1.
Boiling
–
Transition boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F, boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes that may be present. Clostridium spores can survive this treatment, but as the infection caused by this microbe is not water-borne, boiling is also used in cooking. Foods suitable for boiling vegetables, starchy foods such as rice, noodles and potatoes, eggs, meats, sauces, stocks. As a cooking method it is simple and suitable for large scale cookery, tough meats or poultry can be given a long, slow cooking and a nutritious stock is produced. Disadvantages include loss of water-soluble vitamins and minerals, commercially prepared foodstuffs are sometimes packed in polythene sachets and sold as boil-in-the-bag products. Nucleate boiling is characterized by the growth of bubbles or pops on a heated surface, in general, the number of nucleation sites are increased by an increasing surface temperature. An irregular surface of the vessel or additives to the fluid can create additional nucleation sites, while an exceptionally smooth surface, such as plastic. Under these conditions, a liquid may show boiling delay. As the boiling surface is heated above a temperature, a film of vapor forms on the surface. Since this vapor film is less capable of carrying heat away from the surface. The point at which this occurs is dependent on the characteristics of boiling fluid, transition boiling may be defined as the unstable boiling, which occurs at surface temperatures between the maximum attainable in nucleate and the minimum attainable in film boiling. If a surface heating the liquid is significantly hotter than the liquid then film boiling will occur, where a layer of vapor. This condition of a vapor film insulating the surface from the liquid characterizes film boiling, in distillation, boiling is used in separating mixtures. This is possible because the rising from a boiling fluid generally has a ratio of components different from that in the liquid. The elimination of micro-organisms by boiling follows first-order kinetics—at high temperatures it is achieved in time and at lower temperatures. Boiling does not ensure the elimination of all micro-organisms, the bacterial spores Clostridium can survive at 100 °C but are not water-borne or intestine affecting, thus for human health, complete sterilization of water is not required. Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process, boiling is the method of cooking food in boiling water, or other water-based liquids such as stock or milk
Boiling
–
Nucleate boiling of water over a kitchen stove burner
Boiling
–
Boiling milk
2.
Kitchen appliance
–
Home appliances are electrical/mechanical machines which accomplish some household functions, such as cooling/heating, cooking or cleaning. Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods may need more skills and brute force to manipulate the devices. Given a broad usage, the domestic application attached to home appliance is tied to the definition of appliance as an instrument or device designed for a use or function. More specifically, Collins dictionary defines home appliance as, devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your home, while many appliances have existed for centuries, the self-contained electric or gas powered appliances are a uniquely American innovation that emerged in the twentieth century. The development of these appliances is tied the disappearance of domestic servants. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators, the invention of Earl Richardsons small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the use of dishwashers. Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in home appliances. In America during the 1980s, the industry shipped $1.5 billion worth of each year and employed over 14,000 workers. Throughout this period companies merged and acquired one another to reduce research and production costs and eliminate competitors, in the 1990s, the appliance industry was very consolidated, with over 90% of the products being sold by just five companies. White goods were painted or enameled white, and many of them still are. Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, easily carried and installed, some such appliances were traditionally finished with genuine or imitation wood. This has become rare but the name has stuck, even for goods that are ever to have had a wooden case. See Life spans of home appliances There is a trend of networking home appliances together, for instance, energy distribution could be managed more evenly so that when a washing machine is on, an oven can go into a delayed start mode, or vice versa. Or, a machine and clothes dryer could share information about load characteristics. Internet-connected home appliances were especially prevalent during recent Consumer Electronic Show events, Appliance recycling consists of dismantling waste home appliances and scrapping their parts for reuse. The main types of appliances that are recycled are T. V. s, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines and it involves disassembly, removal of hazardous components and destruction of the equipment to recover materials, generally by shredding, sorting and grading. The Application Research of Small Home Appliance Product Based on Computer Aided Ergonomics, proceedings of the 2012 International Conference of Modern Computer Science and Applications
Kitchen appliance
–
Numerous home appliances may be used in kitchens
Kitchen appliance
–
Early 20th century electric
toaster
Kitchen appliance
–
Swedish washing machine, 1950s
Kitchen appliance
–
Small kitchen appliances: a
food processor, a
waffle iron, a
coffee maker, and an
electric kettle
3.
Stove
–
A stove is an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating, either to heat the space in which the stove is situated, or to heat the stove itself and items placed on it. This article is concerned with enclosed stoves burning solid fuels for room heating. A kitchen stove is used to cook food, a wood-burning stove or a coal stove is typically used for heating a dwelling. Enclosed stoves are efficient and prevents air from being sucked from the room into the chimney. Due to concerns about air pollution, efforts have made to improve stove design. Pellet stoves, for example are a type of clean-burning stove, air-tight stoves more completely combust wood and eliminate polluting combustion products. In the U. S. since 1992, all wood stoves being manufactured must limit particulate emission, the Old English word stofa meant any individual enclosed space, such as a room, and stove is still occasionally used in that sense, as in stoved in. In its earliest attestation, cooking was done by roasting meat, pottery and other cooking vessels may be placed directly on an open fire, but setting the vessel on a support, as simple as a base of three stones, resulted in a stove. The three-stone stove is still used around the world. In some areas it developed into a U-shaped dried mud or brick enclosure with the opening in the front for fuel and air, a kitchen stove, cooker, or cookstove is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of heat for the cooking process. Traditionally these have been fueled by wood and one of the earliest recorded instances of a burning kitchen stove was the so-called stew stove. More modern versions such as the popular Rayburn Range offer a choice between using wood or gas as the fuel source, the most common stove for heating in the industrial world for almost a century and a half was the coal stove that burned coal. Coal stoves came in all sizes and shapes and different operating principles, coal burns at a much higher temperature than wood, and coal stoves must be constructed to withstand the high heat levels. A coal stove can burn wood or coal, but a wood stove cannot burn coal unless a grate is supplied. The grate may be removable or an extra and this is because coal stoves are fitted with a grate so allowing part of the combustion air to be admitted below the fire. The proportion of air admitted above/below the fire depends on the type of coal, brown coal and lignites evolve more combustible gases than say anthracite and so need more air above the fire. The ratio of air above/below the fire must be adjusted to enable complete combustion
Stove
–
Alsatian stove with large exhaust gas
heat exchanger, in
Fouday church
Stove
–
A fully
neoclassical glazed ceramic ofen [
sic], early 19th century, at Schloss Wolfshagen,
Prignitz, Brandenburg
Stove
–
Tile stove (for heating) in the dining room of the
Catherine Palace,
St. Petersburg.
Stove
–
The pentagonal self-cleaning wood stove, is an EPA style secondary combustion air wood stove with a fan forced heat exchanger, thermostat, outside air intake with throttle, shakers, and ash drop for easy cleanup.
4.
