1.
Helsinki
–
Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512, a population of 1,231,595. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres north of Tallinn, Estonia,400 km east of Stockholm, Sweden, Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities. The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen. It is the worlds northernmost metro area of one million people. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, Helsinki is Finlands major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europes major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region, the nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia. In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, the city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007. In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its Liveable Cities Index 2011, in the Economist Intelligence Units August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the worlds top ten cities. Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, the Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city. The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is known as the Vantaa River. Helsingfors comes from the name of the parish, Helsinge and the rapids, which flowed through the original village. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, one suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg. The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, the decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish, in Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi. Hesa, is not used by natives to the city, helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki
2.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Art museum
–
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
5.
Contemporary art
–
Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in the twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides an opportunity to reflect on contemporary society and the relevant to ourselves. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and their art is a dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenge traditional boundaries and defy easy definition. In vernacular English, modern and contemporary are synonyms, resulting in some conflation of the modern art. Some define contemporary art as art produced within our lifetime, recognizing that lifetimes, however, there is a recognition that this generic definition is subject to specialized limitations. The classification of art as a special type of art, rather than a general adjectival phrase. In London, the Contemporary Art Society was founded in 1910 by the critic Roger Fry and others, as a private society for buying works of art to place in public museums. A number of other institutions using the term were founded in the 1930s, such as in 1938 the Contemporary Art Society of Adelaide, Australia, particular points that have been seen as marking a change in art styles include the end of World War II and the 1960s. There has perhaps been a lack of natural break points since the 1960s, and definitions of what contemporary art in the 2010s vary. Art from the past 20 years is likely to be included, and definitions often include art going back to about 1970, the art of the late 20th and early 21st century. Many use the formulation Modern and Contemporary Art, which avoids this problem, smaller commercial galleries, magazines and other sources may use stricter definitions, perhaps restricting the contemporary to work from 2000 onwards. One of the many people have in approaching contemporary artwork is its diversity - diversity of material, form, subject matter. It is distinguished by the lack of a uniform organizing principle, ideology, or -ism that we so often see in other. Broadly speaking, we see Modernism as looking at modernist principals - the focus of the work is self-referential, likewise, Impressionism looks at our perception of a moment through light and color as opposed to attempts at stark realism. Contemporary art, on the hand, does not have one. Its view, instead, is refracted, prismatic, and multi-faceted, reflecting the diversity of the world today, in all of its complexities, contemporary art reflects life as we know it. It can be, therefore, contradictory, confusing, and open-ended, there are, however, a number of common themes that have appeared in contemporary works. Post-modern, post-structuralist, feminist, and Marxist theory have played important roles in the development of theories of art
6.
Finnish National Gallery
–
Finnish National Gallery is the largest art museum institution of Finland. It consists of the Ateneum art museum, the museum of art, Kiasma. The organizations functions are supported by the department, the administration and services department and Kehys. They also maintain and develop Finlands largest collection of art and the knowledge and it has an appreciable collection of Swedish miniatures. The website of the Finnish National Gallery The Ateneum Art Museum The Museum of Contemporary Art, Kiasma The Sinebrychoff Art Museum
7.
Museum
–
Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
8.
Mannerheimintie
–
Mannerheimintie, named after the Finnish military leader and statesman Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, is the main street of Helsinki, Finland. It was originally named Heikinkatu, after Robert Henrik Rehbinder, but was renamed after the Winter War. The change of name was also due to Mannerheim having paraded in along that road during the Finnish Civil War. That event is portrayed in the landmark statue of Mannerheim sitting horseback. The statue is located along the Mannerheimintie just outside the arts museum Kiasma. The street starts at Erottaja in the city centre, near the Swedish Theatre, many famous buildings are located at or near Mannerheimintie. There are many sculptures along the Mannerheimintie. There include the Three Smiths Statue and the Statue of Mannerheim near Kiasma, there are only two streets running across Mannerheimintie, Nordenskiöldinkatu overground, and Tilkanvierto below it as an underpass. There are very many other streets connecting with Mannerheimintie, but all of either end at Mannerheimintie or continue across it under a different name. Media related to Mannerheimintie at Wikimedia Commons
9.
Steven Holl
–
Steven Holl is a New York-based American architect and watercolorist. Holl was born on December 9,1947 and grew up in Bremerton and Manchester, Holl graduated from the University of Washington and pursued architecture studies in Rome in 1970. In 1976, he attended school at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. For ten years after moving to New York, Holl lived above his office in an apartment without hot water, Steven Holl leads his 40-person office with partners Chris McVoy and Noah Yaffe. Holl has taught at Columbia University since 1981, the shift came about partly due to his interest in the writings of philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty and architect-theorist Juhani Pallasmaa. In 1998 Holl was awarded the prestigious Alvar Aalto Medal, in 2000, Holl was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In July 2001, Time named Holl America’s Best Architect, for buildings that satisfy the spirit as well as the eye, brunner Prize in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the 2008 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Arts category. In 2007, Steven Holl Architects received the AIA Institute Honor Award, the Higgins Hall Insertion at Pratt Institute and the New Residence at the Swiss Embassy both received the AIA New York Chapter Architecture Honor Award in 2007. In 2010, Herning Museum of Contemporary Art, was awarded the RIBA International Award, the Horizontal Skyscraper-Vanke Center received the 2011 AIA Institute National Honor Award, as well as the AIA NY Honor Award. In 2011, he was named a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council, and Holl was named the 2012 AIA Gold Medal winner. In 2014, Holl was awarded the Praemium Imperiale Prize for Architecture, in 2016, Holl was named the 2016 laureate for The Daylight and Building Component Award for Daylight in Architecture. Holl is a professor at Columbia University, where he has taught since 1981. He frequently teaches on the relationship between music and architecture, Holl won first prize in the Amerika-Gedenkbibliothek International Library Design Competition in 1988, an expansion and renovation of the American Memorial Library in Berlin. In February,1989 Holls work was exhibited in a show at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. MoMA later purchased works by Holl for the museums permanent collection. In the 1992 competition for a new contemporary arts museum in Helsinki, Finland, Holls entry, entitled Chiasma, the museum opened to the public in 1998, having permanently adopted the name Kiasma, the Finnish translation of chiasma. New green campus quadrangles were formed to the north, west, and south, the plan of the chapel won a design award in the American Institute of Architects of New York. Holl designed the Chapel to symbolize seven bottles of light in a stone box, each volume represents a different part of Jesuit Catholic worship, and has differently colored glass so that various parts of the building are marked out by colored light
10.
