1.
Skateboarding
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Skateboarding is an action sport which involves riding and performing tricks using a skateboard. Skateboarding can also be considered an activity, an art form. Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many throughout the years. A2009 report found that the market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world. In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding will be represented at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, since the 1970s, skateparks have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, Freestyle BMXers, aggressive skaters, and very recently, scooters. However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although illegal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, the first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate scooters preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose, the boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today. An American WAC, Betty Magnuson, reported seeing French children in the Montmartre section of Paris riding on boards with roller skate wheels attached to them in late 1944. Skateboarding, as we know it, was born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s. This was called sidewalk surfing - a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular, No one knows who made the first board, it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a Los Angeles, California surf shop, the shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted sidewalk surfing and early skaters emulated surfing style and maneuvers, one of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makahas founder, Larry Stevenson, in 1963 and held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in Hermosa Beach, California. Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a show called Surfs Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards. As the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, john Severson who published the magazine wrote in his first editorial, The magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as Skateboarder in 1975. The first broadcast of a skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships. Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were two original disciplines during competitions, flatland freestyle & slalom downhill racing. One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, Patti McGee, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. Some of the well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time also included Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward
2.
Flip trick
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A flip trick is a type of skateboarding trick in which the skateboard rotates around its horizontal or vertical axis, or both simultaneously. The very first flip trick called kickflip, originally called the flip, was invented by professional skateboarder Rodney Mullen. Frontside – executing a trick, whereby your front side faces the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick and this is counterclockwise for regular-footed riders and clockwise for goofy-footed riders. Backside – opposite of frontside, backside flip tricks are executed with the back facing the direction of travel or the obstacle that is the subject of the trick. This is clockwise for regular-footed riders and counterclockwise for goofy-footed riders, an abbreviated form of the title nose ollie, a nollie is an ollie executed at the front of the board while the riders stance remains the same. Professional skateboarders Paulo Diaz, Karl Watson, Shuriken Shannon, Tuukka Korhonen, Sean Malto, a stance that is opposite to ones natural stance—a regular skaters switch stance is goofy, and vice versa. First executed by Eddie Elguera during the 1970s, fakie is applied to skateboarding or skateboarding tricks that are executed while riding backwards, the shuvit move was invented by professional skateboarder Eddy Dela Rosa. A shuvit involves rotating the skateboard in a 180-degree motion without flipping the board and it involves pushing the tail while also shoving the board under the riders feet. If performed with a rotation, the trick is named according to the extent of the rotation. Professional skateboarder Christophe Willow Wildgrube performed a frontside 360-degree pop shuvit for the Trickipedia section of The Berrics website, for the execution of a grind, one makes moving contact with an object using the axles of either one or both trucks. Generally, no part of the skateboard should be in contact with the object that is the subject of the grind. Numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with grinds, such as the kickflip 50-50, nollie flip crooked grind, or crooked grind nollie flip out. In a slide, one contact with an object using any part of the wooden deck construction of the skateboard, including the griptape. Numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with slides, such as the kickflip boardslide, numerous variations have been invented, whereby flip tricks are combined with grabs, such as the kickflip indy grab. The fundamental tricks include the ollie, frontside 180, backside 180, pop shove-it, all tricks can be performed in any of the four stances—natural, fakie, switch, and nollie—and all flip tricks can be performed frontside or backside. A finger flip requires the skateboarder to flip the board in any direction using their fingers on the nose or tail, Mullen has been filmed executing finger flip 360-flips and Tony Hawk executed the first finger flip in vert skateboarding. This was the first version of the kickflip, whereby the rider hooks one foot under the board to create the flipping motion. Mullen explained to Canadian magazine, SBC Skateboarding, People were doing the original Kickflips, where you hook your foot over the side, People tried that trick on banks, and rolled in standing like that and fell straight back
3.
Rodney Mullen
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John Rodney Mullen is an American professional skateboarder, entrepreneur, inventor, and public speaker who practices freestyle and street skateboarding. Mullen is credited with inventing numerous skateboarding tricks, including the flatground ollie, kickflip, heelflip, impossible, Mullen has appeared in over 20 skateboarding videos and has co-authored an autobiography, entitled The Mutt, How to Skateboard and Not Kill Yourself, with writer Sean Mortimer. Mullen was born in Gainesville, Florida, United States, and began skateboarding at the age of ten, on New Years Day of 1977, after a neighborhood friend introduced him to a skateboard. He promised his father, a dentist, that he would cease skateboarding the first time he became seriously injured. He thought I’d get hurt and never get good, and the culture was bums, and I’d turn into one. He was a dentist, but before that he was military, and there were times you’d call him, ‘Sir. ’ New Year’s Day he had a drink and felt better, I learned to skate in our garage. We lived in the country in Florida, it was sort of farmish, vert skating was the kind of skating that was done in pools, where you could get airborne and be weightless. Mullen became obsessed with the skateboard and practiced for hours on a daily basis. As a child, Mullen slept in boots designed to correct a severe pigeon-toe condition, despite Mullens condition, He had an incredible dexterity with his feet, in the words of Phil Chiocchio, former owner of the Florida skatepark, Sensation Basin. In 1978, even though he had owned a skateboard for only just over a year, Mullen placed fifth in the Boys Freestyle category at the US Open Championships at Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida. Skateboard manufacturer Bruce Walker saw his performance and sponsored Mullen through Walker Skateboards from 1978 to 1980, Mullens biggest influence in skateboarding at the time was a Walker professional skateboarder, Jim McCall, who was coached in his early years by Walker. Mullen was also influenced in a manner by professional skateboarders from Florida including Ed Womble, George McClellan, Clyde Rodgers, Tim Scroggs. In later years, Mullen was coached by Barry Zaritzky, who owned a company called SiO Safety Shorts, Mullen cites July 1979–August 1980 as his most creative time, a time when he was predominantly a loner who counted the cows of the family farm as his best friends. Mullen then proceeded to win thirty successive amateur competitive victories in the late 1970s, mostly in his state of Florida. In 1980, the 14-year-old Mullen entered the Oasis Pro competition, defeating the world champion, Powell Peralta was co-owned by Stacy Peralta, whom Mullen highly admired. Mullen competed voraciously throughout the 1980s—often frustrating competitors and judges with his consistency, by 1990, Mullen had won thirty-four out of thirty-five freestyle competitions that he had entered, losing only once to fellow Bones Brigade member, Per Welinder. The ability to pop the board off of the ground and land back on the board, while in motion, has been one of the most significant developments in modern skateboarding. The invention of this alone, regardless of the numerous other tricks that he has invented
4.
