Surfer from it, while Doom devises a machine whose function he keeps secret. In the Black Forest, the Surfer confronts Sue and reveals he is merely a servant to the destroyer of worlds, the military opens fire on the Surfer, which distracts him and allows the Fantastic Four to fire the pulse, separating the Surfer from his board. The military imprisons the Surfer in Siberia, where they torture him for information, the Silver Surfer has to serve Galactus, who will otherwise destroy the Surfers planet. Using the device he created earlier, Doom betrays Hager and steals the board from the compound, the Fantastic Four rescue the Surfer and pursue Doom in the Fantasticar, confronting him in Shanghai. During the battle, Sue is severely wounded, with the Surfer powerless, Johnny absorbs the combined powers of the entire team in order to battle the now cosmic energy-empowered Doom. Johnny succeeds in breaking Dooms control over the Surfers board, however, Galactus arrives and Sue appears to die in Reeds arms
17.
Quentin Tarantino
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Quentin Jerome Tarantino is an American director, writer, and actor. His career began in the late 1980s, when he wrote and directed My Best Friends Birthday and its popularity was boosted by his second film, Pulp Fiction, a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences. Judged the greatest film from 1983–2008 by Entertainment Weekly, many critics, for his next effort, Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown, an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch. Tarantino directed Death Proof as part of a feature with friend Robert Rodriguez. His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds, which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germanys political leadership, was released in 2009 to positive reviews, after that came 2012s critically acclaimed Django Unchained, a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South. It became the film of his career so far, making over $425 million at the box office. Tarantinos films have garnered critical and commercial success. He has received industry awards, including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and the Palme dOr, and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy. He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005, Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him the single most influential director of his generation. In December 2015, Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry, Tarantino was born on March 27,1963 in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Connie McHugh and Tony Tarantino. His father is of Italian descent, and his mother has English and Irish ancestry, Quentin was named after Quint Asper, Burt Reynolds character in the CBS series Gunsmoke. Quentins mother met his father during a trip to Los Angeles and she married him soon after, to gain independence from her parents, but the marriage did not last. Connie Tarantino left Los Angeles, and moved to Knoxville, where her parents lived, in 1966, Tarantinos mother, after finishing her nursing studies, moved back to Los Angeles with her then three-year-old son. They lived in the South Bay, in the part of the city. Tarantinos mother married musician Curtis Zastoupil soon after coming to Los Angeles, and the moved to Torrance. Zastoupil encouraged his love of movies, and accompanied him to film screenings. Tarantinos mother allowed him to see movies with adult content, such as Carnal Knowledge, after his mother divorced Zastoupil in 1973, and received a misdiagnosis of Hodgkins lymphoma, Tarantino was sent to live with his grandparents in Tennessee. He remained there for six months to a year, before returning to California
18.
Our Song (film)
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Our Song is a 2000 American coming of age drama film written and directed by Jim McKay. It follows three high school-aged girls and our Song follows three high school girls over one summer in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. The girls, Lanisha, Maria, and Joycelyn are best friends and they have different family situations, different romantic interests, different moral codes and their own unique dreams. They are all dedicated members of the Jackie Robinson Steppers, a community marching band, the girls want to master the instruments they play in order to impress their conductor. Joycelyn works at a boutique, while both Marie and Lanisha work at a bakery. Pregnancy and teen motherhood are serious considerations for the girls, as many of their friends have babies and they even touch on the sensitive topic of abortion. The film has a 90% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 52 reviews, the sites consensus reads, Graced with such a realistic feel that it resembles a documentary, Our Song is a sensitive portrayal of three teenage girls. Roger Ebert said that the film is original and perceptive and it does not force its characters into a tightly-plotted story, dennis Harvey of Variety called it a finely observed, modestly scaled look at the current realities of low-income female adolescence
19.