Ateneum
–
Ateneum is an art museum in Helsinki, Finland and one of the museums of the Finnish National Gallery. It is located in the centre of Helsinki on the side of Rautatientori square close to Helsinki Central railway station. It has the biggest collections of art in Finland. Previously the Ateneum building also housed the Finnish Academy of Fine Arts and University of Art, the Ateneum building is owned by Senate Properties, the government real estate provider. The collections of Ateneum include extensively Finnish art all the way from 18th-century rococo portraiture to the art movements of the 20th century. The collections also include some 650 international works of art, one of them is Vincent van Goghs Street in Auvers-sur-Oise, when the painting was deposited in 1903 Ateneum became the first museum in the world to own a Vincent van Gogh. The Ateneum building was designed by Theodor Höijer and completed in 1887, the facade of Ateneum is decorated with statues and reliefs which contain a lot of symbols. Above the main entrance, in the floor, are busts of three famous classical artists, architect Bramante, painter Raphael and sculptor Phidias. Above the busts, in the floor, four caryatids support the pediment. These symbolize the four art forms, architecture, painting, sculpting. The facade culminates in a collage of sculptures in which the Goddess of Art blesses the products of the different art forms, all the statues were by Carl Sjöstrand. In between the second floor windows are several reliefs by Ville Vallgren representing Finnish and international artists, below the pediments collage is a phrase in Latin, Concordia res parvae crescunt. It is usually understood to refer to the battle of the Finnish art circles in order to establish the museum. Finnish National Gallery Kiasma Sinebrychoff Art Museum Ateneum Art Museum website Ateneum Art Museum on Google Cultural Institute
11.
Architectural design competition
–
An architectural design competition is a type of competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning design is chosen by an independent panel of design professionals. This procedure is used to generate new ideas for building design, to stimulate public debate, generate publicity for the project. Winning first prize in a competition is not a guarantee that the project will be constructed, the commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. Architecture competitions have a more than 2, 500-year-old history, the Acropolis in Athens was a result of an architectural competition in 448 B. C. as were several cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many initiated by the church have been decided through design competition. Examples are the Spanish Stairs in Rome or in 1419, a competition was held to design the dome of the Florence Cathedral, open competitions were held in the late 18th century in several countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France and Sweden. In 19th century England and Ireland there have been over 2,500 competitions in five decades, the Institute of British Architects drafted a first set of rules in 1839, and a set of formal regulations in 1872. The German Regulations were introduced in 1867, in the same period in the Netherlands an association for the advancement of architecture started organising conceptual competitions with the aim of stimulating architects creativity. Project competitions or ideas competitions, depending on the intention of building the project or generating new ideas, single-stage or two-stage competitions, dependending on the scale and complexity of the competition. Anonymous or cooperative procedures, anonymity supports greater objectivity during the evaluation, in cooperative procedures, the authors are invited to make in-person presentations to the jury in order to explain their design strategies and allow individual discussion. In France and Germany design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost, most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built. Student competition Student competitions AB Student design competition Andersson E. Bloxham Zettersten, G. und Rönn, M. Architectural Competitions - Histories, stockholm, The Royal Institute of Technology and Rio Kulturkooperativ,2013
12.
Nordic countries
–
The Nordic countries or Nordics are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, where they are most commonly known as Norden. They consist of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, the population of the Nordic countries are mainly Scandinavian or Finnish, with Greenlandic Inuit and the Sami people as minorities. Of todays native languages, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, the non-Germanic languages spoken are Finnish, Greenlandic and several Sami languages. The main religion is Lutheran Christianity, the Nordic countries have much in common in their way of life, history, their use of Scandinavian languages and social structure. Politically, Nordic countries do not form an entity. Especially in English, Scandinavia is sometimes used as a synonym for the Nordic countries, Scandinavian Peninsula on the other hand covers mainland Norway and Sweden as well as the northernmost part of Finland. At 3,425,804 square kilometers, the area of the Nordic countries would form the 7th-largest country in the world. Uninhabitable icecaps and glaciers comprise about half of area, mostly in Greenland. In January 2013, the region had a population of around 26 million people, the Nordic countries cluster near the top in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development. Although the area is linguistically heterogeneous, with three unrelated groups, the common linguistic heritage is one of the factors making up the Nordic identity. The North Germanic languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish are considered mutually intelligible and these languages are taught in school throughout the Nordic countries. Swedish, for example, is a subject in Finnish schools. Danish is mandatory in Faroese and Greenlandic schools, as these states are a part of the Danish Realm. Iceland also teaches Danish, since Iceland too was a part of the Danish Realm until 1918, there is a high degree of income redistribution and little social unrest. The Nordic countries consists of historical territories of the Scandinavian countries, areas that share a common history and it is meant unambiguously to refer to this larger group, since the term Scandinavia is narrower and sometimes ambiguous. The Nordic countries are considered to unambiguously refer to Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. The term is derived indirectly from the local term Norden, used in the Scandinavian languages, unlike the Nordic countries, the term Norden is in the singular. The demonym is nordbo, literally meaning northern dweller, especially outside of the Nordic region the term Scandinavia is often used incorrectly as a synonym for the Nordic countries
13.
