1.
Killean, County Armagh
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Killean or Killeen is a small village and townland in the civil parish of Killeavy, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It lies about four miles south of Newry, near the border with the Republic of Ireland, in the 2001 Census, it had a population of 75 people. It lies within the Newry and Mourne District Council area, for more information, see The Troubles in Killeen, which includes a list of incidents in the area during the Troubles resulting in two or more fatalities. The sole school within the village is St Michaels Primary School,86 Dundalk Road, the primary place of worship in the village is St. Michaels Chapel, a Roman Catholic church. Máire Drumm, a vice-president of Sinn Féin from 1972 until her death in 1976, was from the village
2.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
7.
Bell County, Texas
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Bell County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 310,235, the county was founded in 1850 and is named for Peter Hansborough Bell, the third governor of Texas. Bell County is part of the Killeen–Temple, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, in 2010, the center of population of Texas was located in Bell County, near the town of Holland. 1834–1835 Little River becomes part of Robertsons Colony, settlers from Nashville, robertson, families of Captain Goldsby Childers, Robert Davison, John Fulcher, Moses Griffin, John Needham, Michael Reed and his son William Whitaker Reed, William Taylor, and Judge Orville T. Tyler. 1836 The settlements are deserted during the Runaway Scrape, reoccupied, deserted again after the Elmwood Creek Blood Scrape, Texas Ranger George Erath establishes a fort on Little River. 1845 University of Mary Hardin–Baylor founded by the Republic of Texas as “Baylor Female College”,1850 Bell County is formed and named for Texas Governor Peter Hansborough Bell. Population 600 whites –60 black slaves,1859 Last serious Indian raid of the area. 1860 Re-survey of the line between Bell and Milam County, Bell County assumes its present boundaries. 1861 County votes for secession from the Union, 1862–1865 Union sympathizers and Confederate deserters hole up in Camp Safety. 1867 Belton Women’s Commonwealth, the first women’s movement in Central Texas, is formed by Martha McWhirter, the group provides shelter to women in abusive relationships. 1865–1877 Reconstruction in the county is so troubled that Federal troops are quartered in Belton, corruption, lawlessness, and racial divides are rampant. Bell County has a version of the KKK.1875 Miriam A. Ferguson. 1881 Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway, the first railroad to be built in Bell County, renaissance Revival design is by architect Jasper N. Preston and Sons. 1905 The Belton and Temple Interurban electric railway is constructed, 1920’s Ku Klux Klan revived in Bell County. 1925 Miriam A. Ferguson is inaugurated as governor,1933 Miriam A. Ferguson is inaugurated for her second, but non-consecutive, term as governor. 1942 Fort Hood opens as a training base. 1956 Killeen school board votes to integrate local high school,1965 Central Texas College founded in Killeen. 1980 Killeen becomes the largest city in Bell County,1987 Bell County Expo Center opens 1991, October 16 - Lubys shooting - George Jo Hennard Jr. kills 23 people, wounds 20 others, kills himself
8.
City council
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A city council, town council, town board, or board of aldermen is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area. Because of the differences in legislation between the states, the definition of a City Council varies. However, it is only those local government areas which have been specifically granted city status that are entitled to refer to themselves as cities. The official title is Corporation of the City of ------ or similar, some of the larger urban areas of Australia are governed mostly by a single entity, while others may be controlled by a multitude of much smaller city councils. Also some significant urban areas can be under the jurisdiction of rural local governments. Periodic re-alignments of boundaries attempt to rationalize these situations and adjust the deployment of assets, the 2001 Local Government Act restyled the five county boroughs of Dublin, Cork, Galway, Waterford, and Limerick as city councils, with the same status in law as county councils. For many decades until the government reforms of 1989, a borough with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, in the Republic of China, a city council represents a provincial city. Members of the councils are elected through local elections for provincial cities which are held every 4–5 years, Councils for the provincial cities in Taiwan are Chiayi City Council, Hsinchu City Council and Keelung City Council. In the UK, a city council is, In England, a parish council that has been granted city status. The council of a London borough that has been granted city status, in Wales, The council of a principal area that has been granted city status. A community council that has been granted city status, in Scotland, The council of one of four council areas designated a City by the Local Government etc. City councils and town boards generally consist of elected aldermen or councillors. In the United States, members of city councils are typically called council member or council man/woman, while in Canada they are typically called councillor
9.