Heating element
–
A heating element converts electricity into heat through the process of resistive or Joule heating. Electric current passing through the element encounters resistance, resulting in heating of the element, unlike the Peltier effect, this process is independent of the direction of current flow. Nichrome, Most heating elements use nichrome 80/20 wire, ribbon, nichrome 80/20 is an ideal material, because it has relatively high resistance and forms an adherent layer of chromium oxide when it is heated for the first time. Material beneath this layer will not oxidize, preventing the wire from breaking or burning out, resistance wire, Metallic resistance heating elements may be wire or ribbon, straight or coiled. They are used in common heating devices like toasters and hair dryers, furnaces for heating, floor heating, roof heating, pathway heating to melt snow, dryers. These elements are found in precision heating applications like medical diagnostics. Molybdenum disilicide an intermetallic compound, a silicide of molybdenum, is a refractory ceramic primarily used in heating elements and it has moderate density, melting point 2030 °C, and is electrically conductive. At high temperatures it forms a layer of silicon dioxide. The application area includes glass industry, ceramic sintering, heat treatment furnaces, PTC ceramic elements, PTC ceramic material is named for its positive thermal coefficient of resistance. Most ceramics have a coefficient, whereas most metals have positive values. This behavior causes the material to act as its own thermostat, since current passes when it is cool, thin films of this material are used in automotive rear-window defrost heaters, and honeycomb-shaped elements are used in more expensive hair dryers and space heaters. Resistive heaters can be made of conducting PTC rubber materials where the resistivity increases exponentially with increasing temperature, such a heater will produce high power when it is cold, and rapidly heat up itself to a constant temperature. Due to the exponentially increasing resistivity, the heater can never heat itself to warmer than this temperature, above this temperature, the rubber acts as an electrical insulator. The temperature can be chosen during the production of the rubber, typical temperatures are between 0 and 80 °C. It is a point-wise self-regulating heater and self-limiting heater, self-regulating means that every point of the heater independently keeps a constant temperature without the need of regulating electronics. Self-limiting means that the heater can never exceed a temperature in any point. Tubular elements normally comprise a fine coil of resistance heating alloy wire. To keep moisture out of the insulator, the ends are equipped with beads of insulating material such as ceramic or silicone rubber
Heating element
–
A heating element from an
espresso machine
Heating element
–
sheathed element cut off cross section
Heating element
–
A coiled heating element from an electric
toaster
Heating element
–
A flexible PTC heater made of conductive rubber.
5.
Cauldron
–
A cauldron is a large metal pot for cooking and/or boiling over an open fire, with a large mouth and frequently with an arc-shaped hanger. The word cauldron is first recorded in Middle English as caudroun and it was borrowed from Norman caudron. It represents the evolution of Vulgar Latin *caldario for Classical Latin caldārium hot bath. The Norman-French word replaces probably the not initial new English sentence ċetel, the word kettle is a borrowing of the Old Norse variant ketill cauldron. Cauldrons have largely fallen out of use in the world as cooking vessels. In fiction, witches often prepare their potions in a cauldron, also, in Irish folklore, a cauldron is purported to be where leprechauns keep their gold and treasure. In some forms of Wicca, incorporating aspects of Celtic mythology, welsh legend also tells of cauldrons that were useful to warring armies. It was suspected that they lacked souls and these warriors could go back into battle until they were killed again. In Wicca and some forms of neopagan or pagan belief systems the cauldron is still used in magical practices. Most often a cauldron is made of cast iron and is used to burn incense on a charcoal disc, to make black salt, for mixing herbs. Cauldrons symbolize not only the Goddess but also represent the womb, cauldrons are often sold in New Age or metaphysical stores and may have various symbols of power inscribed on them. This may have resulted from the combination of the legend with earlier Celtic myths of magical cauldrons. The common translation for ding is often referred to as a cauldron, in Chinese history and culture, possession of one or more ancient dings is often associated with power and dominion over the land. Therefore, the ding is often used as a symbolism for power. The term inquiring of the ding is often used interchangeably with the quest for power
Cauldron
–
Hungarian
goulash in a traditional "bogrács" (cauldron)
Cauldron
–
A cauldron over a fire in
William Blake 's illustrations to his mythical
Europe a Prophecy first published in 1794. This version of the print is currently held by the
Fitzwilliam Museum
Cauldron
–
A
Bronze Age cauldron made from sheet
bronze and a
flesh-hook
Cauldron
–
A Witches'-caldron table
6.
Stovetop
–
A kitchen stove, usually called a gas range, range, cooker, or oven is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven. When homes began to be heated with heating systems, there was less need for an appliance that served as both heat source and cooker and stand-alone cookers replaced them. Cooker and stove are often used interchangeably, the fuel-burning stove is the most basic design of kitchen stove. Nearly half of the people in the world, burn biomass, more fuel efficient and environmentally sound biomass cook stoves are being developed for use there. Modern kitchen stoves may use alternative methods for heating food, natural gas and electric stoves are the most common today in western countries. In particular, professional chefs often prefer gas cooktops, for they allow them to control the more finely. On the other hand, some chefs often prefer electric stoves because they tend to heat more evenly. Todays major brands offer both gas and electric stoves, and many also offer dual-fuel stoves combining gas and electric cooktops Modern kitchen stoves have both burners on the top as well as an oven. A cooktop can refer to the top of a stove or burners built into a countertop, many newer cooktops are made of glass-ceramic. A drop-in range a combination unit that installs in a kitchens lower cabinets flush with the countertop. Most modern stoves come in a unit with built-in extractor hoods, early clay stoves that enclosed the fire completely, were known from the Chinese Qin Dynasty, and a similar design known as kamado appeared in the Kofun period in Japan. These stoves were fired by wood or charcoal through a hole in the front, in both designs, pots were placed over or hung into holes at the top of the knee-high construction. Raised kamados were developed in Japan during the Edo period, prior to the 18th century in Europe, people cooked over open fires fueled by wood. In the Middle Ages, waist-high brick-and-mortar hearths and the first chimneys appeared, the fire was built on top of the construction, the cooking done mainly in cauldrons hung above the fire or placed on trivets. The heat was regulated by placing the cauldron higher or lower above the fire, attempts were made to enclose the fire to make better use of the heat that it generated and thus reduce the wood consumption. An early step was the chamber, the fire was enclosed on three sides by brick-and-mortar walls and covered by an iron plate. This technique also caused a change in the used for cooking
Stovetop
–
A wood burning iron stove
Stovetop
–
A stove at Holzwarth Ranch National Historic Site in
Rocky Mountain National Park,
Colorado
Stovetop
–
Indonesian traditional
brick stove which is still used in some rural areas
Stovetop
–
The 18th-century Japanese merchant's kitchen, Kamado (Hezzui) made of copper (Fukagawa Edo Museum)
7.
Whistle
–
An aerodynamic whistle is a simple aerophone, an instrument which produces sound from a stream of gas, most commonly air. It may be mouth-operated, or powered by air pressure, steam, whistles vary in size from a small slide whistle or nose flute type to a large multi-piped church organ. Whistles have been around since humans first carved out a gourd or branch. In prehistoric Egypt, small shells were used as whistles, many present day wind instruments are inheritors of these early whistles. With the rise of mechanical power, other forms of whistles have been developed. One characteristic of a whistle is that it creates a pure, or nearly pure, there are many ways to create pure tones, but we restrict the descriptions here to what are called aerodynamic whistles. Strictly speaking, they are fluid mechanical whistles since they occur in gases, such as air or steam, as well as in liquids, the only difference between them is the fluid density and the sound speed. The word aerodynamic whistle is used here since it is in common use, the conversion of flow energy to sound comes from an interaction between a solid material and a fluid stream. The forces in some whistles are sufficient to set the material in motion. Classic examples are Aeolian tones that result in galloping power lines, other examples are circular disks set into vibration. The whistles described in this article are in a subclass where only the fluid is in motion, joseph Hudson set up J Hudson & Co in Birmingham, UK in 1870. With his younger brother James, he designed the Acme City brass whistle and this became the first referee whistle used at association football matches during the 1878–79 Football Association Cup match between Nottingham Forest and Sheffield. Prior to the introduction of the whistle, handkerchiefs were used by the umpires to signal to the players, in 1883 he began experimenting with pea-whistle designs that could produce an intense sound that could grab attention from over a mile away. His invention was discovered by accident, when he dropped his violin. Observing how the discordant sound of the breaking strings travelled, Hudson had the idea to put a pea in the whistle, prior to this, whistles were much quieter, and were only thought of as musical instruments or toys for children. After observing the problems that local police were having with effectively communicating with rattles, Hudson demonstrated his whistle to Scotland Yard and was awarded his first contract in 1884. This police whistle monopoly gradually made Hudson the largest whistle manufacturer in the world, supplying police forces and his whistle is still used by many forces worldwide. His design, was improved as the Acme Thunderer, the first ever pea whistle, in 1987, Ron Foxcroft released the Fox 40 pealess whistle, designed to replace the pea whistle and be more reliable
Whistle
–
A party whistle.