Freestyle skateboarding
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The emphasis in freestyle is technical flat ground skateboarding. Often a freestyler will need more than a board and a smooth. Music and choreography have always been a part of the professional freestyle routine. In the 1960s, many freestyle tricks were derived from gymnastics, the following two decades were defined by a progression towards technical, fluid, and more creative routines. Influential freestyle skateboarders of the 1970s and 1980s included Russ Howell, Rodney Mullen, Joe Humeres, the style changed significantly in the 1980s, when ollies and ollie-based flip tricks were invented and introduced to the discipline, with Mullen playing a significant role in this process. In the 21st century, the style has, to an extent, been incorporated into street skateboarding through skateboarders such as Mullen, Kilian Martin, and Darryl Grogan. “California Amateur Skateboard League” was founded in 1982, by Frank Hawk with the help of two other “skater parents”, Sonja Catalano & Jeanne Hoffmann. C. A. S. L. is where most of the top professional skateboarders from around the world started competing and is run today. Following the inception of these initiatives, freestyle skateboarders connected and interacted on a scale in a manner that had not been experienced previously. The World Freestyle Skateboard Association was then founded by Bob Staton, Åkesson, and Gesmer in the year 2000, thereby attracting further interest in freestyle skateboarding
5.
Ollie (skateboarding)
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The ollie is a skateboarding trick where the rider and board leap into the air without the use of the riders hands. It is basically the combination of popping, sliding, and jumping on the skateboard all at the same time, originated in vertical skateboarding, and later on flat ground, it is not intuitively obvious how the liftoff is achieved, making the trick visually striking. The ollie is a trick in street skateboarding, and is used to leap onto, over, or off obstacles. As so many other tricks depend on it - for example the kickflip and heelflip - the ollie is often the first trick to be learned by a new skateboarder, the ollie typically takes considerable practice to learn. This trick is also a registered trademark, there are numerous references to Alan Gelfands Ollie with most notably pictures in the 1970s skateboarding magazine Skateboarder. Mullen used a motion, striking the tail of the board on the ground to lift the nose. While Mullen was not initially impressed with his flat ground ollie, mullens flat ground ollie is now considered to have transformed the practice of skateboarding. The rider begins the ollie by crouching and jumping directly upward, as the rider begins to leap, instead of lifting the feet from the board, he/she pops the tail by striking it against the ground, which raises the board nose-first. Maintaining contact with the board, the lifts the front leg. The friction between the shoe and the boards grip tape helps to guide and pull the board upward, while the rear foot only maintains slight contact with board to help guide it. When nearing the peak of the jump, the lifts the rear leg and pushes the front foot forward. The skater can gain greater clearance from the ground by jumping higher, popping faster, sliding the front foot farther forwards, and pulling the legs higher into the chest to raise the feet higher. Skaters attempting record-setting ollies even contort the legs so that board and feet are not directly below them, very low ollies can be achieved using the same technique, but without the tail making contact with the ground. Even basic flip tricks can be achieved without the pop of the tail, the highest official flat ground ollies are generally performed in ollie contests. The highest preferred stance ollie was 45.00 inches from the ground, the highest switch stance ollie was 40.125 inches, performed by Gavin Caperton. The world record for the greatest number of consecutive ollies is held by Rob Dyrdek, secondly the rider usually postures the body differently so as to compensate for this stance with respect to the forward motion. The rider presses the nose down using their front foot to engage the pop motion in order for the board to rise, where in a Nollie the rider is traveling forward with their front foot on the nose to apply the initial force pop. Switch Ollie, an Ollie performed in the stance opposite of a normal stance
6.
Street skateboarding
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Street skateboarding is a style of skateboarding that focuses on tricks and transitions in public places. As skateboarding gained popularity during the 1980s and 1990s, skateboarders no longer limited their activities to drained swimming pools, instead, they began performing tricks in urban areas and skating through urban areas as skateboards increasingly became an accepted mode of transportation as others followed. In some cases, local authorities in popular skateboarding areas have introduced a range of initiatives to ban skateboarding, confiscate skateboards, most boards are about 7 1⁄4 to 8 3⁄4 inches wide and 30 to 32.5 inches long. The wheels are made of an extremely hard polyurethane, with anywhere from 80A to 99A. Some wheels will be harder than measurable on the A scale. The wheel sizes are small so that the boards are lighter. Board styles have changed dramatically since the 1970s but have remained mostly alike since the mid-1990s, the contemporary shape of the skateboard is derived from the freestyle boards of the 1980s with a largely symmetrical shape and relatively narrow width. This form had become standard by the mid 1990s, parts can be individually replaced and fixed should they require maintenance
7.
Aileron roll
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The aileron roll is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft does a full 360° revolution about its longitudinal axis. When executed properly, there is no change in altitude. This is commonly one of the first maneuvers taught in basic aerobatics courses, the aileron roll is commonly confused with a barrel roll. The aileron roll is executed through the application of full aileron in one direction. In some lower powered general aviation and aerobatic training aircraft, prior to applying aileron input and this helps achieve enough airspeed to complete the roll without losing rudder and aileron control. The minimum airspeed needed depends on the design, but is generally about 120 to 200 knots. Because full aileron is applied, structural limitations prevent many aircraft from performing the maneuver at high speeds. Starting from level flight, the pilot pitches the aircraft up about 10 to 30 degrees above the horizon, the purpose of pitch-up is twofold. This causes an increase in altitude which minimizes altitude loss and airspeed gain, as the aircraft begins to roll, it starts to lose lift. When the wings are vertical, the lift generated is a small amount from the fuselage. The brief climb compensates for the loss, allowing the aircraft to complete the roll at the altitude the maneuver began. When the aircraft is inverted, the increased pitch results in greater angle of attack. After the initial pitch-up, the places the elevators in the neutral position. Failure to do this will cause the aircraft to continue pitching up during the part of the maneuver. The pilot then applies full aileron, accomplished by moving the stick to either the right or left, as the aircraft rolls about its longitudinal axis, the nose will begin to drop. Upon completing the roll, the nose will usually be 10 to 30 degrees below the horizon, an aileron roll is an unbalanced maneuver. As the roll begins, the aircraft will have a tendency to yaw away from the angle of bank, the pilot will usually need to apply the rudder in the direction of the bank to keep the aircraft balanced. An aircraft performing an aileron roll will actually fly along a helical path
8.
Heelflip
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The heelflip, is an aerial skateboarding trick where the skateboarder kicks out in front of him/her flipping board 360 degrees along the boards long axis. A heelflip is executed similarly to the ollie, and like the Ollie has become a trick of New School skateboarding. A heelflip is the opposite of a kickflip, the board spins toe-side, for a regular skater the board spins clockwise from the perspective of one behind the skater. While the heelflip is similar to the ollie, it is not a variation of the ollie. In performing a standard heelflip you will see the skateboarder, Places his or her front foot behind or on the front bolts of the board, the skater pushes the ball of the back foot on the tail of the board slightly angled initiating the pop and a slight spin. The riders front foot is slid out diagonally in order to start the board rotating while the shoulders are centered over the board and his or her feet are lifted out of the way so that their board can spin completely. The rider catches their board and roll away, skateboarders considered it good execution of the trick to stop the boards rotation with the feet in midair rather than to allow contact with the ground to stop the board. Variations and extensions of the standard heelflip are very common - some of these are, Double Heelflip, triple Heelflip, where the board flips three times before being caught. Heelflip Body Varial, where the skater does a backside 180 turn, while the board does not spin, Varial Heelflip, where the board does one heel flip, and spins 180 degrees frontside at the same time. Laser flip, a combination of the Frontside 360 pop shove-it, the opposite of a 360 flip. Late Heelflip, in which the rider does an Ollie, the Heelflip Grab, a variation on grabs where the rider flips the board and catches it with his hand rather than the feet. It was first done on a vertical ramp but now is commonly seen done on launch ramps or other surfaces which can generate sufficient air time. Inward Heelflip, a combination of the backside pop shove-it and the Heelflip, bigspin Heel, the skaters body does a frontside 180 while their board does a laser flip
9.