City manager
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A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities. Other small or middle sized American cities, especially in the West, in Europe, smaller cities in the Netherlands were specially attracted by the plan. Most sources trace the first city manager to Staunton, Virginia in 1908, some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were Sumter, South Carolina and Dayton, Ohio, Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first City Managers Association meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914, by 1930200 American cities used a city manager form of government. In addition, many states, such as the states of New Hampshire, the City Manager position focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators, Manager members of the ICMA are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, in the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. As of 2005 more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, the average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, educational Level of Local Government Managers, Local government Local government in the United States council-manager government Clerk Kemp, Roger L. Managing Americas Cities, A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK1998. _______, Model Government Charters, A City, County, Regional, State, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK,2003 _______, Forms of Local Government, A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. The rise of the city manager, A public professional in local government, organized business and the city commission and manager movements. In JSTOR White, Leonard D. Staunton, Virginia, Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government, a history on the city manager system of government
10.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
13.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
14.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
15.
Temple, Texas
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Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. As of 2016 the city has a population of 72,277 according to a US census estimate, located near the county seat of Belton, Temple lies in the region referred to as Central Texas and is a principal city in the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area. The metro region has a population of 450,051, located off Interstate 35, Temple is 65 miles north of Austin and 34 miles south of Waco. Temple has developed as a city with a number of arts. The primary economic drivers are the medical community and goods distribution based on its central location and proximity to larger cities, such as Austin. Temple was founded as a town in 1881, by the Gulf, Colorado. The town was named after a Santa Fe Railroad official, Bernard Moore Temple, Temple was a civil engineer and former surveyor with the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company. In 1882, the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad built through the town, and soon after, in its early years, Temple was a town of shacks and tents with a large number of saloons and tough characters found in the early West. Locally, it was nicknamed Tanglefoot, because some citizens found that the combination of muddy streets, after the town was incorporated in 1882, two private schools were founded in the city, the Temple Academy was organized and public school was established in 1884. In 1893, the annual Temple Stag Party began, growing out of a private Thanksgiving celebration attended by the leading men. The Temple Railroad and Heritage Museum, on the floor of the Santa Fe Railroad station at 315 West Avenue B. Temple is located northeast of the center of Bell County at 31°6′30″N 97°23′21″W and it is the second largest city in Bell County. It is bordered to the southwest, on the side of the Leon River, by Belton. The city is located right on Interstate 35 running alongside the Balcones Fault with very mixed geography, towards the east lies the Blackland Prairie region, and towards the west the terrain rises with low rolling limestone layered hills at the northeastern tip of the Texas Hill Country. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 74.9 square miles. As of the 2010 census, there were 66,102 people,23,359 households, the population density was 834.2 people per square mile. There were 28,005 housing units at a density of 359.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 1% White,23. 7% Hispanic or Latino,16. 9% African American,0. 6% Native American,2. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander, and 3. 3% from two or more races
16.
