1.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
2.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
3.
Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
4.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
5.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
6.
Singer-songwriter
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Singer-songwriters are musicians who write, compose, and perform their own musical material, including lyrics and melodies. The genre began with the folk-acoustic tradition, singer-songwriters often provide the sole accompaniment to an entire composition or song, typically using a guitar or piano. Singer-songwriter is used to define popular music artists who write and perform their own material, such an artist performs the roles of composer, lyricist, vocalist, instrumentalist, and often self-manager. Most records by artists have a similarly straightforward and spare sound that placed emphasis on the song itself. The term has also used to describe songwriters in the rock, folk, and pop music genres including Henry Russell, Aristide Bruant, Hank Williams. Song topics include political protest, as in the case of the Almanac Singers, Pete Seeger, the concept of a singer-songwriter can be traced to ancient bardic oral tradition, which has existed in various forms throughout the world. Poems would be performed as chant or song, sometimes accompanied by a harp or other similar instrument, after the invention of printing, songs would be written and performed by ballad sellers. Usually these would be versions of existing tunes and lyrics, which were constantly evolving and this developed into the singer-songwriting traditions of folk culture. The term singer-songwriter in North America can be traced back to singers who developed works in the blues and folk music style. Early to mid-20th century American singer-songwriters include Lead Belly, Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker, Blind Willie McTell, Lightnin Hopkins, Son House, the tradition of writing topical songs was established by this group of musicians. This focus on social issues has greatly influenced the singer-songwriter genre, artists who had been primarily songwriters, notably Carole King, Townes Van Zandt, and Neil Diamond, also began releasing work as performers. In contrast to the approach of most prior country and folk music. The adjectives confessional and sensitive were often used singer-songwriter style, in the rock band era, members were not technically singer-songwriters as solo acts. However, many were singer-songwriters who created songs with band members. Many others like Eric Clapton found success as singer-songwriters in their later careers, there were hints of cross-pollination, but rock and folk music had remained largely separate genres, often with different audiences. An early attempt at fusing elements of folk and rock was highlighted in the Animals House of the Rising Sun, dylan plugged an entire generation into the milieu of the singer-songwriter. In the mid- to late 1960s, bands and singer-songwriters began to proliferate the underground New York art/music scene. Lotti Golden, in her Atlantic debut album Motor-Cycle, chronicled her life in NYCs East Village in the late 60s counterculture, visiting subjects such as gender identity, kate Bush remained distinctive throughout with her idiosyncratic style
7.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
8.
Drake (musician)
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Aubrey Drake Graham is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. Drake initially gained recognition as an actor on the teen television series Degrassi. Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper, he departed the series in 2007 following the release of his debut mixtape and he released two further independent projects, Comeback Season and So Far Gone, before signing to Lil Waynes Young Money Entertainment in June 2009. Drake released his studio album Thank Me Later in 2010. They were followed by two mixtapes, with the trap-influenced If Youre Reading This Its Too Late, and a collaboration with Future for What a Time to Be Alive, in 2015. The former was certified platinum in the U. S. Drake released his fourth album, Views, in 2016. The dancehall-influenced Views sat atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks and its single One Dance topped the chart in several countries, including the U. S. the UK and Canada, where it became his first number-one single as the lead artist. This saw Drake leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 simultaneously for eight weeks and it achieved quadruple platinum status in the U. S. and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release. The single Hotline Bling secured him his second and third Grammy win, for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song, Drake released the critically acclaimed multi-genre More Life in 2017. More Life, described by Drake as a playlist, was his seventh number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart. Drake owns several Billboard chart records and he has the most charted songs among solo artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100, the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week. Drake also has the most number one singles on the Hot Rap Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, alongside his Grammy Award wins, Drake has won three Juno Awards and six BET Awards. Drake has developed other ventures, including his OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator Noah 40 Shebib, Drake acts as a producer, producing under the pseudonym of Champagne Papi. Using the OVO moniker, Drake has his own clothing line and he is also currently acting as the global ambassador for NBA franchise, the Toronto Raptors. Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24,1986, in Toronto and his father, Dennis Graham, is an African American and a practicing Catholic from Memphis, Tennessee, and worked as a drummer, performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis. Bass guitarist Larry Graham and the late songwriter Teenie Hodges are his paternal uncles, Drakes mother, Sandi Graham, is a white Jewish Canadian who worked as an English teacher and florist. Drake attended a Jewish day school, and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony, Drakes parents divorced when he was five years old. After the divorce, he and his mother remained in Toronto, as a child, he witnessed his fathers arrest while visiting him in Memphis
9.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
11.
Celebrity
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Celebrity status is often associated with wealth, while fame often provides opportunities to make money. Successful careers in sports and entertainment are commonly associated with celebrity status, People may also become celebrities due to media attention on their lifestyle, wealth, or controversial actions, or for their connection to a famous person. Throughout recorded history there are accounts of people who attracted the trappings of celebrity which would be recognized today, athletes in Ancient Greece were welcomed home as heroes, had songs and poems written in their honor, and received free food and gifts from those seeking celebrity endorsement. Ancient Rome similarly lauded actors and notorious gladiators, and Julius Caesar appeared on a coin in his own lifetime, in the 12th century, Thomas Becket became famous following his murder. He was promoted by the Christian Church as a martyr and images of him, the cult of personality can be traced back to the Romantics in the 18th Century, whose livelihood as artists and poets depended on the currency of their reputation. The establishment of cultural hot-spots became an important factor in the process of generating fame, for example, London, newspapers started including gossip columns and certain clubs and events became places to be seen in order to receive publicity. The movie industry spread around the globe in the first half of the 20th Century, yet, celebrity wasnt always tied to actors in films, especially when cinema was starting out as a medium. The second half of the century saw television and popular music bring new forms of celebrity, such as the rock star, unlike movies, television created celebrities who were not primarily actors, for example, presenters, talk show hosts and news readers. In the sixties and early seventies the book publishing industry began to persuade major celebrities to put their names on autobiographies and other titles in a genre called celebrity publishing. In most cases the book was not written by the celebrity but by a ghost-writer, cultures and regions with a significant population may have their own independent celebrity systems, with distinct hierarchies. For example, the Canadian province of Quebec, which is French-speaking, has its own system of French-speaking television, movie, a person who garners a degree of fame in one culture may be considered less famous or obscure in another. S. Whereas the francophone Canadian singer Celine Dion is well known in both the French-speaking world and in the United States, regions within a country, or cultural communities can also have their own celebrity systems, especially in linguistically or culturally distinct regions such as Quebec or Wales. Regional radio personalities, newscasters, politicians or community leaders may be local or regional celebrities and these informal rankings indicate a placing within a hierarchy. However, due to differing levels of celebrity in different regions, a Brazilian actor might be a B-list action film actor in the U. S. but an A-list star in Portugal. Some elements are associated with fame, such as appearing on the cover of Time, being spoofed in Mad, having a wax statue in Madame Tussauds, certain people are known even to people unfamiliar with the area in which they excelled. If one has to name a famous boxer, they are likely to name Muhammad Ali or Mike Tyson. The same phenomenon is true for fictional characters, superman, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Wonder Woman and Batman represent super heroes to a far wider audience than that of the comics and graphic novels in which they appear. Disney have themeparks around the world rely on the fame of its creations headed by Mickey Mouse
12.
Philanthropy
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Philanthropy means etymologically, the love of humanity, in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing, and enhancing what it means to be human. In this meaning, it both the benefactor in their identifying and exercising their values, and the beneficiary in their receipt. A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist, Philanthropy has distinguishing features from charity, not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. The literal, classical definitions and understandings of the term philanthropy derive from its origins in the Greek φιλανθρωπία, the most conventional modern definition is private initiatives, for public good, focusing on quality of life. This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the century with the humanistic tradition. These distinctions have been analyzed by Olivier Zunz, and others, instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, the first use of the noun form philanthrôpía came shortly thereafter, in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro. Socrates is reported to have said that his out of his thoughts freely to his listeners was his philanthrôpía. In the second century CE, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings and this Classically synonymous troika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the replacement of the classical world by Christianity. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded by Caritas charity, selfless love, Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is largely credited with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture. Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with goodness, which correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, then in the 1700s, an influential lexical figurehead by the name of Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind, good nature. This definition still survives today and is cited more gender-neutrally as the love of humanity. However, it was Noah Webster who would more accurately reflect the usage in American English. The precise meaning of philanthropy is still a matter of some contention, nevertheless, there are some working definitions to which the community associated with the field of philanthropic studies most commonly subscribes. The Greeks adopted the love of humanity as an ideal, whose goal was excellence —the fullest self-development, of a body, mind, and spirit. The Platonic Academys philosophical dictionary defined Philanthropy as a state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity, just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against the tyranny of Zeus, philanthropic was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as philanthropic and democratic, gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure based on peasant farming organized into manors, which were, in turn, organized for law and order by feudalism. Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in a letter that his vast contemplative ends expressed his philanthropic, Henry Cockeram, in his English dictionary, cited philanthropy as a synonym for humanity—thus reaffirming the Classical formulation
13.