Whistle
–
A metal pea whistle.
Whistle
–
Carved
whalebone whistle dated 1821. 8 cm long.
Whistle
–
Point Monopole
8.
Stainless steel
–
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel is notable for its resistance, and it is widely used for food handling. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, however, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. There are various grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure, Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present, unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form, since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation and this layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal. Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough, Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are made of stainless steel. This also influences its use in kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized. High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is achieved with addition of a minimum of 13% chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium oxide when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous, the layer is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel bolts buried in timber. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, when forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, a destructive effect known as galling. Galling can be avoided by the use of materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and stainless steel. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a humid, even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile, nitronic alloys, made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen, may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling, low-temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication
Stainless steel
–
Steels and other iron–carbon alloy phases
Stainless steel
–
An announcement, as it appeared in the 1915 New York Times, of the development of stainless steel
Stainless steel
–
The 630-foot-high (190 m), stainless-clad (type 304)
Gateway Arch defines
St. Louis's skyline
Stainless steel
–
The pinnacle of New York's Chrysler Building is clad with Nirosta stainless steel, a form of Type 302
9.
Electric water boiler
–
An electric water boiler, also called a thermo pot, is a consumer electronics small appliance used for boiling water and maintaining it at a constant temperature. They are a component of Japanese kitchens and the kitchens of many East Asian countries but are found in varying use globally. Some thermo pots are designed with a feature that can purify water, black tea is typically steeped at 95 °C while green tea is steeped at under 80 °C. A number of thermo pot models offer an adjustable target temperature, an electric water boiler consists of a water reservoir with a heating element at the bottom. Some models offer multiple temperature settings, other models are part of larger water systems that boil water and provide hot, cold, and lukewarm water. Water may be dispensed in various ways, e. g. by pouring, Electric water boilers have a built in thermostat that detects when water has reached its boiling point of 100 °C to automatically shut off. Sedimentation is the accumulation within the reservoir of natural minerals that exist in trace amounts in municipal water mains. Heating the water causes the minerals to separate and fall to the bottom of the reservoir and this buildup can eventually create a variety of noises in gas boilers, reduce the efficiency of the unit and give rise to a sulfur smell. Vinegar has been used to descale electric kettles, samovar Electric kettle Electric steam boiler Instant hot water dispenser Home appliance Thermoelectricity Joule heating Materials and the Environment, Eco-informed Material Choice - M. F. Ashby. Media related to Kettles at Wikimedia Commons
Electric water boiler
–
Japanese
Zojirushi brand "Thermo Pot" electric kettle hot water dispensers
Electric water boiler
–
Wall mounted, unpressurized electric boiler with 5 liters maximum capacity
10.
Instant hot water dispenser
–
An instant hot water dispenser or boiling water tap is an appliance that dispenses water at about 94 °C. There are hot-only and hot and cool water models, and the water may be filtered as well as heated, instant hot water dispensers became popular in the 1970s. Instant hot water dispensers are very similar to portable shower devices, boil-on-demand are as known as instant hot water dispensers consist of a heater and boil a small amount of water very quickly. Hot water tank dispensers are plumbed directly into the supply and heated in an under-sink or over-counter tank. They may have a water filter and a thermostat to adjust the water temperature. They do not need to be installed, are portable, may have adjustable temperature, need to be refilled, bottom Load Water Dispenser is a special dispenser where the water bottle is placed at the bottom of the dispenser. This is very convenient as the bottle does not have to be lifted up, table Top Water Dispenser is a smaller unit which can be placed directly on top of the table for dispensing hot or cold water. Direct Piping Water Dispenser connects directly to the source for an auto refill of constant hot or cold filtered pure drinking water. Most types have a small thermally-insulated tank with a heater keeps the water in the tank hot. When the handle is pressed, cool tap water flows into the tank and displaces the near-boiling water, on releasing the handle the valve closes and hot water stops flowing. The cool water is heated to up to about 94 °C ready for use however the Quooker PRO-VAQ water tank heats the water to 110 °C meaning the water flows out of the spout at 100 °C. Some tanks feature a 750 W heater that delivers up to 60 cups of water per hour at a set by a dial. Some models are equipped with a system to remove contaminants. Advanced filtration systems can reduce chlorine taste, odor, sediment, toxic chemicals, heavy metals such as lead and they also remove sometimes dangerous parasites and protozoa such as cryptosporidium, although the high temperature prevents them from being a hazard in the hot water. These tank type dispensers often also consists of energy wasting keep warm, whereas, an instant hot water dispenser without a tank does not waste significant energy. Only when hot water is needed, the instant heater consumes at least 2000 watts to produce hot water at 92°C, the hot water flow rates is flowed at approximately 20 litres per hour. Comparing this with the tank type of hot water dispensers that consumes approx 500w. The savings not only comes from the speed, but also instant hot water dispensers do not keep warm nor reboil, in fact, it furthers provide the convenience that users need not switch off the appliance when not in use
Instant hot water dispenser
–
Hot water dispenser at Lanzhou Bus Station, China, providing free boiling water to make a cup of tea or a bowl of instant noodles.
Instant hot water dispenser
–
Japanese
Zojirushi brand "Thermo Pot" electric kettle hot water dispensers
Instant hot water dispenser
–
A
water fountain (right) and a hot water dispenser (left) in
Beijing Capital International Airport
Instant hot water dispenser
–
An installed instant hot water dispenser
11.
Museum of Liverpool
–
The Museum of Liverpool in Liverpool, England, is the newest addition to the National Museums Liverpool group having opened in 2011 replacing the former Museum of Liverpool Life. National Museums Liverpool intention is for the new venue to tell the story of Liverpool and its people, the museum is housed in a new purpose-built building on the Mann Island site at the Pier Head. The museum, designed by architects 3XN and engineers Buro Happold, was expected to cost £72 million and provide 8,000 square metres of exhibition space, there are also plans to have flexible spaces that regularly change to enable National Museums Liverpool to show more of their collections. It was opened to the public on 19 June 2011, the museum will be closed for two months for essential works in January & February 2017. Exhibits from the entirety of National Museums Liverpools collections are used for the Museum of Liverpools displays, some conservation work took place prior to it taking pride of place in the new museum. The Museum displays are divided into four themes, The Great Port, Global City, People’s Republic. Museum of Liverpool National Museums Liverpool
Museum of Liverpool
–
Museum of Liverpool
Museum of Liverpool
–
The centrally located spiral staircase within the museum
Museum of Liverpool
–
A view of
Pier Head from The People's Republic gallery
Museum of Liverpool
–
Skyscrapers and highrises (over 60m)
12.