Fort Hood
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Fort Hood is a U. S. military post located in Killeen, Texas. The post is named after Confederate General John Bell Hood and it is located halfway between Austin and Waco, about 60 miles from each, within the U. S. state of Texas. Fort Hood is an installation of the United States Army and is the largest military base in the world more than 215,000 acres. Its origin was the need for space to test and train with World War II tank destroyers. The War Department announced the location in January 1942, and the completion was set for that August. As originally constructed, Fort Hood had an area of 158,706 acres, the main cantonment of Fort Hood had a total population of 53,416 as of the 2010 U. S. Census. Fort Hood is the most populous U. S. military installation in the world, the main business area is in Bell County, with the training countryside area of the post in Coryell County. In April 2014, the Fort Hood website lists 45,414 assigned soldiers and 8,900 civilian employees with Fort Hood covering 214,000 acres, during World War II, tank destroyers were developed to counter German mobile armored units. These were mobile anti-tank guns on armored halftracks or specially developed tanks, wide-open space was needed for the tank destroyer testing and training, which Texas had in abundance. Andrew Davis Bruce was assigned to organize a new Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center, the War Department announced the selection on 15 January 1942. An initial acquisition of 108,000 acres was made, and it was estimated that the camp would cost $22,800,000 for the land, facilities, the date of completion was set for 15 August 1942. About 300 families had to move from their homes to make room for the area and the communities of Clear Creek, Elijah. The old Sugar Loaf community, historically called the Cradle of Killeen, all that remains of the community is the mountain from which it took its name, located in the Fort Hood area. To lessen the burden of moving, the Army agreed to land to be used for grazing for a nominal grazing fee. This grazing arrangement still continues today, in mid-August the camp was occupied and the official opening took place on 18 September 1942. Camp Hood was named for the Confederate General John Bell Hood, the original facilities provided housing and training sites for nearly 38,000 troops. In January 1943, an additional 16,000 acres in Bell County and 34,943 acres in Coryell County near Gatesville, the site near Gatesville was known as the sub-camp and later as North Camp Hood. During the war years, North Camp Hood housed nearly 40,000 troops and 4,000 prisoners of war, and was the site for the southern branch of the United States Disciplinary Barracks
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Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
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The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, often abbreviated as Santa Fe or AT&SF, was one of the larger railroads in the United States. Chartered in February 1859, the reached the Kansas-Colorado border in 1873 and Pueblo, Colorado. To create a demand for its services, the set up real estate offices. Despite the name, its main line never served Santa Fe, New Mexico, as the terrain was too difficult, the Santa Fe was a pioneer in intermodal freight transport, an enterprise that included a tugboat fleet and an airline. Its bus line extended passenger transportation to areas not accessible by rail, the AT&SF was the subject of a popular song, Harry Warren & Johnny Mercers On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe, written for the film, The Harvey Girls. The railroad officially ceased operations on December 31,1996, when it merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway was chartered on February 11,1859, to join Atchison and Topeka, Kansas, with Santa Fe, in its early years, the railroad opened Kansas to settlement. Much of its revenue came from wheat grown there and from cattle driven north from Texas to Wichita, rather than turn its survey southward at Dodge City, AT&SF headed southwest over Raton Pass because of coal deposits near Trinidad, Colorado and Raton, New Mexico. D&RG paid an estimated $1.4 million to Santa Fe for its work within the Gorge and agreed not to extend its line to Santa Fe, while Santa Fe agreed to forego its planned routes to Denver and Leadville. Building across Kansas and eastern Colorado was simple, with few natural obstacles and it set up real estate offices in the area and promoted settlement across Kansas on the land that was granted to it by Congress in 1863. It offered discounted fares to anyone who traveled west to land, if the land was purchased. AT&SF reached Albuquerque in 1880, Santa Fe, the destination of the railroad, found itself on a short branch from Lamy. In March 1881 AT&SF connected with the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico, the railroad then built southwest from Benson, Arizona, to Nogales on the Mexican border where it connected with the Sonora Railway, which the AT&SF had built north from the Mexican port of Guaymas. The Atlantic & Pacific Railroad was chartered in 1866 to build west from Springfield, Missouri, the infant A&P had no rail connections. The line that was to become the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway would not reach Springfield for another four years, A&P started construction in 1868, built southwest into what would become Oklahoma, and promptly entered receivership. In 1879 A&P struck a deal with the Santa Fe and Frisco railroads to construct a line for each. The railroads would jointly build and own the A&P railroad west of Albuquerque, in 1883 A&P reached Needles, California, where it connected with an SP line. A&P also built a line between Tulsa, Oklahoma and St. Louis, Missouri for the Frisco, but the Tulsa-Albuquerque portion remained unbuilt, by January 1890, the entire system consisted of some 7,500 miles of track
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Coryell County, Texas
