1.
Upper Peninsula English
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Upper Peninsula English, also known as Yooper English, or colloquially as Yoopanese, is a variety of American English native to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Upper Peninsula English is considered a subset of North Central English, although spoken throughout the U. P. it is primarily spoken in the western U. P. and not all residents use these features. Yooper differs from standard English primarily because of the background of settlers to the area. The majority of living in the Upper Peninsula are of Finnish, French Canadian, Cornish, Scandinavian, German. The Yooper dialect is influenced by the Finnish language making it similar in character to the so-called Rayncher speek spoken in the Mesabi Iron Range in northeast Minnesota. Almost half the Finnish immigrants to the U. S. settled in the Upper Peninsula, /w/ sometimes becomes /v/, for example, /ˈkiːvənɔː/ for Keweenaw. This is an example of language transfer, where immigrant languages have affected the variety of English spoken in the area and this feature is especially found among residents born before 1950 and in the western region of the U. P. Replacement of dental fricatives, /ð/ and /θ/, like in this and thigh, with alveolar stops /d/ and /t/, so then becomes den, the word about is sometimes pronounced as with a short a. Replacing the -ing at the end of words with -een, or with the Cornish characteristic of just -n. Use of German/Scandinavian ja as yeah or yes, often spelled ya, used at end of sentences with the expectation of receiving an affirmative response or as another word for huh. or to add emphasis to a statement, Thats a pretty dress, eh. Eh is often associated with Canadian English, heh is used interchangeably and perhaps more often among younger speakers. Common Finnish words are used in conversation even if the communicants are not of Finnish descent. For instance, Mitä, when responding, What, maitoa, kahvia, leipää, poika, tyttö, hyvää päivä, hyvästit, isä, äiti. The former is usually favored in British English while the latter is favored in American English, saying Im gonna go by your house to mean Im going to come by your house. In some cases, deletion of to the has been observed, e. g. Im going store, We went mall, and We go Green Bay
2.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
3.
Upper Peninsula of Michigan
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The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U. S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan, the peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin. The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the area of Michigan. Residents are frequently called Yoopers and have a regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, the peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. Ordered by size, the peninsulas largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste, Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism, most mines have closed since the golden age from 1890 to 1920. The land is forested and logging remains a major industry. The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages and they arrived roughly around A. D.800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki, Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East. French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions, following the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan, American Indian tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples, in 1763, tribes united in Pontiacs Rebellion to try to drive the British from the area. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British which resulted in temporary peace, although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the Jay Treaty. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade, john Jacob Astor founded the American Fur Company on Mackinac Island in 1808, however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted. When the Michigan Territory was first established in 1805, it included only the Lower Peninsula, in 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. When Michigan was preparing for statehood in the 1830s, the boundaries proposed corresponded to the territorial boundaries
4.
Lake Superior
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Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake is shared by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north, the US state of Minnesota to the west and it is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the worlds third-largest freshwater lake by volume and the largest by volume in North America, the Ojibwe call the lake gichi-gami, meaning be a great sea. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote the name as Gitche Gumee in The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song, according to other sources the actual Ojibwe name is Ojibwe Gichigami or Anishinaabe Gichigami. The 1878 dictionary by Father Frederic Baraga, the first one written for the Ojibway language, the first French explorers approaching the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron during the 17th century referred to their discovery as le lac supérieur. Properly translated, the expression means Upper Lake, that is, the lake was also called Lac Tracy by 17th century Jesuit missionaries. Lake Superior empties into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world in area, and the third largest in volume, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Lake Superior has an area of 31,700 square miles. It has a length of 350 statute miles and maximum breadth of 160 statute miles. Its average depth is 80.5 fathoms with a depth of 222.17 fathoms. Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubic miles of water, there is enough water in Lake Superior to cover the entire land mass of North and South America to a depth of 30 centimetres. The shoreline of the lake stretches 2,726 miles, while the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms is an almost constant 39 °F. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic, twice per year, however, the water column reaches a uniform temperature of 39 °F from top to bottom, and the lake waters thoroughly mix. This feature makes the lake dimictic, because of its volume, Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years. Annual storms on Lake Superior regularly feature wave heights of over 20 feet, waves well over 30 feet have been recorded. The lake is fed by over 200 rivers, the largest include the Nipigon River, the St. Louis River, the Pigeon River, the Pic River, the White River, the Michipicoten River, the Bois Brule River and the Kaministiquia River. Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, there are rapids at the rivers upper end where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient. The Soo Locks were built to enable ships to bypass the rapids, the lakes average surface elevation is 600 feet above sea level
5.
Copper
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Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of copper has a reddish-orange color. Copper is one of the few metals that occur in nature in directly usable metallic form as opposed to needing extraction from an ore and this led to very early human use, from c.8000 BC. Copper used in buildings, usually for roofing, oxidizes to form a green verdigris, Copper is sometimes used in decorative art, both in its elemental metal form and in compounds as pigments. Copper compounds are used as agents, fungicides, and wood preservatives. Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase. In molluscs and crustaceans, copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin, replaced by the hemoglobin in fish. In humans, copper is found mainly in the liver, muscle, the adult body contains between 1.4 and 2.1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight. The filled d-shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions, unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper, at the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form. The softness of copper partly explains its high conductivity and high thermal conductivity. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3. 1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, Copper is one of a few metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air, as with other metals, if copper is put in contact with another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur. A green layer of verdigris can often be seen on old structures, such as the roofing of many older buildings. Copper tarnishes when exposed to sulfur compounds, with which it reacts to form various copper sulfides. There are 29 isotopes of copper, 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper, both have a spin of 3⁄2
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Logging
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Logging is the cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars. In forestry, the logging is sometimes used in a narrow sense concerning the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest. However, in usage, the term may be used to indicate a range of forestry or silviculture activities. Illegal logging refers to what in forestry might be called timber theft by the timber mafia and it can also refer to the harvesting, transportation, purchase, or sale of timber in violation of laws. Clearcut logging is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method, in the forest products industry logging companies may be referred to as logging contractors, with the smaller, non-union crews referred to as gyppo loggers. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value and it is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with selection cutting, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging, submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create reservoirs. Such trees are logged using underwater logging or by the lowering of the reservoirs in question, ootsa Lake and Williston Lake in British Columbia, Canada are notable examples where timber recovery has been needed to remove inundated forests. Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes all the standing trees in a selected area. Silviculture objectives for clearcutting, and a focus on forestry distinguish it from deforestation, other methods include shelterwood cutting, group selective, single selective, seed-tree cutting, patch cut, and retention cutting. The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the three are considered industrial methods, Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck and this leaves the slash in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used, the trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing, in areas with access to cogeneration facilities, the slash can be chipped and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the tree including branches. Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, harvesters fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a skidder or forwarder. This method is available for trees up to 900 mm in diameter. Harvesters are employed effectively in level to steep terrain
8.
Tourism
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
9.
Michigan Technological University
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Michigan Technological University is a public research university located in Houghton, Michigan, United States. Its main campus sits on 925 acres on a bluff overlooking Portage Lake, Michigan Tech was founded in 1885 as the first post-secondary institution in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and was created to train mining engineers to operate the local copper mines. Science, technology, forestry and business have been added to the engineering disciplines. US News and World Report ranked Michigan Techs undergraduate program 116th in the based on peer assessment, student selectivity, financial resources. Michigan Tech was also rated among the Best in the Midwest by The Princeton Review, Michigan Techs athletic teams are nicknamed the Huskies and compete primarily in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. The mens hockey team competes in Division I as a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association, the womens basketball team were national runners-up in 2011. Michigan Tech was founded in 1885 as the Michigan Mining School, after much agitation by Jay Abel Hubbell, the state legislature established the school to train mining engineers. Hubbell donated land for the schools first buildings, the school started with four faculty members and twenty-three students. It was housed in the Houghton Fire Hall from 1886 through 1889, a few years after the schools creation, enrollment grew to such a point that its name no longer reflected its purpose. The name was changed to the Michigan College of Mines in 1897. By 1931 enrollment had reached nearly 600, during the next few years, due to the Great Depression, money was scarce, causing department heads and even the president of the university, William Hotchkiss, to take pay cuts. Dillman was president from 1935 to 1956, during this time, the school underwent many notable changes, including the construction of the Memorial Union Building and purchase of an ice rink and golf course. Around 1948, enrollment passed 2000 students total, in 1956, J. Robert Van Pelt became the new president of the university. He restarted many PhD programs and created a focus on research and this included the schools first analog computation class in 1956–1957. In the final years of his presidency, the changed from a college to a university. The change from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology was necessary for two reasons, according to Van Pelt, First, the college had expanded too greatly and the current name was no longer an accurate title. Also, including mining in the name of the college was misleading, the name Michigan Technological University was chosen in order to retain the nickname Michigan Tech that had already been in use since 1927. Although engineering still accounts for some 59 percent of all enrollment as of fall 2010, along with its new name, the school also gained new constitutional status in 1964
10.
