1.
King Khalid International Airport
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The land area allocated for this airport is among the largest in the world. The airport occupies an area of 375 square kilometres and this airport was constructed to meet the increasing international and local air transport requirements for Riyadh. The airport that KKIA replaced, Riyadh Airport, is now a Royal Saudi Air Force airbase, King Khalid International Airport opened for operations in late 1983. This airport was a landing site for NASAs Space Shuttle. There are five passenger terminals at the airport, four of them were built when the airport is opened in 1982. Terminal 1 is used for all international flights Terminal 2 is used by all flights for Skyteam members including Saudia. Terminal 3 is closed for renovations and it is used to service all Saudia and Flynas domestic flights until Terminal 5 was started operation. Terminal 4 is unused, having never been utilized since construction, but now it is being developed. The development will last for five years. Terminal 5 is the newest terminal opened in 2016, which is now used by Saudia, Terminal 1 to 4 were built when the airport was opened in 1982. They are connected to other by means of three linking buildings, These buildings are 168 metres long. Each terminal is shaped, it has a triangular base of 47,500 square metres area. Terminal 5 is a 106,500 square metres rectangular shaped building which can serve 16 narrow-body or 8 wide-body aircraft, operated by Irish airport operator Dublin Airport Authority, it is Saudis first privately run airport terminal and can handle 12 million passengers per year. Heads of state and other high-ranking VIP visitors to the Kingdom are greeted in the Royal Pavilion, the Royal Pavilion has open spaces, garden areas, and fountains. A ceremonial hall 12.5 metres wide and 390 metres long connects it to the mosque, the design and geometry of the building are similar to those of the other terminals architecturally and in the aesthetic respect. Arriving guests can use either air bridges or escalators to enter the building from the parking area. The ceremonial area on the airside has space for special receptions involving honor guards and bands, like the passenger terminals, the Royal Pavilion has a triangular plan, with a roof composed of 33 arched sections rising to a high point 30 metres above the ground level. Glass walls and windows illuminate the interior of the building, a general aviation complex has been constructed north of runway number 1 for use by private aircraft and is reached by a special access road which runs north from the airport access highway
2.
King of Saudi Arabia
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The King of Saudi Arabia is Saudi Arabias head of state and absolute monarch. He serves as the head of the Saudi monarchy — House of Saud, the King is called the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The title, which signifies Saudi Arabias jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al Haram in Mecca and Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, King Abdulaziz began conquering todays Saudi Arabia in 1902, by restoring his family as emirs of Riyadh. He then proceeded to conquer first the Nejd and then the Hejaz and he progressed from Sultan of Nejd, to King of Hejaz and Nejd, and finally to King of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The kings since Ibn Sauds death have all been his sons, sons of Ibn Saud are considered to have primary claim on the throne of Saudi Arabia. This makes the Saudi monarchy quite distinct from Western monarchies, which feature large, clearly defined royal families. The current Crown Prince is the first grandson of Ibn Saud to be in the line of succession, Saudi Arabia is ruled by Islamic law and purports to be an Islamic state, but many Muslims see a hereditary monarchy as being a discouraged system of government in Islam. The King of Saudi Arabia is also considered the Head of the House of Saud, the Crown Prince is also the Deputy Prime Minister. The kings after Faisal have named a second Deputy Prime Minister as the subsequent heir after the Crown Prince. Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef, born 30 August 1959, son of Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaed bin Jiluwi Al Saud, Grandson of Ibn Saud and Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, born 31 August 1985, son of King Salman, the Royal Standard consists of a green flag, with an Arabic inscription and a sword featured in white, and with the national emblem embroidered in gold in the lower right canton. The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne List of rulers of Saudi Arabia
3.
Faisal of Saudi Arabia
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Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was King of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975. As king, he is credited with rescuing the finances and implementing a policy of modernization. His main foreign policy themes were pan-Islamism, anti-Communism, and pro-Palestinian nationalism and he successfully stabilized the kingdoms bureaucracy, and his reign had significant popularity among Saudis. In 1975 he was assassinated by his nephew Faisal bin Musaid, Faisal bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh on 14 April 1906. He is the son of Saudi Arabias former king, King Abdulaziz. His mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah bin Abdullatif Al Sheikh, whom Abdulaziz had married in 1902 after capturing Riyadh and she was from the family of the Al ash-Sheikh, descendants of Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhab. Faisals maternal grandfather, Abdullah bin Abdullatif, was one of Abdulazizs principal religious teachers and advisers, Faisal had only one full sister, Nurah. She was married to her cousin, Khalid bin Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman, Faisal, like most of his generation, was raised in an atmosphere in which courage was extremely valued and reinforced. He was motivated by his mother to develop the values of tribal leadership, in 1919 the British government invited King Abdulaziz to visit London. He could not go, but sent 14-year-old Prince Faisal, making him the first ever Saudi royal to visit England and his visit lasted for five months, and he met with the British officials. During the same period, he also visited France, again being the first Saudi royal to pay a visit there. As one of King Abdulazizs eldest sons, Prince Faisal was given numerous responsibilities to consolidate control over Arabia, after the capture of Hail and initial control over Asir in 1922, he was sent to these provinces with nearly six thousand fighters. He achieved complete control over Asir at the end of the year, in 1925 Prince Faisal, in command of an army of Saudi loyalists, won a decisive victory in the Hejaz. He and Prince Mohammad were given the responsibility for the Ikhwan, Prince Faisal was appointed viceroy of Hejaz in 1926. He often consulted with local leaders during his tenure, in 1930 Prince Faisal became minister of foreign affairs, a position he continued to hold even as king. Prince Faisal visited Europe several times in this period, including Poland in 1932, upon the accession of Prince Faisals elder brother, King Saud, to the throne in 1953, Prince Faisal was appointed Crown Prince. King Saud embarked on a lavish and ill-considered spending program that included the construction of a royal residence on the outskirts of the capital. He also faced pressure from neighboring Egypt, where Gamal Abdel Nasser had overthrown the monarchy in 1952, Nasser was able to cultivate a group of dissident princes led by Prince Talal, who defected to Egypt
4.
Fahd of Saudi Arabia
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Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, was King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 to 2005. One of 45 sons of Saudi founder Ibn Saud, and the fourth of his six sons who have ruled the Kingdom, Fahd ascended to the throne on the death of his half-brother, King Khalid, on 13 June 1982. Fahd was appointed Crown Prince when Khalid succeeded his half-brother King Faisal, Fahd was viewed as the de facto Prime Minister during King Khalids reign in part due to the latters ill health. Fahd suffered a stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother, Abdullah, the countrys Crown Prince, served as de facto regent of the kingdom, King Fahd is credited for having introduced the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh in 1921 and he is the eighth son of Ibn Saud. His mother was Hassa Al Sudairi and he was the eldest member of the Sudairi Seven, Fahds education took place at the Princes School in Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud. He received education for four years as a result of his mothers urging, while at the Princes School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul-Ghani Khayat. He then went on to education at the Religious Knowledge Institute in Mecca. Prince Fahd was made a member of the advisory board at his mothers urging. In 1945, Prince Fahd traveled on his first state visit to San Francisco for the signing of the UN charter, on this trip he served under his brother, Prince Faisal, who was at the time Saudi Arabias foreign minister. In 1953, Fahd led his first official visit, attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on behalf of the House of Saud. On 24 December 1953, Prince Fahd was appointed education minister, Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the League of Arab States in 1959, signifying his increasing prominence in the House of Saud—and that he was being groomed for a more significant role. In 1962, Fahd was given the important post of interior minister, as interior minister he headed the Saudi delegation at a meeting of Arab Heads of State in Egypt in 1965. He was named deputy prime minister in 1967, which was created for the first time by King Faisal. After the death of King Faisal in 1975, Fahd was named first deputy prime minister, although Prince Fahd had two elder brothers, Prince Nasser and Prince Saad, who had prior claims to the throne, both were considered unsuitable candidates. By contrast, Prince Fahd had served as minister of education from 1954 to 1960, when King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne. He was the king of Saudi Arabia
5.