Baltic states
–
The Baltic states cooperate on a regional level in several intergovernmental organizations. While the native populations of Latvia and Lithuania are known as Baltic people, another Baltic identity, Baltic German, began to develop during the Middle Ages after the Livonian Crusade. After the collapse of Livonia, parts of Latvia and Estonia came under influence of the Commonwealth and this lasted until the 18th century, when the lands of all three modern countries were gradually absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Baltic states gained independence after World War I, but were occupied by the Soviet Union during World War II, all three countries are members of the European Union, NATO and the Eurozone. They are classified as high-income economies by the World Bank and maintain high Human Development Index, Estonia and Latvia are also members of the OECD, while Lithuania is a prospective candidate. The term Baltic stems from the name of the Baltic Sea – a hydronym dating back to the 11th century, although there are several theories about its origin, most ultimately trace it to Indo-European root *bhel meaning white, fair. This meaning is retained in modern Baltic languages, where baltas, however the modern names of the region and the sea, that originate from this root, were not used in either of the two languages prior to the 19th century. In English Ost is East, and in fact, the Baltic Sea mostly lies to the east of Germany, Denmark, Norway, in the 13th century pagan Baltic and Finnic peoples in the region became a target of the Northern Crusades. In the aftermath of the Livonian crusade, a crusader state officially named Terra Mariana and it was divided into four autonomous bishoprics and lands of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. After the Brothers of the Sword suffered defeat at the Battle of Saule, Northern Estonia initially became a Danish dominion, but it was purchased by the Teutonic Order in the mid-14th century. The Lithuanians were also targeted by the crusaders, however they were able to resist and it allied with the Kingdom of Poland. After the Union of Krewo in 1385 created a union between the two countries, they became ever more closely integrated and finally merged into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. After victory in the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War, the Polish–Lithuanian union became a political power in the region. In 1558 Livonia was attacked by the Tsardom of Russia and the Livonian war broke out, the rulers of different regions within Livonia sought to ally with foreign powers, which resulted in Polish–Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish involvement. In the aftermath of conflicts of the 17th century, much of the Duchy of Livonia. These newly acquired Swedish territories, as well as Ingria and Kexholm, at the beginning of the 18th century the Swedish Empire was attacked by a coalition of several European powers in the Great Northern War. Among these powers was Russia, seeking to restore its access to the Baltic Sea, during the course of the war it conquered all of the Swedish provinces on the Eastern Baltic coast. This acquisition was legalized by the Treaty of Nystad in which the Baltic Dominions were ceded to Russia, under Russian rule these territories came to be known as Ostsee Governorates
14.
Kazuo Shinohara
–
Kazuo Shinohara was an influential Japanese architect, forming what is now widely known as the Shinohara School, which has been linked to the works of Toyo Ito, Kazunari Sakamoto and Itsuko Hasegawa. As architectural critic Thomas Daniell put it, A key figure who explicitly rejected Western influences yet appears on almost every branch of the tree of contemporary Japanese architecture. His effects on the discipline as a theorist, designer and teacher have been immense and he studied at Tokyo Institute of Technology, finishing in 1953, and going on to become professor in 1970. He established his own practice in 1954, going on to more than 30 residential buildings. His work is classified as having strong qualities of lucidity and ephemerality. He was awarded the Architectural Institute of Japans grand prize in 2005, in 2010 the Biennale di Venezia awarded a special commemorative Golden Lion in memory of Kazuo Shinohara. 58/59 Kazuo Shinohara, Casas/Houses, Enric Massip-Bosch, David B, barcelona, Gustavo Gili,2011 Conversation between Kazuo Shinohara and Hans Ulrich Obrist published in Quaderns dArquitectura, n
15.
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
–
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was a Finnish military leader and statesman. Mannerheim made a career in the Imperial Russian Army, rising to the rank of lieutenant general and he also had a prominent place in the ceremonies for Tsar Nicholas IIs coronation and later had several private meetings with the Russian Tsar. After the Bolshevik revolution, Finland declared its independence but was embroiled in civil war between the pro-Bolshevik Reds and the Whites, who were the troops of the Senate of Finland. Mannerheim was appointed the chief of the Whites. In 1944, when the prospect of Germanys defeat in World War II became clear, Mannerheim was elected President of Finland and oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and he resigned the presidency in 1946 and died in 1951. In a Finnish survey 53 years after his death, Mannerheim was voted the greatest Finn of all time, the Mannerheim family descends from a German businessman, Heinrich Marhein, who emigrated to the Swedish Empire. His son Augustin Marhein changed his surname to Mannerheim and was raised to the nobility by King Charles XI in 1693, Augustin Mannerheims son, Johan Augustin Mannerheim, was raised to the status of Baron in 1768. The Mannerheim family came to Finland, then a part of Sweden. Mannerheims great-grandfather, Count Carl Erik Mannerheim served as the first Prime Minister of Finland, in 1825, he was promoted to the rank of Count. Mannerheims grandfather, Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim, was an entomologist, Mannerheims father, Carl Robert, Count Mannerheim, was a playwright who held liberal and radical political ideas, but he was also an industrialist whose success varied. Mannerheims mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena von Julin, was the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, as the third child of the family, Mannerheim inherited the title of Baron. His father went bankrupt in 1880, he was forced to sell the home and his other landed estates to his sister. Mannerheims father left his wife, Countess Hélène, and moved to Paris with his mistress and he returned to Helsinki and founded the Systema company in 1887, and was its manager until his death. Countess Hélène, shaken by the bankruptcy and her husbands desertion, Hélène died the following year from a heart attack. Her death left the children to be brought up by relatives, making Mannerheims maternal uncle, Albert von Julin, because of the worsened family finances and Mannerheims serious discipline problems in school, Julin decided to send him to the school of the Hamina Cadet School in 1882. The Cadet Corps was a military school educating boys of aristocratic families for careers in the Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Besides his mother tongue, Swedish, Mannerheim learned to speak Finnish, Russian, French, German, Mannerheim heartily disliked the school and the narrow social circles in Hamina. He rebelled by going on leave without permission in 1886, for which he was expelled from the Finnish Cadet Corps, Mannerheim next attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, and passed his university entrance examinations in June 1887
16.
Antonio Rotta
–
Antonio Rotta was an Italian painter, mainly of genre subjects. Rotta was born on 28 February 1828 in Gorizia in the Kingdom of Illyria and he enrolled at the Accademia Reale di Belle Arti of Venice, where he studied under Ludovico Lipparini. His early genre paintings of Venetian scenes were followed by a number of religious and history paintings and he returned to genre painting, and produced many scenes of Venetian life, often featuring children. One of the best-known of these was Il Ciabattino, the cobbler.436 Many of his works were sold abroad.436 In 1891 he exhibited in Berlin, Rotta was married to a daughter of Lattanzio Querena, they had a son, the painter Silvio Giulio Rotta. Rotta died in Venice on 10 or 11 September 1903
17.