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Coryell County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 75,388, the county is named for James Coryell, a frontiersman and Texas Ranger who was killed by Comanche Indians while protecting settlers. Coryell County is part of the Killeen–Temple, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, the habitation of Coryell County dates as far back as 4500 BC. The Tonkawa, Lipan Apache, Kiowa and Comanche were among the tribes who migrated through the area at various periods. When the General Colonization Law went into effect in 1824, followed by the 1825 State Colonization Law of Coahuila y Tejas, the grant went through several legal challenges, and later became Robertsons Colony, named for Sterling C. Robertson. The grant encompassed all or parts of thirty present-day Texas counties Settlers began moving into the area after Fort Gates was established at Gatesville, the Texas state legislature created the county in 1854, naming it after James Coryell. Originally Coryell was to be named Pierce County but was changed to Coryell after James Coryells death. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,057 square miles. Interstate 14 U. S. Highway 84 U. S. Highway 190 U. S, the population density was 71 people per square mile. There were 21,776 housing units at a density of 21 per square mile. 12. 57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,16. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the family size was 3.27. In the county, the population was out with 26. 20% under the age of 18,17. 90% from 18 to 24,36. 30% from 25 to 44,13. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 105.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,999, and the median income for a family was $38,307. Males had an income of $24,236 versus $21,186 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,410, about 7. 80% of families and 9. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 30% of those under age 18 and 9. 00% of those age 65 or over. The Christina Crain Unit prison, the Hilltop Unit prison, the Dr. Lane Murray Unit prison, in addition the Mountain View Unit, a prison with the State of Texas female death row, is in Gatesville
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Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
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Central Texas College
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Central Texas College is a community college located in Killeen, Texas, which was founded in 1965. It has a number of campuses around the world. Central Texas College was established by the citizens of Central Texas in 1965 to serve the section of Bell County. The campus was constructed on more than 500 acres of donated by Fort Hood between Killeen and Copperas Cove. In September 1967, the school opened its doors to 2,068 students, CTC has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1969. CTC instituted classes and programs on Fort Hood in 1970 and in Europe in 1974. Success with the led to branch campuses at military installations such as Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri, South Korea. By the early 1980s, CTC offered classes to military personnel in the Pacific Command, Alaska, CTC offered classes for the Texas Department of Criminal Justice in the prisons at Gatesville, Texas, in 1976. Central Texas College had a nationally ranked team in the early 1970s. In 2013, a campus-wide vote led to the selection of CTCs new official mascot, classes are held at many military bases around the world, and the college ranks fifth in the nation among all colleges and universities in terms of online enrollment. There are more than 40 certificate programs, CTCs main library is named in honor of Oveta Culp Hobby. CTCs older buildings are built in Spanish Colonial Revival Style, CTC is also home to the PBS station KNCT Television, and beautiful music station KNCT-FM. Central Texas College Home Page Central Texas College from the Handbook of Texas Online
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Mexican Americans
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Mexican Americans are Americans of full or partial Mexican descent. As of July 2015, Mexican Americans made up 11. 1% of the United States population, as of July 2015, Mexican Americans comprised 63. 4% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself, canada is a distant third, with a small Mexican Canadian population of 96,055 as of 2011. Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California, in 2015, the United States admitted 157,227 Mexican immigrants, and as of November 2016,1.31 million Mexicans were on the waiting list to immigrate to the United States through legal means. Communities of Spanish-speaking Tejanos, Nuevomexicanos, Californios and Mission Indians have existed in the American southwest since the area was part of New Spains Provincias Internas, the majority of these historically Hispanophone populations eventually adopted English as their first language as part of their overall Americanization. Mexican-American history spans more than 400 years and varies from region to region within the United States, in 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000 Hispanics of Mexican descent living in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California and Texas. Most were Mexican Americans of Spanish descent and other Hispanicized European settlers who settled in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times, as well as local and Mexican Indians. Approximately ten percent of the current Mexican-American population are descended from the colonial settlers. As early as 1813, some of the Tejanos who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that desired independence from Spanish-ruled Mexico, in those days, there was no concept of identity as Mexican. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole and this was particularly true in frontier regions such as Zacatecas, Texas, Yucatán, Oaxaca, New Mexico, etc. As shown by the writings of colonial Tejanos such as Antonio Menchaca, Mexico encouraged immigration from the United States to settle east Texas and, by 1831, English-speaking settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in the region. Both groups were settled mostly in the part of the territory. The Mexican government became concerned about the volume of Anglo-American immigration. Consistent with its abolition of slavery, the Mexican government banned slavery within the state and his story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he, after receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico, where he was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican–American War. As a Spanish colony, the territory of California also had an population of colonial settlers. In the mid-19th century, more settlers from the United States began to enter the territory, in California, Spanish settlement began in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. 20 more missions were established along the California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios, settlers in California tended to stay close to the coast and outside of the California interior
