1.
Skateboarding
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Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered an activity, an art form. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many throughout the years. A2009 report found that the market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding will be represented at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, Freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and very recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, the first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose, the boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today. An American WAC, Betty Magnuson, reported seeing French children in the Montmartre section of Paris riding on boards with roller skate wheels attached to them in late 1944. Skateboarding, as we know it, was born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s. This was called sidewalk surfing - a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular, No one knows who made the first board, it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, the shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted sidewalk surfing and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, one of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makahas founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a show called Surfs Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards. As the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, john Severson who published the magazine wrote in his first editorial, The magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of a skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships. Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were two original disciplines during competitions, flatland freestyle & slalom downhill racing. One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. Some of the well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time also included Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward
2.
Flip trick
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A flip trick is a type of skateboarding trick in which the skateboard rotates around its horizontal or vertical axis, or both simultaneously. The very first flip trick called kickflip, originally called the flip, was invented by professional skateboarder Rodney Mullen. Frontside – executing a trick, whereby your front side faces the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick and this is counterclockwise for regular-footed riders and clockwise for goofy-footed riders. Backside – opposite of frontside, backside flip tricks are executed with the back facing the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick. This is clockwise for regular-footed riders and counterclockwise for goofy-footed riders, an abbreviated form of the title nose ollie, a nollie is an ollie executed at the front of the board while the riders stance remains the same. Professional skateboarders Paulo Diaz, Karl Watson, Shuriken Shannon, Tuukka Korhonen, Sean Malto, a stance that is opposite to ones natural stance—a regular skaters switch stance is goofy, and vice versa. First executed by Eddie Elguera during the 1970s, fakie is applied to skateboarding or skateboarding tricks that are executed while riding backwards, the shuvit move was invented by professional skateboarder Eddy Dela Rosa. A shuvit involves rotating the skateboard in a 180-degree motion without flipping the board and it involves pushing the tail while also shoving the board under the riders feet. If performed with a rotation, the trick is named according to the extent of the rotation. Professional skateboarder Christophe Willow Wildgrube performed a frontside 360-degree pop shuvit for the Trickipedia section of The Berrics website, for the execution of a grind, one makes moving contact with an object using the axles of either one or both trucks. Generally, no part of the skateboard should be in contact with the object that is the subject of the grind. Numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with grinds, such as the kickflip 50-50, nollie flip crooked grind, or crooked grind nollie flip out. In a slide, one contact with an object using any part of the wooden deck construction of the skateboard, including the griptape. Numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with slides, such as the kickflip boardslide, numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with grabs, such as the kickflip indy grab. The fundamental tricks include the ollie, frontside 180, backside 180, pop shove-it, all tricks can be performed in any of the four stances—natural, fakie, switch, and nollie—and all flip tricks can be performed frontside or backside. A finger flip requires the skateboarder to flip the board in any direction using their fingers on the nose or tail, Mullen has been filmed executing finger flip 360-flips and Tony Hawk executed the first finger flip in vert skateboarding. This was the first version of the kickflip, whereby the rider hooks one foot under the board to create the flipping motion. Mullen explained to Canadian magazine, SBC Skateboarding, People were doing the original Kickflips, where you hook your foot over the side, People tried that trick on banks, and rolled in standing like that and fell straight back
3.