Cornelis Pietersz Bega
–
Cornelis Pietersz Bega, or Cornelis Pietersz Begijn was a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver. Bega was born, lived and worked in Haarlem shake and was the son of sculptor and his mother Maria was the illegitimate daughter of the Haarlem painter Cornelis van Haarlem. He assumed the name Bega when he started working professionally, from 1653 to 1654 he traveled by horse and boat on a Grand Tour with fellow painters Dirk Helmbreker, Vincent van der Vinne and Guillam Dubois through Germany, Switzerland and France. This trip was recorded in Vincent van der Vinnes diaries and gives a view of the art in the cities they visited in those times. His dated works begin in 1652, and in 1654 he was accepted into the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke, dying only ten years later and he was close friends with the Haarlem painter Leendert van der Cooghen. When he died he was buried in the grave of his grandfather Cornelis van Haarlem, neil MacLaren, Catalogue of the Dutch School, 1600–1900. Kornelis Bega biography in De groote schouburgh der Nederlantsche konstschilders en schilderessen by Arnold Houbraken, works and literature on PubHist biography
18.
Nicolaes Pieterszoon Berchem
–
He was a member of the second generation of Dutch Italianate landscape painters. These were artists who travelled to Italy, or aspired to, in order to soak up the romanticism of the country, bringing home sketchbooks full of drawings of classical ruins and pastoral imagery. His paintings, of which he produced a number, were in great demand. His landscapes, painted in the Italian style of idealized rural scenes, with hills, mountains, cliffs and trees in a golden dawn are sought after. Berchem also painted inspired and attractive human and animal figures in works of artists, like Allaert van Everdingen, Jan Hackaert, Gerrit Dou, Meindert Hobbema. Born in Haarlem, he received instruction from his father Pieter Claesz, according to Houbraken, Carel de Moor told him that Berchem got his name from two words Berg hem for Save him. An expression used by his fellows in Van Goyens workshop whenever his father chased him there with the intent to beat him, today his name is assumed to come from his fathers hometown of Berchem, Antwerp. According to the RKD he traveled to Italy with Jan Baptist Weenix, works by him are signed both as CBerghem and Berchem. In 1645 he became a member of the Dutch reformed church, around 1650 he travelled to Westphalia with Jacob van Ruisdael, where a dated piece showing Burg Bentheim is recorded. Maybe Berchem went to Italy after this trip and before he moved to Amsterdam - he is not clearly documented in the Netherlands between 1650 and 1656, around 1660 he worked for the engraver Jan de Visscher designing an atlas. In 1661-1670 he is registered in Amsterdam and in 1670 he moved back to Haarlem, but was living back in Amsterdam by 1677 and he was the uncle of Govert van der Leeuw and his brother Pieter
19.
Karel Dujardin
–
Karel Dujardin was a Dutch Golden Age painter. Although he did a few portraits and a few paintings of religious subjects, most of his work is small Italianate landscape scenes with animals and peasants. Dujardin spent two extended periods, at the beginning and end of his career, in Italy, and most of his paintings, Karel Dujardin was a Dutch painter and etcher, born in Amsterdam in 1622. Typical of his paintings is Farm Animals in the Shade of a Tree. He died in Venice in 1678, here he encountered his first artistic successes. According to Houbraken, while in Lyon in France, he contracted considerable debts and he went with her to Amsterdam, where his pictures were valued very highly. In 1675, he returned to Rome, on an invitation from his friend Joan Reynst and was welcomed by his old friends and admirers. Renst and Dujardin went on a Grand Tour to other Italian cities, but when Reynst went back to Amsterdam, Dujardin remained in Italy and he travelled on to Venice but died there unexpectedly in 1678. According to Reynst, he had said, why should I be in a hurry to go back, according to his friend Johannes Glauber, who he had met previously in Rome, he was painting for a Dutch merchant in Venice when he suddenly became unwell. Though he seemed to recover, his stomach was too full, though he was a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, he was laid to rest in the Catholic manner and was carried to his grave by his friends Govert van der Leeuw and Glauber. According to the RKD, his pupils were Jacob II, son of Jacob van der Does, Martinus Laeckman, Karel Dujardins paintings Work by Karel Dujardin at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Works and literature at PubHist
20.
Sinebrychoff Art Museum
–
The Sinebrychoff Art Museum is an art museum located on Bulevardi in Helsinki, Finland. The museum exhibits the old European art collections of the Finnish National Gallery, in addition, half of the museum acts as a historic house museum, displaying the 19th century estate of the Sinebrychoff family. The building housing the museum was constructed in 1842 by the Russian businessman Nikolai Sinebryukhov, whose brewery, Sinebrychoff, Nikolai himself did not live in the house, staying instead in Suomenlinna. His brothers family lived in the house, and his nephew, Paul, Paul continued to collect European art after being appointed head of the company in 1904. Along with his actress wife, Fanny Sinebrychoff, he amassed a collection of about 900 items, mostly paintings, but also including antique furniture, silverware, in 1921, Paul and Fanny Sinebrychoff donated their collection to the Finnish government. It continues to be the largest art donation ever made in Finland and this was the same year that the house opened up as a historic house museum, showcasing 19th century upper class life. The donated art collection was not kept in the house, though it was returned in 1959 with funding from the Sinebrychoff company, in 1975, the Finnish government bought the entire building from the brewery, and, after restoration, opened the building as a museum in 1980. Collections featuring old European art were moved from Ateneum to the Sinebrychoff Art Museum, in 1990, the Sinebrychoff Art Museum was incorporated into the Valtion taidemuseo. The collections of the Sinebrychoff Art Museum are composed primarily of old European paintings, in addition to paintings, the museum also hosts about 4,000 prints and drawings. Other items in the museum include glassware, porcelain, and silverware, as well as sculptures, clocks. Finnish National Gallery Ateneum Kiasma Sinebrychoff Art Museum website Finnish National Gallery website
21.