Finlandia University
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Finlandia University is a university in Hancock, Michigan, United States, and the only private university in the Upper Peninsula. Founded in 1896 as The Suomi College and Theological Seminary, it is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Suomi College was founded on 8 September 1896 by J. K. Nikander. During the 1880s, large numbers of Finns immigrated to Hancock, the colleges role was to preserve Finnish culture, train Lutheran ministers and teach English. During the 1920s, Suomi College became an arts college and in 1958. On July 1,2000, Suomi College changed its name to Finlandia University, the cornerstone of Old Main, the first building erected at Suomi College, was laid on May 30,1898. Jacobsville sandstone, quarried at the Portage Entry of the Keweenaw waterway, was brought by barge, cut, dedicated on January 21,1900, it contained a dormitory, kitchen, laundry, classrooms, offices, library, chapel, and lounge. The burgeoning college quickly outgrew this building, in 1901 a frame structure, housing a gym, meeting hall, and music center, was erected on an adjacent lot. The frame building was demolished when Nikander Hall, named for Suomis founder, was constructed in 1939, the hall was designed by the architectural firm of Eliel Saarinen and J. Robert F. Swanson. Finlandia University has been a university of the Lutheran church since its inception, in 1988, the University became affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The curriculum, campus events, and the community explore the value of faith, vocation, Finlandia University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association for Colleges and Schools. In 1996, the university transitioned from a university to a four-year university. Finlandia University is in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, located in the state’s northernmost city, surrounded by pristine forests, the university campus is just minutes from the southern shore of Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on earth. Athletics are an important part of Finlandia University, there are 14 varsity sports at Finlandia. Womens athletics include, basketball, cross country running, golf, ice hockey, soccer, mens athletics include baseball, basketball, cross country running, football, golf, ice hockey and soccer. Finlandia University is part of the NCAA Division III athletics, the Finnish American Historical Archives are located here. The University publishes The Finnish American Reporter, a monthly English language journal featuring news, the Lions Den of North Wind Books offers an extensive collection of quality adult and childrens fiction and nonfiction publications, and textbooks. It also sells Finnish functional design items for the home, Finlandia University Finlandia University Athletics Finnish American Heritage Center Jutila Center North Wind Books
11.
Isle Royale
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Isle Royale /ˌaɪl ˈrɔɪ. əl/ is an island of the Great Lakes, located in the northwest of Lake Superior, and part of the U. S. state of Michigan. The island and the 450 surrounding smaller islands and waters make up Isle Royale National Park, the island is 45 miles long and 9 miles wide, with an area of 206. It is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Census Tract 9603 of Keweenaw County, as of the 2000 census there was no permanent population. After the island was made a park, some existing residents were allowed to stay. Ferries from Michigan and Minnesota land at Rock Harbor on the end of the island, this has a lodge, campground. Ferries from Minnesota also run to Windigo on the western end, in 1875, Isle Royale was set off from Keweenaw County, as a separate county, Isle Royale County. In 1897, the county was dissolved, and the island was reincorporated into Keweenaw County, the highest point on the island is Mount Desor at 1,394 feet, or about 800 feet above lake level. Isle Royale is within about 15 miles of the Canadian and Minnesotan shores of the lake, there are seasonal passenger ferry services to the island from Grand Portage, Minnesota, Copper Harbor, Michigan, and Houghton, Michigan. There is also a sea plane service. There are no roads on the island, and wheeled vehicles or devices, Rock Harbor has wheeled carts available to move personal belongings from the Rock Harbor marina to the cabins and hotel. Also the National Park Service employs tractors and a few World War II jeeps to move items around the station area at Windigo, Rock Harbor. Topsoil tends to be thin, which favors trees that have horizontal root patterns such as fir, white spruce. Siskiwit Lake is the largest lake on the island and it has cold, clear water which is relatively low in nutrients. Siskiwit Lake contains several islands, including Ryan Island, the largest, which contains Moose Flats, a seasonal pond, which contains Moose Boulder. When Moose Flats is a pond, Moose Boulder becomes the largest island in the largest lake on the largest island in the largest lake on the largest island in the largest lake in the world. Chicken Bone Lake Lake Desor Feldtmann Lake Intermediate Lake Lake Ritchie Sargent Lake The island is composed largely of ridges, the main ridge, Greenstone Ridge, is over 1,000 feet in many places. Greenstone belts are exposed, with rounded stones of chlorastrolite or greenstone near, according to the National Park Service, the north sides of the ridges tend to be steeper than the south sides. Coastal areas were submerged beneath prehistoric lake waters, and contain many tumbled boulders
12.
Lava
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Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption. The resulting rock after solidification and cooling is called lava. The molten rock is formed in the interior of planets, including Earth. The source of the heat melts the rock within the earth is geothermal energy. When first erupted from a vent, lava is a liquid usually at temperatures from 700 to 1,200 °C. A lava flow is an outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption. When it has stopped moving, lava solidifies to form igneous rock, the term lava flow is commonly shortened to lava. Although lava can be up to 100,000 times more viscous than water, lava can flow great distances before cooling and solidifying because of its thixotropic, explosive eruptions produce a mixture of volcanic ash and other fragments called tephra, rather than lava flows. The word lava comes from Italian, and is derived from the Latin word labes which means a fall or slide. The first use in connection with extruded magma was apparently in an account written by Francesco Serao on the eruption of Vesuvius between May 14 and June 4,1737. Serao described a flow of lava as an analogy to the flow of water. The composition of almost all lava of the Earths crust is dominated by silicate minerals, mostly feldspars, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, igneous rocks, which form lava flows when erupted, can be classified into three chemical types, felsic, intermediate, and mafic. These classes are primarily chemical, however, the chemistry of lava also tends to correlate with the temperature, its viscosity. Felsic or silicic lavas such as rhyolite and dacite typically form lava spines, most silicic lava flows are extremely viscous, and typically fragment as they extrude, producing blocky autobreccias. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C, unusually hot rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres, such as in the Snake River Plain of the northwestern United States. Intermediate or andesitic lavas are lower in aluminium and silica, and usually somewhat richer in magnesium, intermediate lavas form andesite domes and block lavas, and may occur on steep composite volcanoes, such as in the Andes. Poorer in aluminium and silica than felsic lavas, and also commonly hotter, greater temperatures tend to destroy polymerized bonds within the magma, promoting more fluid behaviour and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, mafic or basaltic lavas are typified by their high ferromagnesian content, and generally erupt at temperatures in excess of 950 °C
13.