Riyadh
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Riyadh is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province and belongs to the regions of Najd. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, the current mayor of Riyadh is Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. He was appointed mayor in 2015 and it has been designated a global city. During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site was called Hajr, Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, the city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as the city of Al-Yamamah. Later on, Hajr broke up several separate settlements and estates. The most notable of these were Migrin and Mikal, though the name Hajr continued to appear in local folk poetry, the earliest known reference to the area by the name Riyadh comes from a 17th-century chronicler reporting on an event from the year 1590. In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring Manfuha, Ibn Dawwas built a single wall to encircle the various quarters of Riyadh, making them effectively a single town. In 1744, Muhammad ibn Abdel Wahhab formed an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud, Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state. Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied forces from Al Kharj, Al Ahsa. However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending years of wars. The First Saudi State was destroyed by forces sent by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Ottoman forces razed the Saudi capital Diriyah in 1818. They had maintained a garrison at Najd and this marked the decline of the House of Saud for a short time. In 1823, Turki ibn Abdallah chose Riyadh as the new capital, following the assassination of Turki in 1834, his eldest son Faisal killed the assassin and took control, and refused to be controlled by the Viceroy of Egypt. Najd was then invaded and Faisal taken captive and held in Cairo, in 1889, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, the third son of Faisal again regained control over Najd and ruled till 1891, where after the control was regained by Muhammad bin Raschid. Internecine struggles between Turkis grandsons led to the fall of the Second Saudi State in 1891 at the hand of the rival Al Rashid clan, the al-Masmak fort dates from that period
6.
Ta'if
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Taif is a city in Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia at an elevation of 1,879 m on the slopes of Sarawat Mountains. It has a population of 1,200,000 people and is the summer capital. The city is the center of an area known for its grapes, pomegranate, figs, roses. The inhabitants of Taif are largely made up of Saudi Arabians who are Hanbali, there are also significant foreign populations, primarily from Asia, Turkey, and other Arab countries that are also present in Taif. In the 6th century the city of Tāif was dominated by the Banu Thaqif tribe and it has been suggested that Jewish tribes who were displaced by Ethiopian Christians in the Himyarite Kingdom wars settled near Taif. The town is about 100 km southeast of Mecca, the walled city was a religious centre as it housed the idol of the goddess Allāt, who was then known as the lady of Tāif. Its climate marked the city out from its dry and barren neighbours closer to the Red Sea, wheat, vines, and fruit were grown around Tāif and this is how the city earned its title the Garden of the Hejaz. During the Year of the Elephant, this city was involved in the events, both Taif and Mecca were resorts of pilgrimage. Taif was more pleasantly situated than Mecca itself and the people of Taif had close relations with the people of Mecca. The people of Taif carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities, in AD630, the Battle of Hunayn took place at Hunayn, close to this city. Shortly after that, the unsuccessful Siege of Taif took place, the city was assaulted by catapults from Banu Daws, but it repelled the attacks. The Battle of Tabouk in 631 left Tāif completely isolated, so members of Thaqīf arrived in Mecca to negotiate the conversion of the city to Islam, the idol of Al-lāt was destroyed along with all of the other signs of the citys previously pagan existence. On 17 July 1517 the Sharif of Mecca capitulated to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, as a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. As part of the Hejaz, Taif was also given over to Ottoman control, the city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802, when it was retaken by rebels in alliance with the House of Saud. These forces then proceeded to take Mecca and Medina, the loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the Holy Cities. The Ottoman sultan, Mahmud II, called upon his nominal viceroy in Egypt, Muhammad Ali, in 1813, the Swiss traveller and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt visited Taif. He has left an account on the city just after its recapture by the Muhammad Ali. Burckhardt says that the wall and ditch around the city had built by Othman el Medhayfe
7.
Saudi Arabia
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Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba and it is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast and most of its terrain consists of arid desert and mountains. The area of modern-day Saudi Arabia formerly consisted of four regions, Hejaz, Najd and parts of Eastern Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 by Ibn Saud and he united the four regions into a single state through a series of conquests beginning in 1902 with the capture of Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud. Saudi Arabia has since been a monarchy, effectively a hereditary dictatorship governed along Islamic lines. The ultraconservative Wahhabi religious movement within Sunni Islam has been called the predominant feature of Saudi culture, with its global spread largely financed by the oil and gas trade. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called the Land of the Two Holy Mosques in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, the state has a total population of 28.7 million, of which 20 million are Saudi nationals and 8 million are foreigners. The states official language is Arabic, petroleum was discovered on 3 March 1938 and followed up by several other finds in the Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia has since become the worlds largest oil producer and exporter, controlling the second largest oil reserves. The kingdom is categorized as a World Bank high-income economy with a high Human Development Index and is the only Arab country to be part of the G-20 major economies. However, the economy of Saudi Arabia is the least diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the state has attracted criticism for its treatment of women and use of capital punishment. Saudi Arabia is an autocracy, has the fourth highest military expenditure in the world. Saudi Arabia is considered a regional and middle power, in addition to the GCC, it is an active member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and OPEC. Following the unification of the Hejaz and Nejd kingdoms, the new state was named al-Mamlakah al-ʻArabīyah as-Suʻūdīyah by royal decree on 23 September 1932 by its founder, Abdulaziz Al Saud. Although this is translated as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in English it literally means the Saudi Arab kingdom. Its inclusion expresses the view that the country is the possession of the royal family. Al Saud is an Arabic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning family of or House of, in the case of the Al Saud, this is the father of the dynastys 18th century founder, Muhammad bin Saud. There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 125,000 years ago
8.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
9.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
10.
House of Saud
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The House of Saud is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia. The family has thousands of members, the most influential member of the Royal family is the King of Saudi Arabia, currently King Salman. The succession to the Saudi Arabian throne was designed to pass from one son of the first king, Ibn Saud, to another. The next in line, Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef is also from the ruling House of Saud, while the monarchy is hereditary now, future Saudi kings will be chosen by a committee of Saudi princes, in line with a 2006 royal decree. The family is estimated to comprise 15,000 members, but the majority of the power, House of Saud is a translation of Al Saud. The latter is an Arabic dynastic name formed by adding the word Al, meaning family of or House of, in the case of the Al Saud, this is Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin, the father of the dynastys 18th century founder, Muhammad bin Saud. Today, the surname Al Saud is carried by any descendant of Muhammad bin Saud or his three brothers Farhan, Thunayyan, and Mishari. Al Sauds other family branches like Saud al-Kabir, the Al Jiluwi, the Al Thunayan, the Al Mishari, members of the cadet branches hold high and influential positions in government though they are not in line of succession to Saudi throne. Many cadet members intermarry within the Al Saud to reestablish their lineage, the earliest recorded ancestor of the Al Saud was Mani ibn Rabiah Al-Muraydi who settled in Diriyah in 1446–1447 with his clan, the Mrudah. Although the Mrudah are believed to be descended from the Rabiah tribal confederation, Mani was invited by a relative named Ibn Dir. Ibn Dir was the ruler of a set of villages and estates that make up modern-day Riyadh, manis clan had been on a sojourn in east Arabia, near al-Qatif, from an unknown point in time. Ibn Dir handed Mani two estates called al-Mulaybeed and Ghusayba, Mani and his family settled and renamed the region al-Diriyah, after their benefactor Ibn Dir. The Mrudah became rulers of al-Diriyah, which prospered along the banks of Wadi Hanifa, as the clan grew larger, power struggles ensued, with one branch leaving for nearby Dhruma, while another branch left for the town of az-Zubayr in southern Iraq. The Al Migrin became the family among the Mrudah in Diriyah. The name of the clan comes from Sheikh Saud ibn Muhammad ibn Muqrin who died in 1725, the First Saudi State was founded in 1744. This period was marked by conquest of neighboring areas and by religious zeal, at its height, the First Saudi State included most of the territory of modern-day Saudi Arabia, and raids by Al Sauds allies and followers reached into Yemen, Oman, Syria, and Iraq. Islamic Scholars, particularly Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and his descendants, are believed to have played a significant role in Saudi rule during this period, the Saudis and their allies referred to themselves during this period as the Muwahhidun or Ahl al-Tawhid. Later they were referred to as the Wahhabis, a group of particularly strict Sunni, leadership of the Al Saud during the time of their first state passed from father to son without incident
11.