Parliament House, Helsinki
–
Parliament House is the seat of the Parliament of Finland. It is located in the Finnish capital of Helsinki, in the district of Töölö, in 1923 a competition was held to choose a site for a new Parliament House. Arkadianmäki, a hill beside what is now Mannerheimintie, was chosen as the best site, the architectural competition which was held in 1924 was won by the firm of Borg–Sirén–Åberg with a proposal called Oratoribus. Johan Sigfrid Sirén, who was responsible for preparing the proposal, was given the task of designing Parliament House. The building was constructed 1926–1931 and was inaugurated on March 7,1931. Ever since then, and especially during the Winter War and Continuation War, Sirén designed Parliament House in a stripped classical architectural style combining Neoclassicism with early twentieth century modernism. Siréns combination of simplified columns and balusters with simplified planar geometry bears comparison to similar explorations by Erik Gunnar Asplund, the exterior is red Kalvola granite. The façade is lined by fourteen columns with Corinthian capitals, the building has five floors, each of which is unique. The floors are connected by a marble staircase and famous paternoster lifts. Most important for visitors are the main lobby, the plenary chamber and the large reception hall. At both ends of the lobby are marble staircases leading up to the fifth floor, the second or main floor is centred on the plenary chamber. Its galleries have seats for the public, the media, also located on this floor are the reception hall, the Speaker’s Corridor, the Government Corridor, the cafeteria, and adjacent function rooms. The third floor includes facilities for the Information Unit and the media, the Minutes Office and a number of committee rooms are also located here. The fourth floor is reserved for committees and its largest rooms are the Grand Committee Room and the Finance Committee Room. The fifth floor contains meeting rooms and offices for the parliamentary groups, additional offices for the parliamentary groups are located on the sixth floor, along with facilities for the media. Guided tours are arranged on Saturdays at 11,00 and 12,30 and on Sundays at 12,00 and 13,30, in July, tuesdays and Fridays you can watch the Parliament in session from the public balcony. Parliament House brochure Official website of the Finnish Parliament Information about Parliament House on wcities Short movie featuring Parliament House
22.
Helsinki Central Station
–
Helsinki Central railway station is a widely recognised landmark in Kluuvi, part of central Helsinki, Finland, and the focal point of public transport in the Greater Helsinki area. The station is used by approximately 200,000 passengers per day and it serves as the point of origin for all trains in the local VR commuter rail network, as well as for a large proportion of long-distance trains in Finland. The station also hosts the Rautatientori metro station, which is the busiest station of the Helsinki Metro, on 7 June 2010, the station was officially renamed Helsingin päärautatieasema-Helsingfors centralstation, replacing the previous official name Helsingin rautatieasema-Helsingfors järnvägsstation. The Finnish transport bureau use Helsinki C as a shorthand, the Turku Central railway station was renamed in a similar manner. The station building was designed by Eliel Saarinen and inaugurated in 1919 and it was chosen as one of the worlds most beautiful railway stations by BBC in 2013. There are 19 platforms at the station, platforms 1–3 are on the east side and serve local trains on the Tikkurila route, their tracks stop short of the main station roof. Platforms 4–11 in the centre of the station are the platforms for longer-distance trains which stretch down to terminate in front of the main station building. Platforms 5–10 serve trains running via Tikkurila to Tampere, St Petersburg and other north and east. Platforms 12–19 are on the west side and serve local trains on the Espoo and Vantaankoski routes, the central railway station serves as a central hub for Finnish transport. There are many platforms for local buses on both the west and the east sides of the station building. The majority of Helsinkis tram routes pass in front of or to the west of the station, the Helsinki central bus station is located at Kamppi Center, about 400 m, or one metro stop, to the west of the railway station. The main maintenance area for the Finnish Railways is located in the fork between the Espoo and the Tikkurila lines, just north of the Pasila station, the loading point for cars onto car-carrying trains has been moved from the central railway station to the Pasila station. The old steam locomotive roundhouse facility still stands just to the south of Pasila station and is used for various functions, the first railway station in Helsinki was built in 1860, as Finlands first railway between Helsinki and Hämeenlinna was opened. The stations plans were drawn by the Swedish architect Carl Albert Edelfelt, however, as the popularity of railways grew, the station turned out to be too small, and a contest was organised in 1904 with the intention of producing plans for a new station. Saarinen himself abandoned romanticism altogether and re-designed the station completely, the new design was finished in 1909 and the station was opened in 1919. President of Finland Kyösti Kallio died at the station on 19 December 1940 of a heart attack, legend says he died in the arms of Marshal Mannerheim. The clock tower side of the station was damaged in a fire on 14 June 1950, in the 1960s, the underground Asematunneli pedestrian underpass and underground shopping centre complex was built south of the station. The first surveillance cameras in the hall were installed in the spring of 1968
23.
Helsinki City Hall
–
Helsinki City Hall is a central administrative building of City of Helsinki, Finland. The city hall is located in the Kruununhaka district next to Market Square, completed in 1833, the building originally served as Hotel Seurahuone and was an important cultural facility hosting many premieres. The hotel was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel who also designed the buildings around the nearby Senate Square. The city purchased the building in 1901 and, after the hotel moved out in 1913, the City Hall hosts the offices of the Mayor of Helsinki and the Deputy Mayors as well as the meeting facilities for the City Council and City Board. The City Council meets on alternate Wednesdays in the Council Chamber, the building also hosts Virka Info public information service for Helsinki residents which also provides information services for immigrants. In Virka Gallery there are exhibitions, concerts and movie screenings
24.
Hotel Torni
–
Hotel Torni is a historical hotel located in Helsinki, Finland and part of the Sokos Hotels hotel chain. The interior of the building was renovated in 2005. It is located in Helsinkis Design District, the hotel was designed by architects Jung & Jung in 1928, and has 14 stories. It is allegedly the place where the murder of the Mata Hari-like Minna Craucher was planned in 1932, the hotel served the needs of air defense during the Second World War, when members of the Finnish womens paramilitary organization Lotta Svärd kept watch for enemy bombers. Immediately after the cessation of the war, Hotelli Torni served as the headquarters of the Allied Control Commission monitoring Finnish compliance with the obligations of the Moscow Armistice and it became known as a center of culinary excellence. In Hotel Torni, there are several restaurants including Ravintola Torni, Ateljee Bar, American Bar, the Ateljee Bar provides a monthly changing art exhibition featuring Finnish artists
25.