106 & Park
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106 & Park was an American hip hop and R&B music video show set up in a countdown format, that was broadcast Monday to Friday at 6/5c on BET. Since its inception, it had been the networks number-one rated show, on November 14,2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park. The show was produced in Harlem, New York City. Viacoms acquisition of BET prompted a change to the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street between 10th & 11th Avenues, in the Hells Kitchen section of Midtown Manhattan, around this time, Terrence J would be guest co-host the show with Julissa. And notable celebrities hosted the show as well, on July 6,2006, Rocsi, who was a radio host on Power 92.3 in Chicago in the afternoon, and Terrence Jenkins became the hosts after winning the BET New Faces Contest. On May 29,2012, Rocsi and Terrence J announced they would be leaving 106 & Park in 2012, thus beginning a nationwide search for the next hosts of 106 & Park, which has been active since June 1,2012 and ended on October 1,2012. Terrence J and Rocsis last episode as hosts was broadcast on September 28,2012, the announcement for the new hosts of 106 & Park was broadcast on Monday, October 1,2012. The highly anticipated farewell episode aired on September 28,2012 and was hosted by La La Anthony, in the taped video messages, several celebrities wish their farewell for Terrence J and Rocsi. They included Jim Jones, French Montana, Julissa Bermudez, Big Tigger,2 Chainz, Ace Hood, Alicia Keys, Amare Stoudemire, Big Sean, B. o. B, Bobby V. On October 1,2012, the new hosts for 106 & Park were announced, including Shad Bow Wow Moss, Jordan Shorty da Prince Johnson, Kimberly Paigion Walker and Mykel Miss Mykie Gray. For the first time in the shows 12-year history, there were officially four hosts for 106 & Park, on January 15,2013,106 & Park revealed a new set, graphics, logo, and theme song. On January 23,2013, the former hostess Rocsi Diaz made an appearance on the show. New segments included The Mykie Report, The Battle of the Sexes, Girl Chat, Inside the Rappers Studio, the hosts had not appeared on the show in nearly two months dating back to May 2013. On November 14,2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park, the series aired its final episode on December 19,2014. The show began for one hour and, until 2005, the show was broadcast late night at 2am/1am, immediately before BET After Dark, in 2001, it was extended to 90 minutes. In 2008, the show was extended to two hours, but still reverts to 90 minutes depending on BETs scheduling for that day, the show celebrated its 2, 000th episode on August 20,2008. From July 25,2011, to September 2,2011, the shows tenth anniversary special was on October 6,2010. The previous hosts A. J. Calloway & Free, Julissa & Big Tigger, Terrence J & Rocsi, The Search consisting of Miss Mykie, Paigion, & Shorty da Prince, Angela Simmons, Bow Wow & Keshia Chanté returned to the show to celebrate
14.
Juno Award
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The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. New members of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame are also inducted as part of the awards ceremonies, winners are chosen by either members of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences or a panel of experts depending on the award. 9 out of 42 categories are based solely on sales figures, nominees are determined by CARAS members for Single of the Year, Artist and Group of the Year. Nominees are determined by a vote for the remaining categories who are experts in the relevant genre. The judges are experts in each genre of music. The names of the judges remains confidential and these judges represent all facets of the Canadian music industry, are spread across the country, and a mixture of males and females in both official languages. No person can judge the same two years in a row. Prior to the development of the formal Juno award ceremonies, RPM began polling its readers in 1964 to determine which artists, the results of these polls were announced through RPM each December. Record label owner Stan Klees met with RPM founder Walt Grealis to plan a formal ceremony for the music industry. Instead of merely publishing the results in RPM, presentations would be made at a physical venue. The first such ceremony was the Gold Leaf Awards which took place 23 February 1970 in Toronto, RPM invited its readers later that year to suggest a new name for these awards. The name Juneau was submitted, which represented Pierre Juneau, the first head of the Canadian Radio-Television Commission, Juneau was instrumental in establishing Canadian content regulations for broadcasters, to promote Canadian artists. That name became shortened to Juno and by 1971, the ceremonies would be referred to as the Juno Awards. From 1970 to 1973, winners were announced in RPM prior to the awards night, from 1974, the award winners were not made public until the Juno ceremonies. Music industry representatives formed a committee for the Junos in 1974 which became the Canadian Music Awards Association the following year. This organisation assumed full management and operation of the Juno Awards from 1977 and became the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, the Junos were first televised throughout Canada in 1975 on CBC Television. Initially, the awards were conducted during the part of each year. In 1984, organisers postponed that years awards until December, a late-year scheduling was maintained until January 1988 when CARAS noted the declining viewership on the Juno broadcasts and reverted to an early-year awards schedule
15.
Brampton Arts Walk of Fame
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The Brampton Walk of Fame, or Art Walk of Fame, is an honours system to be located at the Rose Theatre Brampton, in Ontario, Canada. After its summer 2011 launch during an event promoting the International Indian Film Academy Awards, initial inductees include one locally-residing singer, one locally-residing music group, and an actress who lives in India and had not been to Brampton before the event. It suggested that city council approval would be needed, no city committee minutes or city council minutes posted on the City of Brampton website made any mention of the walk. A Brampton Guardian article listed the honours Brampton citizens—both past and present—that have made significant contributions to the world of arts, the article claims the walk was established in 2010. The weekend before the IIFA Awards were presented in Toronto, Ontario, festivities included music, dance performances, a marketplace, and the retheming of the annual Flower City Parade. One event, announced shortly before the event and held June 17, was the creation of a walk of fame, inductees would be Indian film star Bipasha Basu, and locally-residing musicians RDB and Nindy Kaur. Publicity for the first induction claimed that it would be a ceremony for VIPs only. Despite inducting two individuals and one group, the walk of fame is not yet official with the City, the ceremony was hosted by movie critic Mohit Rajhans of the neighbouring city of Mississauga, and actor, model, and activist Lisa Ray. While the unveiling ceremony was in the square, most of the event was private. In late 2011, the City was scheduled to induct Russell Peters as to become the first formal inductee to the Walk of Fame, nothing more was mentioned of that induction. The HACE Downtown Brampton Creative Economy Round Table, a committee of the City of Brampton, in this December meeting, staff advised the committee that the corporation was working on developing a Walk, which would be discussed at a future Flower City Committee meeting. The Flower City Committee deemed that the walk has existed for a long time, in 2013, Brampton Day was merged into the events held on the day of the Flower City Parade. Events included a Walk of Fame, promising that you could get your photo taken with your favourite star, larger-than-life cardboard cutouts of celebrities were posted along a red carpet. Celebrities were Lady Gaga, Britney Spears, Usher, Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Katy Perry, the Brampton Arts Council is on the Brampton Arts Walk of Fame Committee. The established categories are performing arts, visual arts, media arts, literature, and creative arts. Inductees must have ten years in the arts and entertainment industry, and have been born in Brampton, the walk would be located in Garden Square at the Rose Theatre. Beginning in 2014, red granite plaques will be unveiled annually, featuring a star icon, award category, recipients name, the event may be branded in the future, the City of Brampton is selling sponsorship rights. Over the first three years, the inductees are, The following inductees were named during the Walks first incarnation and they have never actually been placed on the Walk of Fame, or de-inducted
16.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
17.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
18.