The Dead Girl
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The Dead Girl is a 2006 American film written and directed by Karen Moncrieff, starring Brittany Murphy, Toni Collette, Rose Byrne and Marcia Gay Harden. The film was nominated for several 2007 Independent Spirit Awards including Best Feature and it is the story of a young womans death and the people linked to her murder. It also features Mary Beth Hurt, Kerry Washington, James Franco, Giovanni Ribisi, Josh Brolin, Mary Steenburgen, the film was premiered at the AFI Film Festival, and was given a limited US theatrical release on 29 December 2006. It only ran for two weeks in US first-run theaters, and earned nearly all its revenue from overseas release, the movie is presented in five segments, each bearing a title, The Stranger, Arden lives with her abusive, invalid mother. One day she discovers the body of a dead woman on the property. Arden becomes a celebrity, drawing the attention of Rudy. Arden gets into a fight with her mother, which compels her to leave home. Arden has her date with Rudy, in the morning, Arden calls the police to report a woman left alone at home. The Sister, Leah is prepping the dead woman in the morgue when she notices a certain birthmark, Leah suspects that the dead woman is her sister, Jenny, who was taken from a nearby park fifteen years ago. She asks the sheriff to match the dental records and she is certain the dead woman is her missing sister, but Leahs parents refuse to believe that Jenny is dead. The sheriff delivers the test result, the woman is not Jenny. Therefore the episode title was a red herring, the Wife, Ruth is angry that her husband, Carl, constantly leaves her alone night after night. The next morning, she discovers clothing, wallets, and IDs in ziplock bags inside a unit that is supposedly empty. She matches the IDs to names in the newspapers of a serial killers victims, Carl comes back late at night with scratches on his neck. After another argument, he leaves the house to go to the car outside and he pulls a trash bag out of the trunk and goes to the storage unit. Ruth asks Carl if he knows anything about the missing women, later that night, Ruth enters the unit and pulls everything out. She drives to the station, but doesnt follow through with her plan to present the evidence she found to the authorities. The Mother, The dead woman has identified as Krista Kutcher
20.
Mother and Child (2009 film)
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Mother and Child is a Mexican-American drama film directed and written by Rodrigo García. It was given a release in the United States beginning May 7,2010. When she was 14, Karen became pregnant and gave her daughter up for adoption, the decision to give up her child has always haunted her. Upon meeting laid-back Paco at work, Karen allows her anxiety and she gradually calms her anxiety through her growing relationship with Paco, and they get married. Paco persuades Karen to write a letter to her unknown, adult daughter, karens daughter, Elizabeth, grows up to be solitary, willful, and hardhearted. She is hired as an attorney at a law firm headed by Paul. They have an affair, and Elizabeth becomes pregnant and she quits without informing Paul of her condition, and moves to a new apartment and a new job. She also leaves a letter for her mother with the adoption agency. Lucy is a baker who longs to be a mother, and she and her husband, Joseph, contact the same adoption agency and they meet with a young pregnant, prospective mother. After a protracted period, the mother agrees to give the couple her baby. Lucy is devastated by this news, Joseph reveals that he really wants to have his own biological child, and he and Lucy separate. Elizabeth dies while giving birth to her child, since no one steps forward to claim the baby, the agency offers the baby to Lucy, who adopts her. At first, Lucy is overwhelmed by the demands of being a new mother, one year later, Karen finds out about Elizabeths death and her letter, which had been misplaced, informing her that she has a granddaughter named Ella. The agency arranges a meeting and Karen meets the girl and Lucy. Principal photography began in January,2009, the film was awarded the Grand Prix du Jury 2010 at the Deauville American Film Festival
21.
Night Catches Us
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Night Catches Us is a 2010 drama film directed and written by Tanya Hamilton and stars Kerry Washington, Anthony Mackie, Jamie Hector, Wendell Pierce and Novella Nelson. In 1976 former Black Panther Marcus, returns to his Philadelphia neighborhood to attend his fathers funeral, Marcus has been away for several years, part of the time spent in prison on gun running charges and part spent wandering the country. Marcus has a reputation for having snitched on a fellow Panther which led to his death when the tried to arrest him. Marcuss former friend DoRight, now a gangster, and Marcuss brother Bostic. However, Patricia, the widow of the slain Panther, is more welcoming and she is now a lawyer and lives with her daughter Iris in the same house where her husband was killed. Her younger cousin Jimmy struggles to make a living with odd jobs, increasingly hostile to the police, he becomes involved when some men sent by DoRight shoot out the back window of a police car. When Iris grows curious about what happened to her father, Patricia tearfully explains how he had murdered an officer in retaliation for the murder of two Panthers. She explains that the police arrested her and Marcus tells Iris that he told them where her father was in order to save Patricia from going to jail and keep Iris out of the foster care system. Wanting to hold DoRight responsible for the shooting of the car, but lacking evidence. Marcus is reluctant, but Gordon insists, threatening to reveal to the neighborhood that it was actually Patricia who had informed on her husbands location, Marcus goes to DoRights bar but refuses to plant the gun. Meanwhile, Jimmy, who has bought a gun and decked out in Panther style beret and jacket, approaches the cop who had harassed him earlier. Jimmy flees to his cousins house, but when the show up outside she forces him to leave as she stonewalls the police. Later, the police find Jimmy hiding in a wooded area, after this, Marcus asks Patricia to leave Philly with him and put the past behind her. She refuses, and he leaves alone and those are the stories I want to tell. It’s really just about people, and that I thought I could understand. ”The film in its entirety was scored by The Roots, night Catches Us debuted at the 26th Sundance Film Festival, and has since received positive critical reviews. The film holds an 81% on Rotten Tomatoes, indicating positive reviews
22.