Midcontinent Rift System
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The Midcontinent Rift System or Keweenawan Rift is a 2,000 km long geological rift in the center of the North American continent and south-central part of the North American plate. It formed when the core, the North American craton, began to split apart during the Mesoproterozoic era of the Precambrian. The rift failed, leaving thick layers of rock that are exposed in its northern reaches. Those arms meet at Lake Superior, which is contained within the rift valley, the lakes north shore in Ontario and Minnesota defines the northern arc of the rift. From the lake, the eastern arm trends south to central lower Michigan. The western arm runs from Lake Superior southwest through portions of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, the rock formations created by the rift included gabbro and granites from magma and basalts from lava. In the Lake Superior region, the upwelling of molten rock may have been the result of a hotspot which produced a triple junction. The hotspot made a dome covered the Lake Superior area. Voluminous basaltic lava erupted from the central axis of the rift. The southwest and southeast extensions represent two arms of the junction while a third failed arm extends north into Ontario as the Nipigon Embayment. This failed arm includes Lake Nipigon, Ontario and it is possible that the rift was the result of extensional forces behind the continental collision of the Grenville Orogeny to the east which in part overlaps the timing of the rift development. Later compressive forces from the Grenville Orogeny likely played a role in the rifts failure and closure. Had the rifting continued, the eventual result would have been sundering of the North American craton and creation of a sea. The Midcontinent Rift appears to have progressed almost to the point where the ocean intruded, but after about 15–22 million years the rift failed. The Midcontinent Rift is the deepest closed or healed rift yet discovered, Lake Superior occupies a basin created by the rift. Similar rocks are exposed as far south as Interstate Park near Saint Paul, Minnesota, where buried, the rift has been mapped by gravity anomalies, aeromagnetic surveys, and seismic data. The Proterozoic Nonesuch Shale formation in the Keweenawan Rift contains enough carbon to be considered a potential source rock for petroleum. Oil identified as Precambrian has been found seeping out of the Nonesuch Shale in the White Pine mine in Michigan, a few deep wells were drilled to explore for oil and gas in rift rocks as far southwest as Kansas
14.
Native copper
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Native copper is an uncombined form of copper which occurs as a natural mineral. Copper is one of the few elements to occur in native form, although it most commonly occurs in oxidized states. Native copper was an important ore of copper in historic times and was used by pre-historic peoples, native copper occurs rarely as isometric cubic and octahedral crystals, but more typically as irregular masses and fracture fillings. It has a reddish, orangish, and/or brownish color on fresh surfaces and its specific gravity is 8.9 and its hardness is 2. 5–3. The mines of the Keweenaw native copper deposits of Upper Michigan were major producers in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The first commercial mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula opened in the 1840s, isle Royale in western Lake Superior was also a site of many tons of native copper. Some of it was extracted by native peoples, but only one of several attempts at mining turned a profit there. Another major native copper deposit is in Coro Coro, Bolivia, the name copper comes from the Greek kyprios, of Cyprus, the location of copper mines since pre-historic times
15.
Conglomerate (geology)
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Conglomerates form by the consolidation and lithification of gravel. The size and composition of the fraction of a conglomerate may or may not vary in composition, sorting. In some conglomerates, the gravel-size class consist almost entirely of what were clay clasts at the time of deposition, conglomerates can be found in sedimentary rock sequences of all ages but probably make up less than 1 percent by weight of all sedimentary rocks. A sedimentary rock composed largely of gravel is first named according to the roundness of the gravel, if the gravel clasts that comprise it is largely well-rounded to subrounded, it is a conglomerate. If the gravel clasts that comprise it are largely angular, it is a breccia, such breccias can be called sedimentary breccias to differentiate them from other types of breccia, e. g. volcanic and fault breccias. Sedimentary rocks that contain a mixture of rounded and angular gravel clasts are sometimes called breccio-conglomerate, conglomerates are rarely composed entirely of gravel-size clasts. Typically, the space between the gravel-size clasts is filled by a mixture composed of varying amounts of silt, sand, paraconglomerates are also often unstratified and can contain more matrix than gravel clasts. If the gravel clasts of a conglomerate are in contact with each other, unlike paraconglomerates, orthoconglomerates are typically cross-bedded and often well-cemented and lithified by either calcite, hematite, quartz, or clay. The differences between paraconglomerates and orthoconglomerates reflect differences in how they are deposited, paraconglomerates are commonly either glacial tills or debris flow deposits. Orthoconglomerates are typically associated with aqueous currents, conglomerates are also classified according to the composition of their clasts. A conglomerate or any clastic sedimentary rock that consists of a rock or mineral is known as either a monomict, monomictic, oligomict. If the conglomerate consists of two or more different types of rocks, minerals, or combination of both, it is known as either a polymict or polymictic conglomerate. If a polymictic conglomerate contains an assortment of the clasts of metastable and unstable rocks and minerals, two recognized types of type of intraformational conglomerates are shale-pebble and flat-pebble conglomerates. Finally, conglomerates are often differentiated and named according to the dominant clast size comprising them, conglomerates are deposited in a variety of sedimentary environments. In turbidites, the part of a bed is typically coarse-grained. In this setting, conglomerates are normally very well sorted, well-rounded, conglomerates are normally present at the base of sequences laid down during marine transgressions above an unconformity, and are known as basal conglomerates. They represent the position of the shoreline at a time and are diachronous. Conglomerates deposited in environments are typically well rounded and well sorted
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Breccia
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Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix that can be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. The word has its origins in the Italian language, in which it means either loose gravel or stone made by cemented gravel. A breccia may have a variety of different origins, as indicated by the named types including sedimentary breccia, tectonic breccia, igneous breccia, impact breccia, and hydrothermal breccia. Sedimentary breccia is a type of sedimentary rock which is made of angular to subangular. A conglomerate, by contrast, is a rock composed of rounded fragments or clasts of pre-existing rocks. Both breccia and conglomerate are composed of fragments averaging greater than 2 millimetres in size, the angular shape of the fragments indicates that the material has not been transported far from its source. Sedimentary breccia consists of angular, poorly sorted, immature fragments of rocks in a finer grained groundmass which are produced by mass wasting and it is lithified colluvium or scree. Thick sequences of sedimentary breccia are generally formed next to fault scarps in grabens, Breccia may occur along a buried stream channel where it indicates accumulation along a juvenile or rapidly flowing stream. Sedimentary breccia may be formed by debris flows. Turbidites occur as fine-grained peripheral deposits to sedimentary breccia flows, in a karst terrain, a collapse breccia may form due to collapse of rock into a sinkhole or in cave development. Fault breccia results from the action of two fault blocks as they slide past each other. Subsequent cementation of these fragments may occur by means of the introduction of mineral matter in groundwater. Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are formed by explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which are entrained within the eruptive column and this may include rocks plucked off the wall of the magma conduit, or physically picked up by the ensuing pyroclastic surge. Lavas, especially rhyolite and dacite flows, tend to form volcanic rocks by a process known as autobrecciation. This occurs when the thick, nearly solid lava breaks up into blocks, the resulting breccia is uniform in rock type and chemical composition. Lavas may also pick up rock fragments, especially if flowing over unconsolidated rubble on the flanks of a volcano, within the volcanic conduits of explosive volcanoes the volcanic breccia environment merges into the intrusive breccia environment. There the upwelling lava tends to solidify during quiescent intervals only to be shattered by ensuing eruptions, clastic rocks are also commonly found in shallow subvolcanic intrusions such as porphyry stocks, granites and kimberlite pipes, where they are transitional with volcanic breccias. Intrusive rocks can become brecciated in appearance by multiple stages of intrusion and this may be seen in many granite intrusions where later aplite veins form a late-stage stockwork through earlier phases of the granite mass
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Alabama
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Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 24th-most populous of the U. S. states. At nearly 1,500 miles, Alabama has one of the nations longest navigable inland waterways, Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the Heart of Dixie and the Cotton State, the state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. The largest city by population is Birmingham, which has long been the most industrialized city, the oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many states in the southern U. S. suffered economic hardship, like other southern states, Alabama legislators disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites at the turn of the century. Following World War II, Alabama grew as the economy changed from one primarily based on agriculture to one with diversified interests. The state economy in the 21st century is based on management, automotive, finance, manufacturing, aerospace, mineral extraction, healthcare, education, retail, in the Alabama language, the word for a person of Alabama lineage is Albaamo. The word Alabama is believed to have come from the Alabama language, the words spelling varies significantly among historical sources. As early as 1702, the French called the tribe the Alibamon, other spellings of the name have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, Allibamou. Sources disagree on the words meaning, some scholars suggest the word comes from the Choctaw alba and amo. The meaning may have been clearers of the thicket or herb gatherers, the state has numerous place names of Native American origin. However, there are no correspondingly similar words in the Alabama language, an 1842 article in the Jacksonville Republican proposed it meant Here We Rest. This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek, experts in the Muskogean languages have not found any evidence to support such a translation. Indigenous peoples of varying cultures lived in the area for thousands of years before the advent of European colonization, trade with the northeastern tribes by the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period and continued until European contact. The agrarian Mississippian culture covered most of the state from 1000 to 1600 AD, with one of its major centers built at what is now the Moundville Archaeological Site in Moundville, Alabama. This is the second-largest complex of the classic Middle Mississippian era, after Cahokia in present-day Illinois, Analysis of artifacts from archaeological excavations at Moundville were the basis of scholars formulating the characteristics of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. Contrary to popular belief, the SECC appears to have no links to Mesoamerican culture
18.