Ibn Saud
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He reconquered his familys ancestral home city of Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central Arabia. He consolidated his control over the Najd in 1922, then conquered the Hejaz in 1925 and he extended his dominions into, what later became, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and he fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh in the region of Najd in central Arabia and he was the son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, last ruler of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikhdom centered on Riyadh. His family, the House of Saud, had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years, Ibn Sauds mother was a member of the Sudairi family, Sarah Al Sudairi. In 1890, the House of Sauds long-term regional rivals, the Rashidis, Ibn Saud was 15 at the time. He and his family took refuge with the Al Murrah. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months and their next stop was Bahrain, where they stayed briefly. Their final destination was Kuwait, where lived for nearly a decade. As the raid proved profitable, it attracted more participants, the raiders numbers peaked at over 200, but numbers dwindled over the ensuing months. In the autumn, the made camp in the Yabrin oasis. While observing Ramadan, he decided to attack Riyadh and retake it from the Al Rashid, on the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the walls of the city on tilted palm trees and took the city. The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed in front of his own fortress, the Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the Third Saudi State. Following the capture of Riyadh, many supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Sauds call to arms. He was a leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Najd from the Rashidis, in 1904, Abdulaziz of Al Rashid appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia, on 15 June 1904, Ibn Sauds forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against the Ottomans, over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat
12.
Wahhabism
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Wahhabism is an Islamic doctrine and religious movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. The term Wahhabi is often used polemically and adherents commonly reject its use, the movement emphasises the principle of tawhid. Wahhabism is named after a preacher and activist, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. The alliance between followers of ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Sauds successors proved to be a durable one, today Ibn Abd Al-Wahhabs teachings are the official, state-sponsored form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia. With the help of funding from Saudi petroleum exports, the movement underwent explosive growth beginning in the 1970s, However, Wahhabism has also been called a particular orientation within Salafism, or an ultra-conservative, Saudi brand of Salafism. Estimates of the number of adherents to Wahhabism vary, with one giving a figure of fewer than 5 million Wahhabis in the Persian Gulf region. The majority of mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide strongly disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism, Islamic scholars, including those from the Al-Azhar University, regularly denounce Wahhabism with terms such as Satanic faith. It has also criticized for the destruction of historic shrines of saints, mausoleums. A misguided creed that fosters intolerance, promotes simplistic theology, and restricts Islams capacity for adaption to diverse, a term used by opponents of Salafism in hopes of besmirching that movement by suggesting foreign influence and conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia. The term is most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a minority of the Muslim community but have made recent inroads in converting the local population to Salafism. The British also adopted it and expanded its use in the Middle East, Wahhabis do not like – or at least did not like – the term. Ibn Abd-Al-Wahhab was averse to the elevation of scholars and other individuals, according to Robert Lacey the Wahhabis have always disliked the name customarily given to them and preferred to be called Muwahhidun. Another preferred term was simply Muslims since their creed is pure Islam, However, critics complain these terms imply non-Wahhabis are not monotheists or Muslims, and the English translation of that term causes confusion with the Christian denomination. Early Salafis referred to simply as Muslims, believing the neighboring Ottoman Caliphate was al-dawlah al-kufriyya. The prominent 20th-century Muslim scholar Nasiruddin Albani, who considered himself of the Salaf, a New York Times journalist writes that Saudis abhor the term Wahhabism, feeling it sets them apart and contradicts the notion that Islam is a monolithic faith. Ingrid Mattson argues that, Wahhbism is not a sect and it is a social movement that began 200 years ago to rid Islam of rigid cultural practices that had acquired over the centuries. Journalist Karen House calls Salafi, a politically correct term for Wahhabi. In any case, according to Lacey, none of the terms have caught on
13.
Hanbali
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The Hanbali school is one of the four orthodox Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence. It is named after the Iraqi scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and was institutionalized by his students, the Hanbali madhhab is the smallest of four major Sunni schools, the others being the Hanafi, Maliki and Shafii. Hanbali school derives Sharia predominantly from the Quran, the Hadiths, Hanbali school is the strict traditionalist school of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam. It is found primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where it is the official fiqh, Hanbali followers are the demographic majority in four emirates of UAE. Large minorities of Hanbali followers are found in Bahrain, Oman and Yemen and within Iraqi. The Hanbali school experienced a reformation in the Wahhabi-Salafist movement, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school, was a disciple of Al-Shafi‘i. Ibn Hanbal advocated return to literal interpretation of Quran and Hadiths, influenced by the debates of his time, he was known for rejecting religious rulings from the consensus of jurists of his time, which he considered to be speculative theology. He associated them with the Mutazilis, whom he despised and he linked these discretionary principles with kalam. His guiding principle was that the Quran and Sunnah are the proper sources of Islamic jurisprudence. He also believed that there can be no consensus among jurists of his time. Imam Hanbal himself compiled Al-Musnad, a text with over 30,000 saying, actions, Ibn Hanbal never composed an actual systematic legal theory on his own, though his followers established a systemic method after his death. Much of the work of preserving the school based on Ibn Hanbals method was laid by his student Abu Bakr al-Khallal, his documentation on the founders views eventually reached twenty volumes. The original copy of the work, which was contained in the House of Wisdom, was burned along with other works of literature during the Mongol siege of Baghdad. The book was preserved in a summarized form by the Hanbali jurist al-Khiraqi. Relations with the Abbasid Caliphate were rocky for the Hanbalites, like all other schools of Sunni Islam, the Hanbali school holds that the two primary sources of Islamic law are the Quran and the Sunnah found in Hadiths. Hanbalis hold that this is impossible and leads to abuse, Ibn Hanbal did, however, accept the possibility and validity of the consensus of the Sahaba. Ibn Hanbals strict standards of acceptance regarding the sources of Islamic law were due to his suspicion regarding the field of Usul al-Fiqh. Ibn Hanbal taught that the Quran is uncreated due to Muslim belief that it is the word of God, the Mutazilites taught that the Quran, which is readable and touchable, is created like other creatures and created objects
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Sunni Islam
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Sunni Islam is the largest group of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Sunni tradition, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and this contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad intended his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and they have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts, as of 2009, Sunni Muslims constituted between 87–90% of the worlds Muslim population. Sunni Islam is the worlds largest religious denomination, followed by Catholicism and its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism, while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites, Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam. The Quran, together with hadith and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, sunnī, also commonly referred to as Sunnīism, is a term derived from sunnah meaning habit, usual practice, custom, tradition. The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad, in Arabic, this branch of Islam is referred to as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah, the people of the sunnah and the community, which is commonly shortened to ahl as-sunnah. One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammads death, and that Sufism and Shiism developed out of Sunni Islam. This perception is due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines, the first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the Rashidun or Rightly-Guided Ones. Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned Abu Bakr as the first, Umar who established the Islamic calendar as the second, Uthman as the third, Sunnis believe that the companions of Muhammad were the best of Muslims. Support for this view is found in the Quran, according to Sunnis. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran, furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are considered by Sunnis to be a second source of knowledge of the Muslim faith. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, Islam does not have a formal hierarchy or clergy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law, according to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a person to lead the service
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Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
16.
Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Muhammad bin Abdulaziz was a member of the House of Saud. Briefly Crown Prince from 1964 to 1965, he was among the wealthiest and most powerful members of the Saudi royal family and his advice was sought and deferred to in all matters by his brothers. Until his death in 1988, he was a close and powerful confidant and senior adviser to his brothers, King Khalid. Prince Muhammad was born in 1910 and is the son of King Abdulaziz. However, his date is also given as 1909. His mother, Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Jiluwi, was from the important Al Jiluwis, King Khalid was his full brother, his full sister, Al Anoud, married the sons of Saad bin Abdul Rahman. She first married Saud bin Saad, after Saud died, she married Fahd bin Saad. Prince Muhammad and Prince Faisal were given the responsibility for the Ikhwan in mid-1920s, Prince Muhammad participated in fights during the formation years of the Kingdom with his older brothers and cousins. In 1934, King Abdulaziz ordered his forces to attack Yemens forward defences, then, Faisal bin Sad, the son of the Saudi kings brother Saad, advanced to Baqem and the son of his other brother Mohammed, Khaled bin Muhammed, advanced to Najran and Saada. Kings son Prince Faisal assumed command of the forces on the coast of Tihama, Prince Muhammad together with then Crown Prince Saud represented King Abdulaziz at the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in London in 1937. Prince Muhammad and Prince Mansour accompanied King Abdulaziz in the meeting with the then US president Franklin D. Roosevelt on 14 February 1945. They together with their uncle Prince Abdullah also attended the meeting between King Abdulaziz and British premier Winston Churchill in Egypt in February 1945, Prince Muhammed also accompanied King Saud during his visit to the US in January 1962. Prince Muhammad was head of royal family council, the council expressed its allegiance to Crown Prince Fahd after the death of King Khalid on 13 June 1982. Muhammad bin Abdulaziz was Crown Prince during the first few months of the reign of his elder half-brother King Faisal and he then voluntarily stepped aside from the succession to allow his younger and only full brother, Prince Khalid, to become heir apparent to the Saudi throne. Due to this event, he was called king maker and he is said to have stepped aside in order to comply with a general family agreement. That agreement had been negotiated during the period of crisis which saw the abdication, in late 1964, of the profligate King Saud, in favour of another half-brother. Prince Muhammads renunciation, therefore, helped to defuse that crisis, Muhammad bin Abdulaziz is reputed to have been a powerful personality. However, his rigidity weakened his ability to gain the necessary to have political power in the kingdom
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Hejaz
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The Hejaz, also Al-Hijaz, is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia. The region is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west and it is also known as the Western Province. It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea, on the north by Jordan, on the east by the Najd and its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. As the site of Islams holiest places, the Hejaz has significance in the Arab, historically, the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia. The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia,35 % of all Saudis live in Hejaz, hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region. Saudi Hejazis are of diverse origins. The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula, people of Hejaz have the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia. Their place of origin alienates them from the Saudi state, which invokes different narratives of the history of the Arabian Peninsula, thus, Hejazis experienced tensions with people of Najd. One or possibly two megalithic dolmen have been found in Al-Hijaz, the Hejaz includes both the Mahd adh-Dhahab and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow 600 miles north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wadi Al-Rummah and Wadi Al-Batin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that the system was active in 8000 BCE. The northern part of the Hejaz was part of the Roman province of Arabia Petraea, Saudi Arabias first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hjir. The name Al-Hijr occurs in the Qur’an, and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud. Despite their rather Polytheistic nature, a member of folk was a Monotheistic preacher called Salih. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada’in Saleh, it came under the influence of people, such as the Nabataeans. Later, it would lie in a used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca. According to Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrahim brought his son Isma‘il and wife Hajar here and it was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Medinans who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca. Given that he had followers and enemies here, a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area. They involved both Meccan companions, such as Hamzah ibn ‘Abdul-Muttalib, Ubaydah ibn al-Harith and Sad ibn Abi Waqqas, the Hijaz fell under Muhammads influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire
18.
Palestine (region)
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Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories, the name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima, and the Islamic provincial district of Jund Filastin. The region comprises most of the claimed for the biblical regions known as the Land of Israel. Historically, it has known as the southern portion of wider regional designations such as Canaan, Syria, ash-Sham. The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, today, the region comprises the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories in which the State of Palestine was declared. Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth, the term Peleset is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term, approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea. The term is accepted to be a translation of the Biblical name Peleshet. The term is used in the Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic, Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities, during the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy during the wider Bronze Age collapse. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c.740 BCE, in 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by the Achaemenid Empire. In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region and it ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219–200 BCE. In 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the Hasmonean principality in the Judaean Mountains, from 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, creating a Judaean–Samaritan–Idumaean–Ituraean–Galilean alliance. The Judaean control over the region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea. Between 73–63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28–30 CE, in 70 CE, Titus sacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the citys Jews and Christians to Yavne and Pella
19.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
21.
Henry A. Wallace
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Henry Agard Wallace was the 33rd Vice President of the United States, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Secretary of Commerce. Wallace was a supporter of New Deal liberalism, and softer policies towards the Soviet Union. He won 2. 4% of the vote and no electoral votes. The Wallace family was of Scots-Irish Presbyterian heritage and had emigrated from Ulster to Pennsylvania. Henry Agard Wallaces grandfather, Henry Wallace or Uncle Henry, was a former Presbyterian minister who preached the social gospel and he viewed it as his life mission to serve God by helping his fellow farmers. Henry Agard was born on October 7,1888, at a farm near the village of Orient, Iowa, in Adair County, Wallaces mother, née May Brodhead, was deeply religious. She had been to college and was trained in music and art, may Wallace shared her love of plants with her son while he was still a boy, teaching him to cross-breed pansies. As a boy, Wallace accompanied Carver on nature walks, identifying the botanical structures of wild flowers, Carver left for Tuskegee when Wallace was eight, but his influence on Wallace was deep and lasting. By the age of ten, Wallace was experimenting with plant breeding in his own plot and he also developed a keen interest in math and statistics. Wallaces experiments proved that there was no relationship between yield and appearance, where plant hybridity had traditionally been viewed negatively as mongrelization signaling decline, Wallaces work introduced the concept of hybrid vigor. Wallace attended Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, graduating in 1910 with a degree in animal husbandry. During his time at Iowa State, Wallace was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity and he worked on the editorial staff of the family-owned paper Wallaces Farmer in Des Moines from 1910 to 1924, and took the role of chief editor from 1924 to 1929. Wallace experimented with breeding high-yielding hybrid corn, and wrote a number of publications on agriculture, in 1915, he devised the first corn-hog ratio charts indicating the probable course of markets. Snedecor invited Wallace to teach a course on least squares. It was Wallace, more than any individual, who introduced econometrics to the field of agriculture. In 1914, Wallace married Ilo Browne, and in 1926, with the help of an inheritance that had been left to her, he founded the Hi-Bred Corn Company. The company later became Pioneer Hi-Bred, a major agriculture corporation and it was acquired in 1999 by the DuPont Corporation for approximately $10 billion. Wallace was raised as a Presbyterian and remained a devout Christian all his life, in college, however, he became increasingly dissatisfied with organized religion after reading William James The Varieties of Religious Experience
22.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
23.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
24.