Alameda Central
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Alameda Central is a public municipal park in downtown Mexico City, adjacent to the Palacio de Bellas Artes, between Juarez Avenue and Hidalgo Avenue. The Alameda Central park is a garden with paved paths and decorative fountains and statues. The area used to be an Aztec marketplace, the park was created in 1529, when Viceroy Luis de Velasco decided to create green space here as a public park. The name comes from the Spanish word álamo, which means poplar tree and this park was part of the viceroys plan to develop what was, at that time, the western edge of the city. It has become a symbol of a traditional Mexican park and many parks in the country take on the name Alameda as well. The original park was less than half the size of the current one, what is now the western section of the park originally was a plain plaza built during the Inquisition in Mexico and known as El Quemadero or The Burning Place. Here witches and others convicted by the Inquisitors were publicly burned at the stake, by the 1760s, the Inquisition had nearly come to an end and in 1770, viceroy Marqués de Croix had this plaza torn up to expand the park. The park was expanded again in 1791, when the Count of Revillagigedo built a fence around the park to make it exclusive for the nobility. However, when Mexican Independence was won in 1821, the Alameda was the center of popular celebrations, in 1846, when President Santa Anna rode triumphantly into Mexico City, he ordered the fountains in the park be filled with alcohol. The five classical fountains are of French design and inspired by Greco-Roman mythology, more statues were added to the park in the 19th century. Gas lamps were installed in 1868, which were replaced by electrical lighting 1892, by the end of the 19th century, the park had become popular with all social classes in Mexico. Much of the current layout of the park, with its starburst pattern of paths around fountains, by the late 19th century, the park included a bandstand and gas lamps. On the south side of the park, facing toward the street is the Hemiciclo a Juárez, which is a large white semi-circular monument to Benito Juárez, in 2012, the park went through a rehabilitation which began in May and was completed in December. The renewal included replacing the pavement with marble, the improvement of the vegetation, new light posts. As part of the rehabilitation, the once ubiquitous street vendors are no longer allowed to operate within the park, Alameda Central can be accessed by Metro Bellas Artes. Media related to Alameda Central at Wikimedia Commons
10.
Mexico City
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Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
11.
Cartesian coordinate system
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Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, usually at ordered pair. The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the projections of the point onto the two axis, expressed as signed distances from the origin. One can use the principle to specify the position of any point in three-dimensional space by three Cartesian coordinates, its signed distances to three mutually perpendicular planes. In general, n Cartesian coordinates specify the point in an n-dimensional Euclidean space for any dimension n and these coordinates are equal, up to sign, to distances from the point to n mutually perpendicular hyperplanes. The invention of Cartesian coordinates in the 17th century by René Descartes revolutionized mathematics by providing the first systematic link between Euclidean geometry and algebra. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, geometric shapes can be described by Cartesian equations, algebraic equations involving the coordinates of the points lying on the shape. For example, a circle of radius 2, centered at the origin of the plane, a familiar example is the concept of the graph of a function. Cartesian coordinates are also tools for most applied disciplines that deal with geometry, including astronomy, physics, engineering. They are the most common system used in computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design. Nicole Oresme, a French cleric and friend of the Dauphin of the 14th Century, used similar to Cartesian coordinates well before the time of Descartes. The adjective Cartesian refers to the French mathematician and philosopher René Descartes who published this idea in 1637 and it was independently discovered by Pierre de Fermat, who also worked in three dimensions, although Fermat did not publish the discovery. Both authors used a single axis in their treatments and have a length measured in reference to this axis. The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced later, after Descartes La Géométrie was translated into Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and these commentators introduced several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes work. Many other coordinate systems have developed since Descartes, such as the polar coordinates for the plane. The development of the Cartesian coordinate system would play a role in the development of the Calculus by Isaac Newton. The two-coordinate description of the plane was later generalized into the concept of vector spaces. Choosing a Cartesian coordinate system for a one-dimensional space – that is, for a straight line—involves choosing a point O of the line, a unit of length, and an orientation for the line. An orientation chooses which of the two half-lines determined by O is the positive, and which is negative, we say that the line is oriented from the negative half towards the positive half
12.
Shove-it
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A Shove-it is a skateboarding trick where the skateboarder makes the board spin 180 degrees without the tail of the board hitting the ground, or more, under his/her feet. There are many variations of the shove-it but they all follow the principle, The skateboarders lead foot remains in one spot. The pop shove-it was originally called a Ty hop, named after Ty Page, a shove-it is performed by standing on the board, jumping up a bit and scooping the tail down and to its side. Even though the tail should not touch the ground and the board should not lift off the more than about an inch. The skateboarder then catches the board with his or her feet after it has completed the 180 degree rotation, there are 2 types of shove-its, a frontside and a backside shove-it. A backside shove-it is performed by putting the foot with the toes hanging off of the front of the board, and doing a short. A frontside shove-it is when the toes and the ball of the back foot is on the board. The user then pushes, or kicks, their back foot forward to cause the rotation, the 360 shove-it is a variation of shove-it where the board spins a full 360 degrees. Pop shove-it is a variation of both the ollie and the shove-it, the 540 variation of this trick was invented by Jasper McLean in 1979. Unlike a shove-it, a pop shove-it starts like an ollie, as the skateboarder jumps, the trick then proceeds like a shove-it, with the tail kicked clockwise or counter-clockwise to make the board spin. During a pop shove-it, the board reaches a height in the air than during the execution of a usual shove-it, thus. Like any rotating trick, the pop shove-it can be performed frontside or backside, similar to a late flip, this trick combines an ollie with a pop shove-it, usually frontside, with the skater delaying the shove-it until the ollie is at its peak. The trick is named after Brian Lotti, whose name sounds like lottery—his friend named the trick after the California Lotterys Big Spin game, a step above the big spin. The board does a 540 degree rotation, while the rider rotates 180 degrees in the same direction, derived from gazelle flips, the board does a 540 degree spin and the rider spins 360 degree spin in the same direction. The opposite of a big spin, the board spins 180 degrees, a plasma spin is a frontside bigspin impossible, meaning it is identical to a frontside bigspin except for the fact that board wraps around the back foot as in an impossible. Varial kickflips, varial heelflips, hardflips, inward heelflips, and 360 flips are all common tricks combined with the pop shove-it. In the case of the varial heelflip, it is a frontside pop shove-it combined with a heelflip, while the 360 flip combines a 360 pop shove-it with a kickflip
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
14.