Chlorastrolite
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Chlorastrolite also known as Isle Royale Greenstone, is a green or bluish green stone. Chlorastrolite has finely radiated or stellate masses that have a turtleback pattern, the stellate masses tend to be chatoyant, meaning they have a changeable luster. This chatoyancy can be subtranslucent to opaque, cholorastrolite is a variety of pumpellyite, Ca2Al22·H2O. Chlorastrolite was once thought to be a variety of prehnite or thomsonite. It is found in the Keweenaw Peninsula of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Isle Royale is a National Park, and so it is illegal to collect specimens there. It is difficult to identify an unpolished pebble of chlorastrolite, most gem quality chlorastrolite stones are very small, and it is rare to find one that is larger than a half inch. The largest gem quality stone is in the Smithsonian Museum and measures 1.5 by 3 inches and it was first described from Isle Royale, Lake Superior by C. T. Jackson and J. D. Whitney in 1847. Chlorastrolite, also known as greenstone, is the state gem of Michigan. Green starstone is most common in Michigans Upper Peninsula, Greenstone or Isle Royale greenstone and Lake Superior greenstone. Turtle back is a name given because of the overall pattern, particularly in polished pieces. Uigite is a variety found on the island of Skye off the coast of Scotland, zonochlorite is a misnomer sometimes given rounded masses of chlorastrolite within or weathered out of amygdaloidal cavities, especially those from the area around Nipigon Bay, Ontario, Canada. Confusion may derive from the fact that zonochlorite is sold as faux chlorastrolite, R. V. Dietrich, Gemrocks - chlorastrolite Norman King Huber,1979, The geologic story of Isle Royale National Park, USGS Bulletin 1309 Mindat w/ locations
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Copper Island
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Copper Island is a local name given to the northern part of the Keweenaw Peninsula, separated from the rest of the Keweenaw Peninsula by Portage Lake and the Keweenaw Waterway. The ship canal is 100 feet wide and 21 feet deep, the resulting island was called Kuparisaari by Finnish, Irish, and French/French Canadian settlers in the area. However, neither the United States Geological Survey nor the state of Michigan identify this area as an island or use this name. Isle Royale is the largest naturally isolated island in Lake Superior, considered as an island, Copper Island would be the largest and it has a population around 21,500. Historically, Kuparisaari was used to mean the Keweenaw north of Portage Lake, inhabitants of the area wryly claimed that they were outside the American mainland. In practical usage, however, the term included towns such as Oskar, Atlantic, Baltic, South Range, Houghton, Dodgeville, nevertheless, unquestionably Finns in those locales considered themselves to be Copper Islanders. As the foregoing source indicates, Copper Island has sometimes used as a sobriquet for Michigans copper country. But in a sense, Kuparisaari was an amalgam of geographic location and cultural identity. As one scholarly source notes, Finnish immigration to Michigan’s copper district grew to become the most populous ethnic group with a cultural identity. Michigan’s Copper Country is recognized as focal to Finnish immigration to America, perhaps more than any other immigrant group, the Finnish communities in the district were bisected into divisions of politics and faith. The Finns who immigrated to the mining district held to a pietistic Laestadian Lutheran belief. Within these divides of conscience of faith was a political spectrum, conservative to liberal adherents, resolute temperance advocates. The social and economic conditions that left in northern Scandinavia. The principal towns on the Copper Island end of Keweenaw Peninsula are Hancock, the area is connected to the rest of the Upper Peninsula by the Portage Lake Lift Bridge, the latest in a series of bridges between Hancock and Houghton. The bridge crosses the Portage Canal and it enters Michigan at Menominee and goes north to it terminus just east of Copper Harbor at the far eastern tip of the peninsula. A newspaper named Copper Island News was formerly published in Hancock, and an unrelated newspaper called the Copper Island Sentinel was published weekly in Calumet from 4 April 1978 to August 1986. Copper island is the core that the Keweenaw Water Trail wraps around and it is a designated loop route around and through the Keweenaw Peninsula for canoes and sea kayaks. The Keweenaw Waterway is central to it, crossing the peninsula, established in 1995, it was designated “A Superior Sports Port” by National Geographic Adventure Magazine
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Keweenaw Waterway
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The Keweenaw Waterway is a partly natural, partly artificial waterway which cuts across the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan, it separates Copper Island from the mainland. Parts of the waterway are variously known as the Keweenaw Waterway, Portage Canal, Portage Lake Canal, Portage River, Lily Pond, Torch Lake, and Portage Lake. The waterway connects to Lake Superior at its north and south entries, with known as Portage Lake. The primary tributary to Portage Lake is the Sturgeon River, the waterway was dredged in the 1860s, extending a small river previously used by natives for transportation and fishing. The effort was a joint venture between the United States government and several mining corporations, legislation for construction of the canal was passed in 1861. This legislation created the Portage Lake & Lake Superior Canal Co, the company began construction of the canal in September 1868. The canal starts at the mouth of Boston Creek and continues on to Lake Superior, the expanded canal allowed freighters to haul copper from the rich copper mines of the Keweenaw Peninsula out through Lake Superior to larger cities. It also enabled supply boats and freighters to reach the cities of Houghton and Hancock, the expanded canal and shipping lane has a depth of 25 feet, deeper in some locations. As the waterway connects Lake Superior to itself, there are no locks needed, the local mines stamp mills dumped large quantities of stamp sand into the waterway, causing significant environmental damage near the sand dumps. Stamp mills on the waterway included the Old Atlantic, old Quincy, Pewabic, old Franklin, the area north of the waterway is known locally as Copper Island, because the waterway separates the northern part of the Keweenaw Peninsula from the mainland. The only land route across the waterway is US 41/M-26 across the Portage Lake Lift Bridge, the Keweenaw Waterway is part of the Keweenaw Water Trail, a designated loop route around and through the Keweenaw Peninsula for canoes and sea kayaks. It was established in 1995 and has been designated “A Superior Sports Port” by National Geographic Adventure Magazine and it is said the trail exemplifies the Keweenaw Peninsula in the most literal sense. The Lake Superior coast line is craggy and varied, claimed to be comparable to Isle Royale, uninhabited wilderness, occasional nature preserves and parks, are interspersed with sheltered harbors that offer weary paddlers the option for a warm bed, hot meal and shower at a local inn. An average paddler can cover the route in six to eight days, the circumnavigation of the Copper Island is on its way to becoming Michigan’s top paddling destination. List of lakes in Michigan Inland Waterway NOAA nautical chart of the Keweenaw Waterway Historic maps of the waterway
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Peninsula
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A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends out. Examples include the upper and lower peninsulas of the state of Michigan, the surrounding water is usually understood to be continuous, though not necessarily named as a single body of water. Peninsulas are not always named as such, one can also be a headland, cape, island promontory, bill, point, a point is generally considered a tapering piece of land projecting into a body of water that is less prominent than a cape. A river which courses through a very tight meander is also said to form a peninsula within the loop of water. In English, the plural of peninsula is peninsulas or, less commonly, peninsulas can be found on coastlines and in smaller bodies of water throughout the world, ranging in scale from square meters to millions of square kilometers. Theres the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe, and in Southern Europe theres the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, south America has the Brunswick Peninsula, and Antarctica has the Antarctic Peninsula. In Africa, theres the Horn of Africa, and in Australia, asia has the 3 largest peninsulas in the world, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, and the Indochinese Peninsula
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Houghton, Michigan
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Houghton is a city in the U. S. state of Michigans Upper Peninsula and largest city in the Copper Country on the Keweenaw Peninsula. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 7,708 and it is the county seat of Houghton County. It has been listed as one of the 100 Best Small Towns in America, Houghton is sometimes confused with, or thought to be close to, Houghton Lake, the latter is actually located in the states Lower Peninsula. Due to its location in the portion of the Upper Peninsula. It is farther to drive from Houghton to Detroit than it is from Detroit to Washington and it takes fewer hours to travel to Milwaukee, Wisconsin or Minneapolis, Minnesota from Houghton than it does to travel to Detroit. Houghton, as its county, was named after Douglass Houghton, the area lends itself to a wide variety of outdoor sports, both winter and summer. Native Americans mined copper in and around what would later be Houghton thousands of years before European settlement, existence as early as the seventeenth century,1772 Alexander Henry had prospected for copper on the Ontonagon River near Victoria. When Horace Greeley said, Go West, young man he was referring to the rush in Michigans western Upper Peninsula. Many Cornish and Finnish immigrants arrived in the Houghton area to work in the copper mines, the Finns and others called much of the area Copper Island. Smaller numbers of French-Canadian immigrants moved to Houghton, while more of them settled elsewhere in Houghton County, the main street of Houghton, variously called Sheldon Avenue, Sheldon Street, and Shelden Avenue, is named for him. In the 1970s the construction of a deck and the connection of downtown stores to create Shelden Center significantly changed the downtown. William W. Henderson was appointed the first postmaster of Houghton in 1852, in 1854, Ernest F. Pletschke platted Houghton, which was incorporated as a village by Shelden, C C Douglass and Capt. In Houghtons first days it was said that only thieves, crooks, murderers, the postwar boom and increasing demand for copper wiring fueled the development of Houghton in the 1860s and 1870s. By 1880 Houghton had become a city and in 1883. 1909 saw the founding of what would later become Portage Lake District Library, during the bitter Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914, the Michigan National Guard was called in after the sheriff petitioned the governor. Houghton was the birthplace of ice hockey in the United States when the Portage Lakers were formed in 1903. Houghton is the home of the Portage Lake Pioneers Senior Hockey Team, the teams home ice is Dee Stadium, named after James R. Dee. Dee Stadium was originally called the Amphidrome, before it was damaged in a 1927 fire