Dear Mama
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Dear Mama is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2Pac, released on February 21,1995 as the lead single from his third studio album, Me Against the World. The song is a tribute to his mother, Afeni Shakur, in the song, Shakur details his childhood poverty and his mothers addiction to crack cocaine, but argues that his love and deep respect for his mother supersede bad memories. The song topped the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart for five weeks, the single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on July 13,1995. Dear Mama has been ranked among the best of its genre. The song is a tribute to Shakurs mother, Afeni Shakur and she and her husband were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Shakur was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of Conspiracy United States government and she was often absent during his childhood in favor of being an activist, and also during his adolescence when she became addicted to crack cocaine. Shakur was kicked out by Afeni at age 17, and they had little contact for many years, having lost all respect for his mother, he subsequently moved into a vacant apartment with friends and began writing poetry and rap lyrics. In 1990, realizing her habit was out-of-control, she enrolled in a 12-step program at a drug and alcohol treatment center in Norwalk, after completion, she reconciled with her son, who was at this point a successful recording artist. Record producer Tony Pizarro, explained that The song was shortly before Shakur served a prison term. Upon completion of the track, Shakur phoned longtime friend Jada Pinkett-Smith, remarking, I wrote this song about our mothers, pinkett-Smiths mother too had struggled with drug addiction, and their experiences growing up with this as children led to their friendship. She later remarked that the song gave her a rush of emotions upon her first listen, johnny J, one of the rappers producers, noted that The emotional, the sad songs, were his personal favorites. Shakur mentioned the song and his intentions behind it in a 1995 interview with the Los Angeles Times, Im the kind of guy who is moved by a song like Don McLeans Vincent, the lyric on that song is so touching. Thats how I want to make my songs feel, take Dear Mama — I aimed that one straight for my homies heartstrings. I wrote it for my mama because I love her and I felt I owed her something deep, in Dear Mama, Shakur praises his mothers courage, arguing that many mothers share this trait, and also describes the highs and lows of her past. In a cultural and historical context, Dear Mama is part of a line of hip-hop songs in which male rappers state their reverence for their mothers. Mickey Hess, author of Is Hip Hop Dead, the Past, Present, and Future of Americas Most Wanted Music, asserts that his mothers appearance in Shakurs music works is designed to establish credibility with listeners. In addition, Shakur recorded the tune as he knew he was not the person to grow up with a parent struggling with drug addiction. The songs most famous lyric is one in which Shakur declares his love for Afeni as well as his disappointment in her, And even as a fiend, mama, you always was a black queen
19.
Tupac Shakur
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Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli or just Pac, was an American rapper, record producer, actor, activist and poet. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide and his double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by publications, including Rolling Stone. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time, on April 7,2017, Shakur will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the hip hop group Digital Underground. The themes of most of Shakurs songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, and other social problems. Both of his parents and several people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. I. G. On September 7,1996, Shakur was fatally shot in a shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Shakur was born on June 16,1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. His mother Afeni Shakur and his father Billy Garland were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Lesane was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of Conspiracy against the United States government, Many people in Shakurs life were involved with the Black Liberation Army, some were convicted of serious criminal offenses and imprisoned, including his mother. His godfather, Elmer Geronimo Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery and his stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBIs Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur, Tupacs godmother and she had been imprisoned since 1977 for killing a state trooper in 1973. She lived as a fugitive for years before gaining asylum in Cuba in 1985. Mutulu was caught in 1986, tried and convicted, and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a stepbrother, Mopreme Komani Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa. His stepbrother Mopreme performed in many of his recordings, in 1986, his family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
20.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
21.
YTV (TV channel)
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YTV is a Canadian English-language Category A cable and satellite television specialty channel that is owned by Corus Entertainment. Its programming consists of original live-action and animated series, movies. YTV operates two time-shifted feeds, running on both Eastern and Pacific Time Zone schedules and it is available in over 11 million Canadian households as of 2013. The channel was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in 1987, the two largest shareholders in YTV were two cable companies, Rogers Cable and CUC Broadcasting, which was later acquired by Shaw Communications. By 1995, through acquisitions and trades, Shaw had secured full control of YTV. The channel continues to be owned by YTV Canada, now owned by Corus Entertainment under its Corus Kids division. In 1998, YTV began to use a Nickelodeon-style gross-out factor in its branding, with much less slime, over the years, YTV used a number of different on-air logos, featuring the same arrangement of white letters on various bizarre and imaginative creatures. The logo used on production credits, and presumably the official logo, the channels advertisements often focused on promoting the brand through crude humour. The YTV Oneworld license was used to launch Nickelodeon Canada, in the fall of 2005, a new post-6,00 p. m. advertising style was developed for older audiences, which used a much simpler logo and sleeker packaging with barely any gross-out tactics. In the spring of 2006, the logo first appeared on YTVs promos. In 2007, this look was adopted for the entire channel, in September 2009, the logo was changed slightly, it featured new colours, and the background was simplified. Variations to the bumpers were reduced, instead, there are large, opaque digital on-screen graphics telling viewers which programs are coming next, and promotions of the programs. In September 2012, the logo was changed aesthetically, in 2013, after Corus Entertainment completed their acquisition of the TELETOON Canada Inc. networks, YTV began airing reruns of select Teletoon programming, including original and acquired series. In turn, the anime series, such as Pokemon. Franchise, along both the second season of Oh No. Its An Alien Invasion and Power Rangers, began airing on Teletoon, on October 6,2014, the channel underwent a brand refresh, with new graphics and bumps created by Eloisa Iturbe Studio. In addition, the channel updated its logo by having it face upwards to the left instead of directly to the audience, in its early years, YTV filled its schedule with relatively old and obscure acquired programs. Programs such as Are You Being Served, keeping Up Appearances, and Yes Minister were broadcast in late-night time slots, and aired free of time and content edits
22.
Much (TV channel)
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Much is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel. It is currently owned by Bell Media, the channel first launched on August 31,1984, under the ownership of CHUM Limited, as one of the countrys first specialty channels. Upon its launch, and for much of its life, the network primarily aired music programming, including blocks of videos and original series focusing on musicians. MuchMusic was licensed on April 2,1984 by the Canadian Radio-television and it had faced competition from two other proposed services. One of them, CMTV Canadian Music Television, was deemed not to have sufficient financial resources, the third applicant was Rogers Radio Broadcasting. The station was initially patterned on City Limits, a weekend rock music show which had aired on sister station CITY-TV since 1983. Shortly thereafter, MuchMusic was launched on August 31,1984 as one of the first Canadian cable specialty channels and it was headed by the channels founders John Martin and Moses Znaimer. The first video played on MuchMusic was an early music-to-film synchronization short from the 1920s which featured Eubie Blake performing Snappy Songs, the first video made specifically for television air play was Rushs The Enemy Within. Some variance from this model was seen with the late-night programs City Limits and Too Much 4 Much, in 1994, MuchMusic began distribution in the United States through Rainbow Program Holdings. MuchMusic is well known for its annual awards show that airs every Fathers Day called the MuchMusic Video Awards. It is anticipated and promoted for weeks before the night of the MMVAs, as well, MuchMusic funds the creation of new Canadian music videos through MuchFACT and produces the popular album series Big Shiny Tunes and MuchDance. In 2002, MuchMusic introduced promos that consisted of one of images of a VJ posing in front of the networks logo. The quickies were recognized with a Guinness World Record for the worlds shortest television commercial, in July 2006, Bell Globemedia announced that it would purchase CHUM for an estimated $1.7 billion CAD, including MuchMusic. The sale was subject to CRTC approval and was approved in June 2007, since then, MuchMusic has aired a vast number of non-music related programs. Before those programs aired, Much Mega Hits was a prominent program that played music videos based on singles. Bell Canada gained control of MuchMusic through its takeover of CTVglobemedia on April 1,2011, shortly thereafter, MuchMusic received a new look and a new Much logo, while continuing to add non-music television series, mainly dramas and reality shows. Since September 2013, the channel has been airing significantly more comedy programming targeting young adults during the afternoon and primetime hours. Such shows included Comedy Central series, reruns of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show, as well as Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Conan
23.