Skateboarding styles
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A skateboard style refers to the way a skateboarder prefers to ride a skateboard. Skateboard styles can be divided into two different categories, skateboarding to perform tricks and skateboarding as a means of transportation. The styles used by different skateboarders when riding skateboards should not be confused with skater style, probably the oldest style of skateboarding, freestyle skateboarding developed from the use of skateboards as a mode of transport in the 1960s. Professional freestyle competitions often involved music and choreography and focused on fluidity, the style changed significantly with the introduction of ollies and other tricks in the 1980s and the introduction of various obstacle elements. Vert skateboarding has its genesis in pool riding - the riding of skateboards in emptied backyard swimming pools - during the 1970s and it involves skateboard riders moving from the horizontal to the vertical to perform tricks - thus vert. It is also referred to as transition skateboarding or tranny skating, Skateboarders usually set-up their boards with 55mm wheels and wider decks for more stability. Street skateboarding involves the use of obstacles like stairs and their handrails, planter boxes, drainage ditches, park benches. Skaters perform tricks around, on, onto or over these obstacles, Skateboarders usually set-up their boards with 55mm wheels and narrower decks to make the board flip and spin faster and to make performing tricks easier. Park skateboarding encompasses a variety of sub-styles adopted by those who ride skateboards in purpose-built skate parks, most skate parks combine halfpipes and quarterpipes with various other vert skateboarding features as well as street obstacles such as stairs and rails. The integration of these elements produces a different skating experience, Skateboarders in this category often use cruisers which are generally wider and have rubbery wheels. Cruising, similarly to Downhill Skateboarding, is used for transportation. This style is a choice for skaters who want something in-between longboarding and skateboarding, non-competition downhill skateboarding is one of the oldest styles of skateboarding and was popular in the early 1970s. Original longboards were described as being like snow skis, modern riders often use longboards for races, but some use regular skateboards for non-competition downhill skateboarding. Big Air Skateboarding was invented when Danny Way and DC Shoes created the Mega Ramp, with a giant roll in for speed followed by a launch ramp, a 50 foot gap. It has recently become popular enough to be an event in the X-games, technical flatground skateboarding - also referred to as Tech Skateboarding and Flatlanding. Those who skateboard in this style are referred to as Flatlanders, Skateboarding Technicians
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Vert skateboarding
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Vert skateboarding has its genesis in pool riding - the riding of skateboards in emptied backyard swimming pool - during the 1970s. As riders moved from general street skateboarding and occasional pool riding into purpose-built skate parks, skateboarders began to develop, and then practice, tricks and techniques specifically for vert skateboarding. Vert skateboarding became a style of skateboarding and was introduced into many competitions and events including the X Games. After public condemnation from professional skateboarders Bob Burnquist, Tony Hawk, professional skateboarder Lyn-Z Adams Hawkins said the decision would, end the growth for womens vert skating as we know it. Despite waning support for standalone competition vert skateboarding, vert ramps are present in most modern skateparks, for vert skateboarding, riders usually set up their boards with 55mm wheels and wider decks for more stability
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Slalom skateboarding
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Slalom skateboarding is a form of downhill skateboard racing that first appeared in the 1960s and 1970s and has made a resurgence in popularity in the 2000s. Slalom racers skate down a course marked by plastic cones. The racer tries to get through the course with the fastest time, each cone typically carries a penalty of a fraction of a second which is added to the skaters time. Races can be done in dual format where the racing is a head-to-head match, there are five types of Slalom race formats, Super Giant Slalom, Giant Slalom, Hybrid Slalom, Tight Slalom, and Banked Slalom. The Super Giant Slalom, or SuperG, is characterized by fast speeds of 30-40 mph, Giant Slalom is similar to SuperG but is typically smaller cone distances, more cones, and is often time run in a single lane format. Hybrid or Special slalom is a combination of Giant Slalom cone spacings of 10-15, Tight Slalom is characterized by very small cones spacings of 5-7 and has the highest frequency of turns. Tight slalom skaters will pass through 3-4 cones per second, Banked slalom involves skating through a course on banked walls, such as in a skatepark or in a drainage ditch. The most unusual thing about slalom skateboard rules is that skaters are penalized a certain amount of time for each cone that they hit during a race and this penalty time is added to the racers run time. If too many cones are hit during the run, the racer receives a Disqualification, a DQ is often penalized in head-to-head racing with a severe time penalty that is rarely made up in the second heat of a head-to-head race. Another group of known as Grass Roots rules may be used to simplify the racing environment. In grass roots rules, racers are allowed to hit a maximum number of cones. Below the maximum there is no penalty, and above the maximum is a DQ, in all types of head-to-head racing, race order is determined by a qualifying time which determines the brackets for head-to-head match-ups. Slalom skateboards are optimized to speed, turning, and traction. Slalom skateboard wheels are generally softer and larger than a skateboard wheel. This increases the wheels roll speed and grip, skateboard trucks for slalom racing are often hand-machined precision products that include high rebound bushings, spherical bearings, and precision ground 8mm axles. Skateboard decks or boards for slalom racing are generally longer than typical skateboards, some of the early stars of Slalom racing were Henry Hester, Bobby Piercy, and John Hutson. These skaters won many of the races of the 1970s, in the following years some of the most successful racers were Kenny Mollica and Jason Mitchell in the U. S. and Luca Giammarco and Maurus Stroble in Europe for the mens division. Among the top women racers Lynn Kramer, multiple World Champion, other top level racing women include the 2003 World Champion, 1970s legend Judi Oyama of the US and the Europeans Kathrin Sehl and Lienite Skaraine
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Skateboarding trick
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A skateboarding trick, or simply a trick, is a maneuver performed on a skateboard while skateboarding. Skateboarding tricks may vary greatly in difficulty, though skateboards emerged in the 1940s, skateboarding tricks like the ones done today did not appear until decades later. In the 1970s and earlier, the most common tricks were 2D freestyle types such as wheelies, manuals, and pivots. Only later in the 1970s and early 1980s were common modern-day tricks like the ollie and kickflip invented by Alan “Ollie” Gelfand and Rodney Mullen, an Ollie is a jump where the front wheels leave the ground first. This motion is attained with a snap of the tail and sliding your front-foot forward to any altitude. A lot of technical tricks transpire from this element, a nollie is when the back wheels leave the ground first by snapping the nose of the board, with the back foot sliding towards the tail. Indy Grab usually combine rotation with different grabs, the 900 and 1080 fall under the class of aerials, though these are commonly confused with aerial grabs. Flip tricks are a subset of aerials which are all based on the ollie, an example is the kickflip, the most widely known and performed flip trick. The board can be spun around many different axes as part of a flip trick and these tricks are undoubtedly most popular among street skateboarding purists, although skaters with other styles perform them as well. Combining spins and flips is extremely popular in todays culture, a common trick in skateboarding lines is a 360 flip, or tre flip. A360 flip is the combination of a skateboard spinning 360 degrees, there are also double kickflips and triple kickflips which are very difficult but highly regarded in the skateboarding culture. Freestyle skateboarding tricks are tricks specifically associated with freestyle skateboarding, slides and grinds involve getting the board up on some type of ledge, rail, or coping and sliding or grinding along the board or trucks, respectively. When it is primarily the board which is contacting the edge, its called a slide, lip tricks are done on the coping of a pool or skateboard ramp. These include inverts and their variations as well as some dedicated air-to-lip combinations