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Douglass Houghton
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Douglass Houghton was an American geologist and physician, primarily known for his exploration of the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan. Houghton was born in Troy, New York, the son of Jacob Houghton, a lawyer and later a county judge, and Mary Lydia Douglass. Raised in a close-knit, cultured home in Fredonia, New York, Douglass was a person with a nervous, active temperament inclined toward the practical. In 1829 Houghton entered the Rensselaer School at Troy, New York where, under the direction of Amos Eaton scientific training was emphasized and that same year he received both the bachelors degree and a teaching appointment in chemistry and natural history there. He also studied medicine with a friend of his family and was licensed to practice in 1831. He was enthusiastically received in Detroit and rapidly became one of its citizens, with the young men of his acquaintance soon styling themselves “the Houghton boys. ”Houghton quickly was selected by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft to act as physician-naturalist on expeditions through Lake Superior. In 1833 he married his childhood friend Harriet Stevens, with whom he had two daughters and his scientific interests remained strong, however, and as Michigan achieved statehood in 1837 he returned again to public life and his love of the natural world. One of the first acts of the new Michigan state government was to organize a state geological survey, Houghtons appointment as the first state geologist was unanimously hailed, and he occupied that position for the remainder of his life. In 1839 he was named the first professor of geology, mineralogy, and chemistry at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. His fourth annual report, based on work done in 1840. It helped trigger the first great mining boom of American history and he was a founding member and treasurer of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists and served on several of its committees. His remains were discovered on the shoreline the next spring 1846 and returned to Detroit, neither of the surveys on which he was working at the time was ever completed. Although he resided in Detroit while he lived in Michigan, Houghton is often remembered in connection with the Keweenaw Peninsula and he explored the area in 1831 and 1832, and conducted a survey of the peninsula in 1840 as State Geologist of the newly formed state of Michigan. Houghtons report of 1841 which resulted from his survey was eighty-eight pages in length and he famously concluded, the copper ores are not only of superior quality, but also that their associations are such as to render them easily reduced. He noted that samples of ore he had tested were richer than the ore being then mined in Cornwall. He also famously warned against prospectors rushing to the area in hopes of striking it rich, look closely before the step is taken, nevertheless, Houghtons report prompted a major rush of settlers to the peninsula. Houghtons place in American history is somewhat problematic, although he was the state geologist of Michigan for eight years, he never completed a comprehensive final report of his findings. One major reason for this may simply have been his unexpected death at the age of 36 and his multiple abilities were ideally suited to the needs of the society of his day, but he was not always successful in reconciling the conflicting demands of the various roles he filled
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Hancock, Michigan
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Hancock is a city in Houghton County, Michigan, United States and is located on Copper Island, which is part of the Keweenaw Peninsula, on the Keewenaw Waterway directly opposite Houghton, Michigan. The population was 4,634 at the 2010 census, the land on which Hancock was built was originally owned by James Hicks. It was owned by Christopher Columbus Douglass, who came to live there in 1852, the Quincy Mining Company founded Hancock in 1859 after purchasing land from Douglass and building an office and mine on the site. The city was named after John Hancock, signer of the Declaration of Independence, Hancocks first store was built by the Leopold brothers in 1858, the store also housed the first post office. Samuel W. Hill, an agent for the Quincy Mining Company, although it was organized and officers elected in 1863, the village was not incorporated until 1875 under a charter amended in 1877. In 1860, the Portage Lake smelter opened in Hancock, in 1869 a fire burnt down about 75% of the village. There was also a significant fire in the 1940s that destroyed much of the downtown, the Mineral Range Railroad began providing passenger and freight service between Hancock and Calumet in 1873. Hancock was incorporated as a city in 1903, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.97 square miles, of which 2.60 square miles is land and 0.37 square miles is water. Hancock is connected to Houghton, Michigan by the Portage Lake Lift Bridge, the city is bounded on the south by the Portage Canal, parts of Quincy, Hancock and Franklin Townships, on the east by West Ripley, and on the north by Quincy and Hancock Townships. Hancock has a continental climate, with typically long and snowy winters. Hancock has the distinction of being the second snowiest city in the United States with snowfall averaging 211.7 inches per year, the city is located along the lake effect snow-prone Keweenaw Peninsula. In the 1978–79 snow season, a whopping 390 inches of snow fell in Hancock, accumulating snow has been known to fall as late as early June here. Hancock has been called the point of Finns in the United States. Hancock hosts an annual festival called Heikinpäivä, celebrating the feast day of Saint Henrik, patron saint of Finland. Every summer, the cities of Hancock and neighboring Houghton host a festival known as Bridgefest, as of the census of 2010, there were 4,634 people,1,882 households, and 934 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,782.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 2,111 housing units at an average density of 811.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 7% White,1. 2% African American,1. 0% Native American,1. 7% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 1% from other races, and 1. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population,37. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Water trail
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Water trails are marked routes on navigable waterway such as rivers, lakes, canals and coastlines for recreational use. They allow access to waterways for non-motorized boats and sometimes motorized vessels, innertubes, water trails not only require suitable access points and take-outs for exit but also provide places ashore to camp and picnic, and other facilities for boaters. Water trails may be in public or private waters, in the United States, many water trails are monitored by the National Park Service. Local statutes may apply to landowners who steward water trails and the boaters who use them, much of the Trans Canada Trail will be a network of water trails open to canoes and other small vessels. Recreational use of trails is a form of ecotourism sometimes called paddle tourism
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Keweenaw Fault
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The Keweenaw Fault is a reverse fault that bisects the Keweenaw Peninsula of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The fault is the boundary between the Midcontinent Rift System and adjacent Precambrian terrain, the peninsula, itself, is the southeastern side of a large syncline beneath Lake Superior. The northwestern side forms Isle Royale, the fault is more than 100 miles long and traces a northwesterly path. The fault is most likely younger than the Jacobsville Formation and the Devonian Period, an seismic event in 1906 claimed to be an earthquake has been attributed to a rock burst, as the area has been significantly mined. One significant feature along the Keweenaw Fault is known as the Natural Wall, the Wall is a near-vertical slope of sandstone at a maximum inclination of 85°
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U.S. Route 41 in Michigan
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US Highway 41 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Miami, Florida, to the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state highway that enters the state via the Interstate Bridge between Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan. The 278.769 miles of US41 that lie within Michigan serve as a major conduit, most of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections are rural two-lane highway, urbanized four-lane divided expressway, the northernmost community along the highway is Copper Harbor at the tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The trunkline ends at a cul-de-sac east of Fort Wilkins State Park after serving the Central Upper Peninsula, US41 passes through farm fields and forest lands, and along the Lake Superior shoreline. The highway is included in the Lake Superior Circle Tour and the Lake Michigan Circle Tour and passes through the Hiawatha National Forest, Historical landmarks along the trunkline include the Marquette Branch Prison, Peshekee River Bridge and the Quincy Mine. Seven memorial highway designations have been applied to parts of the trunkline since 1917, US41 was first designated as a US Highway in 1926. A section of the highway served as part of Military Road. US41 replaced the original M-15 designation of the highway which dated back to the formation of the Michigan state trunkline highway system, M-15 ran from Menominee through Marquette to Houghton and ended in Copper Harbor. Realignments and construction projects have expanded the highway to four lanes in Delta, US41 is a major highway for Michigan traffic in the Upper Peninsula. The 278. 769-mile highway comprises mostly two lanes, it is undivided except for the sections that are concurrent with US2 near Escanaba, US 41/M-28 is a four-lane expressway along the Marquette Bypass, and segments of the highway in Delta and Marquette counties have four lanes. The route from the terminus to downtown Houghton is part of the National Highway System. Sections of the trunkline are on the Lake Superior and Lake Michigan circle tours, US41 enters Michigan on the Interstate Bridge connecting Marinette, Wisconsin, and Menominee, Michigan. In the city of Menominee, US41 follows 10th Avenue and 10th Street just west of downtown. The highway meets the terminus of M-35, with the Menominee-Marinette Airport to its west. The trunkline runs north through rolling farmland in the central Menominee County communities of Wallace, Stephenson, at Powers, US41 joins with US2, the two highways run concurrently and turn east toward Escanaba. US 2/US41 crosses into the Hannahville Indian Community at the communities of Harris in Menominee County, the county line between the two communities marks the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones. Just west of downtown Escanaba, US 2/US41 joins M-35 at the intersection of Ludington Street and Lincoln Road, the trunkline enters Escanaba from the west on Ludington Street, turns north on Lincoln Road, and joins M-35
28.