Crompton Parkinson
–
Crompton Parkinson was a British electrical manufacturing company. It was formed in 1927 by the merger of Crompton & Co. with F & A. Parkinson Ltd, the brand is now part of Brook Compton. Crompton & Co. was a lamp manufacturer founded by R. E. B, the company was widely known for installing the first electric lighting in Windsor Castle, Holyrood Palace and other prominent buildings. The universitys Parkinson Building, opened in 1951, is named in his honor, Crompton Parkinson was taken over by the Hawker Siddeley aerospace group in 1968 which became part of BTR in 1992. BTR merged with Siebe to form Invensys in 1999, after selling off several divisions, Invensys was acquired by Schneider Electrical of France in 2014. Crompton Lighting Australia is now owned by Gerard Lighting, whilst Brook Crompton is now owned by Wolong Holding Group Co Ltd of China, Crompton Lamps was sold to Cooper Industries but is now independent. In 1968, Crompton Parkinson acquired Vidor Batteries, a manufacturer of radio, founded in 1934 by businessman Thomas Noah Cole, the company was located in a former Vickers-Armstrong munitions factory in Erith, Kent. He had also purchased Burndept Wireless, a radio manufacturer. The combined company was called Vidor-Burndept, Cole had made his fortune from his previous company Lissen Ltd. a manufacturer of radio kits, accessories and batteries, which he sold to Ever Ready in 1928. In April 1941, the Erith factory was almost completely destroyed by a German incendiary raid, forcing the company to production to a former jute mill in Dundee. Other factories were opened, at South Shields and Brechin. A Vidor slogan from the 1950s was They do say a Vidor battery lasts a month longer, in the early 1960s Cole sold Vidor-Burndept to Royston Industries, a sheet-metal manufacturer. Following the collapse of Royston Industries in 1968, the Vidor brand was acquired by Crompton Parkinson, the Vidor brand was sold to Ray-O-Vac in 1989 and is no longer in use. Crompton Parkinson made a range of electrical goods including electric motors, electric generators, light bulbs. Some British Railways diesel locomotives were outfitted with their electrical equipment, the company also produced an extensive range of electrical measuring instruments including voltmeters, ammeters and current transformers and, for a brief time at the beginning, made spark plugs. During the Second World War, Crompton Parkinson produced large quantities of.303 rifle ammunition at its Guiseley, there was a factory located at Writtle Road in Chelmsford, which was originally part of Crompton & Co. The site was taken over by Marconi Radar Systems Ltd in the late 1960s and they remained the occupiers for over 20 years until it was sold for housing development. Only the head office building fronting Writtle Road remains - the old Crompton name is visible over the door
Crompton Parkinson
–
1937 Crompton Parkinson electric pump motor, housed at the
Cambridge Museum of Technology
Crompton Parkinson
–
British Rail Class 33
13.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The British
HMS Sandwich fires into the French
flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) during
Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights
HMS Victory (behind her) and
HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake by
Auguste Mayer, the painter.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
Flag
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
Signing of the
Treaty of Ghent (1814), by A. Forestier c. 1915
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
–
The Duke of Wellington
14.
Trade literature
–
Trade literature is a general term including advertising, customer technical communications, and catalogues. A trade magazine, or trade rag, also called a magazine, is a magazine published with the intention of target marketing to a specific industry or type of trade. The collective term for area of publishing is the trade press. Trade magazines typically contain advertising content centered on the industry in question with little if any general-audience advertising, definitions of the term trade catalog vary, but in general, trade catalogs are printed materials published by manufacturing, wholesaling, or retailing firms. They promote sales by making advertising claims, give instructions in using products, provide testimonials from satisfied customers, Trade catalogs first appeared in the 18th century, with the expansion in trade, commerce and consumption. The designs were regarded as reflecting the current London fashion for furniture, chippendale followed this up with a virtual reprint in 1755, and finally a revised and enlarged edition in 1762. “Trade catalog” derives from the expression “to the trade, ”, the Trade Literature Collection is internationally known as an extraordinary source for the history of American business, technology, marketing, consumption, and design. Trade literature includes printed or handwritten documents, usually illustrated, of items offered for sale, Trade catalogues and the study of history, in Accumulation & display, mass marketing household goods in America, 1880-1920. Winterthur, Del. Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum,1986, north American Windmill Manufacturers Trade Literature Baker, T. Lindsay, Researching history through trade literature, History News, vol. 1, pp. 24–27 Crom, Theodore R. Trade Catalogues, culbertson, Margaret, Mail-order architecture, Plan books and American house design, in Consumer culture and the American home, 1890-1930, pp. 65–69 Davis, Audrey B. Building the picture, trading on the imagery of production and design, Winterthur Portfolio, Trade catalogs in the Hagley Museum and Library by Nina de Angeli Walls. 22, pp. 32–33 Kurutz, Gary F, California commercial catalogs, from hosiery to hardware on exhibit, California State Library Foundation Bulletin, no. 56, pp. 15–28 Laird, Pamela Walker, advertising Progress, American Business and the Rise of Consumer Marketing. Fables of Abundance, A cultural history of advertising in America MacLean, nursery and seed trade catalogs, Journal of NAL Associates 5 pp. 88–92. Trade catalogues at Winterthur, a guide to the literature of merchandising, at home in the thirties, the EKCO Collection of trade catalogues. London, National Art Library, Victoria & Albert Museum,1995, mount, Ellis The role of trade literature in sci-tech libraries. Advertising and the Transformation of American Society, 1865-1920, historical research in trade catalogs, Science & Technology Libraries, vol. 10, pp. 15–22 Reiff, Daniel D, houses from books, treatise, pattern books, and catalogs in American architecture, 1738-1950, a history and guide Romaine, Lawrence B
Trade literature
–
"Two Bookcases", from
Chippendale's Director, 1754.
15.
Birmingham
–
Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham
16.