President's Guest House
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A major interior renovation of these 19th century residences between the 1950s and 1980s resulted in their reconstitution as a single facility. The Presidents Guest House has been called the worlds most exclusive hotel because it is used to host visiting dignitaries. It is larger than the White House and closed to the public, strictly speaking, Blair House refers to one of four existing structures that were merged to form a single building. The U. S. State Department generally uses the name Blair House to refer to the facility, saying. The General Services Administration refers to the complex as the Presidents Guest House. Blair House was constructed in 1824, it is the oldest of the four structures that comprise the Presidents Guest House, the original brick house was built as a private home for Joseph Lovell, eighth Surgeon General of the United States Army. It was acquired in 1836 by Francis Preston Blair, a publisher and influential advisor to President Andrew Jackson. Francis Blairs son Montgomery Blair, who served as Postmaster General in Abraham Lincolns administration, at a conference at Blair House in 1861, it was decided Admiral David Farragut would command an assault on New Orleans during the American Civil War. In 1939, Blair House was designated a National Historic Landmark, becoming the first building to acquire the designation, prior landmarks had been monuments and historic sites other than buildings. Beginning in 1942, the Blair family began leasing the property to the U. S. government for use by visiting dignitaries, the government purchased the property outright the following December. The move was prompted in part by a request from Eleanor Roosevelt, on one occasion, Churchill tried to enter Franklin Roosevelts private apartments at 3,00 a. m. to wake the president for a conversation. During much of the presidency of Harry Truman, Blair House served as the residence of President Truman while the interior of the White House was being renovated. On November 1,1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola, the assassination was foiled, in part by White House policeman Leslie Coffelt, who killed Torresola but was mortally wounded by him. In 1859, Francis Preston Blair built a house next to Blair House for his daughter Elizabeth Blair Lee and son-in-law Samuel Phillips Lee, Peter Parker House located at 700 Jackson Place and an adjacent home at 704 Jackson Place were constructed in 1860. Peter Parker House is so named because it was originally the home of physician Peter Parker, the U. S. government acquired both properties between 1969 and 1970, after having rented them for office space. Peter Parker House previously served as the headquarters of the Civil War Centennial Commission, during a renovation in the early 1950s, Blair House and Lee House were joined into a single facility that was informally known as Blair–Lee House. In the early 1980s, Congress appropriated $9.7 million for the propertys further renovation, federally appropriated funds were augmented with $5 million in private donations. The Jackson Place properties were combined into a single building
25.
West Coast of the United States
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The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
26.
Saud of Saudi Arabia
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Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was King of Saudi Arabia from 1953 to 1964. After a period of tension in Saudi Arabia, he was forced from the throne. Prince Saud was born on 15 January 1902 in Kuwait City, the second son of Ibn Saud, he was born in the home of his grandfather Amir Abdul Rahman. They lived in Sikkat Inazza where the family was staying after their exile from Riyadh, when his father conquered Riyadh in 1902, Saud followed him with his mother and brothers. Prince Saud had one brother, Turki I. and a sister. Their mother was King Abdulazizs second wife Wadhah bint Muhammad bin Hussein Al-Orair, at the age of five years old, he studied under Sheikh Abdul Rahman Al-Mufaireej. He accompanied his father on his expeditions and, participated in several campaigns during the unification of the Arabian Peninsula. These qualities rendered him admiration from his friends and enemies alike and he also advised him to incline towards and respect of Muslim scholars and keep their company and listen to their advice. The young Saud had then pledged to his father that he would abide by his words. Sauds first political mission was at the age of thirteen, he led a delegation to Qatar, the 1st battle he fought was at on 1915, followed b Yatab battle in the same year, then Trubah battle in 1919. In 1925 he stopped the Almahmal crisis in Makkah, in 1929 he fought to stop the Ikhwan Revolt at Al Sebella. On 11 May 1933, he was appointed Crown Prince by his father, in 1934, King Abdulaziz sent two military expeditions, one of them was led by Crown Prince Saud who regained Najran and advanced secretly through the rugged mountains in the north west part of Yemen. Following the end of the war with Yemen, King Abdulaziz decided to encourage Saud to travel abroad, when a crisis erupted between the neighbouring Persian Gulf States of Bahrain and Qatar, Saud also visited the former during December 1937 in order to help sort out their differences. This was followed by visits to the until the eve of the Second World War. In 1947, Saud visited the United States and met with President Harry S, the Hajj of 1369 AH /1950 AD witnessed the establishment of the Makkah college that was later to be expanded and renamed Umm al-Qura University. The traditional Consultative Council in Makkah, the Majlis-ash-Shura or Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia was expanded on 17 November 1952, earlier, on 19 October 1953, King Abdulaziz had also appointed Crown Prince Saud as a Prime Minister for the first Saudi Cabinet. Before that, he appointed him as a Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, during this period, the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia, including the Air Force, were modernised on a large scale with American assistance. On 10 June 1953, Saud with the approval of his father laid the foundation stone for the expansion
27.
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
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Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was King of Saudi Arabia and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques from 2005 to his death in 2015. He ascended to the throne on 1 August 2005 upon the death of his half-brother, Abdullah, like Fahd, was one of the many sons of Ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdullah held important political posts throughout most of his adult life, in 1961 he became mayor of Mecca, his first public office. The following year, he was appointed commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard and he also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia until ascending the throne a decade later. During his reign he maintained relations with United States and United Kingdom. He also gave women the right to vote for municipal councils, furthermore, Abdullah maintained the status quo when there were waves of protest in the kingdom during the Arab Spring. In November 2013, a BBC report claimed that, due to the relations it had with Pakistan. The King outlived two of his crown princes, conservative Interior Minister Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud was named heir to the throne on the death of Sultan bin Abdulaziz in October 2011, but Nayef himself died in June 2012. Abdullah then named 76-year-old defense minister, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, according to various reports, Abdullah married up to 30 times, and had more than 35 children. The king had a fortune estimated at US$18 billion, making him the third wealthiest head of state in the world. He died on 23 January 2015, at the age of 90, Abdullah is said to have been born on 1 August 1924 in Riyadh. However, some state that this date is incorrect. He was the son of King Abdulaziz. His mother, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim, was a member of the Al Rashid dynasty and she was descended from the powerful Shammar tribe – and was the daughter of former tribe chief, Asi Shuraim. She died when Abdullah was six years old, madawi Al-Rasheed argues that his maternal roots and his earlier experience of a speech impediment led to delay in his rise to higher status among the other sons of King Abdulaziz. In 1963, Abdullah was made commander of Saudi National Guard and this post allowed him to secure his position in the House of Saud. SANG, which had based on the Ikhwan, became a modern armed force under his command
28.
Crown prince
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A crown prince or crown princess is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a prince is also titled crown princess. The term is now borne as a title mainly in Asia, Scandinavia, and the Middle East, however, heirs apparent to non-imperial and non-royal monarchies, crown prince is not used as a title, although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent. g. Former Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, compare heir apparent and heir presumptive. In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title than the heir apparent and it is also the title borne by the heir apparent of Liechtenstein, as well as the heir apparent or presumptive of Monaco. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld, reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran. Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia, Egypt, Prince of the Said, meaning Prince of Upper Egypt Persia, Pahlavi dynasty and Qajar dynasty, the full style was Vala Hazrat-i-Humayun Vali Ahd, Shahzada, i. e. His August Imperial Highness the Heir Apparent, Prince, the above component vali ahd meaning successor by virtue of a covenant was adopted by many oriental monarchies, even some non-Muslim, e. g. g. He was not necessarily the son, wonja. Southeast Asian traditions, Siam Makutrajakuman in Thailand since 1886, krom Phrarajawangboworn Sathanmongkol or Phra Maha Uparaja or commonly called Wang Na in Thailand prior to 1886. Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom in Yogyakarta sultanate and Surakarta, Indonesia, raja Muda or Tengku Mahkota in the Malay sultanates of Malaysia. org- here napoleonic section
29.