Director X
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Julien Christian Lutz, better known as Little Halfsquat, Pipi or Director eX, is a Canadian music video director. He also has his own clothing line X Fit and he was born and raised near Toronto, Ontario, and is of Trinidadian and Swiss descent. Julien Christian Lutz attended both Mayfield Secondary School and North Park Secondary School in Brampton, Ontario, Little Mix, Rihanna, Union J, Fifth Harmony, and Iggy Azalea. He is currently represented by Luti Media, in 2015, Director X founded his own production company, Popp Rok in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In addition to directing videos, Director X has also had experiences in filming and into fashion. X Fit X has his own clothing line called X Fit. It is produced by Canadian clothing company Ice Gear Fitness, films X was a visual consultant on Hype Williams 1998 film Belly. X was also to direct now defunct vampire feature Razorwire, modeling He also discovered Melyssa Ford at a Toronto nightclub and helped to launch her modeling career. Television In 2017, he appeared on Episode 7 of Americas Next Top Model Cycle 23 X Marks The Spot as the director for a Gypsy-Sports themed music video. Kelly - Make the World Go Round Jennifer Hudson featuring Timbaland - Walk It Out DJ Cassidy featuring Robin Thicke & Jessie J - Calling All Hearts Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX - Fancy T. I. - Made Men Onyx - React Onyx - Broke Willies Rascalz - Northern Touch Redman - Ill Bee Dat, official website X Fit Director X at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Foxy Brown (rapper)
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Inga DeCarlo Fung Marchand, better known by her stage name Foxy Brown, is an American rapper, model, and actress. She is best known for her work, as well as numerous collaborations with other artists. Raised in Brooklyn, New York, her father Winston Marchand abandoned the family at an age to pursue his career at ERAC records. Her albums include Ill Na Na in 1996, followed by Chyna Doll in 1999 and she also performed on the 1997 self-titled album by the Firm, the only album to be released by that group to date. She has held an extensive arrest record and served time in jail. After 2001, she continued recording verses for herself and other artists but did not release any albums, she left the Def Jam label in 2003, thus canceling the release of her Ill Na Na 2 album. However, she returned to the label in January 2005 after then-Def Jam president, in December 2005, she began suffering from hearing loss, which put her career on hiatus until the next summer, a few months after surgery. A fourth studio album, which originally was a mixtape, was released in May 2008. As of 2016, while still a teenager, Brown won a talent contest in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. Members of the production team Trackmasters who were working on LL Cool Js Mr. Smith album were in attendance that night and were impressed enough to invite Brown to rap over I Shot Ya. She followed this debut with appearances on several RIAA platinum and gold singles from other artists, Brown was also featured on the soundtrack to the 1996 film The Nutty Professor, on the songs Touch Me Tease Me by Case and Aint No Nigga by Jay-Z. The immediate success led to a bidding war at the beginning of 1996. In 1996, Foxy Brown, Lil Kim, Da Brat and this was the only track that Lil Kim and Foxy Brown appeared on together, the two were friends at the time. In 1996, Brown released her debut album Ill Na Na to mixed reviews, the album sold over 109,000 copies in the first week, and debuted at #7 on the Billboard 200 album charts. The album was produced by Trackmasters, and featured guest appearances from Jay-Z, Blackstreet, Method Man. The album went on to go platinum and launched two hit singles, Get Me Home and Ill Be, following the release of Ill Na Na, Brown joined fellow New York-based hip hop artists, Nas, AZ, and Nature to form the supergroup known as The Firm. The album was released via Aftermath Records and was produced and recorded by the team of Dr. Dre, The Trackmasters. An early form of The Firm appeared on Affirmative Action, from Nas second album, a remix of the song, and several group freestyles were in the album, Nas, Foxy Brown, AZ, and Nature Present The Firm, The Album. The album entered the Billboard 200 album chart at #1 and sold half a million records and is RIAA certified gold
25.
Music recording sales certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
26.
BET
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Black Entertainment Television is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the BET Networks division of Viacom. It is the most prominent television network targeting African American audiences, the channel has offices in Washington, D. C. New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, programming on the network consists of original and acquired television series and theatrically and direct-to-video-released films. After stepping down as a lobbyist for the industry, Freeport. Johnson would soon acquire a loan for $15,000 and a $500,000 investment from media executive John Malone to start the network, the network, which was named Black Entertainment Television, launched on January 25,1980. Initially broadcasting for two hours a week as a block of programming on Nickelodeon, the lineup consisted of music videos. BET launched a program, BET News, in 1988. In 1996, the talk show BET Tonight debuted with Tavis Smiley as host, in 2001, in 1991, the network became the first black-controlled TV company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 2001, the network lost its status as a business when it was bought by media conglomerate Viacom for $3 billion. In 2005, Johnson retired from the network, turning over his titles of president, by 2007, the network had launched two more music-oriented networks, BET Hip-Hop and BET Gospel. BETs president of entertainment Reginald Hudlin resigned from the network on September 11,2008 and he was then replaced by Stephen Hill, who is also executive vice president of music programming and talent. BET announced in March 2010 that Ed Gordon would return to the network to host a variety of news programs, original programming currently seen on BET include Real Husbands of Hollywood, and Being Mary Jane. By the early 2010s, the only regularly airing urban music video program on BET was 106 & Park, BET also airs a program block called BET Inspiration which features Christian programming. In the years after the cancellation of 106 & Park, would BET resume airing infomercials in early mornings and, in 2017, its Christian programming block changed its name to BET Rejoice. In addition, the channel broadcasts acquired television series, primarily in the form of sitcoms, drama series, feature films released theatrically and on home video are also aired on the channel, comprising much of its primetime and weekend schedule. The BET Walk of Fame Awards were established in 1995 by BET, the BET Awards were established in 2001 by the network to celebrate African Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports and other fields of entertainment over the past year. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on BET, BET commissioned Artist/Sculptor and Hip-Hop culture icon Carlos Mare139 Rodriguez to design the Award sculpture. Global promotion is provided by Kroszover Entertainment, the BET Honors were established in 2008 by the network to honor the lives and achievements of African-American luminaries
27.
92nd Grey Cup
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The 92nd Grey Cup game took place on November 21,2004, at Frank Clair Stadium in Ottawa, Ontario. The game decided the championship of the 2004 Canadian Football League season, the Toronto Argonauts defeated the BC Lions 27-19. This is the first Grey Cup game to be played on the next-generation FieldTurf surface, Toronto Argonauts - TDs, Damon Allen, Robert Baker, FGs Noel Prefontaine, cons. BC Lions - TDs, Jason Clermont, Dave Dickenson, FGs Duncan OMahony, quarterback Dave Dickenson was perfect on a series of short precision passes, taking the Lions from their own 38-yard-line down the field for a touchdown and an early 7-0 lead. The scoring play was a 12-yard toss to Clermont on a fake that drew away the Toronto defence. Toronto nearly hit a goal later in the quarter, but a flag was thrown on Noel Prefontaines 39-yard attempt. The subsequent kick from 47 yards missed, leaving BC pinned near its own goal line, Duncan OMahony punted as the quarter ended, angling the ball out of bounds at the Argos 21-yard line. Overall, BC had the ball in their possession a whopping 11 minutes in the opening 15, Damon Allen failed to ignite the Argos offence early in the second quarter, despite two quick chances thanks to a punt return fumble by Aaron Lockett of the Lions. On the second of two Noel Prefontaine punts, Lockett held on to the ball and ran BC to its own 50-yard line, but the Lions couldnt move the ball. Trying to avoid dangerous punt returner Bashir Levingston, BC kicker Duncan OMahony angled his punt out of bounds for only nine yards, a long completion from Allen to R. Jay Soward moved the Argos to the BC20, and a 27-yard field goal by Prefontaine put Toronto on the board, Allen began to find his receivers on Torontos next drive, hitting Robert Baker for a 35-yarder and a 20-yarder to move inside the Lions red zone. A pass interference call against the Lions then put the ball at the 1-yard line, and Allen plunged across for the touchdown, BC responded immediately, getting into field goal range on a Jason Clermont catch from Dave Dickenson. Duncan OMahony hit a 42-yarder to draw the Lions even, but just before the half, Allen again connected with Baker for a 23-yard touchdown. The field-position advantage enjoyed by the Toronto Argonauts in the quarter continued on the opening drive of the second half. Allen moved the ball again, and for the second time in the game dove for a one-yard touchdown to give the Argos a 14-point lead. Dave Dickenson had some success moving the ball for BC, on Torontos next possession, Allen went down with an apparent leg injury while running for a first down. Ironically, the play was called back on a holding penalty, michael Bishop replaced Allen at quarterback while the 41-year-old received treatment on the bench. The Lions defence got its best pressure of the game on Bishop early in the fourth, Dave Dickenson took over for the Lions at his own 10-yard line, and engineered an impressive drive
28.