Anita Hill
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Anita Faye Hill is an American attorney and academic. She is a University Professor of Social Policy, Law, and Womens Studies at Brandeis University, Hill was born in Lone Tree, Oklahoma, the youngest of the 13 children of Albert and Erma Hill, who were farmers. Her family came from Arkansas, where her great-grandparents and her maternal grandfather, Hill was raised in the Baptist faith. After graduating as valedictorian from Morris High School, Oklahoma she enrolled at Oklahoma State University and she went on to Yale Law School, obtaining her Juris Doctor degree with honors in 1980. She was admitted to the District of Columbia Bar in 1980 and began her law career as an associate with the Washington, D. C. firm of Wald, Harkrader & Ross. In 1981, she became an attorney-adviser to Clarence Thomas who was then the Assistant Secretary of the U. S. Department of Educations Office for Civil Rights. When Thomas became chairman of the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1982, Hill went along to serve as his assistant, leaving the job in 1983. Hill then became an assistant professor at the Evangelical Christian O. W. Coburn School of Law at Oral Roberts University where she taught from 1983 to 1986. In 1986, she joined the faculty at the University of Oklahoma College of Law where she taught commercial law and contracts. In 1991, President George H. W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas, by then a federal Circuit Judge, to succeed retiring Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. There had been organized opposition to Thomass nomination, and his confirmation seemed assured until a report of a private interview of Hill by the FBI was leaked to the press. The hearings were reopened, and Hill was called to publicly testify. Hill said in the October 1991 televised hearings that Thomas had sexually harassed her while he was her supervisor at the Department of Education and the EEOC. When questioned on why she followed Thomas to the job after he had already allegedly harassed her. The position was appealing enough to inhibit her to go back into practice with her previous firm. She only realized later in her life that this venture was a poor judgement and also explained that at that time. According to Hill, during her two years of employment as Thomass assistant, Thomas had asked her out many times. Hill also recounted an instance in which Thomas examined a can of Coke on his desk and asked, during court session, Republican Senator Orrin Hatch implied that Hill was working in tandem with slick lawyers and interest groups bent on destroying Thomas chances to join the court
23.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
24.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
25.
Time 100
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Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world assembled by the American news magazine Time. First published in 1999 as the result of a debate among American academics, politicians, and journalists, although appearing on the list is often seen as an honor, Time makes it clear that entrants are recognized for changing the world, regardless of the consequences of their actions. The final list of individuals is exclusively chosen by Time editors with nominations coming from the TIME100 alumni. Only the winner of the Readers Poll, conducted days before the official list is revealed, is chosen by the general public, included in the list eleven times, Barack Obama is the person who has been listed most often. The list was started with a debate at a symposium in Washington, the list was first published in 1999, when Time magazine named the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Based on the popularity of the installment, in 2004, Time magazine decided to make it an annual issue and those recognized fall in one of five categories, Leaders & Revolutionaries, Builders & Titans, Artists & Entertainers, Scientists & Thinkers, Heroes & Icons. A record of 41 women are included in the edition, the highest number of personalities in the lists history. The annual gala was held on April 29,2014 in New York City and they are artists and activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry. Their ideas spark dialogue and dissent and sometimes even revolution, welcome to this years TIME100. The announcement was celebrated with an event in New York City on April 26,2011. The honorees were joined by A-list celebrities at Frederick P. Rose Hall, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists. The list included familiar global newsmakers such as U. S. President Barack Obama, the list included numerous figures representing the year of upheaval in the Middle East ranging from rebels, to political leaders to news correspondents. Although the events of what has been dubbed the Arab Spring were prominent, additionally, Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton were part of the list during the week before their wedding. The list also included Katsunobu Sakurai, mayor of Minamisōma, Fukushima, list of individuals included in the TIME100 in 2010 In its online presentation, Time introduced the list as follows, In our annual TIME100 issue, we name the people who most affect our world. Oprah Winfrey continued her streak of having been included on every Time 100 list and was one of women on the list. The list included many expected names and some such as Scott Brown. Others who were considered surprise selections included Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, the announcement of the list was celebrated by a black tie gala at the Time Warner Center in New York City on May 4,2010. The list was published the following day, Time readers contributed to the selection by an online vote of over 200 finalists
26.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
27.