Brockway Mountain Drive
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Brockway Mountain Drive is an 8. 883-mile scenic roadway just west of Copper Harbor in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States. Drivers can access the road from state highway M-26 on either end near Eagle Harbor to the west or Copper Harbor to the east in the Keweenaw Peninsula. The drive runs along the ridge of Brockway Mountain on the Keweenaw Fault, several viewpoints along the route allow for panoramas of Copper Harbor, Lake Superior, and undeveloped woodland. On a clear day, Isle Royale is visible approximately 50 miles in distance from the top of the mountain, Brockway Mountain was named for Daniel D. Brockway, one of the pioneer residents of the area. The road was constructed by the county commission with funding through Depression-era work programs in 1933. It was briefly used as a connection for the state highway after it opened. The road can be accessed from either Eagle Harbor or Copper Harbor, the western end starts at M-26 near Lake Bailey and Agate Harbor. Brockway Mountain Drive ascends along the ridgeline of the Keweenaw Fault, immediately south of the road, Upson Creek runs parallel to the cliff face as it drains Lake Upson. Two and a half miles from the end, there is a parking area for the Oren Krumm Trail. The drive is lined with low walls, built as part of the original construction of the roadway. Freighters occasionally can be seen traversing Lake Superior, and on clear days Isle Royale can be spotted nearly 50 miles in the distance, continuing eastward, the drive descends down the mountain toward Copper Harbor. The roadway twists and turns as it climbs and descends several smaller hills along the ridgeline. Along the drive, several viewpoints provide the opportunity to pull off, a few of them lie directly adjacent to the face of the bluff where the mountain quickly rises from the surrounding land. Near the eastern end, there are two sharp turns, the first of which has a scenic overlook and parking area. This spot overlooks Copper Harbor and the nearby Copper Country Trail National Scenic Byway portion of US Highway 41 just to the east. From here, the road makes its descent down from the ridge, through the second turn. This road is one of the highest scenic roadways above sea level in the US between the Rocky and Allegheny mountains. During the winter, Brockway Mountain Drive is closed to cars as the Keweenaw County Road Commission does not plow the road, instead the drive is used as a snowmobile trail, according to the commission,200 vehicles per day use the roadway on average
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Lake-effect snow
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The same effect also occurs over bodies of salt water, when it is termed ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is enhanced when the air mass is uplifted by the orographic influence of higher elevations on the downwind shores. This uplifting can produce narrow but very intense bands of precipitation, the areas affected by lake-effect snow are called snowbelts. A lake-effect blizzard is the blizzard-like conditions resulting from lake-effect snow, if the air temperature is low enough to keep the precipitation frozen, it falls as lake-effect snow. For lake-effect rain or snow to form, the air moving across the lake must be significantly cooler than the surface air. Specifically, the air temperature at an altitude where the air pressure is 850 millibars should be 13 °C lower than the temperature of the air at the surface. Lake-effect occurring when the air at 850 millibars is much colder than the surface can produce thundersnow, snow showers accompanied by lightning. A temperature difference of 13 °C between the temperature and the height in the atmosphere provides for absolute instability and allows vigorous heat. The distance that an air mass travels over a body of water is called fetch, because most lakes are irregular in shape, different angular degrees of travel will yield different distances, typically a fetch of at least 100 km is required to produce lake effect precipitation. Generally, the larger the fetch the more precipitation that will be produced, larger fetches provide the boundary layer with more time to become saturated with water vapor and for heat energy to move from the water to the air. If directional shear between the surface and the height in the atmosphere at which the pressure measures 700 mb is greater than 60 degrees. If the directional shear between the body of water and the height at which the pressure measures 700 mb is between 30 and 60 degrees, weak lake-effect bands are possible. In environments where the shear is less than 30 degrees, strong, speed shear is less critical, but should be relatively uniform. However, assuming the surface to 700 mb winds are uniform, an overall velocity will work to transport moisture quicker from the water. A lower upstream relative humidity will make it difficult and time consuming for lake effect condensation, clouds. The opposite is true if the moisture has a high relative humidity, allowing lake effect condensation, cloud and precipitation to form more readily. Any large body of water upwind will impact lake-effect precipitation to the lee of a lake by adding moisture or pre-existing lake-effect bands. Upwind lakes do not always lead to an increase of precipitation downwind, vorticity advection aloft and large upscale ascent help increase mixing and the convective depth, while cold air advection lowers the temperature and increases instability
30.
University of Michigan
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The University of Michigan, frequently referred to simply as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania,20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, in 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres of what is now known as Central Campus, the University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities. Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States, Michigans body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world. Besides academic life, Michigans athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. They are members of the Big Ten Conference, the University of Michigan was established in Detroit on August 26,1817 as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, by the governor and judges of Michigan Territory. Judge Augustus B. Woodward specifically invited The Rev. John Monteith and Father Gabriel Richard, Monteith became its first President and held seven of the professorships, and Richard was Vice President and held the other six professorships. Concurrently, Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres in the hopes of being selected as the state capital, but when Lansing was chosen as the state capital, the city offered the land for a university. What would become the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 thanks to Governor Stevens T. Mason, the original 40 acres was the basis of the present Central Campus. The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen, eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1866, enrollment increased to 1,205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans, Women were first admitted in 1870. U-M also became the first American university to use the method of study. Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and he returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. In 1920 the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed a committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. The university became a choice for bright Jewish students from New York in the 1920s and 1930s. Because of its standards, U-M gained the nickname Harvard of the West. During World War II, U-Ms research supported military efforts, such as U. S. Navy projects in proximity fuzes, PT boats, and radar jamming. After the war, enrollment expanded rapidly and by 1950, it reached 21,000, as the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, U-M received numerous government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy
31.
NASA
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
32.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
33.