Russell Hobbs
–
Russell Hobbs is a manufacturer of household appliances based in Failsworth, Greater Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Later in 1952 Bill Russell had a disagreement with Donal Morphy and joined Hobbs to form Russell Hobbs Ltd. Russell was in charge of product development, Russells de facto ultimate safety test for any new product was to pour half a pint of boiling gravy on it. The company was always in profit from day one, in the late 1960s it was chiefly manufacturing automatic electric coffee pots, vapour-controlled electric kettles, and tea makers. In 1960, the K2 kettle was introduced, which was manufactured for the thirty years. They designed the worlds first fully programmable kettle, the M2, in 1977 they made the first all-plastic kettles, the Futura. However it was still the normal shape of a kettle, and distrusted, tefal introduced the cordless kettle in 1986. Plastic kettles used the Polyoxymethylene acetal copolymer, also known as kemetal, celcon, in 1997 it introduced the Millennium kettle that used a special flat OPTEC element to boil water in half the time, with a limescale filter. Acquired Russell Hobbs, Inc. and in 2011 the Russell Hobbs business in the UK, was recognised to become Spectrum Brands Ltd. Spectrum Brands in the UK now design, manufacture and consumer products in addition to Russell Hobbs®, including such as Remington®, IAMS®, Eukanuba®, Tetra®, FURminator®, Rayovac®. In December 2007, two companies in the household appliance business, Salton, Inc. and Applica Incorporated, merged. Applica became a wholly owned subsidiary of Salton, in December 2009, the combined company changed its name to Russell Hobbs, Inc. Russell died on 16 February 2006 aged 85. Hobbs died on 11 April 2008 aged 91, Polly Peck collapsed and Russell Hobbs was bought by Pifco Holdings, originally known as Provincial Incandescent Fittings Co. Ltd, based in Failsworth on 5 April 1991, the brand is currently licensed by electrical distributor RKW Ltd and used for a range of small domestic appliances. TI sold off their consumer brands, with the going to Polly Peck International, on 11 December 1986 for £12 million. The subsidiary was known as Russell Hobbs Tower, Creda would be sold to GEC in June 1987. In the late 1980s Russell Hobbs sponsored sports events, in 1962, they needed to expand the company to increase production and needed more capital. They were forced to sell the company to Tube Investments, a conglomerate of electrical appliance brands who also owned Creda. The Blythe Bridge site on Grindley Lane was shared with Simplex Electric Co Ltd, and Simplex-GE, Russell became technical director of Creda, then managed Turnright
Russell Hobbs
–
Russell Hobbs
Russell Hobbs
–
A CP1 coffee percolator
Russell Hobbs
–
A modern Russell Hobbs electric steam iron.
Russell Hobbs
–
Regent Mill in Failsworth, next to the
Rochdale Canal
17.
Turkish cuisine
–
Turkish cuisine is largely the continuation of Ottoman cuisine, which in turn borrowed many elements from Circassian, Central Asian, Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Balkan and Greek cuisines. Turkish cuisine has in turn influenced those and other neighbouring cuisines, including those of Southeast Europe, Central Europe, Turkish cuisine varies across the country. The cuisine of the Black Sea Region uses fish extensively, especially the Black Sea anchovy, the cuisine of the southeast is famous for its variety of kebabs, mezes and dough-based desserts such as baklava, şöbiyet, kadayıf, and künefe. Especially in the parts of Turkey, where olive trees grow abundantly. The cuisines of the Aegean, Marmara and Mediterranean regions are rich in vegetables, herbs, Central Anatolia has many famous specialties, such as keşkek, mantı and gözleme. Dishes directly cognate with mantı are found also in Chinese and Korean cuisine, a specialtys name sometimes includes that of a city or region, either in or outside of Turkey, and may refer to the specific technique or ingredients used in that area. For example, the difference between Urfa kebap and Adana kebap is the thickness of the skewer and the amount of hot pepper that the kebab contains, Urfa kebap is less spicy and thicker than Adana kebap. Although meat-based foods such as kebabs are the mainstay in Turkish cuisine as presented in countries, native Turkish meals largely center around rice, vegetables. Turks usually prefer a rich breakfast, a speciality for breakfast is called menemen, which is prepared with tomatoes, green peppers, onion, olive oil and eggs. Invariably, Turkish tea is served at breakfast, the Turkish word for breakfast, kahvaltı, means before coffee. Homemade food is preferred by Turkish people. Although the newly introduced way of life pushes the new generation to eat out, a typical meal starts with soup, followed by a dish made of vegetables or legumes boiled in a pot, often with or before rice or bulgur pilav accompanied by a salad or cacık. In summertime many people prefer to eat a dish of vegetables cooked with olive oil instead of the soup, either before or after the main course. Although fast food is gaining popularity and many major foreign fast food chains have opened all over Turkey, Turkish people still rely primarily on the rich and extensive dishes of Turkish cuisine. In addition, some traditional Turkish foods, especially köfte, döner, kokoreç, kumpir midye tava börek, eating out has always been common in large commercial cities. Esnaf lokantası are widespread, serving traditional Turkish home cooking at affordable prices, in the hot Turkish summer, a meal often consists of fried vegetables such as eggplant and peppers or potatoes served with yogurt or tomato sauce. Menemen and çılbır are typical dishes, based on eggs. Sheep cheese, cucumbers, tomatoes, watermelons and melons also make a summer meal
Turkish cuisine
–
Turkish dishes on a " sini ", or large tray, that used to be used in the rural areas as a traditional alternative to a table.
Turkish cuisine
–
Simit is a circular bread with sesame seeds. Common breakfast item in Turkey.
Turkish cuisine
–
Imam Bayildi with Borek
Turkish cuisine
–
Fresh Ayran with a head of foam
18.
Portable stove
–
Portable stoves can be used in diverse situations, such as for outdoor food service and catering and in field hospitals. Since the invention of the stove in the 19th century. The Shichirin, a charcoal stove, has been used in Japan in much the same form since at least the Edo period. Old shichirin are mainly ceramic and many can be found in old houses, most modern Shichirin are made by heating diatomaceous earth, but the raw materials are not uniform. There are also Shichirin such as made with a double inside and outside ceramic structure. The shape is cylindrical, square, or rectangular. Many varieties of Shichirin are made for different uses, in North America, they are also known as Hibachi or Hibachi-style. Early European portable stoves burned animal fat and polar explorers continued to use blubber as a supplement for cooking fuel into the early 20th Century, modern portable stoves emerged from the mid-19th century. French-born chef, Alexis Soyer, became chef de cuisine at the Reform Club in London from 1837 and he instituted many innovations, including cooking with gas, refrigerators cooled by cold water, and ovens with adjustable temperatures. In 1849 Soyer began to market his magic stove which allowed people to cook food wherever they were. The design of Soyers Magic Stove was based on the principle as a kerosene lamp. During the Crimean War, Soyer joined the troops at his own expense to advise the army on cooking, later he was paid his expenses and wages equivalent to those of a Brigadier-General. Catering standards within the British Army would remain inconsistent, however and this is now part of the Royal Logistics Corps, whose catering HQ is called Soyers House. His stove, or adaptions of it, remained in British military service into the late 20th century, in the 1850s, the famous Alpine mountaineer Francis Fox Tuckett developed an alcohol stove for campers and mountaineers known as the Russian furnace. It was also known as the Rob Roy, after John MacGregor, macGregors 1866 book, A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe was an international success and described his camping methods. Tucketts stove and integral cook kit was designed to hang from a cord in the interior of a tent, fridtjof Nansen also developed an alcohol stove in the 1880s based on the work of Adolphus Greely. This improved on early designs and later became the basis for the Trangia cooker, carl Richard Nyberg invented the blowtorch in 1882 and began manufacturing Primus stoves a decade later. The first model, called Viktoria, wasnt very successful, other sources credit Frans W Lindqvist for the same thing at the same time
Portable stove
–
A small Snow Peak portable stove running on MSR gas and the stove's carrying case
Portable stove
–
Three parts of portable gas-Cartridge, Burner and Regulator
Portable stove
–
Various Japanese traditional Shichirin
Portable stove
–
Early portable kerosene stove.
19.
Water
–
Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earths streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen, Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance, that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often refers also to its solid state or its gaseous state. It also occurs in nature as snow, glaciers, ice packs and icebergs, clouds, fog, dew, aquifers, Water covers 71% of the Earths surface. It is vital for all forms of life. Only 2. 5% of this water is freshwater, and 98. 8% of that water is in ice and groundwater. Less than 0. 3% of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, a greater quantity of water is found in the earths interior. Water on Earth moves continually through the cycle of evaporation and transpiration, condensation, precipitation. Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land, large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals. Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. There is a correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the population will be facing water-based vulnerability. A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in developing regions of the world. Water plays an important role in the world economy, approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a source of food for many parts of the world. Much of long-distance trade of commodities and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a variety of chemical substances, as such it is widely used in industrial processes. Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, Water is a liquid at the temperatures and pressures that are most adequate for life. Specifically, at atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, water is a liquid between the temperatures of 273.15 K and 373.15 K
Water
–
Water in three states: liquid, solid (
ice), and gas (invisible
water vapor in the air).