South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
28.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
29.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
30.
Cousin
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A cousin is a relative with whom a person shares one or more common ancestors. In the general sense, cousins are two or more away from any common ancestor, thus distinguishing a cousin from an ancestor, descendant, sibling, aunt, uncle, niece. However, in common parlance, cousins typically refers to first cousins as the children of ones uncles, systems of degrees and removals are used in the English-speaking world to describe the exact relationship between two cousins and the ancestor they have in common. The ordinals in the terms first cousins, second cousins, third cousins, the number of G words used to describe this ancestor will determine how close the relationship is. For example, having great-great-grandparents in common would be third cousins, when the cousins are not the same generation, they are described as removed. In this case, the number of generations to the common ancestor is used to determine the degree. Note that the ages of the cousins are irrelevant to the definition of the cousin relationship, the following is a list of less common cousin terms. A cousin chart, or table of consanguinity, is helpful in identifying the degree of relationship between two people using their most recent common ancestor as the reference point. Cousinship between two people can be described in degrees and removals by determining how close, generationally. Another visual chart used in determining the relationship between two people who share a common ancestor is based upon a rhombus shape, usually referred to as a canon law relationship chart. The chart is used by placing the common progenitor in the top space in the diamond-shaped chart, then follow the line down the outside edge of the chart for each of the two people until their respective relationship to the common ancestor is reached. Upon determining that place along the opposing outside edge for each person, the information contained in the common intersection defines the relationship. Then, following the spaces inward, they would intersect in the brother diamond
31.
United States Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
32.
Colin Powell
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Colin Luther Powell is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. Powell was born in Harlem as the son of Jamaican immigrants, Powell was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under U. S. President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005, Powell was born in New York City and was raised in the South Bronx. His parents, Luther and Maud Powell, immigrated to the United States from Jamaica, Powell was educated in the New York City public schools, graduating from the City College of New York, where he earned a bachelors degree in geology. He also participated in ROTC at CCNY and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant upon graduation in June 1958 and his further academic achievements include a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University. Powell was a soldier for 35 years, during which time he held myriad command and staff positions. His last assignment, from October 1,1989 to September 30,1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during this time, he oversaw 28 crises, including Operation Desert Storm in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. He also formulated the Powell Doctrine, following his military retirement, Powell wrote his best-selling autobiography, My American Journey. In addition, he pursued a career as a speaker, addressing audiences across the country. He was nominated by President Bush on December 16,2000 as Secretary of State, after being unanimously confirmed by the U. S. Senate, he was sworn in as the 65th Secretary of State on January 20,2001. Powell is the recipient of numerous U. S. and foreign military awards, several schools and other institutions have been named in his honor and he holds honorary degrees from universities and colleges across the country. Powell is married to the former Alma Vivian Johnson of Birmingham, the Powell family includes son Michael, daughters Linda and Anne, daughter-in-law Jane, and grandsons Jeffrey and Bryan. In 2016, while not a candidate, Powell received three votes for the office of President of the United States. Powell was born on April 5,1937, in Harlem and his parents were both of mixed African and Scots ancestry. Luther worked as a clerk and Maud as a seamstress. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, while at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up Yiddish from the eastern European Jewish shopkeepers and some of the customers. He also served as a Shabbos goy, helping Orthodox families with needed tasks on the Sabbath and he received his BS degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and has said he was a C average student. He later earned an MBA degree from the George Washington University in 1971, despite his parents pronunciation of his name as /ˈkɒlᵻn/, Powell has pronounced his name /ˈkoʊlᵻn/ since childhood, after the heroic World War II flyer Colin P. Kelly Jr
33.
Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
34.
Anthropology
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Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies, linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the development of humans. The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history and its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin anthropologia derived from the forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos and lógos. It began to be used in English, possibly via French anthropologie, various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839 and its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned and these anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. Anthropology and many other current fields are the results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. For them, the publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect, Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s, there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. When he read Darwin he became a convert to Transformisme. His definition now became the study of the group, considered as a whole, in its details. Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech and he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the brain, today called Brocas area after him. The title was translated as The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples. The last two volumes were published posthumously, Waitz defined anthropology as the science of the nature of man. By nature he meant matter animated by the Divine breath, i. e. he was an animist and he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation
35.
Sociology
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Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organisation, networks, and institutions. It is a science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder. Many sociologists aim to research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare. Subject matter ranges from the level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems. The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality, the range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques, the linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields, Sociology is distinguished from various general social studies courses, which bear little relation to sociological theory or to social-science research-methodology. The US National Science Foundation classifies sociology as a STEM field, Sociological reasoning pre-dates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the stock of Western knowledge and philosophy. The origin of the survey, i. e, there is evidence of early sociology in medieval Arab writings. The word sociology is derived from both Latin and Greek origins, the Latin word, socius, companion, the suffix -logy, the study of from Greek -λογία from λόγος, lógos, word, knowledge. It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript, Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, in 1838. Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society, Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the understanding of the social realm. Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases, Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is not to claim that French sociologists such as Durkheim were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. To be sure, beginnings can be traced back well beyond Montesquieu, for example, Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the father of modern sociology
36.
Jennifer Lopez
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Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as JLo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, author, and producer. Lopez gained her first high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 and she received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997, a portrayal that earned her a Golden Globe nomination. For her role in Out of Sight the following year, Lopez became the first Latina actress to earn over US$1 million for a film. She ventured into the industry in 1999 with her debut studio album On the 6. With the simultaneous release of her studio album J. Lo and her film The Wedding Planner in 2001, Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album. Her 2002 remix album, J to tha L–O, the Remixes, became the first in history to debut at number one on the U. S. Billboard 200. Following her second divorce, Lopez had a relationship with Ben Affleck. Then, while also overshadowing the release of Gigli, a critical and commercial failure and she subsequently married longtime friend Marc Anthony, and rebounded with the box office successes Shall We Dance. and Monster-in-Law. Her fifth studio album, Como Ama una Mujer, received the highest first-week sales for a debut Spanish album in the United States, in 2016, she began starring as Harlee Santos in the crime drama series Shades of Blue. Time listed her as one of the 25 most influential Hispanic Americans, for her contributions to the arts, Lopez has received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Billboard Icon Award, among other honors. Beyond entertainment, she enjoys a successful business career consisting of various clothing lines, accessories, fragrances, a company. Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24,1969, in the Castle Hill neighborhood of The Bronx, New York, to Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodríguez and she has an older sister, Leslie, and a younger sister, Lynda, a journalist. David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company before becoming a technician at the firm. When Lopez was born, the family was living in a small apartment, a few years later, her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two-story house, which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family. At the age of five, Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons and she toured New York with her school when she was seven years old. Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English and they encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home—singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay out of trouble. Lopez spent her academic career in Catholic schools, finishing at Preston High School. In school, Lopez did gymnastics, ran track on a national level and she excelled athletically rather than academically, competing in national track championships
37.