Saudi Arabian National Guard
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The Saudi Arabian National Guard is one of the three major branches of the Armed Forces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The national guard is under the control of the Ministry of the National Guard. The current Minister is Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah, who was appointed to this position by King Abdullah on 27 May 2013. It differs from the regular Saudi army in being forged out of tribal elements loyal to the House of Saud, the Saudi Arabian National Guard has a standing force of 200,000 troops and a tribal militia of some 25,000 troops. It serves both as a force against external attack and as an Internal security force. Its duties include protecting the House of Saud, guarding against military coups, guarding strategic facilities and resources, and providing security for the cities of Mecca and Medina. It reports directly to the king through the Minister of the National Guard and, unlike the army, navy, the Guards command structure and communication network are entirely separate from those of the Ministries of Defense and the Interior. Its personnel are drawn from tribes loyal to the king and the royal family and it has been described as an institution that ties the tribes to the House of Saud. It also draws recruits from official Wahhabi religious establishment, according to journalist John R. Bradley, it is one of the best-trained and well-equipped armies in the world. The force was reorganised and retrained by the Vinnell Corporation in the 1980s. The United States support for the SANG has been delivered both through private contractors and the U. S. armys Office of the Program Manager, the SANG was founded as the successor to the Ikhwan, the tribal army of King Abdulaziz. The Ikhwan had helped King Abdulaziz conquer the Arabian Peninsula and take it from Ottoman Turkey in World War I, however, the Ikhwan committed many excesses and atrocities not just on Turks but on other Arabs as well. The various tribal groups of the Ikhwan also had a tendency to go off and do their own things, the SANG acquired its moniker of the White Army during this period due to its wearing of traditional Arab dress instead of Western-style military uniforms. In 1954, the office of Jihad and Mujahidin was transformed into the modern National Guard, training of the National Guard became the responsibility of the US Vinnell corporation in 1975. These contractors were supervised by a United States military group with the designation Office of the Program Manager—Saudi Arabian National Guard, extensive military infrastructure facilities have been built to ensure the comfort and well-being of national guard units. Other National Guard military cities were located at At-Taif, Dammam, during the 1950s and early 1960s, the regular army and the national guard were both small and of roughly equal strength. The guards mobility over desert terrain was assured by 1,100 Commando V-150 armoured cars, firepower came from 105 mm and 155 mm towed howitzers,106 mm recoilless rifles, and various wheeled BGM-71 TOW platforms. The second component of the guard, made up of tribal battalions under the command of local sheikhs, was organised into four infantry brigades
30.
Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was one of the former Riyadh governors and a member of House of Saud. Prince Nasser was born in Riyadh in 1911, there are other reports, giving his birth date as 1913 and as 1921. He was the son of King Abdulaziz. His mother was Bazza I, a Moroccan woman, Prince Nasser had no full-brothers or full-sisters. He received education in Riyadh at the school of the palace, learning Quran, horsemanship, King Abdulaziz appointed him as the governor of Riyadh Province in 1938. However, he had to resign from his post due to an event, when Prince Nasser was the governor, he organized a party after which his brother Prince Mansour, then-defense minister, and several foreigners died of alcohol poisoning. Upon hearing of this event, King Abdulaziz threw him in jail, subsequently, Nasser bin Abdulaziz lost his post and never returned to public life. Prince Nasser was excluded from the succession to throne because of the incident occurred during his term as the Governor of Riyadh Province, on the other hand, Prince Saad and he were older than Prince Fahd when the latter was appointed crown prince in 1975. However both were regarded as weak due to being relatively less experienced. Furthermore, he lost his chance due to dissolute mores and he was regarded as unsuitable for succession by the larger family. His lack of accomplishment and low birth were also leading to his exclusion. One of his spouses was Muhdi bint Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Sudairi and they had five sons, Prince Khalid, Prince Abdullah, Prince Fahd, Prince Turki and Prince Ahmed. One of his sons, Turki bin Nasser, is former military officer, the other, Mohammed bin Nasser, is the governor of Jizan Province. Another son Mansour bin Nasser was one of King Abdullahs advisors and his other son, Abdulaziz bin Nasser, is a businessman and the father of Saud bin Abdulaziz who murdered his servant in London in 2010. Prince Nasser could not walk and used a wheelchair in his last years and he died on 15 September 1984 and was buried in Riyadh. His family founded Prince Nasser bin Abdulaziz Center for Autism, a body of the Saudi Autism Center
31.
Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Saad bin Abdulaziz was a former governor of Asir and a member of House of Saud. He was also a chairman of royal family council of Al Saud. The Council was created to look after the members of the Saudi royal family and was not related to any political issues, the current chairman is King Salman bin Abdulaziz. Prince Saad was born in Riyadh in 1915 as the son of King Abdulaziz. However, there is report, citing his birth year as 1920. His mother was Jawhara bint Saad Al Sudairi, Jawhara bint Saad was the sister of Haya bint Saad who was also spouse of King Abdulaziz and the mother of Prince Badr, late Prince Abdul Majid and Prince Abdul Illah. Prince Saad had two full brothers - Prince Abdul Muhsin and Prince Musaid, Al Bandari bint Abdulaziz was his full sister. Prince Saad participated for the first time in the war at the Battle of Sabilla against Ikhwan that occurred in 1929, and was wounded severely and shot twice on his knee during the battle. The injury forced his uncle Prince Mohammed bin Abdulrahman, who was in the battle as well to him outside where he transferred to Taif. After the Battle of Jizan and the unification of the Kingdom, he was appointed by his father the governor of the province of Khamis Mushait, and was at the time at the age of eighteen. In 1935, Saad worked to protect Khamis Mushayt from attacks of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, in 1941, Prince Saad was appointed ruler of the Emirate of Asir. The province under Saad made integrated urban renaissance, where wells were drilled and excavated, building markets, the region has also seen at the end of his reign the construction of many dams to preserve the water of rains. As a ruler of Asir, Saad developed the air defense with the help of the defence minister Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. He remained in position until 1960 when he was appointed a deputy interior minister for security affairs. Prince Saad and Prince Nasser were older than Prince Fahd when the latter was appointed crown prince in 1975, however both were regarded as weak contenders due to being relatively less experienced. Prince Saad was not given a significant political position due to his weak and his son, Mohammed bin Saad, is a former advisor of late Prince Nayef and deputy governor of Riyadh Province. His other son, Abdulaziz, is deputy governor of the Hail Region, Princess Wadha Al Hamoud Al Faisal Al Hamoud Al Obaid Al Rasheed Al Shammery. Prince Sauds mother Princess Wadha bint Melhi Alqdaan Al Arjani Al Ajmi, Saad bin Abdulaziz remained head of council of House of Saud
32.
Jubail
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Jubail is a city in the Eastern province on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. It is the host of the largest industrial city in the Middle East and it is also home to the Middle Easts largest and worlds fourth largest petrochemical company. It has the worlds largest IWPP producing 2743.6 MW of electricity and 800,000 m3 of water daily, Jubail comprises the Old Town of Al Jubail, which was a small fishing village until 1975 and the new industrial area. Jubail Industrial City is the largest civil engineering project in the world today, in 1975, the Saudi government designated Jubail as the site for a new industrial city. The new industrial and residential areas were named Madīnat al Jubayl aṣ Ṣināīyah, the 2005 Census Report for Jubail Industrial City estimates the resident population at 224,430. The town of Al-Jubail on the Persian Gulf coast of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has ancient roots, in September 1933, Jubail gained a measure of fame as the landing site for the first team of geologists to explore for oil in Saudi Arabia. Bechtel began work on the Jubail Industrial City project more than 30 years ago and is working in Jubail now. Jubail is directly connected with other cities by two highways, Dhahran-Jubail Highway and Abu Hadriyah Highway. One ongoing project is the Jubail-Qassim Expressway 500 km, which reduce the distance between Jubail and Qassim to around 331 km from the current 831 km. A branch of the Saudi Landbridge Project railway is proposed to connect Jubail to Dammam, there are two seaports in Jubail—the Jubail Commercial Seaport and the King Fahd Industrial Seaport. As of 2011, Jubail ranks 92nd in the world in terms of Total Cargo Volume with 44,700 tons, Jubail Airport is an airfield 25 kilometres west of Jubail City, near the industrial area. Thus, it was handed over to the Ministry of Defence and has used as a base for the naval aviation group/eastern fleet of the Royal Saudi Navy since then. The terminal in Dammam Airport is about 60 km drive from the suburbs of Jubail,80 km from the city center and 100 km from the Royal Commission neighborhoods, however it was recently announced that the airport will be opened for private aviation operations starting September 2014. A project to renovate the airfield was undertaken some of the airfields infrastructure was incomplete. To date, the project and renovations have not been completed, in addition, two other airfields are located in the city, Abu Ali Airport is located in the Island of Abu Ali while the other is located in King Abdulaziz Naval Base. Jubail is home to a number of big industries, most notably the SABIC, Jubail has a robust market place, known as International Market. Ram Dental Complex Al-Shabani General Hospital, Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu Jubail City - Article about master planning the Jubail New Industrial City Jubail directory
33.