Helsinki Olympic Stadium
–
The stadium is best known for being the centre of activities in the 1952 Summer Olympics. During those games, it hosted athletics, equestrian jumping. The stadium was also the venue for the first Bandy World Championship in 1957 and it hosted the European Athletics Championships in 1971,1994 and 2012. It is also the stadium of the Finland national football team. The Stadium has closed temporarily in March 2016 for renovation works, the Olympic Stadium was designed in functionalistic style by the architects Yrjö Lindegren and Toivo Jäntti. It hosted the 1952 Summer Olympics over a decade later instead, the stadium was also to be the main venue for the cancelled 1943 Workers Summer Olympiad. It was the venue for the first ever Bandy World Championship in 1957, the stadium was completely modernized in 1990–1994 and also renovated just before the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. In 2006 an American TV series, The Amazing Race 10, had one of its episodes ending at The Olympic Stadium Tower, as a task, teams had to do a face-first rappel down the Helsinki Olympic Tower. Since March 2007, a Eurasian eagle-owl has been spotted living in, on June 6,2007, during a Euro 2008 qualifying match, the owl delayed play by ten minutes after perching on a goalpost. The owl was later christened Bubi and was named as Helsinkis Resident of the Year, on the reverse, a view of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium can be seen. On the right, the 500 markka commemorative coin minted in 1952 celebrating the occasion is depicted, the stadiums spectator capacity was at its maximum during the 1952 Summer Olympics with over 70,000 spectator places. Nowadays the stadium has 40,600 spectator places, during concerts, depending on the size of the stage, the capacity is 45, 000–50,000. It is possible to see into the adjacent Sonera Stadium, a Youth Hostel is located within the Stadium complex. Major renovation work at the stadium started in the spring of 2016, the stadium will be closed during the construction and will reopen in 2019. During renovation all the stands will be covered with canopies and the field area. It will also offer extended restaurant areas and more indoor sport venues, projected costs for the renovation is 209 million euros and it will be funded by Finnish state and the city of Helsinki. U2 performed at the stadium during their PopMart Tour on 9 August 1997, madonna performed at the stadium during her MDNA Tour on 12 August 2012. Muse performed at the stadium during their The 2nd Law World Tour on 27 July 2013
26.
Presidential Palace, Helsinki
–
The Presidential Palace in Helsinki, is one of the official residences in Helsinki of the President of the Republic of Finland. It is situated on the side of Esplanadi, overlooking Market Square. At the beginning of 19th century, a salt storehouse stood on the site, Johan Henrik Heidenstrauch, then one of the elite of Helsinkis merchants, purchased the entire lot and erected between 1816–1820 a stately residence designed by architect Pehr Granstedt. Heidenstrauch House more resembled a palace than a merchants house, in 1837 it actually became a palace when it was purchased for the price of 170000 roubles to be converted into a residence for the Governor-General of Finland. However, Nicholas I desired that it should become the residence in Helsinki of the Tsar of Russia/Grand Duke of Finland. All the timber storehouses behind were torn down and a new wing added, the Palace was completed in 1845, though repairs had to be made from time to time as mostly it stood empty and was not regularly heated. It was visited for the first time by a member of the Imperial family nine years later, in February 1854 and his brother Nicholas stayed there in June of the following year, after Nicholass death. In 1856, the palace was visited by the new Tsars three oldest sons – Nicholas, Alexander, and Vladimir. It was during the reign of their father, Alexander II and he visited the city in 1863 and 1876, staying on both occasions at the Palace. In 1863 the Diet of Finland was opened by Alexander II in the Great Ballroom, the Ballroom was accordingly converted into a Throne-Room, with the Imperial throne placed on a dais. Alexander returned to the again in 1876 to open that years session of the Diet. The Throne-Room continued to be used as the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Diet until 1906 and that was the last Imperial festivity in the palace. Alexander III did stay there in 1885, the palace was refurbished during 1904–1907 by Johan Jakob Ahrenberg. He built a new suite of rooms, including a new Throne Room where the sculpture Psyche and Zephyr by Walter Runeberg was placed. The palace was last visited by a member of the Imperial family when Nicholas II visited the palace for one day in 1915, under the political conditions of World War I the palace was converted into Helsinki Temporary Military Hospital I in October 1915. From March to April 1918, the palace was used as the headquarters of the Executive Committee of the Helsinki Workers and Soldiers Soviet. With the victory of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War, the Reds abandoned the Palace, however, the international political situation in the aftermath of World War I led to him renouncing his acceptance of the Finnish throne in December 1918. Following this, the upper floors served as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, after the new Constitution was passed in 1919 it was clear that the most suitable residence for the President was the Former Imperial Palace
27.
Temppeliaukio Church
–
Temppeliaukio Church is a Lutheran church in the Töölö neighborhood of Helsinki. The church was designed by architects and brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen, built directly into solid rock, it is also known as the Church of the Rock and Rock Church. Plans for the Temppeliaukio/Tempelplatsen was started as early as the 1930s when a plot of land was selected for the building and a competition for the design was started. The plan by J. S. Siren, the winner of the competition to design the architecture of the church, was interrupted in its early stages when World War II began in 1939. After the war, there was another competition, which was won by Timo Suomalainen. For economic reasons, the plan was scaled back and the interior space of the church was reduced to about one-quarter of the original plan. Construction finally began in February 1968, and the rock-temple was completed for consecration in September 1969, the interior was excavated and built directly out of solid rock and is bathed in natural light which enters through the skylight surrounding the center copper dome. The church is used frequently as a venue due to its excellent acoustics. The acoustic quality is created by the rough, virtually unworked rock surfaces, the Temppeliaukio church is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city, half a million people visit it annually. The stone-hewn church is located in the heart of Helsinki, maintaining the original character of the square is the fundamental concept behind the building. The idiosyncratic choice of form has made it a favorite with professionals, the church furnishings were designed by the architects. Organ builder Veikko Virtanen manufactured the church organ, which has 43 stops and 3001 pipes, there are no bells at the church, a recording of bells composed by Taneli Kuusisto is played via loudspeakers on the exterior wall. The argument of the students - then part of the 60s student revolutionary movement - was that the money spent on the new church could be better spent on aid to Biafra. Töölö Congregation, the congregation that uses Temppeliaukio Church Picture of Church and short history
28.