The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon
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The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jimmy Fallon on NBC. The show premiered on February 17,2014, and is produced by Broadway Video and it is the seventh incarnation of NBCs long-running Tonight Show franchise, with Fallon serving as the sixth host. The show also stars sidekick and announcer Steve Higgins and house band The Roots, the Tonight Show is produced by Katie Hockmeyer and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels. The show records from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center, New York City, the program airs weeknights at 11,34 p. m. ET/AT. The show opens with Fallons topical monologue, then transitions into comedic sketches/games, concluding with a guest interview, the Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon has attracted high ratings since its 2014 premiere, consistently beating competition. In addition, many moments from the series have originated viral videos, the show has been nominated for nine Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two. On August 13,2015, NBC announced that Fallon signed a contract to remain as host until at least 2021, the Tonight Show premiered on NBC in 1954 as Tonight, hosted by Steve Allen. Jack Paar hosted the show from 1957 to 1962, but the shows longest-running and most famous host was Johnny Carson, who hosted the show for three decades. Following Carsons 1992 retirement, vast quantities of brainpower, money, NBC chose interim guest host Jay Leno, who took over the show that year. A pair of conflicts ensued over Lenos 22-year tenure, both revolving around hosts of Late Night, a directly following Tonight since its premiere in 1982. OBriens Tonight also suffered falling ratings, OBrien too left the network the following year, and Leno was reinstated as host. Jimmy Fallon, a former cast member on Saturday Night Live, was appointed the third host of Late Night by executive producer Lorne Michaels in 2009, Fallon incorporated the Internet much more than other talk shows. Coincidentally, it was during the Tonight Show debacle that Fallons show found its footing, the show, according to Fallons former SNL castmate Tina Fey, established itself as an uncommonly warm, welcoming show. In our heads, weve been doing The Tonight Show Were just on at a later hour, Fallon grew up with no designs on the Tonight job, most likely because he was just 17 years old when Carson retired. Discussions for Fallon to take over The Tonight Show began in early 2013, many industry observers noted that the change appeared to come as a result of another late-night competitor, Jimmy Kimmel of Jimmy Kimmel Live. Fallon had reportedly impressed top executives at Comcast, and his succession was expected throughout the company. The transition reportedly lacked the tension of previous Tonight transitions, on April 3,2013, NBC announced that Leno would retire in 2014, with Fallon taking over The Tonight Show beginning on February 24,2014. At Lenos suggestion, the date was moved forward from the end of his contract in September 2014, the date was later moved up a week to February 17, midway through the Olympics
38.
Jimmy Fallon
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James Thomas Jimmy Fallon is an American comedian, television host, actor, singer, writer, and producer. He is known for his work in television as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and he was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn and raised in Saugerties, New York. He grew up with an interest in comedy and music, moving to Los Angeles at 21 to pursue stand-up opportunities and he was commissioned to join NBCs Saturday Night Live as a cast member in 1998, fulfilling a lifelong dream. Fallon remained on SNL for six years between 1998 and 2004, co-hosting the programs Weekend Update segment and becoming a celebrity in the process and he left the program for the film industry, starring in films such as Taxi and Fever Pitch. Following his film career, Fallon returned to television as the host of Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on NBC in 2009 and he moved from that program to become the sixth permanent host of the long-running The Tonight Show in 2014. In addition to his work, Fallon has released two comedy albums and three books. Fallon was born in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York, Fallons patrilineal ancestry originates with his great-great-grandparents, Thomas Fallon, who was from County Galway, Ireland, and Louisa Stickever. In preparation, the family relocated nearby to Saugerties, New York, Fallon has described his childhood as idyllic, while his parents have been noted as overprotective. He and his sister, Gloria, were unable to leave their home, Fallon attended St. Mary of the Snow, a Roman Catholic elementary school in Saugerties. He considered being a priest, inspired by his experiences as an altar boy and he became more interested in comedy instead. He spent many nights recording the radio program The Dr. Demento Show on a reel-to-reel recorder, Fallon developed an obsession with the late-night comedy program Saturday Night Live as a teenager, watching it religiously. He grew up watching the show, viewing the clean parts that his parents taped for him and he and Gloria would re-enact sketches like The Festrunk Brothers with friends. Fallon was such a fan that he made an event of watching the show in his dormitory during college. In his teens, he impressed his parents with different impersonations, including actor James Cagney and he was also musically inclined, and started playing guitar at age thirteen. He would go on to comedy and music in contests. By his junior years, he was labeled a class clown, to his teachers disdain. At Saugerties High School, from which he graduated in 1992, he was a performer in most stage productions and he won a young comedians contest with an impression of Pee-wee Herman. He then attended The College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York, in May 2009,14 years after he left college a semester early to pursue a comedy career, he was back to receive his Bachelor of Arts in communications
39.