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Benihana (skateboarding)
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The benihana is an aerial trick performed on a skateboard. The benihana was invented by Lester Kasai and named after the Benihana restaurant chain, a benihana is performed by first getting airborne. The skateboarder holds the tail of the deck with the back hand, while the back foot is taken off the skateboard. The front foot is straightened but kept on the board, when the front foot is extended, the tail of the board is brought close to the inner thigh of the front leg. The trick was very popular in the 1990s, with professional skateboarders like Jamie Thomas, however, since that point, the popularity of the trick has waned. The trick featured in the Tony Hawk video game series including Tony Hawks Underground 2, in 2008, Transworld Skateboarding magazine ran a feature that included the benihana in a list of the 10 Worst Tricks In Skateboarding and described the trick as terrible. Sheckler and Dompierre Benihana Chris Fauver, Benihana
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Grind (skateboarding)
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In skateboarding, Grinds are tricks that involve the skateboarder sliding along mainly relying on the use of the trucks of a skateboard. Grinds can be performed on any object narrow enough to fit between wheels and are performed on the coping of a skate ramp, a purpose-built funbox, step. Grinding is damaging to materials which are not hardened for the purpose of the sport. The trucks are composed of a hard metal without lubricant or bearings on the grinding surface, grinding can strip paint off of steel and wear down the edges of concrete, stone, aluminum, and wood building materials. Affected business owners and government buildings have put up anti-skate devices as a deterrent to grinding, grinding in public places may be seen as a form of vandalism and may cause skateboarding to be banned by business owners and city ordinances. There was a big leap in street skating starting in the 90s, today, grinds are commonly performed on handrails, lips of benches, tables, hubbas, on a hard normal ledge, a flatbar, or just simply anything that is possible enough to grind on it. Whether a grind is back-side or front-side depends on how rider approaches the rail or edge, if the skater approaches the rail with his back to it, the grind is a back-side grind. If the skater approaches the rail with the front of his body to the rail, 50-50 Grind The 50-50 grind is where both trucks are on the edge. This move evolved from the horizontal-stance carve grind in pools and was taken up on top of the lip by such skaters as Jay Adams, Tony Alva, combo, Manny Santiago kickflip to bs 50-50. In this maneuver, the back truck grinds the rail/edge, while the front truck is suspended directly above the rail/edge. This move is similar to the manual, although the tail may be scraped against the obstacle as well as the back truck, Nosegrind In a Nosegrind, the skateboards front truck grinds a rail or edge, while the back truck is suspended over the rail/edge. It is similar to the manual, except performed on a rail, coping. Crooked Grind Also known as Crooks, Crux, Pointer Grind, or the K-grind after the man to whom the trick is most commonly accredited, Eric Koston. It is like a nosegrind, but the tail of the board is angled away from the rail/ledge on which the trick is performed, causing the edge of the decks nose to also rub. Overcrook Grind Also known as Overcrooks, or Overcrux, is similar to the Crooked grind, Feeble Grind In this move, the back truck grinds a rail while the front truck hangs over the rails far side. Professional skateboard legend Josh Nelson is the inventor of this back in 1986 at the Del Mar skate ranch in Del Mar. The name feeble grind came from Josh Nelsons friend and fellow skateboarder Sean Donnelley, Sean used to call Josh the feeb which was short for feeble, because Nelson was so skinny and often had broken limbs and injuries from skateboarding. Many people watched Josh create this unique type of grind on the blocks that were mounted in the reservoir at the Del Mar Skate Ranch
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Skateboard
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A skateboard is a type of sports equipment or toy used primarily for the activity of skateboarding. It usually consists of a specially designed maplewood board combined with a coating used for making smoother slides. Most skateboards are made with 7 plies of this wood, a skateboard is moved by pushing with one foot while the other remains on the board, or by pumping ones legs in structures such as a bowl or half pipe. A skateboard can also be used by standing on the deck while on a downward slope and allowing gravity to propel the board. If the riders leading foot is their right foot, he/she is said to ride goofy, if the leading foot is their left foot. If the rider is regular but chooses to ride goofy, he/she is said to be riding in switch. Recently, electric skateboards have also appeared and these no longer require the propelling of the skateboard by means of the feet, rather an electric motor propels the board, fed by an electric battery. There is no governing body that declares any regulations on what constitutes a skateboard or the parts from which it is assembled. Historically, the skateboard has conformed both to contemporary trends and to the array of stunts performed by riders/users, who require a certain functionality from the board. Of course, the shape depends largely upon its desired function. Longboards are a type of skateboard with a wheelbase and larger, softer wheels. The two main types of skateboards are the longboard and the shortboard, the shape of the board is also important, the skateboard must be concaved to perform tricks. Longboards are usually faster and are used for cruising and racing. See, Skateboarding The following descriptions cover skateboard parts that are most prevalent in popular, many parts exist with exotic or alternative constructions. A traditional complete skateboard consists of the deck, trucks, wheels, bushings, nuts and bolts to fasten the truck, older decks also included plastic parts such as side, tail, and nose guards. Modern decks vary in size, but most are 7 to 10.5 inches wide, wider decks can be used for greater stability when skateboarding. Standard skateboard decks are usually between 28 and 33 inches long, the underside of the deck can be printed with a design by the manufacturer, blank, or decorated by any other means. Long boards are usually over 36 inches long, plastic penny boards are typically about 22 inches long
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Brakeboard
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A brakeboard is a skateboard fitted with a specialised truck assembly that includes a braking mechanism. The Brakeboard was first invented in 1999 by Ben Newman of Western Australia, from 2001 the first version was manufactured and sold worldwide. In 2010 The Australian Government provided an R&D grant which enabled the development of a new iteration which was released in Melbourne in January 2013. In August 2013, Brakeboard was accepted on the USA Kickstarter site for new ideas or inventions and it received support from more than 200 backers. In September 2014, a new version of the Brakeboard truck set was released featuring a pedal, additional colour choices. A new wheel manufacturing process now includes moulded slots, in April 2015, Brakeboard introduced a new model with air-cooled stainless steel rotors. There are also a number of mechanical improvements. This new brake mechanism is designed for both commuting and long downhill runs. In December 2015 a new model of Canadian maple decks was released, completely assembled decks with Brakeboard trucks also include the carbon-fibre extension pedal. Https, //www. facebook. com/brakeboard/videos/1080304251982272/. theater The cone brakes, contained within the axle assembly or truck. It is however, intended mainly for the longboard and it is activated by a foot pedal located on the surface of the board. The brake allows the rider to control his speed on a downhill run, in April 2015, the cone brake was replaced with an air-cooled disk brake. The Brakeboard is sold as a box set containing both trucks and pedal mechanism, existing wheels can be used with a small modification. Alternatively, a set of specially designed wheels is available, any deck can be used by drilling one hole for the pedal plunger. Brakeboard also have their own range of decks so the brake system, wheels. Components and wheels are manufactured in China, distribution centres include Shanghai, California and Melbourne. A patent has been granted in the USA, brakeboard’s trade name is registered with Australian and US authorities