Keweenaw Rocket Range
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The Keweenaw Rocket Range was an isolated launch pad located in U. S. state of Michigan’s Keweenaw Peninsula. It was used between 1964 and 1971 for launching rockets for meteorological data collection, NASA, along with the University of Michigan, conducted the project under the lead of Dr. Harold Allen. One of the other sites was Wallops Island, Virginia. The collected data was later to be compared to the five other sites, in the early stages of the project, smaller rockets were launched off a floating buoy between the on-land rocket site and Manitou Island, about 2.5 miles off shore. These smaller rockets were commonly known as Mighty Mouse rockets for they were only a few feet tall and had folding fins, there were approximately 50 of these rockets launched from the floating buoy. There were two types of rockets launched from the site, Arcas at about six feet and the much larger Nike Apache rockets. Both of these rockets were two-stage rockets that could carry a substantial payload, the Nike Apache rockets weighed about 1,700 lb, were over 28 feet tall and reached an altitude of almost 100 miles. In 1965 the Keweenaw site was utilized for a project called WEBROC, the goal of project WEBROC was to be able to set up a system of buoys, containing rocket launchers, in the ocean to obtain weather information. The small rockets would contain payloads of various instrumentations, the rockets that were used on the buoy were small 2. 75-inch folding-fin rockets called “Mighty Mouse. ”The rockets were to be housed in an enclosed launcher to help protect it from the elements. This being the developers needed to know if the rockets could be launched from a closed-breech launcher. This was the testing that was done at the Keweenaw Rocket Launch Site, the site is accessible to visitors with the time and patience to get there. Little remains other than a marker and a concrete pad with an iron rail in an arc shape attached to it that is inscribed with degree markings. The view of Lake Superior and Manitou Island is spectacular from the site, the coordinates of the site are 47°25′48″N 87°43′1″W. To get to the site, interested visitors must drive north on US41 up to Copper Harbor, from there, visitors can follow a seasonal road about 4.5 miles to an ATV trail that leads to the site. The project was proposed by the University of Michigan’s Institute of Science. The rocket launchings were to be part of the Meteorological Rocket Network, three University of Michigan professors along with two Michigan Technological University professors and two employees from the White Sands missile range were the minimum crew for the missile range. University of Michigan Report on the Keewenaw Research Range, Nov 1964 Astronautix. com The Keweenaw Rocket Range 1962-1971
34.
Ahmeek, Michigan
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Ahmeek is a village in Keweenaw County in the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 146 at the 2010 census, the village is in Allouez Township. The name Ahmeek is derived from the Ojibwa language, Ahmeek is the only incorporated municipality in Keweenaw County. The Ahmeek Mining Company opened in 1903, the local area grew because of its location on the Mineral Range Railroad. The village of Ahmeek was founded by Joseph Bosch in the year of 1904, attorney James A. Hamilton became the first postmaster of Ahmeek on February 5,1909, the same year in which it was incorporated as a village. During the hate-filled Copper Country Strike of 1913–1914, the village of Ahmeek was the scene of much activity, leadership of the Western Federation of Miners in the Keweenaw was more nearly indigenous than anywhere else within the strike zone. Sydney Thomas, born in England, and Andrew Pietala, a Finnish socialist, were the president and secretary, respectively, but the leaders of the strikers were, in James MacNaughtons description, an Irish bunch called Dunnigan, they are perfect fire eaters. Patrick Paddy Dunnigan and his father, John Dunnigan, were miners, John Dunnigan had, as Paddy said, been elected as the mine inspector in Keweenaw County in opposition to the bosses wills. The elder Dunnigan had managed to Ahmeek WFM store, drawing $150 a month for that in addition to his $1,700 yearly pay as mine inspector, WFM critics pointed out. Paddy headed various morning parades by giving that fire bell a couple of dings, village President Morris Kennell was forced to resign. Mike Reilly, Dunnigans brother-in-law, and then Alfred Haddy, a miner, on September 29,1913, a trainload of strikebreakers from the Ascher Detective Agency in New York City was to arrive in Ahmeek, Michigan. Strikers were given fifteen minutes notice from the railroad -- most probably in actuality from a WFM sympathizer who worked for it -- that Ascher guards were coming. The strikers hurriedly rushed to set up a barricade before the bearing the men reached Ahmeek at about 9,30 PM. A shower of rocks subsequently followed, the Pullman cars windows were shattered. The train then returned to Calumet, on October 23,1913, Abbey reported that four individuals were arrested near Ahmeek for shooting up workmens premises. On November 27,1913, a smokestack near Ahmeek shafts No.1, only the base of the stack was damaged but the explosion, heard for ten miles around, shattered windows in the shaft, compressor, dry, engine, and boiler houses. Five days later, Ahmeek, which was at the often described as the hotbed of the federation in Keweenaw County, was raided. Militiamen and mounted police cordoned the village during the search, the dragnet only picked up nine riot sticks, two rifles, three shotguns, one revolver, and one-hundred feet of fuse
35.
Adams Township, Houghton County, Michigan
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Adams Township is a civil township of Houghton County in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the population was 2,747. Atlantic Mine is a community about five miles southwest of Houghton on M-26 at 47°05′50″N 88°37′39″W. Baltic is an unincorporated community southeast of South Range at 47°04′03″N 88°38′00″W and it was a station on the Copper Range Railroad and the settlement was founded by and named after the Baltic Mining Company in 1898. A post office operated here from November 6,1902 until October 10,1975, Painesdale is an unincorporated community in the township. Trimountain is a community in the township. Seeberville is a community in the township, immediately southwest of Painesdale. South Range is a village about one mile south of Atlantic Mine. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 47.7 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,747 people,1,011 households, the population density was 58.1 per square mile. There were 1,160 housing units at a density of 24.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 92. 61% White,5. 17% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 55% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 22% from other races, and 1. 27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 62% of the population,47. 1% were of Finnish,8. 6% Italian,7. 8% German and 5. 6% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 31. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19. In the township the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,10. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 124.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 132.1 males, the median income for a household in the township was $28,776, and the median income for a family was $35,903. Males had an income of $26,739 versus $20,099 for females
36.
Calumet, Michigan
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Calumet is a village in Calumet Township, Houghton County, in the U. S. state of Michigans Upper Peninsula, that was once at the center of the mining industry of the Upper Peninsula. Also known as Red Jacket, the village includes the Calumet Downtown Historic District, the village may itself be included within the Calumet Historic District, a larger area which is NRHP-listed and which is a National Historic Landmark District. The population was 726 at the 2010 census, Calumets nickname is Copper Town U. S. A. What is now Calumet was settled in 1864, originally under the name of Red Jacket, until 1895 the name Calumet was used by the nearby town of Laurium, Michigan, present day Calumet was not legally named so until 1929. Red Jacket grew due to the mines in the area. It was incorporated as a town in 1867, the copper mines were particularly rich, the Boston-based Calumet and Hecla Mining Company produced more than half of the USAs copper from 1871 through 1880. In addition to mining and smelting, the region also supported the dairy industry. Many immigrants settled there in the late 19th century, by 1900, Red Jacket had a population of 4,668, and Calumet Township, which contained Red Jacket and nearby mining towns, had a population of 25,991. However, in 1913, Red Jacket suffered from the Copper Country Strike of 1913-1914, in the same year, the town was the site of the Italian Hall Disaster. The identity of the person who started the stampede has never been determined, folk singer Woody Guthries song,1913 Massacre, is based on this event. Loss of wartime demand caused the price to drop following World War I. With the decreased demand for copper, thousands left Red Jacket in the 1920s, many moving to Detroit, during the Great Depression, almost all mines were shut down. As a result, many miners and their families left to find work, in 1950, the population of Calumet was 1,256 people. Small-time mining continued in the area, particularly during World War II until it was shut down completely by a strike in 1968. The Calumet Historic District is another area of interest, listed like the Calumet Downtown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1984, Calumets name was borrowed by Hollywood. Calumet is at an elevation of 1,209 feet above sea level, parts of the Keweenaw National Historical Park are located inside the village limits. The village of Calumet now sits on over 2,000 miles of mine shafts, drifts and stopes. Houghton County Memorial Airport serves Calumet, Houghton County and the surrounding communities, one of the biggest parts of the food culture of not only Calumet, but the entire Copper Country is the pasty
37.