Expo 2005
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Expo 2005 was the Worlds Fair held for 185 days between Friday, March 25 and Sunday, September 25,2005, in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, east of the city of Nagoya. It was a Specialized International Exhibition under the scheme of the 1972 protocol of the Convention relating to International Exhibitions, Japan has also hosted Expo70 Osaka, Expo 75 Okinawa, Expo85 Tsukuba, and Expo90 Osaka. The theme of the Expo was Natures Wisdom, with national and corporate pavilions expressing themes of ecological co-existence, renewable technology, and the wonders of nature. In Japanese, this is rendered as Ai-chikyūhaku, which means Love the Earth Expo, as well as being a play on the name of the host prefecture, 愛知. According to the website, We must come together and share our experience and wisdom. The main site of the Expo was an area in Nagakute, east of Nagoya. A smaller area of 0.15 square kilometres nearby, accessible by gondola from the site near Seto was also part of the Expo. The cost of the Expo has been estimated at 340 billion yen, however, the recorded 22,049,544 visitors greatly exceeded the target of 15,000,000 and the Expo made a profit of over 10 billion yen. The nearby city of Toyota also held related events, although there was no special area set aside. The area in Nagakute can be reached from Nagoya by subway to the last stop in Fujigaoka,121 Participants of countries set date for their own Pavilions. Morizo and Kiccoro, collectively known as Moricoro, were created to be Aichi Banpakus mascots, the popular fluffy green creatures are both from the forest of Seto. Satsuki and Meis House, was a recreation of the house from Hayao Miyazakis movie My Neighbor Totoro and it re-opened to the public on July 15,2006. ASIMO, Hondas humanoid robot, was shown off at the Expo as one of its public appearances. The Toyota Partner Robots made their debut, chickens Suit a clothing range for chickens by Edgar Honetschläger made its debut with chickens on a runway. The Growing Village Pavilion featured a variety of tree shaping art work, the Forest Experience Zone contains three areas, the ‘Nature School Forest’, ‘Satsuki and Mei’s House’, and the ‘Japanese Garden’. This forest explores the relationship between people and nature, the official theme song of the Expo was Ill Be Your Love, composed by Yoshiki Hayashi, and performed by a female singer named Dahlia, an Okinawan-American musician from Honolulu, Hawaii. On March 24,2005, Yoshiki conducted an orchestra and performed the song in a ceremony of the Expo. Pop singer Ayumi Hamasaki also performed a version of her single A Song Is Born on the events opening day
29.
Destiny's Child
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Destinys Child was an American girl group whose final and best-known line-up comprised Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Formed in 1997 in Houston, Texas, Destinys Child members began their musical endeavors as Girls Tyme comprising, formed in 1990, among others, Knowles, Rowland, LaTavia Roberson and LeToya Luckett. After years of limited success, they were signed in 1997 to Columbia Records, both Roberson and Luckett were soon replaced with Williams and Farrah Franklin, however, in 2000, Franklin left, leaving the group as a trio. Their third album, Survivor, which themes the public interpreted as a channel to the groups experience, contains the worldwide hits Independent Women, Survivor. In 2002, they announced a hiatus and re-united two years later for the release of their fourth and final album, Destiny Fulfilled. Destinys Child has sold more than sixty million records worldwide to date, in 1990, Beyoncé Knowles met rapper LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for a girl group. Based in Houston, Texas, they were joined to a group that performed rapping and dancing, Kelly Rowland, who relocated to Knowless house because of family issues, joined them in 1992. Originally named Girls Tyme, they were cut down to six members including Támar Davis and sisters Nikki. With Knowles and Rowland, Girls Tyme attracted nationwide attention, west-coast R&B producer Arne Frager flew to Houston to see them. He brought them to his studio, The Plant Recording Studios, in Northern California, with focus on Knowless vocals because Frager thought she had personality and the ability to sing. With efforts to sign Girls Tyme to a record deal, Fragers strategy was to debut the group in Star Search. However, they lost the competition because, according to Knowles, their choice of song was wrong, because of the groups defeat, Knowless father, Mathew, voluntarily dedicated his time to manage them. Mathew Knowles decided to cut the original lineup to four, with the removal of Davis and the Taylor sisters, aside from spending time at their church in Houston, Girls Tyme practiced in their backyards and at Headliners Salon, owned by Knowless mother, Tina. The group would test routines in the salon, when it was on Montrose Boulevard in Houston and their try out would be critiqued by the people inside. During their school days, Girls Tyme performed at local gigs, when summer came, Mathew Knowles established a boot camp to train them in dance and vocal lessons. After rigorous training, they began performing as opening acts for established R&B groups of that such as SWV, Dru Hill. Tina Knowles designed the groups attire for their performances, over the course of the early years in their career, Girls Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh, Cliché, the Dolls, and to Destiny. The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny, but were dropped several months later before they could release an album, in 1996, they changed their name to Destinys Child, which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah
30.
Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It
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Destiny Fulfilled. and Lovin It was the final concert tour by American female R&B trio Destinys Child, that visited Asia, Australia and North America. The tour kicked off in Hiroshima, Japan on April 9,2005 and ended Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on September 10. Regardless, Destinys Child embarked on world tour sponsored by McDonalds Corporation. In addition to renditions of the recorded material, they also performed songs from each singers solo careers, most notably numbers from Beyoncés debut album. The stage design afforded 360 degree viewing within the arena show venue. A special set of outfits were designed as a tribute to the Broadway musical Dreamgirls, during the last stop of their European tour in Barcelona on June 11,2005, Kelly Rowland suddenly announced, This is the last time you would see us on stage as Destinys Child. A performance from the tour was filmed in Atlanta at Philips Arena on July 15,2005, RIAA subsequently certified the DVD as Platinum. The concert was aired in the USA on BET as a television special, on Channel 4 in the UK. Amerie Mario Darine Hadchiti Tyra B, choreographers Destinys Child Frank Gatson Jr. LaVelle Smith Jr
31.
People (magazine)
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People is an American weekly magazine of celebrity and human-interest stories, published by Time Inc. With a readership of 46.6 million adults, People has the largest audience of any American magazine, People had $997 million in advertising revenue in 2011, the highest advertising revenue of any American magazine. In 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million and it was named Magazine of the Year by Advertising Age in October 2005, for excellence in editorial, circulation and advertising. People ranked #6 on Advertising Ages annual A-list and #3 on Adweeks Brand Blazers list in October 2006, the magazine runs a roughly 50/50 mix of celebrity and human-interest articles. Peoples website, People. com, focuses on celebrity news, in February 2015, the website broke a new record,72 million unique visitors. People is perhaps best known for its special issues naming the Worlds Most Beautiful, Best & Worst Dressed. The magazines headquarters are in New York and it maintains editorial bureaus in Los Angeles, for economic reasons it closed bureaus in Austin, Miami, and Chicago in 2006. In December 2016, LaTavia Roberson engaged in a feud with People after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. The concept for People has been attributed to Andrew Heiskell, Time Inc. s chief executive officer at the time, the founding managing editor of People was Richard B. Stolley, an assistant managing editor at Life and the journalist who acquired the Zapruder tapes of the John F. Kennedy assassination for Time Inc. in 1963. Peoples first publisher was Richard J. Durrell, another Time Inc. veteran, Stolley characterized the magazine as getting back to the people who are causing the news and who are caught up in it, or deserve to be in it. Our focus is on people, not issues, stolleys almost religious determination to keep the magazine people-focused contributed significantly to its rapid early success. It is said that although Time Inc. pumped an estimated $40 million into the venture, initially, the magazine was sold primarily on newsstands and in supermarkets. To get the magazine out each week, founding staff members regularly slept on the floor of their offices two or three nights each week and severely limited all non-essential outside engagements. The premier edition for the week ending March 4,1974 featured actress Mia Farrow, then starring in the movie The Great Gatsby and that issue also featured stories on Gloria Vanderbilt, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and the wives of U. S. Vietnam veterans who were Missing In Action, the magazine was, apart from its cover, printed in black-and-white. The initial cover price was 35 cents, the core of the small founding editorial team included other editors, writers, photographers and photo editors from Life magazine, which had ceased publication just 13 months earlier. This group included managing editor Stolley, senior editors Hal Wingo, Sam Angeloff and Robert Emmett Ginna, writers James Watters and Ronald B
32.