Helsinki Cathedral
–
Helsinki Cathedral is the Finnish Evangelical Lutheran cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki, located in the neighborhood of Kruununhaka in the centre of Helsinki, Finland. The church was built from 1830-1852 as a tribute to the Grand Duke of Finland. It was also known as St Nicholas Church until the independence of Finland in 1917, a distinctive landmark in the Helsinki cityscape, with its tall, green dome surrounded by four smaller domes, the building is in the neoclassical style. It was designed by Carl Ludvig Engel as the climax of his Senate Square layout, the churchs plan is a Greek cross, symmetrical in each of the four cardinal directions, with each arms façade featuring a colonnade and pediment. Engel originally intended to place a further row of columns on the end to mark the main entrance opposite the eastern altar. The cathedral was built on the site of the smaller Ulrika Eleonora Church, a facsimile of this church, made entirely from snow, was constructed on Senate Square in the early 2000s. Helsinki Old Church was built between 1824 and 1826 in nearby Kamppi to serve the parish while the Ulrika Eleonora Church was being demolished and until the consecration of the new cathedral. The building was altered by Engels successor Ernst Lohrmann, whose four small domes emphasise the architectural connection to the cathedrals model. Lohrmann also erected two free-standing bell towers, as well as larger-than-life sized zinc statues of the Twelve Apostles at the apexes, the altarpiece was painted by Carl Timoleon von Neff and donated to the church by emperor Nicholas I. Today, the cathedral is one of Helsinkis most popular tourist attractions, more than 350,000 people visit the church each year, some to attend religious events, but mostly as tourists. The church is in use for services of worship and special events such as weddings. The opening sequence of the video for Sandstorm by Darude was filmed on Senate Square. Saint Isaacs Cathedral Trinity Cathedral, Saint Petersburg Media related to Helsinki Cathedral at Wikimedia Commons Panoramic view of Helsinki Cathedral
29.
Uspenski Cathedral, Helsinki
–
Uspenski Cathedral is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral in Helsinki, Finland, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos. Its name comes from the Old Church Slavonic word uspenie, which denotes the Dormition, designed by the Russian architect Aleksey Gornostayev. The cathedral was built after his death in 1862–1868, the crypt chapel of the cathedral is named after the holy Alexander Hotovitzky, who served as vicar of the Orthodox parish of Helsinki 1914–1917. The Cathedral is set upon a hillside on the Katajanokka peninsula overlooking the city, on the back of the cathedral, there is a plaque commemorating Russian Emperor Alexander II, who was the sovereign of the Grand Duchy of Finland during the cathedrals construction. Main cathedral of the Finnish Orthodox Church in the diocese of Helsinki, Uspenski Cathedral is claimed to be the largest orthodox church in Western Europe, in 2006, about 516,500 tourists visited the church. Admission to the Cathedral is free of charge, in winter, the Cathedral is closed on Mondays. The icon is from the 19th century and is of a rare variant, originally it was given to the Orthodox Cathedral of Vyborg, from where it was moved to Helsinki during the Second World War. No further details of its origin are known, the icon, being 45 by 35 centimetres, was placed in a kiota and weighs a couple of kilograms. It was on display on a lectern, the icon is now being searched for in Finland as well as abroad. Another icon, Theotokos of Kozeltshan was stolen in June 2010, panorama picture of the Uspenski Cathedral Helsingin ortodoksinen seurakunta
30.
St. John's Church, Helsinki
–
St. Johns Church in Helsinki, Finland is a Lutheran church designed by the Swedish architect Adolf Melander in the Gothic Revival style. It is the largest stone church in Finland by seating capacity, situated in the Ullanlinna district of Helsinki, the church was built between 1888 and 1891, the third Lutheran church in Helsinki, and still the biggest. The twin towers are 74 metres in height, and the church seats 2,600 people and has excellent acoustics, the altarpiece shows Sauls conversion and the painting, called A Divine Revelation, is by Eero Järnefelt, brother-in-law to Jean Sibelius. Johannes church stands on a hill that for centuries had been a place for Midsummer bonfires. The composer Oskar Merikanto was an organist here for a time, evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland St. Johns Church at the Parish Union of Helsinki official website
31.
Kamppi Chapel
–
The Kamppi Chapel is a Lutheran chapel in Kamppi, Helsinki, located on the Narinkka Square. It is also known as the Chapel of Silence since it is intended to be a place to calm down and have a moment of silence in one of the busiest areas in Finland. Regular church services are not being held in the chapel, though it is planned to hold regular moments of prayer in the future, the chapel is ecumenical and welcomes everyone irrespective of religion, philosophy of life or background. The representatives of both the parishes and the Social Services Department are available in the chapel for personal discussions, the chapel was constructed as a part of the World Design Capital program in 2012. It was designed by architects Kimmo Lintula, Niko Sirola and Mikko Summanen of K2S Architects Ltd. the chapel became popular immediately after it was opened, some 250,000 people had visited by January 2013, a year later the chapel received its 500, 000th visitor. CNN called the building a landmark and said, The chapel demonstrates how contemporary architecture at its best can fascinate. Media related to Kamppi Chapel at Wikimedia Commons Kamppi Chapel
32.
Helsinki Old Church
–
The Old Church of Helsinki, designed by Carl Ludvig Engel and completed in 1826, is an Evangelical Lutheran church in Helsinki. However, the rapid population growth from the early 19th century onwards ensured that the church would remain needed. The neoclassical wooden church was built under Engels supervision between 1824 and 1826 and consecrated on 17 December 1826 by dean Johan Borgström and these furnishings were however replaced over the years with the exception of the pulpit. A new 36 stop organ built by Per Larsson Åkermann was installed in 1869, the altarpiece painted by Robert Wilhelm Ekman was initially commissioned for Helsinki Cathedral, but was instead placed in the Old Church in 1854. The church is located in a park maintained by the city. The park is sometimes colloquially called Plague Park as over a victims of the 1710 plague are buried next to the park. The park itself was a cemetery from the 1780s until shortly after the churchs construction, some 40 gravestones and memorials, as well as the Sederholm tomb remain of the cemetery. Media related to Helsinki Old Church at Wikimedia Commons Official parish website
33.