Rodney Mullen
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John Rodney Mullen is an American professional skateboarder, entrepreneur, inventor, and public speaker who practices freestyle and street skateboarding. Mullen is credited with inventing numerous skateboarding tricks, including the flatground ollie, kickflip, heelflip, impossible, Mullen has appeared in over 20 skateboarding videos and has co-authored an autobiography, entitled The Mutt, How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself, with writer Sean Mortimer. Mullen was born in Gainesville, Florida, United States, and began skateboarding at the age of ten, on New Years Day of 1977, after a neighborhood friend introduced him to a skateboard. He promised his father, a dentist, that he would cease skateboarding the first time he became seriously injured. He thought I’d get hurt and never get good, and the culture was bums, and I’d turn into one. He was a dentist, but before that he was military, and there were times you’d call him, ‘Sir. ’ New Year’s Day he had a drink and felt better, I learned to skate in our garage. We lived in the country in Florida, it was sort of farmish, vert skating was the kind of skating that was done in pools, where you could get airborne and be weightless. Mullen became obsessed with the skateboard and practiced for hours on a daily basis. As a child, Mullen slept in boots designed to correct a severe pigeon-toe condition, despite Mullens condition, He had an incredible dexterity with his feet, in the words of Phil Chiocchio, former owner of the Florida skatepark, Sensation Basin. In 1978, even though he had owned a skateboard for only just over a year, Mullen placed fifth in the Boys Freestyle category at the US Open Championships at Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida. Skateboard manufacturer Bruce Walker saw his performance and sponsored Mullen through Walker Skateboards from 1978 to 1980, Mullens biggest influence in skateboarding at the time was a Walker professional skateboarder, Jim McCall, who was coached in his early years by Walker. Mullen was also influenced in a manner by professional skateboarders from Florida including Ed Womble, George McClellan, Clyde Rodgers, Tim Scroggs. In later years, Mullen was coached by Barry Zaritzky, who owned a company called SiO Safety Shorts, Mullen cites July 1979–August 1980 as his most creative time, a time when he was predominantly a loner who counted the cows of the family farm as his best friends. Mullen then proceeded to win thirty successive amateur competitive victories in the late 1970s, mostly in his state of Florida. In 1980, the 14-year-old Mullen entered the Oasis Pro competition, defeating the world champion, Powell Peralta was co-owned by Stacy Peralta, whom Mullen highly admired. Mullen competed voraciously throughout the 1980s—often frustrating competitors and judges with his consistency, by 1990, Mullen had won thirty-four out of thirty-five freestyle competitions that he had entered, losing only once to fellow Bones Brigade member, Per Welinder. The ability to pop the board off of the ground and land back on the board, while in motion, has been one of the most significant developments in modern skateboarding. The invention of this alone, regardless of the numerous other tricks that he has invented
4.
Freestyle skateboarding
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The emphasis in freestyle is technical flat ground skateboarding. Often a freestyler will need more than a board and a smooth. Music and choreography have always been a part of the professional freestyle routine. In the 1960s, many freestyle tricks were derived from gymnastics, the following two decades were defined by a progression towards technical, fluid, and more creative routines. Influential freestyle skateboarders of the 1970s and 1980s included Russ Howell, Rodney Mullen, Joe Humeres, the style changed significantly in the 1980s, when ollies and ollie-based flip tricks were invented and introduced to the discipline, with Mullen playing a significant role in this process. In the 21st century, the style has, to an extent, been incorporated into street skateboarding through skateboarders such as Mullen, Kilian Martin, and Darryl Grogan. “California Amateur Skateboard League” was founded in 1982, by Frank Hawk with the help of two other “skater parents”, Sonja Catalano & Jeanne Hoffmann. C. A. S. L. is where most of the top professional skateboarders from around the world started competing and is run today. Following the inception of these initiatives, freestyle skateboarders connected and interacted on a scale in a manner that had not been experienced previously. The World Freestyle Skateboard Association was then founded by Bob Staton, Åkesson, and Gesmer in the year 2000, thereby attracting further interest in freestyle skateboarding
5.