Seventeen (American magazine)
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Seventeen is an American magazine for teenagers. The magazines reader base is 10-to-21-year-old females and it began as a publication geared towards inspiring teen girls to become model workers and citizens. Soon after its debut, Seventeen took a more fashion and romance-oriented approach in presenting its material while promoting self-confidence in young women and it was first published in September 1944 by Walter Annenbergs Triangle Publications. The first editor of Seventeen, Helen Valentine, provided teenage girls with working woman role models, Seventeen enhanced the role of teenagers as consumers of popular culture. The concept of teenager as a distinct demographic originated in that era, in July 1944, King Features Syndicate began running the comic strip Teena, created by cartoonist Hilda Terry, in which a typical teenagers life was examined. Teena ran internationally in newspapers for twenty years, from 1945 to 1946, the magazine surveyed teen girls in order to better understand the magazines audience. The magazine became an important source of information to manufacturers seeking guidance on how to satisfy demand among teenagers. Today, the magazine entertains as well as promotes self-confidence in young women, sylvia Plath submitted nearly fifty pieces to Seventeen before her first short story, And Summer Will Not Come Again, was accepted and published in the August 1950 issue. Joyce Walker became the first black model to be featured on the cover of Seventeen magazine in July 1971, in the early 1980s, Whitney Houston was also featured on the cover of the magazine. News Corporation bought Triangle in 1988 and sold Seventeen to K-III Communications in 1991, primedia sold the magazine to Hearst in 2003. Seventeen remains popular on newsstands today despite greater competition, in 2010, writer Jamie Keiles conducted The Seventeen Magazine Project, an experiment in which she followed the advice of Seventeen magazine for thirty days. In 2012, in response to protests against the magazines airbrushing its models photos. In August 2016, Michelle Tan was fired from her position as Editor in Chief while she was on maternity leave and it was announced shortly thereafter that Michele Promaulayko, who was appointed Editor in Chief of Cosmopolitan, would also serve as Seventeens editorial director. Starting with their Dec/Jan 2017 issue, the magazine was to publishing only six issues a year instead of ten. The South African edition of Seventeen magazine is published by 8 Ink Media based in Cape Town, the Philippine version is published by Summit Media, but it ceased publication in April 2009. The Hispanic American edition is published by Editorial Televisa, the Indian edition is published by Apricot Publications Pvt. The Malaysian version of Seventeen is published by Bluinc, Seventeen Singapore is published by SPH Magazines. The Thai edition of Seventeen is published by Media Transasia Limited in Bangkok, in the United Kingdom there is no Seventeen magazine, but there is a similar magazine recently touted as a fresher and edgier competition to Teen Vogue called Company
33.
Bow Wow (rapper)
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Shad Gregory Moss, better known by his stage name Bow Wow, is an American rapper, actor and television host. As Lil Bow Wow, he released his first album, Beware of Dog in 2000 at age 13, in 2003, Bow Wow released his third album Unleashed, which was the first album released without using Lil in his name. As of September 27,2015, Bow Wow had officially signed to a new label, Bad Boy Records. Bow Wow made his first movie appearance in All About the Benjamins, in the same year, Bow Wow made his debut as the lead role in Like Mike. He later began to lead roles in movies, such as Johnson Family Vacation in 2004. He also played a role in the film The Fast. Bow Wow also appeared in five episodes of the television series Entourage and he is currently working on his new album entitled Underrated and starred as Brody Nelson in CSI, Cyber until the shows cancellation in 2016. Bow Wow was born Shad Gregory Moss in Columbus, Ohio, at age three, he became interested in rap. Under the moniker Kid Gangsta, he began rapping recreationally at age six, in 1993, he performed at a concert in Los Angeles, and was noticed by rapper Snoop Dogg, who subsequently gave him a stage name, Lil Bow Wow. In 1998, at the age of eleven, Bow Wow met record producer Jermaine Dupri, in 1999, the soundtrack to the movie Wild Wild West featured his song The Stick Up with his mentor Jermaine Dupri. At the age of 13, in 2000 he debuted with Beware of Dog under the stage name Lil Bow Wow and its debut single was Bounce with Me, which featured R&B girl group Xscape. The album also included Bow Wow featuring Snoop Dogg, which topped the rap chart, Puppy Love, the Recording Industry Association of America certified Beware of Dog double platinum on March 5,2001, signifying sales of two million copies. In a 2009 interview, the claimed that the album had sold over 3 million copies since its release. Doggy Bag peaked at #11 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart and was certified platinum. Lil Bow Wow performed the track Basketball for the soundtrack of his film Like Mike, Bow Wow dropped the Lil from his stage name in April 2002, he told MTV News, I changed my name because Im getting older now and its too many Lils. All these Lil rappers, Im just kind of getting real irritated by it, besides, Im growing up, Im not little anymore. Its all these Lil cats, forget it, everything is just Bow Wow, no Lil Bow Wow. The first album released under his new name was Unleashed in 2003 and its first single was Lets Get Down featuring Birdman, the founder of Cash Money Records, which reached #14 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Hot Rap Tracks charts
34.
Chris Brown
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Christopher Maurice Chris Brown is an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Born in Tappahannock, Virginia, he was involved in his church choir, having signed with Jive Records in 2004, Brown released his self-titled debut studio album the following year. It peaked at two on the US Billboard 200 and was later certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. With his first single Run It, peaking atop the US Billboard Hot 100, Brown became the first male artist as a lead since Diddy in 1997 to have his debut single top the chart. His second album Exclusive spawned his second Hot 100 number one Kiss Kiss, in addition to With You, the album was also certified double platinum by the RIAA. The songs have peaked at three, number nine and number ten on the US Billboard Hot 100 respectively. His third album Graffiti was released later that year, and included the top-twenty single I Can Transform Ya, became his first to top the Billboard 200, it spawned the singles Yeah 3x, Look at Me Now, and Beautiful People. Earned Brown his first Grammy Award for Best R&B Album at the 54th Grammy Awards and his fifth album Fortune was released in 2012. However, after the release of Exclusive, Browns albums have not been well received commercially or by critics, with the exception of X. Browns seventh studio album Royalty was released on December 18,2015, apart from his work in the music industry, Brown has pursued an acting career. In 2007, he made his feature film debut in Stomp the Yard. Other films Brown has appeared in, include This Christmas, Takers, Think Like a Man, throughout his career, Brown has won several awards, including 14 BET Awards,5 Billboard Music Awards, and 3 Soul Train Music Awards. According to Billboard, Brown has the seventh most Hot 100 entries on the chart with 82 and he has an older sister, Lytrell Bundy, who works in a bank. Music was always present in Browns life beginning in his childhood and he would listen to soul albums that his parents owned, and eventually began to show interest in the hip-hop scene. He is African American, and has said that he has Pamunkey Native American ancestry. Brown taught himself to sing and dance at a young age and he began to perform in his church choir and in several local talent shows. When he mimicked an Usher performance of My Way, his mother recognized his vocal talent, at the same time, Brown was going through personal issues. His parents had divorced, and his mothers boyfriend terrified him by subjecting her to domestic violence, at age 13, Brown was discovered by Hitmission Records, a local production team that visited his fathers gas station while searching for new talent
35.
Shortie Like Mine
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Shortie like Mine is a song by rapper Bow Wow. It is the first single from his studio album, The Price of Fame. This song features American R&B singers Chris Brown & Johntá Austin, the music video premiered on BETs Access Granted on October 23,2006 and was the New Joint on BETs 106 & Park a day later on October 24,2006. The video for Shortie Like Mine has a MySpace theme and was made as a praise record to Ciara. The video features Canadian singer-actress Keshia Chanté and Angela Simmons, the daughter of Rev Run, Chris Brown appears in the video, but Johntá Austin does not. The songs producer, Jermaine Dupri, also makes an appearance, the single debuted at number eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 being the top debut of that week and peaked at number nine. It also peaked at two on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks. The single debuted on BETs 106 & Park chart at number ten on October 17,2006 just two days after its premiere, the song is Bow Wows third to reach the top ten on the Hot 100. It also peaked at two in New Zealand and was certified Gold on August 23,2009, selling over 7,500 copies. List of Billboard number-one rap singles of the 2000s
36.