Clouds are accumulations of water droplets,
condensed from vapor-saturated air.
Water
–
Impact from a water drop causes an upward "rebound" jet surrounded by circular
capillary waves.
Water
–
Snowflakes by
Wilson Bentley, 1902.
Water
–
Dew drops adhering to a
spider web.
20.
Bottled gas
–
In the last case the bottle is constructed with an inner and outer shell separated by a vacuum so that the low temperature can be maintained by evaporative cooling. The substance remains a gas at temperature and increased pressure. Examples include, air argon fluorine helium hydrogen krypton nitrogen oxygen The substance liquefies at standard temperature, examples include, ammonia butane carbon dioxide chlorine nitrous oxide propane sulfur dioxide The substance is dissolved at standard temperature in a solvent. Examples include, acetylene Note, Acetylene cylinders contain an inert packing material, which may be agamassan, the acetylene is pumped into the cylinder and it dissolves in the solvent. When the cylinder is opened the acetylene comes back out of solution and this is a workaround to acetylenes property to explode when pressurized above 200 kPa or liquified. Carbon dioxide in the form of a soft drink The substance is liquefied at reduced temperature and these are also referred to as cryogenic gases. Normal high pressure gas cylinders or bottles will hold from 200 to 400 atmosphere s, the atmosphere units pressure held by the bottle is equivalent to the number of volumes of standard temperature and pressure of the gas held by the bottle for an ideal gas. Because the contents are high pressure and are sometimes hazardous. These include chaining bottles to prevent falling and breaking, proper ventilation to prevent injury or death in case of leaks, in the United States, the Compressed Gas Association sells a number of booklets and pamphlets on safe handling and use of bottled gases. The European Industrial Gases Association and the British Compressed Gases Association provide similar facilities in Europe, in the United States, bottled gas typically refers to liquefied petroleum gas. Bottled gas is used in medical supply, especially for portable oxygen tanks. Packaged industrial gases are frequently called cylinder gas, though bottled gas is sometimes used, the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe more commonly refer to bottled gas when discussing any usage whether industrial, medical or liquefied petroleum. Within Europe gas cylinders colours are being standardised according to EN 1089-3, in the United States, colour-coding is not regulated by law. The user should not rely on the colour of a cylinder to indicate what it contains, the label or decal should always be checked for product identification. The colours below are specific shades, defined in the European Standard in terms of RAL coordinates and this should not be confused with industrial gases, where a yellow shoulder means chlorine. Diving cylinder Gas blending Industrial gas ISO32, Gas cylinders for medical use—Marking for identification of content, CEN EN 1089-3, Transportable gas cylinders, Part 3 - Colour Coding. Virtual Anesthesia Machine -6 different color codes for medical gas cylinders, hoses, air Products – European Gas Cylinder Identification Chart. Compressed Gas Association Gases and Welding Distributors Association European Industrial Gases Association British Compressed Gases Association
Bottled gas
–
Butane gas cylinder
Bottled gas
–
modest Tea
Kettle boiling
water over small Bottled gas at a
tea house.
21.
Tea
–
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world, Tea originated in Southwest China, where it was used as a medicinal drink. It was popularized as a drink during the Chinese Tang dynasty. Portuguese priests and merchants introduced it to Europe during the 16th century, during the 17th century, drinking tea became fashionable among Britons, who started large-scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass the Chinese monopoly. The term herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile and these are sometimes called tisanes or herbal infusions to prevent confusion with tea made from the tea plant. The tea industry often uses the term fruit tea to refer to what are in fact fruit-flavored black teas. The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with a stroke as 荼. The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as chá in Mandarin, zo and dzo in Wu Chinese, there were other ancient words for tea, though ming is the only other one still in common use. Most Chinese languages, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of cha and these two pronunciations have made their separate ways into other languages around the world. Starting in the seventeen century, the Dutch played a dominant role in the early European tea trade via the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch borrowed the word for tea from Min Chinese, either through trade directly from Fujian or Formosa where they had established a port, or from Malay traders in Bantam, Java. The Dutch then introduced to other European languages this Min pronunciation for tea, including English tea, French thé, Spanish té and this pronunciation is also the most common form worldwide. The Portuguese adopted the Cantonese pronunciation chá, and spread it to India, the Korean and Japanese pronunciations of cha were borrowed into Korean and Japanese during earlier periods of Chinese history. A third form, the increasingly widespread chai, came from Persian چای chay, both the châ and chây forms are found in Persian dictionaries. English has all three forms, cha or char, attested from the 16th century, tea, from the 17th, however, the form chai refers specifically to a black tea mixed with honey, spices and milk in contemporary English. Tea plants are native to East Asia, and probably originated around the points of the lands of north Burma. Tea drinking may have begun in the Yunnan region during the Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to Shennong in 2737 BC, although evidence suggests that tea drinking may have been introduced from the southwest of China. The earliest written records of tea come from China, in the Chronicles of Huayang, it was recorded that the Ba people in Sichuan presented tu to the Zhou king
Tea
–
Oolong tea being infused in a
gaiwan
Tea
–
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) from
Köhler's Medicinal Plants
Tea
–
Camellia sinensis
Tea
–
1885 illustration of
Xiamen (Amoy) by Edwin Joshua Dukes
22.
Michael Graves
–
Michael Graves was an American architect. His recognition grew through designing domestic products sold by premium Italian housewares maker Alessi and he was a representative of New Urbanism and New Classical Architecture and formerly designed postmodern buildings, and was recognized as a major influence in all three movements. Graves was born in Indianapolis, Indiana and he attended Broad Ripple High School, receiving his diploma in 1952. He earned a degree from the University of Cincinnati where he also became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He earned a degree in architecture from Harvard University in 1959. Graves won the Rome Prize in 1960 and spent the two years at the American Academy in Rome. From 2003, Graves was paralyzed from the waist down as a result of a spinal cord infection and he died at his home in Princeton, New Jersey on March 12,2015 at the age of 80. From 1964 until the end of his life, Graves was an architect in practice in Princeton. He directed the firm Michael Graves & Associates, which has offices in Princeton, in contrast to his later career, Graves spent much of the 1970s designing modernist residences, such as the Snyderman House in Fort Wayne, Indiana. For most of his career, however, Graves shifted away from modernism toward postmodernism, one of his most famous works, the Portland Building, which opened in 1982 in Portland, Oregon, is regarded as the first major built example of postmodern architecture. The celebrated but controversial building, composed of offices, is subject to an ongoing preservation debate. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011, Graves subsequently received a number of major commissions. Some of his most notable completed buildings include the Humana Building, the Denver Public Library, in the 1980s, he also designed an expansion for the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, but the highly contested design went unbuilt due to local opposition. Graves also received recognition for his renovation of his personal residence in Princeton. In 1985, Graves designed a stainless steel teakettle featuring a red whistle shaped like a bird for the Italian company Alessi, Graves designed the scaffolding used for the restoration of the Washington Monument in Washington DC. During that assignment, which Target Corp sponsored, he met a Target executive who appreciated his product design and he began designing consumer products for the mass market and Target sold his products through their stores. By 2009, however, he noted the house doesnt have a wow factor, the partnership went from less than a dozen objects in 1997 to more than 2,000 when the partnership with Target ended in 2012. By 2013, concerned about Targets partnerships with other designers with less-successful outcomes, when a former Target executive became CEO of J. C. Penney, Graves products began being sold exclusively through J. C. Penney
Michael Graves
–
Michael Graves
Michael Graves
–
The
Portland Building in Oregon, 1982
Michael Graves
–
Alessi 9093
Teakettle, 1985
Michael Graves
–
Humana Building in
Louisville,
Kentucky, 1982
23.