Ollie (skateboarding)
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The ollie is a skateboarding trick where the rider and board leap into the air without the use of the riders hands. It is basically the combination of popping, sliding, and jumping on the skateboard all at the same time, originated in vertical skateboarding, and later on flat ground, it is not intuitively obvious how the liftoff is achieved, making the trick visually striking. The ollie is a trick in street skateboarding, and is used to leap onto, over, or off obstacles. As so many other tricks depend on it - for example the kickflip and heelflip - the ollie is often the first trick to be learned by a new skateboarder, the ollie typically takes considerable practice to learn. This trick is also a registered trademark, there are numerous references to Alan Gelfands Ollie with most notably pictures in the 1970s skateboarding magazine Skateboarder. Mullen used a motion, striking the tail of the board on the ground to lift the nose. While Mullen was not initially impressed with his flat ground ollie, mullens flat ground ollie is now considered to have transformed the practice of skateboarding. The rider begins the ollie by crouching and jumping directly upward, as the rider begins to leap, instead of lifting the feet from the board, he/she pops the tail by striking it against the ground, which raises the board nose-first. Maintaining contact with the board, the lifts the front leg. The friction between the shoe and the boards grip tape helps to guide and pull the board upward, while the rear foot only maintains slight contact with board to help guide it. When nearing the peak of the jump, the lifts the rear leg and pushes the front foot forward. The skater can gain greater clearance from the ground by jumping higher, popping faster, sliding the front foot farther forwards, and pulling the legs higher into the chest to raise the feet higher. Skaters attempting record-setting ollies even contort the legs so that board and feet are not directly below them, very low ollies can be achieved using the same technique, but without the tail making contact with the ground. Even basic flip tricks can be achieved without the pop of the tail, the highest official flat ground ollies are generally performed in ollie contests. The highest preferred stance ollie was 45.00 inches from the ground, the highest switch stance ollie was 40.125 inches, performed by Gavin Caperton. The world record for the greatest number of consecutive ollies is held by Rob Dyrdek, secondly the rider usually postures the body differently so as to compensate for this stance with respect to the forward motion. The rider presses the nose down using their front foot to engage the pop motion in order for the board to rise, where in a Nollie the rider is traveling forward with their front foot on the nose to apply the initial force pop. Switch Ollie, an Ollie performed in the stance opposite of a normal stance
6.
Street skateboarding
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Street skateboarding is a style of skateboarding that focuses on tricks and transitions in public places. As skateboarding gained popularity during the 1980s and 1990s, skateboarders no longer limited their activities to drained swimming pools, instead, they began performing tricks in urban areas and skating through urban areas as skateboards increasingly became an accepted mode of transportation as others followed. In some cases, local authorities in popular skateboarding areas have introduced a range of initiatives to ban skateboarding, confiscate skateboards, most boards are about 7 1⁄4 to 8 3⁄4 inches wide and 30 to 32.5 inches long. The wheels are made of an extremely hard polyurethane, with anywhere from 80A to 99A. Some wheels will be harder than measurable on the A scale. The wheel sizes are small so that the boards are lighter. Board styles have changed dramatically since the 1970s but have remained mostly alike since the mid-1990s, the contemporary shape of the skateboard is derived from the freestyle boards of the 1980s with a largely symmetrical shape and relatively narrow width. This form had become standard by the mid 1990s, parts can be individually replaced and fixed should they require maintenance
7.
Aileron roll
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The aileron roll is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft does a full 360° revolution about its longitudinal axis. When executed properly, there is no change in altitude. This is commonly one of the first maneuvers taught in basic aerobatics courses, the aileron roll is commonly confused with a barrel roll. The aileron roll is executed through the application of full aileron in one direction. In some lower powered general aviation and aerobatic training aircraft, prior to applying aileron input and this helps achieve enough airspeed to complete the roll without losing rudder and aileron control. The minimum airspeed needed depends on the design, but is generally about 120 to 200 knots. Because full aileron is applied, structural limitations prevent many aircraft from performing the maneuver at high speeds. Starting from level flight, the pilot pitches the aircraft up about 10 to 30 degrees above the horizon, the purpose of pitch-up is twofold. This causes an increase in altitude which minimizes altitude loss and airspeed gain, as the aircraft begins to roll, it starts to lose lift. When the wings are vertical, the lift generated is a small amount from the fuselage. The brief climb compensates for the loss, allowing the aircraft to complete the roll at the altitude the maneuver began. When the aircraft is inverted, the increased pitch results in greater angle of attack. After the initial pitch-up, the places the elevators in the neutral position. Failure to do this will cause the aircraft to continue pitching up during the part of the maneuver. The pilot then applies full aileron, accomplished by moving the stick to either the right or left, as the aircraft rolls about its longitudinal axis, the nose will begin to drop. Upon completing the roll, the nose will usually be 10 to 30 degrees below the horizon, an aileron roll is an unbalanced maneuver. As the roll begins, the aircraft will have a tendency to yaw away from the angle of bank, the pilot will usually need to apply the rudder in the direction of the bank to keep the aircraft balanced. An aircraft performing an aileron roll will actually fly along a helical path
8.