Taio Cruz
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Jacob Taio Cruz, is a British singer, songwriter, rapper and record producer. In 2008, he released his debut album Departure, which he wrote, the album achieved certified gold status in the United Kingdom and earned him a Music of Black Origin Awards nomination. In October 2009, Cruz released his follow-up album Rokstarr, which includes the number one singles Break Your Heart, Cruz collaborated with Kesha on the single Dirty Picture, and with Kylie Minogue and Travie McCoy on his single Higher. Cruz wrote and recorded the song Telling the World as the single from the soundtrack to the 2011 animated film Rio. Cruzs third studio album, TY. O, was first released in Germany in December 2011, in 2012, Cruz co-wrote the David Guetta song Without You. In April 2015, Cruz released the first single, Do What You Like from his forthcoming Roses Collection, in late 2015, Taio added vocals to Tujamos Melbourne track, Booty Bounce which was released by Spinnin Records. Cruz was born in London, to a Nigerian father and a Brazilian mother and he attended Bilton Grange, a private prep school in Rugby, Warwickshire, and Christs Hospital, a private boarding school in Horsham, West Sussex. Cruz is the founder and chief executive of Rokstarr Music London, the single charted at #29 in the UK singles charts. It won him some admirers including Island Recordss Darcus Beese and Monte Lipman, in 2006, Cruz signed a split single deal with Universal Music Group companies, Republic Records and the UK branch of Island Records. In September 2007, Cruz released his second single Moving On, in March 2008 his next single, Come On Girl, featuring Luciana, peaked at No.5 on the UK charts. The related album Departure appeared on 17 March and peaked at No.17 and this was followed by the single I Can Be, which reached No.18 in May. On 18 August, Shes Like a Star was released, which was a remix of the single and featured American rapper Busta Rhymes. The remix later appeared on the Sugababes studio album Catfights & Spotlights and it was later revealed that Cruz narrowly missed out on the chance to record the song Umbrella which was recorded by Rihanna and ended up topping charts around the world. Cruz was featured on Tinchy Stryders breakout single Take Me Back which peaked at No.3 in the UK Singles Chart. According to Cruzs official Myspace blog, as of 1 January 2009, Rokstarr Music London changed its name to Rokstarr Entertainment Division, during 2009, he worked on his follow-up album entitled Rokstarr. It was released on 12 October through R. E. D Inc. /Island Records and is written and produced by Cruz, with co-writes and co-productions predominantly with UK producer Fraser T Smith. The albums lead single Break Your Heart was released on 14 September and reached number one in the UK, in the US it went directly from number 53 to number one, breaking the record for the largest leap of a début single. At the 2010 Brit Awards, Break Your Heart was nominated for Best British Single, the single reached the top spot in the United States for one week on the Billboard Hot 100
37.
The Next Star
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The Next Star is a Canadian reality television show on YTV hosted by Adamo Ruggiero and Carlos Bustamante. The show is a competition to find the most talented singer in Canada who is aged 15 years or younger to win, winning contestants are Dunnery Bond, Tianda Flegal, Diego Gomes, Melissa Charlie Storwick, Brooklyn Roebuck, Alicia Moffet and Jory Zechner. In addition to host Adamo Ruggiero, the judges for the first 4 seasons included Suzie McNeil, Steve Cranwell, the current judges are Keshia Chante, Mark Spicoluk, and Tara Oram. Season 5 aired on YTV from July 16 to September 23,2012, the stylists and coaches are Jasmine Denham-Baird, Michael Riccio, Peter Papapetrou, and Dee Daly. As of season 6, Carlos Bustamante is replacing the former host, Adamo Ruggiero. On September 22,2013, YTV announced that The Next Star was getting a show, entitled. It will be about groups of singers performing, the very first episode premiered March 11,2014. The season one finale premiered April 13,2014, on March 5,2014, the shows Facebook page confirmed that The Next Star will continue onto season seven and premiered on July 14 to September 21,2014. Season 7 has Dan Kanter replacing Keshia Chante as a judge and these were the top 100 contestants of season one. It was soon announced that 11-year-old Charlotte Kosc had been diagnosed with meningitis and pneumonia in her right lung. Amanda Rowland was selected as a replacement, the first three episodes consisted of auditions and narrowing the top 12 down to 6 finalists. The second season of The Next Star, Suzie McNeil, Steve Cranwell and Christopher Ward all returned as judges, and Adamo Ruggiero returned as host. This seasons format is similar to the previous one, with the judges. But, unlike Season 1, the judges chose 16 contestants to move on to the semi-finals, the winner received a grand prize package valued at over $6 million Canadian dollars including studio time at Metalworks Studios, to write and record two additional songs. These songs were produced by Universal Canada, and released in spring 2010, combo Amp courtesy of Gibson Guitars. The seasons compilation EP was released in October 2009, the Top 6 was revealed to Canada on August 7,2009. The Next Star returns with a third season, Host Adamo Ruggiero, Judges Suzie McNeil, Steve Cranwell, and Christopher Ward. This contains the first Christmas themed episode, the song was All I Want For Christmas Is You
38.
Terrence J
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He was the co-anchor of E. News from 2012-2015. Terrence J was born in Queens, New York, and grew up mostly in Raleigh and Rocky Mount and he attended Northern Nash High in Rocky Mount. During this time, Terrence worked at WRSV Soul 92.1 as a DJ until he graduated high school. He spent his years at North Carolina A&T State University. During his time at North Carolina A&T State University, he served as Student Government Association President and he also worked as a DJ at local radio station 102 Jamz in Greensboro. Terrence J is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity where he later was initiated in spring 2004 to the Mu Psi chapter at North Carolina A&T State University. After graduating from North Carolina A&T State University in 2004 with a degree in communication, Terrence worked in the diversity office of a sports company in Daytona Beach. His Frat brother Fred Whitaker phoned to tell him about BETs search for fresh faces, Terrence took all his savings and flew to New York to audition in late 2005. Unhappy with his first audition, Terrance and his friends rented a car and drove to Atlanta to attend auditions and he has now started his acting career. In 2012 he was selected to replace Ryan Seacrest as the co-anchor for E. News. He starred in the sequel to the 2007 film Stomp the Yard, Stomp the Yard, Homecoming and he has also starred in the fourth season of the show The Game and The Heart Specialist with Marla Gibbs. Terrence J starred in Tim Storys film Think Like A Man, Terrence J was a co-host of BET’s 106 & Park which can be seen in over 85 million homes in the U. S. Canada, Japan, United Kingdom, Africa and the Caribbean. For the debut in Japan, he and co-host Rocsi taped footage there, due to the success of the show,106 & Park premiered in Germany and South Africa. 106 & Park is BETs highest-rated music series, of all time and has quickly became one of the leading music video countdown shows on television. In 2005, he began co-hosting BET’s nationally syndicated radio show 106 & Park Weekend Countdown, as of March 2012, this countdown is no longer being aired and was succeeded by the MTV Rhythmic Countdown, hosted by Sway. Terrence J is the co-founder of Jenkins Entertainment Group, a company specializes in hosting, consulting and formulating marketing plans. He co-hosted the radio show Khloé After Dark with Khloé on Y100, in 2008, he had a small cameo appearance in Estelles video for her hit single American Boy. In 2011, he began a role as Danté Young BET comedy-drama television series The Game
39.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
40.