Brewery
–
A brewery or brewing company is a business that makes and sells beer. The place at which beer is made is either called a brewery or a beerhouse. The commercial brewing of beer has taken place since at least 2500 BC, in ancient Mesopotamia, brewers derived social sanction, the diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. A brewery is typically divided into sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process. Beer may have known in Neolithic Europe and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. In some form, it can be traced back almost 5000 years to Mesopotamian writings describing daily rations of beer and bread to workers. Before the rise of production breweries, the production of beer took place at home and was the domain of women and this industrialization of brewing shifted the responsibility of making beer to men. The oldest, still functional, brewery in the world is believed to be the German state-owned Weihenstephan brewery in the city of Freising and it can trace its history back to 1040 AD. The nearby Weltenburg Abbey brewery, can trace back its beer-brewing tradition to at least 1050 AD, the Žatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove that it paid a beer tax in 1004 AD. This layout often is preserved in breweries today, but mechanical pumps allow more flexibility in brewery design, early breweries typically used large copper vats in the brewhouse, and fermentation and packaging took place in lined wooden containers. Such breweries were common until the Industrial Revolution, when better materials became available, today, almost all brewery equipment is made of stainless steel. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, a handful of major breakthroughs have led to the modern brewery and its ability to produce the same beer consistently. The steam engine, vastly improved in 1775 by James Watt, brought automatic stirring mechanisms and it gave brewers the ability to mix liquids more reliably while heating, particularly the mash, to prevent scorching, and a quick way to transfer liquid from one container to another. Almost all breweries now use electric-powered stirring mechanisms and pumps, the steam engine also allowed the brewer to make greater quantities of beer, as human power was no longer a limiting factor in moving and stirring. Carl von Linde, along with others, is credited with developing the machine in 1871. Refrigeration allowed beer to be produced year-round, and always at the same temperature, yeast is very sensitive to temperature, and, if a beer were produced during summer, the yeast would impart unpleasant flavours onto the beer. Most brewers would produce enough beer during winter to last through the summer, the discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur was instrumental in the control of fermentation. The idea that yeast was a microorganism that worked on wort to produce led to the isolation of a single yeast cell by Emil Christian Hansen
Brewery
–
Kettles in a modern
Trappist brewery
Brewery
–
The Alulu beer receipt records a purchase of "best" beer from an ancient
Sumerian brewery, c. 2050 BC
Brewery
–
19th century brewery installations
Brewery
–
Brewery in
Hurbanovo,
Slovakia
24.
Kelly kettle
–
Kelly Kettle and Volcano Kettle are registered trademarks of the Kelly Kettle company which first produced the product in Ireland in the early 1900s. The Thermette was first manufactured in New Zealand in 1929 and was standard issue for the New Zealand Army during World War II where it was known as a Benghazi boiler, other companies, including the Eydon Kettle Company started manufacture at later dates. Earlier examples of water using a water jacket include heavier samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central. Early examples of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, the Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type four generations ago in the early 1900s. The Thermette was invented in 1929 in New Zealand by John Ashley Hart and it was standard issue to the New Zealand army serving in the North Africa during WW2 when it was known as the Benghasi Boiler. In 1939 the New Zealand Army asked Hart to waive his patent so they could make their own Thermettes, he agreed, a modified version of the idea was created by the Eydon Kettle Company in the early 1970s and sold as the Storm Kettle. Fixed rocket stoves used for cooking were developed in 1980s, with variants for heating water, the kettles are normally constructed from a durable heat-conductive metal, such as aluminium, stainless steel, copper or tin. The source of heat is typically from small items of material such as paper. A base placed below the body section holds the fuel. Additional fuel can be added to the fire without removing the kettle by dropping it down the chimney, common among all designs is the principle of internal chimney to create the efficient upward draught of heat. Variations around a core design have been produced by a number of manufacturers, typical water capacities are between 0. 5–1.5 litres. Some kettles have the flame holder at the base integral and some allow it to be removed, if the base is removable, it may be possible to store other items, or specially designed cook sets within the chimney during transport. Devices normally come with a swinging or fixed handle depending on the design. If left in place even loosely the hot water vapor can make the cork swell and hold fast and these add-ons typically store inside the chimney for transport. Further add-ons can turn the chimney into a cooking range, with the cooking containers. The fire bases may be inverted and stored inside the chimney, the Dingo Bush Kettle, has a removable bottom plate for the fire base, which is integral to the kettle. It has a different shape, being more rounded than the other kettles. The Volcano Kettle from the Kelly Kettle Company, the Storm Kettle by the Eydon Kettle Company, the common design has a removable base, inside which the fire is lit
Kelly kettle
–
Heat from the fire travels up the middle of the kettle, exiting out of the central hole. The offset hole (at an angle) is the water spout
Kelly kettle
–
Thermette with an integral base dating from the 1960–1970s.
25.
Fish kettle
–
A fish kettle is a kind of large, oval-shaped kettle used for cooking whole fish. Owing to their necessarily unwieldy size, fish kettles usually have racks and handles, larousse Gastronomique describes the fish kettle as a long, deep cooking receptacle with two handles, a grid, and a lid. The fish kettle is used to cook whole fish, such as hake, salmon, pike, the removable grid enables the fish to be taken out without breaking it
Fish kettle
–
A fish kettle, circa 1907.
26.
Salmon
–
Salmon /ˈsæmən/ is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the family include trout, char, grayling. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in parts of the world. Typically, salmon are anadromous, they are born in water, migrate to the ocean. However, populations of species are restricted to fresh water through their lives. Various species of salmon display anadromous life strategies while others display freshwater resident life strategies, folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they were born to spawn, tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems. The percent of straying depends on the species of salmon, homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. The term salmon comes from the Latin salmo, which in turn may have originated from salire, the nine commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera. The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon, found in the north Atlantic, the genus Oncorhynchus contains eight species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific. As a group, these are known as Pacific salmon, Chinook salmon have been introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia. Coho, freshwater sockeye, and Atlantic salmon have established in Patagonia. † Both the Salmo and Oncorhynchus genera also contain a number of species referred to as trout, within Salmo, additional minor taxa have been called salmon in English, i. e. the Adriatic salmon and Black Sea salmon. The steelhead anadromous form of the rainbow trout migrates to sea, also a number of other species have common names which refer to them as being salmon. The British Columbia salmon fossil provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago, Both the fossil record and analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggest the divergence occurred by 10 to 20 million years ago. This independent evidence from DNA analysis and the fossil record rejects the theory of salmon divergence. Atlantic salmon reproduce in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, landlocked salmon live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Sebago, Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa, Vänern, and Winnipesaukee
Salmon
–
Pacific salmon leaping at
Willamette Falls,
Oregon
Salmon
Salmon
–
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Salmon
–
Life cycle of Pacific salmon
27.