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Caster board
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A caster board or vigorboard is a two-wheeled, human-powered land vehicle. It is somewhat like a snakeboard, other names are waveboard and RipStik, both associated with commercial interests. A caster board has two narrow platforms known as decks that are joined by a bar, which consists of a metal beam, usually coated by rubber. One polyurethane wheel is mounted to each deck with a caster so that each wheel can steer independently, because of the construction of a caster board, riding one is more akin to snowboarding or surfboarding than skateboarding. The stance is perpendicular to the board, and the feet do not need to leave the board to propel it, while riding, one can also carve back and forth, making heel-and-toe side turns. Initially, one places the front foot on the front of the board, once on the board, and riding, the independent motion capabilities of the front and back of the board allow it to twist along the lengthwise axis. This lets the rider turn or even propel the board forward without removing his or her feet from the board. In principle, the act is similar to what is required to one who is riding inline skates forward. Riding a caster board requires using a motion of hips. A rider or caster boarder gains speed because each wheel is mounted on a 30° slant on the bottom of each deck, when each deck is pushed to the side, it causes the board to be pushed upward by the wheels rotation against the gradient of the mounts. This creates potential energy that is then released back down under the riders weight. The weight pushing the board back down causes the wheels to turn to face straight again, while riding on a caster board, the increase in height is barely noticeable unless the rider twists the board along the vertical axis too hard, causing stability to be momentarily reduced. Caster boarding has been introduced into school curricula as a means of teaching the basic movement principles that govern board-sports. More experienced riders will be able to place their feet more quickly. A manual is performed by putting the foot on the back end of the rear deck without letting it come off. The rider may continue to hop around the board until a most desirable foot placement is achieved, hopping around may even more easily produce better results than getting off the board and getting back on again. In order to steer properly on a board, the front foot must lean into the curve while the back foot leans out of the curve. By leaning the front foot in and the back out, the front wheel, which will have its front facing inward, is forced to form an arc with the back wheel
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Fingerboard (skateboard)
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A fingerboard is a working replica of a skateboard that a person rides by replicating skateboarding maneuvers with their hand. The device itself is a scaled-down skateboard complete with moving wheels, graphics, a fingerboard is commonly around 10 centimeters long, and can have a variety of widths going from 29 to 33mm. Skateboarding tricks may be performed using fingers instead of feet, Tricks done on a fingerboard are inspired by tricks done on real skateboards. Cam Fox Bryant is widely credited as making the first fingerboard, around the same time, he wrote an article on how to make fingerboards in TransWorld SKATEboarding magazine. Their Tech Deck brand caught on during this period and has grown into a recognized brand itself in the toy business. Fingerboards are also used by skateboarders as 3-D model visual aids to understand potential tricks and maneuvers, similar to fingerboarding, although less popular, handboarding is a scaled-down version of a skateboard that a user controls with their hands. It is widely accepted that this is where the idea for the Animal Chin ramp came from, some consider this the earliest fingerboard footage available for public viewing. That homemade fingerboard was built from wood, tubes, and toy train axles, fingerboards have been a peripheral part of the skateboarding industry since the late 1980s and were originally marketed as keychains. Although barely rideable, they were improved upon by the Tech Deck brand which mass-produced a rideable miniature skateboard, the designs were harnessed from entertainment properties such as Speed Racer, Woody Woodpecker, NASCAR, Heavy Metal, and Crash Bandicoot. The licensed boards drove the Tech Deck brand into licensing strong urban brands, in 1999 there was a Tech Deck fashion of collecting one of each design similar to the Beanie Baby fad months prior. Thus, Tech Deck, and its distributors at Spin Master Toys, entertainment-based fingerboard brands couldnt compete against the urban juggernaut, and eventually disappeared. Other major players in the industry soon followed in hopes of reaping profits as young toy-playing children would choose to take up fingerboarding. More modern fingerboards feature interchangeable wheels and trucks, an accurate scale size. They thus developed the fingerboard into a toy and the practice into a form of mental skating. Fingerboarding is popular in Europe, Singapore, Asia and the United States, although the sport of fingerboarding originated in the United States over 25 years ago it has really caught on fire in the European scene. The United States is following and it is estimated that although the popularity seems to be in favor of the Europeans and this may be due to the flooding of the market and the availability of resources in the United States. Fingerboarding has evolved from a hobby to a lifestyle for some people, fingerboarders have regular contests, fairs, workshops and other events. Example of these events are, FastFingers, and FlatFace Rendezvous, fingerboard-product sales were estimated at $120-million for 1999
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Flowboard
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A flowboard is a variation on a skateboard, combining aspects of surfing, skating and snowboarding. There are three sizes made by the brand Flowboards,32, for tricks and smaller riders,36, the size, and 42. The flowboard was created by James Harrison and Pieter Schouten and Mike Simonian, in 1993, they had the idea to develop a board that would perform like a snowboard, but on asphalt. They found that on a skateboard, a rider could only lean over a few degrees, the two inventors sought a solution that would give a rider the ability to execute more extreme angles while carving without resistance, offering fluid transitions edge to edge. In 1994, Simonian asked Schouten to spend time developing their ideas in Simonians native California, Schouten came up with a concept for a two-wheeled board with two curved axles with one wheel on each and springs on either side. The theory was that wheels would slide along the arced axles as the board leaned to carve and these arced axles became one of the key elements of the new board design. The angled axles would be the key element of the new board design. The first prototype was produced in Simonians parents garage on El Arco Drive in Whittier and this location became the namesake of the El Arco Axles. Numerous potential investors were approached including Powell Skateboards, Morey Boogie Board, pro-skater Rodney Mullen, Nike, Rollerblade and Mattel, in 1999, the two inventors formed Flowlab LLC alongside entrepreneur Phil Wessells. By the year 2000, the very first Flowboards were being shipped, in 2003, Michael Kern, then the companys largest distributor, purchased the company and a new headquarters in Long Beach, California was established. In 2005, Flowlab signed a distribution agreement with the skate wheel manufacturer Kryptonics to further expand its presence in general sporting goods channels. In 2007, Michael Kern took his Company Public with FBC Holding Co, a division of Capital One Inc. and was shut down unlawfully and has been seeking action against FBC Holding Inc. and Capital One Inc. to the current date. The flowboards design enables a 45 degree turning ability rather than the standard 25 degrees on a skateboard while still remaining stable, a flowboard tends to put pressure on just 2 wheels of the board, rather than 4. This more focused weight distribution requires slightly more effort into keeping the board moving, for this reason, it is often ideal to ride it on downhill slopes. Spacers can also be installed to reduce bearing compression caused by the arched structure
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Freeboard (skateboard)