Michelle Obama
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Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is an American lawyer and writer who was First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is married to the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama and she subsequently worked as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago and the Vice President for Community and External Affairs of the University of Chicago Medical Center. Barack and Michelle married in 1992 and have two daughters, Obama campaigned for her husbands presidential bid throughout 2007 and 2008, delivering a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. As First Lady, Obama became an icon, a role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition, physical activity. Her mother was a homemaker until Michelle entered high school. The Robinson and Shields families trace their roots to pre-Civil War African Americans in the American South, on her fathers side, she is descended from the Gullah people of South Carolinas Low Country region. Her paternal great-great grandfather, Jim Robinson, was a slave on Friendfield Plantation in South Carolina and her grandfather Fraser Robinson, Jr. built his own house in South Carolina. He and his wife LaVaughn returned to the Low Country after retirement, among her maternal ancestors was her great-great-great-grandmother, Melvinia Shields, a slave on Henry Walls Shields 200-acre farm in Clayton County, Georgia. Melvinias first son, Dolphus T. Shields, was biracial, based on DNA and other evidence, in 2012 researchers said his father was likely 20-year-old Charles Marion Shields, son of her master. Melvinia did not talk to relatives about Dolphus father, Dolphus Shields moved to Birmingham, Alabama after the Civil War, and some of his children migrated to Cleveland, Ohio and Chicago. Her distant ancestry includes Irish and other European roots, in addition, a paternal first cousin once-removed is the African-American Jewish Rabbi Capers Funnye, son of her grandfathers sister. Robinson grew up in a bungalow on Euclid Avenue in Chicagos South Shore community area. Her parents rented an apartment on the second floor from her great-aunt. She was raised in what she describes as a home, with the mother at home. Her elementary school was down the street and they enjoyed playing games such as Monopoly, reading, and frequently saw extended family on both sides. She played piano, learning from her great-aunt who was a piano teacher, the Robinsons attended services at nearby South Shore United Methodist Church. They used to vacation in a cabin in White Cloud. She and her 21-month older brother, Craig, skipped the second grade and her father suffered from multiple sclerosis which had a profound emotional effect on her as she was growing up
41.
Mariah Carey
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Mariah Carey is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. In 1990, Carey rose to fame with the release of Vision of Love from her eponymous debut album, the album produced four chart-topping singles in the US and began what would become a string of commercially successful albums which solidified the singer as Columbias highest selling act. Carey and Boyz II Men spent a record sixteen weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 in 1995–1996 with One Sweet Day, following a contentious divorce from Sony Music head Tommy Mottola, Carey adopted a new image and traversed towards hip hop with the release of Butterfly. In 1998, she was honored as the worlds best-selling recording artist of the 1990s at the World Music Awards, Carey parted with Columbia in 2000, and signed a record-breaking $100 million recording contract with Virgin Records America. In the weeks prior to the release of her film Glitter and its soundtrack in 2001. The project was received and led to a general decline in the singers career. Careys recording contract was out for $50 million by Virgin. After a relatively unsuccessful period, she returned to the top of music charts with The Emancipation of Mimi, Carey once again ventured into film with a well-received supporting role in Precious, and was awarded the Breakthrough Performance Award at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. Throughout her career, Carey has sold more than 200 million records worldwide, according to the RIAA, she is the third-best-selling female artist in the United States, with 63.5 million certified albums. With the release of Touch My Body, Carey gained her 18th number-one single in the United States, in 2012, the singer was ranked second on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Women in Music. Mariah Carey was born in Huntington, New York, to Patricia and her mother is of Irish descent, while her father had African-American and Afro-Venezuelan ancestry. The surname Carey was adopted by her Venezuelan grandfather, Francisco Núñez, Patricia was an occasional opera singer and vocal coach before she met Alfred in 1960. As he began earning a living as an engineer, the couple married later that year. After their elopement, Patricias family disowned her for marrying a black man, Carey later explained that she felt neglected by her maternal family while growing up, which affected her greatly. In the years between the births of Careys older sister Alison and herself, the Carey family struggled within the community due to their ethnicity, Careys name was derived from the song They Call the Wind Maria, originally from the 1951 Broadway musical Paint Your Wagon. When Carey was three, her parents divorced, after their separation, Alison moved in with her father, while the other two children, Mariah and brother Morgan, remained with their mother. Carey grew apart from her father and would stop seeing him altogether. By age four, she recalled that she had begun to sneak the radio under her covers at night, during elementary school, she excelled in subjects that she enjoyed, such as music, art, and literature, but did not find interest in others
42.
Jennifer Lopez
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Jennifer Lynn Lopez, also known as JLo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, author, and producer. Lopez gained her first high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color in 1991 and she received her first leading role in the Selena biopic of the same name in 1997, a portrayal that earned her a Golden Globe nomination. For her role in Out of Sight the following year, Lopez became the first Latina actress to earn over US$1 million for a film. She ventured into the industry in 1999 with her debut studio album On the 6. With the simultaneous release of her studio album J. Lo and her film The Wedding Planner in 2001, Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album. Her 2002 remix album, J to tha L–O, the Remixes, became the first in history to debut at number one on the U. S. Billboard 200. Following her second divorce, Lopez had a relationship with Ben Affleck. Then, while also overshadowing the release of Gigli, a critical and commercial failure and she subsequently married longtime friend Marc Anthony, and rebounded with the box office successes Shall We Dance. and Monster-in-Law. Her fifth studio album, Como Ama una Mujer, received the highest first-week sales for a debut Spanish album in the United States, in 2016, she began starring as Harlee Santos in the crime drama series Shades of Blue. Time listed her as one of the 25 most influential Hispanic Americans, for her contributions to the arts, Lopez has received a landmark star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Billboard Icon Award, among other honors. Beyond entertainment, she enjoys a successful business career consisting of various clothing lines, accessories, fragrances, a company. Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24,1969, in the Castle Hill neighborhood of The Bronx, New York, to Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodríguez and she has an older sister, Leslie, and a younger sister, Lynda, a journalist. David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company before becoming a technician at the firm. When Lopez was born, the family was living in a small apartment, a few years later, her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two-story house, which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family. At the age of five, Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons and she toured New York with her school when she was seven years old. Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English and they encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home—singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay out of trouble. Lopez spent her academic career in Catholic schools, finishing at Preston High School. In school, Lopez did gymnastics, ran track on a national level and she excelled athletically rather than academically, competing in national track championships
43.
Mark Wahlberg
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Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg is an American actor, producer, businessman, former model, and rapper. Mark was known as Marky Mark in his career as frontman for the group Marky Mark. Wahlberg later transitioned to acting, appearing in such as the drama Boogie Nights. Wahlberg has also served as producer of four HBO series, the comedy-drama Entourage, the period crime drama Boardwalk Empire. He is co-owner of the Wahlburgers chain and co-stars in the reality TV series about it, Wahlberg received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 29,2010. He is known for his tough guy persona, frequently portraying police officers, military personnel. He is also known for his collaborations with directors David O. Russell, Michael Bay, Wahlberg was born in Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the youngest of nine children, including actor Robert and actor-singer Donnie. His mother, Alma Elaine, was a clerk and a nurses aide. His parents divorced in 1982, and afterwards, he divided his time between them and his father was of Swedish and Irish descent, and his mother is of Irish, English, and French-Canadian ancestry. Maternally, Wahlberg is distantly related to author Nathaniel Hawthorne, Wahlberg had a Roman Catholic upbringing and attended Copley Square High School on Newbury Street in Boston. He never graduated, and so did not receive his high school diploma until June 2013, by age 13, Wahlberg had developed an addiction to cocaine and other substances. At 15, civil action was filed against him for his involvement in two incidents of harassing African-American children, by throwing rocks and shouting racial epithets. At 16, Wahlberg approached a middle-aged Vietnamese man named Thanh Lam on the street and that same day, Wahlberg also attacked a second Vietnamese man named Hoa Johnny Trinh, punching him in the face. He believed he had left his victim permanently blind in one eye, investigators also noted that he made numerous unsolicited racial statements about gooks and slant-eyed gooks. For these crimes, Wahlberg was charged with attempted murder, pleaded guilty to assault and he ultimately served only 45 days of his sentence, but carries a permanent felony record. In another incident, then 21-year-old Wahlberg fractured the jaw of a neighbor in an unprovoked attack, commenting in 2006 on his past crimes, Wahlberg stated, I did a lot of things that I regret, and I have certainly paid for my mistakes. So I dont have a problem going to sleep at night, I feel good when I wake up in the morning. In 2016, Mark said hed met Trinh and apologized for his horrific acts, after prison, he decided to improve his behavior
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