Grill (cooking)
–
A barbecue grill is a device that cooks food by applying heat from below. There are several varieties of grills, with most falling into one of two categories, gas-fueled or charcoal, there is debate over which method yields superior results. Grilling has existed in the Americas since pre-Colonial times, the Arawak people of South America roasted meat on a wooden structure called a barbacoa in Spanish. For centuries, the term referred to the wooden structure and not the act of grilling. It was also applied to the cooking techniques now frequently used in the Southeastern United States. Barbecue was originally used to slow-cook hogs, however, different ways of preparing food led to regional variations, over time, other foods were cooked in a similar fashion, with hamburgers and hot dogs being recent additions. Kingsford invented the modern charcoal briquette, Kingsford was a relative of Henry Ford who assigned him the task of establishing a Ford auto parts plant and sawmill in northern Michigan, a challenge that Kingsford embraced. The local community grew and was named Kingsford in his honor, Kingsford noticed that Fords Model T production lines were generating a large amount of wood scraps that were being discarded. He suggested to Ford that a manufacturing facility be established next to the assembly line to process. Several years after Kingsfords death, the company was sold to local businessmen. George Stephen created the iconic hemispherical grill design, jokingly called Sputnik by Stephens neighbors, Stephen, a welder, worked for Weber Brothers Metal Works, a metal fabrication shop primarily concerned with welding steel spheres together to make buoys. Stephen was tired of the wind blowing ash onto his food when he grilled so he took the half of a buoy. He took the home and following some initial success, started the Weber-Stephen Products Co. The outdoor gas grill was invented in the early 1950s by Don McGlaughlin, owner of the Chicago Combustion Corporation, McGlaughlin invented the first built-in grill from the successful gas broiler called BROILBURGER. These first Lazy-Man grills were marketed as open-fire charcoal-type gas broilers which featured permanent coals, in the 1950s, most residential households did not have a barbecue, so the term broiler was used for marketing purposes to commercial establishments. The gas open-broiler design was adapted into the first portable gas grill in 1954 by Chicago Combustion Corporation as the Model AP, mcGlaughlins portable design was the first to feature the use of the 20-lb propane cylinders, which previously were exclusively used by plumbers as a fuel source. Gas grills are available in sizes ranging from small, single steak grills up to large, gas grills are designed for either LP or NG, although its possible to convert a grill from one gas source to another. The majority of gas grills follow the cart grill design concept, the wheeled frame may also support side tables and other features
Grill (cooking)
–
Food cooking on a
charcoal grill
Grill (cooking)
–
The LazyMan Model AP, the world's first portable gas grill. Taken during the summer of 1954.
Grill (cooking)
–
A single-burner
propane gas grill that conforms to the cart grill design common among gas grills.
Grill (cooking)
–
An ignited
Infrared grill burner, only seeing the visible light spectrum.
28.
Kettle drum
–
Timpani, or kettledrums, are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper and they are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick called a timpani stick or timpani mallet. Timpani evolved from military drums to become a staple of the orchestra by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of ensembles, including concert bands, marching bands, orchestras. Timpani is an Italian plural, the singular of which is timpano and they are also often incorrectly termed timpanis. A musician who plays the timpani is a timpanist, alternative spellings with y in place of either or both is—tympani, tympany, or timpany—are occasionally encountered in older English texts. Although the word timpani has been adopted in the English language. The German word for timpani is Pauken, the French and Spanish is timbales, the Ashanti pair of talking drums are known as atumpan. The tympanum is defined in the Etymologiae of St. Isidore of Seville, est enim pars media symphoniae in similitudinem cribri. Tympanum autem dictum quod medium est, unde, et margaritum medium tympanum dicitur, et ipsum ut symphonia ad virgulam percutitur. The tympanum is skin or hide stretched over a wooden vessel which extends out. It is said by the symphonias to resemble a sieve, but has also likened to half a pearl. It is struck with a wand, beating time for the symphonia, the reference comparing the tympanum to half a pearl is borrowed from Pliny the Elder. The basic timpani drum consists of a drumhead stretched across the opening of a bowl made of copper or, in less expensive models, fiberglass. In the Sachs–Hornbostel classification, the timpani are thus considered membranophones, the heads tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods. Most timpani have six to eight tension rods, the shape of the bowl contributes to the quality of the drum. For example, hemispheric bowls produce brighter tones while parabolic bowls produce darker tones, another factor that affects the timbre of the drum is the quality of the bowls surface. Copper bowls may have a smooth, machined surface or a surface with many small dents hammered into it
Kettle drum
–
A timpanist at work
Kettle drum
Kettle drum
–
Walter Light pedal and chain timpani set up in three different combinations.
Kettle drum
–
A pedal on a Dresden timpano – the clutch (seen here on the left) must be disengaged to change the pitch of the drum.
29.
Kelly Kettle
–
Kelly Kettle and Volcano Kettle are registered trademarks of the Kelly Kettle company which first produced the product in Ireland in the early 1900s. The Thermette was first manufactured in New Zealand in 1929 and was standard issue for the New Zealand Army during World War II where it was known as a Benghazi boiler, other companies, including the Eydon Kettle Company started manufacture at later dates. Earlier examples of water using a water jacket include heavier samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central. Early examples of devices that heat water surrounding a fire include samovar tea urns from Eastern, Central, the Kelly Kettle Company first manufactured portable devices of this type four generations ago in the early 1900s. The Thermette was invented in 1929 in New Zealand by John Ashley Hart and it was standard issue to the New Zealand army serving in the North Africa during WW2 when it was known as the Benghasi Boiler. In 1939 the New Zealand Army asked Hart to waive his patent so they could make their own Thermettes, he agreed, a modified version of the idea was created by the Eydon Kettle Company in the early 1970s and sold as the Storm Kettle. Fixed rocket stoves used for cooking were developed in 1980s, with variants for heating water, the kettles are normally constructed from a durable heat-conductive metal, such as aluminium, stainless steel, copper or tin. The source of heat is typically from small items of material such as paper. A base placed below the body section holds the fuel. Additional fuel can be added to the fire without removing the kettle by dropping it down the chimney, common among all designs is the principle of internal chimney to create the efficient upward draught of heat. Variations around a core design have been produced by a number of manufacturers, typical water capacities are between 0. 5–1.5 litres. Some kettles have the flame holder at the base integral and some allow it to be removed, if the base is removable, it may be possible to store other items, or specially designed cook sets within the chimney during transport. Devices normally come with a swinging or fixed handle depending on the design. If left in place even loosely the hot water vapor can make the cork swell and hold fast and these add-ons typically store inside the chimney for transport. Further add-ons can turn the chimney into a cooking range, with the cooking containers. The fire bases may be inverted and stored inside the chimney, the Dingo Bush Kettle, has a removable bottom plate for the fire base, which is integral to the kettle. It has a different shape, being more rounded than the other kettles. The Volcano Kettle from the Kelly Kettle Company, the Storm Kettle by the Eydon Kettle Company, the common design has a removable base, inside which the fire is lit
Kelly Kettle
–
Heat from the fire travels up the middle of the kettle, exiting out of the central hole. The offset hole (at an angle) is the water spout
Kelly Kettle
–
Thermette with an integral base dating from the 1960–1970s.