Sibelius Monument (Helsinki)
–
The Sibelius Monument is dedicated to the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. The monument is located at the Sibelius Park in the district of Töölö in Helsinki, the monument is a sculpture by Finnish artist Eila Hiltunen titled Passio Musicae and unveiled on September 7,1967. The sculpture eventually won a competition organised by the Sibelius Society following the death in 1957. The competition took two rounds after one early winner was abandoned, Hiltunen addressed her critics by adding the face of Sibelius which sits beside the main sculpture. It consists of series of more than 600 hollow steel pipes welded together in a wave-like pattern, the purpose of the artist was to capture the essence of the music of Sibelius. The monument weighs 24 tonnes and measures 8.5 ×10.5 ×6.5 metres, a smaller version of the monument is located at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. A work with a concept, also designed by Hiltunen, is located at the grounds of the United Nations headquarters in New York City. The winner was Aarre Aaltonen and his entry Ilmatar and the Scaup, a bronze work that was unveiled in 1946
34.
Freemason's Grave
–
The Freemasons Grave, Helsinki, Finland, is a grave monument north west of the Kaisaniemi Botanical Gardens, on a grassy knoll. It commemorates a notable artillery officer from the Suomenlinna fortress, who moved to the mainland Helsinki proper. The actual spot was chosen as it was the location where he rested on his daily constitutionals, then within Edboms decorative garden. The Walhalla-orden took these wishes to King Gustaf III and gained permission to him outside church grounds. The orders members were also the ones who carried his casket into the ground, in Helsinki, the grave monument is exceptional in that it isnt within a church yard. Another similar case is the urn of poet Katri Vala which is set at an adjunct to her eponymous park in the Sörnäinen neighbourhood. Originally a statue was planned for the site, but once that plan came to nothing, Lars Jägerhorm was able to get a commemorative stone, the masonic symbols of that guardrail that have led to the popular designation of the monument as a Freemasons grave. The emblems of field artillery, incendiary grenades, are set as knobs to top the posts at the corners of the ironworks, a Swedish Royal Knight, a veteran of the Seven Years War and the War of the Caps, Fredrik Granatenhjelm, lies buried there. It is known for certain that he was made an honorary member of the quasi-masonic Walhalla-orden
35.
Hietaniemi Cemetery
–
The Hietaniemi cemetery is located mainly in the Lapinlahti quarter and partly in the Etu-Töölö district of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. It is the location for Finnish state funeral services, in the centre of the military cemetery are the tombs of the unknown soldier and Marshal C. G. E. Other notable sections of the cemetery are the cemetery of the Finnish Guard, the Artists Hill, there are two Lutheran funerary chapels and crematorium at the area. Hietaniemi means sand cape and is a headland located centrally in Helsinki, the cemetery is partly located at a promontory, and partly directly adjacent to the Hietaniemi Beach. Nightly parties, flirting, petting, and more, are recurrent concerns in letters to the editor alarmed by alleged dishonourable conduct at the gravestones. The cemetery is a popular tourist attraction, especially amongst Finns visiting the graves of fallen in wars or the graves of the many famous Finns buried there. Carl Ludvig Engel Georg August Wallin Zachris Topelius Fredrik Pacius Lorenz Leonard Lindelöf Paavo Cajander Janis Rozentāls Verna Erikson Toivo Kuula Oskar Merikanto Usko Nyström I
36.
Three Smiths Statue
–
The Three Smiths Statue is a sculpture by Felix Nylund, situated in Helsinki in Three Smiths Square at the intersection of Aleksanterinkatu and Mannerheimintie. This realistic statue, unveiled in 1932, depicts three smiths hammering on an anvil, the top part of the bronze statues granite base is encircled by the Latin text MONUMENTUM – CURAVIT – LEGATUM – J. TALLBERGIANUM – PRO HELSINGFORS A. D. MCMXXXII. The statue was donated to the city of Helsinki by the Pro Helsingfors foundation, tallbergs commerce house is situated at the northern end of the three smiths square. The statue was damaged in a bombing during the Continuation War in 1944, marks of the damage can still be seen in the base of the statue, and the anvil has a hole caused by a bomb shrapnel
37.
Central Park (Helsinki)
–
Central Park is a park in Helsinki, Finland. It has an area of 10 square kilometres, the park stretches 10 kilometres from Töölönlahti Bay in the south to the border of Helsinki and Vantaa in the north. The park is not a gardened one but instead mostly of lightly managed woodland crisscrossed by gravel paths. The Paloheinä forest, an extension of the park, is Helsinkis main center for outdoor activities. Architect Bertel Jung first proposed the idea of a park in Helsinki in 1911. However, the proposal only covered what is now the southernmost part of the park, along with areas that are currently not part of Central Park. A master plan for Central Park was ratified in 1978, a general plan for Helsinki, from 2002, kept it in force. Media related to Central Park, Helsinki at Wikimedia Commons City of Helsinki official pages on Central Park
38.
Esplanadi
–
Esplanadi, colloquially known as Espa, is an esplanade and urban park in downtown Helsinki, Finland, situated between the Erottaja square and the Market Square. It is bordered on its northern and southern sides by the Pohjoisesplanadi and Eteläesplanadi streets, designed by the architect Carl Ludwig Engel, the park was originally opened in 1818. The eastern end of the houses the Kappeli restaurant, which opened in 1867. In front of the restaurant is a stage, which hosts numerous live music performances. Centered in the park is a statue of Johan Ludwig Runeberg by his son Walter Runeberg, other public art pieces include works by Viktor Jansson and Gunnar Finne. Media related to Esplanadi at Wikimedia Commons Esplanade Park in Green Hearts – Park Walks In Helsinki by City of Helsinki Public Works Department
.svg)