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A freeboard is a specialist skateboard designed to closely simulate the behaviour of a snowboard. Freeboards were developed to allow snowboarders to transition to skateboarding without the need to adapt to a smaller deck, steen Strand conceived the idea for a freeboard as part of his masters thesis in product design at Stanford University, which he expanded into the freeboard style skateboard in 1996. After releasing an Alpha series featuring kicktails and longer decks than his more recent versions, by the mid-2000s other freeboard styles and brands had emerged and were developing strong retail track-records in mainstream sporting goods stores. After developing the freeboard in 1996, Strand released two models under the Freebord brand in 1998, the FB-112 and the FB-110, the company patented designs relating to the Freebord brand freeboards. Though other companies have developed their own freeboards and marketed them under alternate brand names. By 2000, the company had sold 4000 boards, in 2005, the company signed deals to have their product distributed to snowboarding enthusiasts in Europe The company continues to produce and market freeboards under the Freebord trademark. A freeboard typically has 6 wheels - four normal longboard-style wheels at each corner, the wheels on the central axis are able to turn freely in all directions, allowing the board to slide laterally provided none of the four corner wheels are touching the ground. This mimics the traditional side-to-side motion of snowboard riding, by exerting pressure on the corner wheels, the rider is able to control the board. Decks are constructed with seven-ply cross-laminated Canadian maple, modern decks vary in size, but most are 7.5 to 9 inches wide and between 29 and 36 inches long. Snowboard-style bindings are used to more control over the board and allow the rider to exert more pressure on the corner wheels. As on a snowboard, the rider is able to perform both carve and slide turns, freeride and freestyle both refer to the way in which a freeboard is used. The term freeride refers to riding with little or no tricks. Another name for freeride can be Downhill, a bigger board is used for downhill freeboarding or freeriding as this gives you better balance allowing you to go faster. The term freestyle as used in other such as skateboarding means doing tricks like skating off ramps, grinding rails, jumping
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Longboard (skateboard)
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A longboard is a type of sports equipment similar, but not the same as a skateboard. It is much longer than a skateboard, often faster because of wheel size, longboards are commonly used for cruising, downhill racing, slalom racing, sliding, dancing, long distance racing, and transport. Most boards measure 84 to 150 centimetres in length while widths vary from 22.8 to 25.4 centimetres. There are several shapes, such as pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks. Mid-length boards,94 to 127 centimetres are the most versatile and their greater weight and bulk makes them less suitable for many skateboarding tricks, but contributes to a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboards design allows for big turns or quick short carves similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders, longboards have 3 axes, the tail axis, the central axis, and the short axis. A record for the longest distance traveled on a longboard was set by David Cornthwaite in 2006 when he skated 3,638.26 miles from Perth to Brisbane across Australia. This record has since broken by Rob Thomas of New Zealand. The land speed record on a longboard was set in 2012, the ‘helmet culture’ is more prevalent in longboarding than in skateboarding. Most riders wear protective equipment in all disciplines, and nearly all professionals wear a helmet, Longboard protective equipment is similar to standard skateboard equipment, with the exception of slide gloves. Most longboarders wear slide gloves and helmets, as these are considered the minimum for protection. Additional protection includes, leathers, wrist guards, knee pads, elbow pads and sometimes spine protectors, many professional longboarding teams and riders are required to wear and advocate all aspects of protection. These are attached to protect the hands as the rider uses them to pivot during slides along the ground, the pucks are usually made of synthetic polymers, delrin, UHMW, or corian. Longboards are skateboards in terms of parts and general construction, however, the parts generally have different dimensions and the wheels may be much softer, which makes longboards feel quite different from the ubiquitous skateboard. Longboards for sliding, however, have relatively hard wheels, Longboard decks are typically made from plywood, anywhere from two to eleven layers, each of usually 2 millimetres in thickness, composed of birch, bamboo, maple, koa, or oak wood. Longboards are commercially available in a variety of shapes and sizes, each variety has certain advantages and disadvantages, which come into play depending on the technique or personal preferences of the rider. Decks intended for riding downhill are typically stiff and have a wheelbase of around 30-28, designers and manufacturers aim to make these boards as stiff and light as possible. The primary three designs of downhill boards are drop decks, top mounts and drop throughs, each design has its own advantages
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Snakeboard
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A snakeboard is a board that was invented in South Africa in 1989 by James Fisher and Oliver Macleod Smith. The concept was to fuse the original skateboard with elements of snowboarding and surfing to create a fun riding experience, the first prototype was constructed using two square wooden boards, an old roller skate chopped in half, and a piece of plumbing pipe to join them together. Many variants were tried before manufacturing began, the first boards to be mass-produced were made from a strong plastic nylon known as Zytel ST801. This transfer of energy is called nonholonomic locomotion, the board moves in a motion similar to that of a snake—hence the sports original name of snakeboarding. The rider of a snakeboard can ride the board on almost any terrain and even propel himself uphill, snakeboards allow riders to gain momentum without the need to push themselves with their feet like skateboarders. Skatex International Ltd is the name of the first company that manufactured boards of this kind and was the original company. Skatex International licensed Snakeboard USA to sell and distribute the boards in the United States, James Fisher, Simon King and Oliver Macleod Smith jointly owned the patents and trademarks for the sport. In the late 1990s, the inventors licensed PMS, a toy retailer, over 50,000 Sydewynders were sold in the UK and Europe. The inventors then listed their company Snakeboard International AIM market, a division of the London Stock Exchange, later there was a reverse acquisition of Snakeboard International by a company called MV Sports. MV Sports eventually stopped manufacturing the Snakeboard, however, the sport survives today with more advanced boards and is becoming more widely known as streetboarding. A snakeboard is self-propelled, and there is no need to touch a foot on the ground, moreover, it is considerably easier to generate and maintain momentum than on a skateboard. To perform a trick, ones feet must be strapped to the board and it should also be noted that while the footstraps limit the amount a rider can manipulate the board, they also facilitate certain techniques. Much like a snowboarder, the rider can perform spins and somersaults higher and farther than any skateboarder, at the same time, this means a faster learning curve
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Street luge
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Street luge is an extreme gravity-powered activity that involves riding a street luge board down a paved road or course. Street luge is also known as land luge or road luge, like skateboarding, street luge is often done for sport and for recreation. Other than the riding position and very high speeds, street luge has little relation to its winter namesake. Street luge was born in Southern California as downhill skateboarders found they could reach faster speeds by lying down on their skateboards and this early form of the sport is now referred to as laydown skateboarding. In 1975, the first professional race was held at Signal Hill, California, the race winner was based on top speed. The boards used in this varied from basic skateboards to complex skate cars in which the rider was completely enclosed by plastic or fiberglass. The sport was not commonly referred to as street luge at this time, most contestants were standing up, however, an opening in the rules enabled riders to choose their own board position, including supine. By 1978, repeated injuries to both riders and spectators halted the races at Signal Hill, roger Hickey and Don Baumea from the Signal Hill races kept the sport alive by continuing to hold races in Southern California. Race organizers in the 1980s and 1990s started implementing many more equipment, safety, meanwhile, in the early 1990s, some Austrian skateboarders started sitting down on their skateboards on the way back from teaching skiing in the