In Living Color
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In Living Color is an American sketch comedy television series that originally ran on Fox from April 15,1990, to May 19,1994. Brothers Keenen and Damon Wayans created, wrote and starred in the program, the show was produced by Ivory Way Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television and was taped at stage 7 at the Fox Television Center on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California. The title of the series was inspired by the NBC announcement of broadcasts being presented in living color during the 1960s, prior to mainstream color television. It also refers to the fact that most of the shows cast were black, other members of the Wayans family—Kim, Shawn, and Marlon—had regular roles, while brother Dwayne frequently appeared as an extra. The show also starred the rising stand-up comic/actor Jim Carrey alongside previously unknown actor/comedians Jamie Foxx, Tommy Davidson, David Alan Grier, and TKeyah Crystal Keymáh. The show launched the careers of Carrey, Foxx, Davidson, Grier, Keymáh, Inaba, the series won the Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series in 1990. Following Keenen Ivory Wayans success with Hollywood Shuffle and Im Gonna Git You Sucka, Wayans wanted to produce a variety show similar to Saturday Night Live, but with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content. Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the content prior to its television debut. In announcing its debut, Fox described In Living Color as a comedy variety show. In its preview, the Christian Science Monitor warned that its raw tone may offend some, Keenen Ivory Wayans said, I wanted to do a show that reflects different points of view. Weve added an Asian and a Hispanic minority to the show, were trying in some way to represent all the voices. Minority talent is not in the system and you have to go outside and we found Crystal doing her act in the lobby of a theater in Chicago. We went beyond the Comedy Stores and Improvs, which are not showcase places for minorities, the first episode aired on Sunday, April 15,1990, following an episode of Married. The first episode was watched by 22.7 million people, the Miami Herald said the show was as smart and saucy as it is self-aware and audacious and frequently tasteless, but terrific fun. The Philadelphia Inquirer called it the fastest, funniest half-hour in a long time, the Seattle Times said it had the free-wheeling, pointed sense of humor that connects with a large slice of todays audience. The Columbus Dispatch described it as a marvelously inventive show that has catapulted television back to the cutting edge, the series strove to produce comedy with a strong emphasis on modern black subject matter. It became renowned for parody, especially of race relations in the United States, for instance, Carrey was frequently used to ridicule white musicians such as Snow and Vanilla Ice, who performed in genres more commonly associated with black people. The Wayans themselves often played exaggerated black ghetto stereotypes for humor, a sketch parodying Soul Train mocked the show as Old Train, suggesting the show was out of touch and only appealed to the elderly and the dead
40.
She Hate Me
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The film garnered controversy, and, as with many of Lees films, touches on comedy, drama, and politics. Unlike many prior works, Spike Lee does not have a credit in this film. The film was mostly on location in New York City. It was nominated for awards, but did not win. She Hate Me was released in July 2004 and grossed almost half a million dollars at the box office in limited release, the shooting budget was estimated at $8 million. Armstrongs assets are frozen, and he finds himself unable to maintain his quality of life. In order to make ends meet, he becomes a sperm donor, initially by acquiescing to the desires of Fatima Goodrich, his ex-fiancée who came out as a lesbian and now wants a child. This leads to Goodrich goading Armstrong into establishing a business in which groups of lesbians come over to his house, one of the women who Armstrong impregnates is the daughter of a mafia boss, Don Angelo Bonasera. Armstrongs employers learn of his business, and they use it in their campaign to sully his image in order to deflect attention from their own criminal business activities. Conflict is also depicted in the turbulent relationship between Armstrongs mother and his dependent diabetic father and he eventually wins the case and is seen with nineteen of the children he helped his lesbian acquaintances make at the end. By the end of the film, Armstrong and Goodrich have come to terms with their feelings for one another. They then begin a three-way polyamorous relationship, and Armstrong apparently maintains a friendship with all of the eighteen women who became pregnant by him and she Hate Me received a sharply negative reaction from film critics, with a score of just 19% on the site Rotten Tomatoes. Its not only unfathomable and borderline offensive, its never-ending, leaving its bewildered and battered audience in the dark for well over two hours, wrote Detroit Free Press critic Terry Lawson. Roger Ebert, who gave the three stars out of four, said the film will get some terrible reviews. Its logic, style, presumption and sexual politics will be ridiculed, the Tomatometer will be down around 20—a spot-on prediction, as it turned out. Many of the things you read in those reviews may be true from a point of view. Most of the critics will be on safe ground, seeming to be wrong about this movie is one of the most interesting things Ive done recently. The film grossed a total of $1,522,377 in the box office, Spike Lee based the title of the film on XFL football player Rod Smart, who gained some notoriety by nicknaming himself He Hate Me
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