Heelflip
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The heelflip, is an aerial skateboarding trick where the skateboarder kicks out in front of him/her flipping board 360 degrees along the boards long axis. A heelflip is executed similarly to the ollie, and like the Ollie has become a trick of New School skateboarding. A heelflip is the opposite of a kickflip, the board spins toe-side, for a regular skater the board spins clockwise from the perspective of one behind the skater. While the heelflip is similar to the ollie, it is not a variation of the ollie. In performing a standard heelflip you will see the skateboarder, Places his or her front foot behind or on the front bolts of the board, the skater pushes the ball of the back foot on the tail of the board slightly angled initiating the pop and a slight spin. The riders front foot is slid out diagonally in order to start the board rotating while the shoulders are centered over the board and his or her feet are lifted out of the way so that their board can spin completely. The rider catches their board and roll away, skateboarders considered it good execution of the trick to stop the boards rotation with the feet in midair rather than to allow contact with the ground to stop the board. Variations and extensions of the standard heelflip are very common - some of these are, Double Heelflip, triple Heelflip, where the board flips three times before being caught. Heelflip Body Varial, where the skater does a backside 180 turn, while the board does not spin, Varial Heelflip, where the board does one heel flip, and spins 180 degrees frontside at the same time. Laser flip, a combination of the Frontside 360 pop shove-it, the opposite of a 360 flip. Late Heelflip, in which the rider does an Ollie, the Heelflip Grab, a variation on grabs where the rider flips the board and catches it with his hand rather than the feet. It was first done on a vertical ramp but now is commonly seen done on launch ramps or other surfaces which can generate sufficient air time. Inward Heelflip, a combination of the backside pop shove-it and the Heelflip, bigspin Heel, the skaters body does a frontside 180 while their board does a laser flip
9.
Alameda Central
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Alameda Central is a public municipal park in downtown Mexico City, adjacent to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, between Juarez Avenue and Hidalgo Avenue. The Alameda Central park is a garden with paved paths and decorative fountains and statues. The area used to be an Aztec marketplace, the park was created in 1529, when Viceroy Luis de Velasco decided to create green space here as a public park. The name comes from the Spanish word álamo, which means poplar tree and this park was part of the viceroys plan to develop what was, at that time, the western edge of the city. It has become a symbol of a traditional Mexican park and many parks in the country take on the name Alameda as well. The original park was less than half the size of the current one, what is now the western section of the park originally was a plain plaza built during the Inquisition in Mexico and known as El Quemadero or The Burning Place. Here witches and others convicted by the Inquisitors were publicly burned at the stake, by the 1760s, the Inquisition had nearly come to an end and in 1770, viceroy Marqués de Croix had this plaza torn up to expand the park. The park was expanded again in 1791, when the Count of Revillagigedo built a fence around the park to make it exclusive for the nobility. However, when Mexican Independence was won in 1821, the Alameda was the center of popular celebrations, in 1846, when President Santa Anna rode triumphantly into Mexico City, he ordered the fountains in the park be filled with alcohol. The five classical fountains are of French design and inspired by Greco-Roman mythology, more statues were added to the park in the 19th century. Gas lamps were installed in 1868, which were replaced by electrical lighting 1892, by the end of the 19th century, the park had become popular with all social classes in Mexico. Much of the current layout of the park, with its starburst pattern of paths around fountains, by the late 19th century, the park included a bandstand and gas lamps. On the south side of the park, facing toward the street is the Hemiciclo a Juárez, which is a large white semi-circular monument to Benito Juárez, in 2012, the park went through a rehabilitation which began in May and was completed in December. The renewal included replacing the pavement with marble, the improvement of the vegetation, new light posts. As part of the rehabilitation, the once ubiquitous street vendors are no longer allowed to operate within the park, Alameda Central can be accessed by Metro Bellas Artes. Media related to Alameda Central at Wikimedia Commons