Alps. This activity lead to a classic style street luge race in the Kaunertal Valley, in western Austria, called Hot Heels. At the outset, the founders started lying down on wooden boards closer to large skateboards than the street luge, and with smaller wheels. There is now a street luge riding and racing presence in many European countries. In the mid 1990s, ESPN’s X Games showcased street luge to the world, NBC followed ESPN’s lead and created the Gravity Games in which the sport was sanctioned by Extreme Downhill International. After a media splurge through the late 1990s and early 2000s, the X Games has become more stadium-based for commercial reasons. Others, such as the Gravity Games, Hot Heels and the Australian Xtreme Games, have disappeared, while no longer a sport in either the X Games or Gravity Games, street luge is a burgeoning sport in numerous countries with competitions around the globe. There are approximately 1200 active street luge riders in the world, on September 10,2016, Mike McIntyre went 164.12 KPH at lUltime Descente. Source Street lugers ride boards in the supine position, the design of these boards is based on the rules set forth from different governing bodies. The majority of the street luge boards in the world are custom made although commercial models are now available, actual board designs can vary as the construction rules are very open and allow for numerous design considerations
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Skate shoe
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Skate shoes or skateboard shoes are a type of footwear specifically designed and manufactured for use in skateboarding. A low, padded tongue is often included for comfort, skate shoe companies have integrated a number of special features into their shoes. These innovations have a number of functions, including prevention of heel bruises, enhancement of skateboard feel through increased flexibility, skate shoes are subjected to the abrasiveness of a skateboards grip tape on a regular basis when used for skateboarding. This is why skaters tend to go through shoes quickly, super suede, action leather, and plastic underlying the toe cap help to increase the durability of a skate shoe. Lace loops and protectors are designed to prevent laces from shredding by shielding the most common areas that contact with grip tape
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Skatepark
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A skatepark, or skate park, is a purpose-built recreational environment made for skateboarding, BMX, scooter, wheelchair, and aggressive inline skating. The first skatepark in the world, Surf City at 2169 E. Speedway, Tucson, patti McGee, Women’s National Champion, was here for the grand opening. It had concrete ramps and was operated by Arizona Surf City Enterprises, a skatepark for skateboarders and skaters which had plywood ramps on a half-acre lot in Kelso, Washington, USA opened in April 1966. It was lighted for night use, Californias first skatepark, the Carlsbad Skatepark opened on March 3,1976. The World Skateboard Championships were held here on April 10,1977 and it operated until 1979, when it was buried intact beneath a layer of dirt for more than two decades, before being destroyed in 2005. The current Carlsbad Skatepark is in a different location, the East Coasts first skatepark, Ocean Bowl Skate Park, in Ocean City, Maryland, USA, opened the first week of June,1976. It is the oldest operating municipal skate park in the United States, due to time, wear and the current needs of skaters, the old bowl and ramp were torn down in the Fall of 1997 and the new park opened in July 1998. In 1999 the City of Hermosa Beach, California opened a small skatepark at the site of the first skateboard competition, the competition held at the Pier Avenue Junior Hugh School was organized by Dewey Weber across the street from his surf and skateboard shop. Makaha Skateboards was a sponsor of the competition, in 1987 an all wooden indoor skate park opened in Bristol, CT called CT Bike that is still in business today over 20 years later. CT Bike is where Tony Hawk made his debut when he was just a boy on his first East Coast tour. The indoor skate park today is operated by the same family who built the park despite a fire that threatened the park in 1988. In more extreme climates, parks were built indoors, often of wood or metal, by the end of the 1970s, the skateboarding fad had waned, and the original parks of the era began to close. A downturn in the general market in the 1980s and high liability insurance premiums contributed to the demise of the original skateparks. Some second-generation parks such as Upland, Californias Pipeline survived into the 1980s, however, few of the private parks of the 1970s remain, with the notable exception of Kona Skatepark in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. However, many public parks of that era can still be found throughout Western Europe, Australia, the modern skatepark designs of the Pacific Northwest can be traced back to Burnside Skatepark, a DIY barge build beneath the Burnside Bridge in Portland, Oregon. Skateboarders used an area populated primarily by the undesirable elements to create a skatepark. The process is called design/build, and is a characteristic of many skateparks today, the design/build process ensures that adjacent skatepark features are harmonious and rideable, allowing skateboarders to create endless lines to ride among the many features. Street skating has blurred the line between skateparks and street spots, some cities are starting to put in skate spots/plazas with features that would not have been classically designed for skateboarding, but can be skated by street skaters legally
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Skateboarding sponsorship
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Skateboarding sponsorship is the commercial sponsorship of an individual or team of people who participate in skateboarding, competitions or public activities. Skateboarding sponsorship may also extend to the sponsorship of major competitions or venues by larger distributors or manufacturers of skateboarding equipment, there are four generally recognised classes of individual skateboarding sponsorship. Shop sponsorship is sponsorship by a retail company or small locally distributed merchandise manufacturer. Skateboarders sponsored in this manner are not required to dedicate a particular amount of time to sponsor-related activities. In some cases, retailers may sponsor their own staff as part of their employment agreements, flow sponsorship is similar to shop sponsorship in that it generally involves the sponsorship of an individual by a small to medium commercial enterprise. However, flow sponsorship usually involves the provision of free merchandise, the total value of the sponsorship can sometimes be determined by the regularity with which the sponsored skater receives free merchandise. By 2003, then-6-year-old Mitchie Brusco was committed to 9 such agreements and this may involve short-term reciprocal arrangements related to specific events or competitions or longer-term commitments on a contractual basis. The sponsored skateboarder typically receives some personal promotion as a team member as well as skateboarding equipment. The sponsored skateboarder may also receive payments to cover living expenses or travel expenses. Sponsored skaters will also receive merchandise and equipment as well as Branded clothing. Professional skateboarders may also receive royalties for products sold by the company that include the skaters name or logo. Professional skater Tony Hawk signed endorsement and sponsorship deals with a number of major brands worth up to US$15 million each, including deals with a number of non-skateboarding brands
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Skatestopper
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Skatestopper is the brand-name of a skate-deterrent device placed on urban terrain features such as benches and hand rails to discourage skating on the surface where they have been installed. The name Skatestopper is a trademark of Intellicept of El Cajon, California. Skatestoppers are designed to be used in conjunction with warning signs and are not intended to eliminate the activities of skateboarding or inline skating, in some skateboarding circles Skatestopper has become a genericized trademark referring to any purposely installed device designed to discourage skateboarding. The aim of Skatestoppers is to stop skaters from practicing tricks known as grinds on urban features such as curbs, benches, and ledges, which may be damaged when skateboarders perform these feats. In this way, property owners can avoid damage to the different elements they wish to protect and so large amounts of money on the costly replacement of granite or marble slabs. Skatestoppers have been described as a mantrap by some skateboarders, however, these devices are intended to be installed along with notices warning skaters of the potential hazard