Copper Harbor, Michigan
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Copper Harbor is a small unincorporated community in northeastern Keweenaw County in the U. S. state of Michigan. It is within Grant Township on the Keweenaw Peninsula which juts out from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Superior, the towns name alludes to the former use of its harbor as a port for shipping copper mined from local deposits during the mid-19th century. The Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Company, formed by John Hays of Cleveland, Ohio and it was a small development at first, but its mine was modern for its time, and the company struck it rich in 1845. A few years later, the Central and other mines opened, by 1870, the copper resources had been largely worked out. Mining activity no longer exists, and the harbor is mostly used for recreational purposes such as snowmobiling. The Copper Harbor Lighthouse is situated at the opening of the harbor, nearby is Fort Wilkins Historic State Park, a restored 1844 frontier army base originally built to protect the port in the early years of the copper mining boom. The town is the terminus of US41 and the eastern terminus of M-26. Both approaches to Copper Harbor, the shore-hugging M-26 from Eagle Harbor, also, one can follow Manganese Road from the towns center to Manganese Falls and the Estivant Pines, among the oldest and tallest remaining strands of virgin white pines in Michigan. Copper Harbor is at 47°28′08″N 87°53′18″W, this puts it further north than anywhere in the state of Maine, the ZIP code is 49918 and the FIPS place code is 18100. Copper Harbor has a continental climate
38.
Portage Township, Houghton County, Michigan
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Portage Township is a charter township of Houghton County in the U. S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the population was 3,156. The city of Houghton is adjacent to the side of the township. Portage Lake is the boundary in the north and the township extends well south of Houghton to the Baraga County line. Askel is a unincorporated community in the township. Dakota Heights is a unincorporated community in the township, cut off from the rest of the township by the city of Houghton. Dodgeville is a small, unincorporated community, located at 47°05′39″N 88°34′52″W, elo is an unincorporated place founded in 1900. It had a post office from 1908 until 1957, hurontown is a small, unincorporated community, located at 47°06′40″N 88°34′25″W, adjacent to and surrounded by Houghton on the west, north and east, from 1867-1872 it was part of Houghton. It was platted in 1862 by E. J, tapiola is an unincorporated community located near Otter Lake in the township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 116.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,156 people,1,257 households, the population density was 28.0 per square mile. There were 1,584 housing units at a density of 14.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the township was 95. 98% White,0. 22% African American,0. 41% Native American,2. 15% Asian,0. 25% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 73% of the population. 35. 7% were of Finnish,15. 6% German,6. 5% English,5. 8% French and 5. 1% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.04. In the township the population was out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,15. 2% from 18 to 24,23. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 113.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males, the median income for a household in the township was $33,080, and the median income for a family was $44,213
39.
Eagle Harbor, Michigan
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Eagle Harbor is an unincorporated community located on the north side of the Keweenaw Peninsula within Eagle Harbor Township, Keweenaw County in the U. S. State of Michigan. This hamlet was especially popular with the sailors in days past, as it had a steamboat landing and is about equally distant from Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan. It was the first stop for supplies for the boats on Lake Superior. The settlement of Eagle Harbor is located on the tip of Michigans farthest county, closer to the North Pole than the City of Quebec and this community received its name from the beautiful harbor and the many eagles that were then in the region. It has an excellent sand beach on a large bay some four miles in circumference, additionally, the harbor is irregularly shaped about four-thousand-nine-hundred feet long and one-thousand-one-hundred feet in width. With a natural opening, its entrance is on the west side of a rock that appears above the surface of the water about forty rods from the east cape of the harbor. Edward Taylor and a group of men came to Eagle Harbor prior to the winter of 1842 and 1843, in the year of 1844, Taylor returned to Eagle Harbor and constructed a tavern out of logs, which later burned down on an unspecified date. The location in which the tavern sat is now the site of the present-day Lake Breeze Hotel, Taylor then erected yet another saloon and built additions to his building as more space was eventually required. On January 17,1852, the new dining room and kitchen were saved from the devouring flames by strenuous efforts. The front of the hotel was soon re-erected by James Bawden, with a grand total of thirty-six rooms, the Eagle Harbor Hotel was the largest hotel in all of Keweenaw County. James Rasewarn purchased the Eagle Harbor Hotel in the year of 1881 and he was born in Cornwall, England, on July 7,1835, and was brought up by a miner. He came to the United States in 1854, working in New Jersey for one year, in 1855, he moved to the Lake Superior region and worked for eight months at the Flint Steel mine, as well as in the Douglass Houghton, Toltec and Evergreen mines. During the fall of 1880, he moved to Eagle Harbor, the area was first occupied by the Eagle Harbor Mining Company, who landed a party of men here during the summer of 1845, a man by the name of Sprague being its agent. On October 17,1845, Franklin Hopkins arrived with thirteen men and he arrived at Copper Harbor the night that Dr. Hopkins was one of the earliest pioneers of the Lake Superior region, and an early mining agent. He was born in Trenton, New York, on November 28,1817 and he moved to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan in 1845. He first worked at the North American mine and then at the Eagle Harbor mine, working as a mining carpenter and he then went to the Lower, Peninsula, returning in 1848 when he was appointed carpenter to the Methodist Indian Mission at LAnse. He completed the trip to LAnse on foot and after fifteen months left the Mission, Hopkins then went to the old Northwest mine, which was later known as the Conglomerate, and continued working at that mine for two years. He then served two years as the agent of the Isle Royale mine at Houghton, moving to take charge of the Pontiac mine for a short time and he then kept the Phoenix House at Eagle River
40.
Eagle River, Michigan
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Eagle River is an unincorporated community in the U. S. state of Michigan and is the county seat of Keweenaw County. The community is on M-26 on the side of the Keweenaw Peninsula. It is about 27 miles northeast of Houghton and is situated in the northwest corner of Houghton Township on the mouth of the Eagle River at 47°24′50″N 88°17′45″W, Eagle River was a boom town of the copper mining era in the Keweenaw. Copper was discovered in 1845 at the Cliff Range nearby, the so-called Cliff Lode, the land of the Eagle River community had been leased by the Keweenaw Copper Company in 1843. It was later platted by the Phoenix Company and sold as individual lots, the first postmaster was named on October 24,1845. It was part of Houghton County until Keweenaw County was organized in 1861, the profitability of the areas copper mines had begun to decline sharply by around 1870. The decommissioned Eagle River Lighthouse is on the west bank of the river on a bluff overlooking Lake Superior. The Eagle River Timber Bridge is an arch bridge that carries highway M-26 over the Eagle River. It opened in 1990 as a replacement for the historic Lake Shore Drive Bridge that runs parallel to it
41.
Freda, Michigan
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Freda is an unincorporated community fifteen miles west of Houghton, United States in the Stanton Township. Freda appears on the Beacon Hill U. S. Geological Survey Map, Freda was a key part of the copper industry in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, on the western edge of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The large mill located in the town received copper ore from the surrounding region, the town was named after William A. Paines daughter. Freda and its companion, Beacon Hill, were owned and maintained by the Champion Mining Company, the town existed essentially to serve the large Champion Copper Mill, which processed copper-bearing rock from the nearby Champion Mines. The mill was served by the Copper Range Railroad, which provided passenger service to the area. A post office operated from July 12,1907, until March 12,1964, as a result of its location on a major railroad line, Freda became a holiday vacation spot. The Freda Park was opened in 1908, funded completely by the Copper Range Railroad and it maintained the title as the cleanest and best maintained park in the Copper Country. With the decline of peoples reliance on the system, the park was shut down on Labor Day in 1918. In a 1966 article in the Daily Mining Gazette, a simply stated, “. only the files of newspapers, books. The closing of the Champion mines and the arrival of the automobile led to the demise of Freda. Based solely on the system and owned by mining companies. Freda continued to boom after 1918, but its limited market prevented any other away from the copper industry. The Champion Mill processed copper-bearing rock from the nearby Champion mines, the design of the mill was based upon dumping copper-filled rocks from a locomotive into an area where one of five large stamps would break the minerals into pieces. Water from Lake Superior was added, while the pieces were pulverized by iron balls, the result was a sludge that was forty percent copper or more. This was then sent by locomotive to Michigan Smelter, near Houghton, from which the copper was made into ingots, much of Freda’s fundamental character and identity were lost with the closing of the mill. The last whistle blew on November 4,1967, with its closing, a two-year salvage operation began, involving the removal of all valuable materials. All machinery and pipe systems were gutted, and lumber was salvaged, even the steel rails for the train system were taken, due to their value, since the Beacon Hill bridge alone contained 310 tons of iron. In the wake of the closing, the post office closed, and was later converted into the Superior View Restaurant
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