Yanbu
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Yanbu al Bahr, also known simply as Yanbu, Yambo or Yenbo, is a major Red Sea port in the Al Madinah province of western Saudi Arabia. It is approximately 300 kilometers northwest of Jeddah, Yanbus history dates back at least 2,500 years, when it was a staging point on the spice and incense route from Yemen to Egypt and the Mediterranean region. The Invasion of Dul Ashir took place in Yanbu, two or three months after Prophet Muhammads return from Buwat, he appointed Abu Salamah Ibn Abd al-Assad to take his place in Medina while he was away commanding another raid. Between 150 and 200 followers joined this operation to al-Ushayra, Yanbu in either the month of Jumada al-awwal or Jumada al-Thani and they had 30 camels that they rode upon by turns. When they arrived at al-Usharayh, they expected to raid a rich Meccan caravan heading towards Syria led by Abu Sufyan, Prophet Muhammad already had the knowledge of this caravan’s departure from Mecca and waited for about a month for this caravan to pass. But the Meccan caravan had already passed, in this operation, Prophet Muhammad entered into an alliance with Banu Madlaj, a tribe inhabiting the vicinity of al-Ushayra. He also concluded another treaty that was made with Banu Damrah previously, all those treaties established good political connections for him. Yanbu served as a supply and operational base for Arab and British forces fighting the Ottoman Empire during World War I, on July 27,1916 the Ottoman garrison surrendered in the Capture of Yanbu to the Arab revolutionary forces. It remained a port town until 1975, when the Saudi government designated it as one of the countrys two new industrial centers. Extensive government and private development have taken place at the port and surrounding area, the city is divided into three primary sections, which are located about fifteen minutes away from each other. Yanbu is the second largest Saudi Arabian city by the Red Sea, the downtown area of Yanbu Al-Balad contains most of the population. The area contains a few chain restaurants, as well as some coffee shops. The Holiday Inn Hotel is located at the edge of this area, Arabian Homes also have a gated private residential community catering to the expat population located next to the Holiday Inn. Most of the residents tend to be lower and middle-class Saudi citizens, currently, the government is attempting to improve the old, historical area in downtown Yanbu, as many historical buildings are located there. Many, unfortunately, are still in a state of disrepair. Currently, most of the residents are local tribes, mostly from Johainah, Horob, there are many foreign nationals which include of Sudan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indian, Indonesia, Philippines, Egypt, Yemen, Syria, Nepali, Kazakhstan and a Nigerian family. Some of the local Saudis work on their own farmers and trade in sheep, Yanbu Al-Sinaiya is the industrial city, established in 1975 by royal decree to create a Royal Commission to manage the effort to build a new modern city. It is the most southern part of Yanbu city, Yanbu Al-Sinaiya is divided into two parts, the industrial area to the south, and a residential area directly north and adjacent to the industrial area
34.
King Faisal University
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King Faisal University is a public university with the main campus in the city of Hofuf in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia founded in 1975. KFU was initially established with four colleges, two in Dammam and the two in Al-Ahsa. Later, the colleges in Dammam have been segregated to become the University of Dammam, the university was founded in 1975 by the Royal Decree No. H /671395 e in the region of the country. In its first year, it leased buildings, and in subsequent years it used some prefabricated buildings for the colleges, in later years, with the intent to meet the future needs of the Kingdom, with the issuance of Royal decree No. The teaching hospital, the King Fahd University Hospital, is in Khobar, the Faculty of Dentistry and the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences was founded in Klitin. One of the goals of the university was in the area of scientific research to be one of the basic requirements so as to address the problems of society. It has also published more than 2,000 scientific articles in domestic, the University has also given special attention to conferences and symposia in scientific and cultural enrichment of knowledge and community service. It has organised more than 66 local and global conferences symposia, additionally its faculty members have been represented at more than 300 scientific conference and a symposium at home and abroad. In terms of ranking, KFU has been ranked #22 in QS Ranking for Arab Region 2016, by 2010 the number of colleges at KFU has risen to 14 including the following, Agriculture and Food Sciences. College of Computer Science and Information Technology
35.
1973 oil crisis
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The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo. The embargo occurred in response to United States support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War, by the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from US$3 per barrel to nearly $12 globally, US prices were significantly higher. The embargo caused an oil crisis, or shock, with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and it was later called the first oil shock, followed by the 1979 oil crisis, termed the second oil shock. The embargo was a response to American involvement in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, six days after Egypt and Syria launched a surprise military campaign against Israel, the US supplied Israel with arms. In response to this, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries announced an oil embargo against Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within NATO. Some European nations and Japan sought to disassociate themselves from United States foreign policy in the Middle East to avoid being targeted by the boycott, Arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents. To address this, the Nixon Administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants and they arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. By January 18,1974, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had negotiated an Israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the Sinai Peninsula, the promise of a negotiated settlement between Israel and Syria was enough to convince Arab oil producers to lift the embargo in March 1974. The embargo occurred at a time of rising petroleum consumption by industrialized countries and coincided with an increase in oil imports by the worlds largest oil consumer. In the aftermath, targeted countries initiated a variety of policies to contain their future dependency. The 1973 oil price shock, with the accompanying 1973–74 stock market crash, was regarded as the first discrete event since the Great Depression to have a persistent effect on the US economy, the embargos success demonstrated Saudi Arabias diplomatic and economic power. It was the largest oil exporter and a politically and religiously conservative kingdom, in 1970, US oil production started to decline, exacerbating the embargos impact. Following this, Nixon named James E. Akins as US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia to audit US production capacity, the confidential results were alarming—no spare capacity was available and production could only decrease. The oil embargo had little effect on supply, according to Akins. OPEC was organized to resist pressure by the Seven Sisters to reduce oil prices, at first, OPEC operated as an informal bargaining unit for resource-rich third-world countries. OPEC confined its activities to gaining a share of the profits generated by oil companies. In the early 1970s it began to exert economic and political strength, on August 15,1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling
36.
Majid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Majid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was a member of House of Saud and served in different cabinet positions as well as Mecca governor. Majid bin Abdulaziz was born in Riyadh on 19 October 1938 to King Abdulaziz, Prince Majid was the full brother of Prince Sattam, the former Riyadh governor, Sultana and, Haya. Prince Majid received formal education in Riyadh, Prince Mutaib was also joined the Saudi cabinet at that time, being appointed minister of public works and housing. These two appointments were a move to reduce the power of Sudairi Seven in the cabinet, then, on 3 March 1980, Prince Majid was appointed governor of the Makkah Province, replacing Prince Fawwaz. His tenure lasted for nineteen years from 1980 to 1999, Majid resigned from office as a result of a scandal involving one of his staff. Prince Majid argued that communism and other temporal ideologies were totally false, Prince Majid was close to both then Crown Prince Abdullah and Sudairi Seven, acting as a floating voter in contests. However, during his tenure in Mekkah governorship he was closer to Crown Prince Abdullah. Prince Majid married Nuf bint Abdallah Al Fahd Al Muhanna and he has seven children, two sons and five daughters. His eldest son, Mishaal bin Majid, is the governor of Jeddah city, other son Abdulaziz bin Majid is the former governor of Medina province. One of his daughters, Jawaher bint Majed, is the first Saudi woman to have granted the title of the patron of arts in Saudi Arabia. His other daughter, Princess Basma, married Prince Bandar bin Faisal Al Saud, the Society of Majid bin Abdulaziz for Development and Social Services was founded in 1998 by Majid bin Abdulaziz. Initially its name was “Makkah Al Mukarramah Association for Development and Social Services” at the founding stage, mishal bin Majid is the chairman of the society. The Majid society was given by the Global Research Alliance A+ rating for its achievements during 2011, Prince Majid died in Jeddah after suffering from a prolonged illness on 13 April 2003. His funeral prayers were performed in Grand Mosque on the same day, then Crown Prince Abdullah, Prince Sultan, Prince Nayef, Prince Salman and other senior Saudi royals attended the funeral. Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria
37.
Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud is a senior member of the Saudi royal family. Prince Mutaib was born in Riyadh in 1931, or 1928 and he is the seventeenth son of King Abdulaziz. He is the brother of Prince Mansour, Prince Mishaal. Their mother Shahida, who reportedly was one of the King Abdulazizs favorite wives, Mutaib bin Abdulaziz received primary and secondary education in Riyadh and Madinah. He then went to California for university education, Mutaib bin Abdulaziz served as deputy minister of defense from 1951 to 1956 when his full brother Mishaal bin Abdulaziz was the minister. Prince Muatib served as governor of Makkah province from 1958 to 1961, interestingly, both resigned from their posts in 1971 for reasons that are not entirely clear. Then, Mutaib bin Abdulaziz joined the Saudi cabinet at the end of 1975 and served as minister of public works and he is the first minister of public works and housing since it was first founded in this year. His appointment and Prince Majids appointment as minister of municipal and rural affairs by King Khalid were a move to reduce the power of Sudairi Seven in the cabinet, later, Prince Mutaib served as minister of municipal and rural affairs from 1980 to 2009. He resigned from office and his son Prince Mansour succeeded him in the aforementioned post in November 2009, Prince Mutaib is reported to have benefited from all land projects in Saudi Arabia. He had this right as a result of his claim that his father, then, the National Fisheries Company was founded by the House of Saud and he became a partner of it. Prince Mutaib is shareholder of the company, Société Générale dEntreprises Touristiques which is chaired by Walid Saab. He also has a beverage firm, Mutaib bin Abdulaziz currently lives in the Trump Tower in New York City, where he owns an entire floor of the building. His son, Prince Mansour, was the minister of municipal and rural affairs between 2009-2014, Prince Mutaib was the custodian of Prince Talal bin Mansour, who is the son of his late brother Prince Mansour. Prince Mutaibs daughter Princess Nouf married Prince Talal and she died in Riyadh at the age of 34 in February 2001. In 2013, Prince Mutaib was the 98th richest Arab in the world with the net worth of US $110.1 million
38.
Sudairi Seven
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The Sudairi Seven, also spelled Sudairy or Sudayri, is the commonly used name for a powerful alliance of seven full brothers within the House of Saud. They are also referred to as the Sudairi Clan or the Sudairi faction. They all are son of King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud and his wife Hussa Sudairi, the oldest served as king from 1982 to 2005, the second- and fourth-oldest served as crown prince but predeceased King Abdullah, and the sixth-oldest succeeded Abdullah as king in 2015. There are currently three surviving members, including the present king, in the early twentieth century, King Abdulaziz rapidly expanded his power base in Nejd to establish the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and became its first King. As part of process of expansion, he married women from powerful Nejdi. It is believed he married as many as 22 women as a result, one of these marriages was to Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi, a member of the Al Sudairis, a powerful clan in Nejd, where the Wahhabi ideology emerged nearly 300 years ago. One source indicates that he had 37 sons and they represented one out of five of King Abdulaziz’s sons. However, they gained influence and power not solely because of their number, unlike many of King Abdulazizs other sons who dealt much more with business activities, the Sudairi Seven tended to be interested in politics. The Sudairi Sevens rise to power can be traced back to the accession of King Faisal, although not a Sudairi himself, Prince Faisal, in his struggle to overthrow Saud, relied heavily upon the seven Sudairi brothers. In 1962, as minister and heir apparent, Prince Faisal appointed Prince Fahd as Interior Minister, Prince Sultan as Defense Minister. Following Prince Faisals accession to the throne after King Sauds deposition in 1964, in 1975, following the death of King Faisal and the accession of King Khalid, Prince Fahd became Crown Prince and Prince Nayef succeeded him at the Ministry of Interior. Another of Prince Sultan’s sons, Prince Bandar, served for two decades as Saudi ambassador in Washington and then head of the Saudi National Security Council and his other son Prince Khalid, the co-commander with U. S. General Norman Schwarzkopf in the Gulf War, became vice defence minister, late Nayef also appointed one of his sons — Muhammad — as his deputy at the Ministry of the Interior. The Sudairis’ rise to power and hold over government brought continuity to the system and it also prompted other princes to align quietly against them. The main opposition to the Sudairis came from Prince Abdullah prior to his accession to the throne and he cultivated allies among his other brothers and with King Faisal’s sons. Upon Prince Abdullahs accession to the throne, he created a new family council, the Sudairis filled a fifth of the council’s seats which is seen as a dilution of Sudairi power since their overall control over the state is perceived as proportionately greater than this. And Prince Sultan became the leader of the group after King Fahds demise, however, the eldest surviving member of the Sudairi brothers, Prince Abdul Rahman, was replaced by late Prince Sultans son Prince Khalid as deputy minister of defence. In other words, Prince Abdul Rahman was deputy minister of defence and general inspection until November 2011, Prince Abdul Rahman was reported to argue that he should have been promoted instead of Prince Salman
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Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, also known as Saud Al Faisal, was a Saudi diplomat and statesman who served as Saudi Arabias foreign minister from 1975 to 2015. By the time of his retirement, he was the worlds longest-serving foreign minister and he was a member of the Saudi royal family. Saud bin Faisal was born in Taif on 2 January 1940 and he was the second son of King Faisal and Iffat Al-Thunayan. He attended the Hun School of Princeton and graduated from Princeton University in 1964 or 1965 with a bachelor of degree in economics. He was the brother of Mohammed bin Faisal, Turki bin Faisal, Luluwah bint Faisal, Sara bint Faisal. He became a consultant for the ministry of petroleum. In 1966, he moved to general organization for petroleum and mineral resources, in February 1970, he became deputy governor of Petromin for planning affairs. He was also a member of the High Coordination Committee, in 1971, he became deputy minister of petroleum. Prince Saud served in this post at the oil ministry until 1975 when he was appointed as minister for foreign affairs. Saud bin Faisal was the minister of Saudi Arabia. He was appointed to the post in March 1975 and his term ended on 29 April 2015 when he was replaced by Adel al-Jubeir, a former Saudi ambassador to the United States. In March 1975, King Khalid appointed him as foreign minister and he currently holds the record for having been the worlds longest-serving foreign minister. He was well regarded in the diplomatic community and he spoke seven languages, Arabic, English, Spanish, Hebrew, French, Italian, and German. In May 1985, he officially visited Iran and meetings were focused on the pilgrimage of Iranians to Mecca. The same year Prince Saud raised awareness in Britain of Soviet activity in the Horn of Africa and he asked Condoleezza Rice to focus on key substantive issues of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. He complained that US banks were auditing Saudi Embassy banks illegally and he asserted that auditors were inappropriate and aggressive. He also declared that the Saudi Embassy has diplomatic immunity, Prince Saud said in 2004 that Saudi Arabia would like to reduce its dependence on U. S. -dominated security arrangements. In July 2004, he claimed the source of problems in the Middle East were not Muslims but injustice
Malaysia : Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (January 1982)[94]