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Koreans
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Koreans are an ethnic group native to the whole Korean Peninsula and southeastern Manchuria. Over the course of the 20th century, significant Korean communities have emerged in Australia, Canada, United States and, to a lesser extent, as of 2013, there were an estimated 7.4 million ethnic Korean expatriates around the planet. South Koreans refer to themselves as Hanguk-in, or Hanguk-saram, both of which mean Korean nation people, when referring to members of the Korean diaspora, Koreans often use the term Han-in. North Koreans refer to themselves as Joseon-in or Joseon-saram, both of which literally mean Joseon people, using similar words, Koreans in China refer to themselves as Chaoxianzu in Chinese or Joseonjok in Korean, which are cognates that literally mean Joseon ethnic group. Ethnic Koreans living in Russia and Central Asia refer to themselves as Koryo-saram, alluding to Goryeo, Koreans are the descendants of the peoples that migrated for over 13. 000-7.000 years from Southeast Asia and todays Russian Far East into the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria. Later Chinese and other, often said to be Siberian or paleo-Asian tribes migrated into parts of Korea, archaeological evidence suggests that most of the later arriving tribes were migrants from south-central Siberia. During the Four Commanderies of Han some Chinese clans migrated to northern Korea, susumu Ōno, Ki-Moon Lee and Choong-Soon Kim suspect that proto-Dravidian people migrated to Korea and parts of Japan. Susumu Ōno suggest also an Austronesian immigration into the Korean peninsula, the largest concentration of dolmens in the world is found on the Korean Peninsula. In fact, with an estimated 35, 000-100,000 dolmen, Korean males also exhibit a moderate frequency of Haplogroup C-M217. About 2% of Korean males belong to Haplogroup D-M174, the D1b-M55 subclade has been found with maximal frequency in a small sample of the Ainu people of Japan, and is generally frequent throughout the Japanese Archipelago. Haplogroup D4 is the modal haplogroup among Koreans and among Northeast Asians in general. Haplogroup B, which very frequently in many populations of Southeast Asia, Polynesia. Haplogroup A has been detected in approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans, Haplogroup A is the most common mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Eskimo, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its writing system with some Hanja. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide, estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Koreas population has been extremely difficult. Until release of data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population, thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il-sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were made available to the outside world
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Invasion of Kuwait
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The Invasion of Kuwait on August 2,1990 was a 2-day operation conducted by Iraq against the neighboring state of Kuwait, which resulted in the seven-month-long Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. These events came to be known as the first Gulf War and resulted in the expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait and the Iraqis setting 600 Kuwaiti oil wells on fire during their retreat. The invasion started on 2 August 1990, and within two days most of the Kuwait Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or fell back to neighboring Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The State of Kuwait was annexed, and Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq, when the Iran-Iraq War broke out, Kuwait initially stayed neutral and also tried mediating between Iran and Iraq. In 1982, Kuwait along with other Arab states of the Persian Gulf supported Iraq in order to curb Iranian Revolutionary government, in 1982–1983, Kuwait began sending significant financial aid to Iraq. Kuwaits large-scale economic assistance to Iraq often triggered hostile Iranian actions against Kuwait, Iran repeatedly targeted Kuwaiti oil tankers in 1984 and fired weapons at Kuwaiti security personnel stationed on Bubiyan island in 1988. During the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait functioned as Iraqs major port once Basra was shut down by the fighting. By the time the Iran–Iraq War ended, Iraq was not in a position to repay the US$14 billion it borrowed from Kuwait to finance its war. Iraq argued that the war had prevented the rise of Iranian hegemony in Kuwait, however, Kuwaits reluctance to pardon the debt created strains in the relationship between the two countries. During late 1989, several meetings were held between the Kuwaiti and Iraqi leaders but they were unable to break the deadlock between the two. Chalabi argued that oil prices would help Iraq increase its revenues. Throughout much of the 1980s, Kuwaits oil production was considerably above its mandatory OPEC quota, a lack of consensus among OPEC members undermined Iraqs efforts to end the oil glut and consequently prevented the recovery of its war-crippled economy. It was estimated that between 1985 and 1989, Iraq lost US$14 billion a year due to Kuwaits oil price strategy, Kuwaits refusal to decrease its oil production was viewed by Iraq as an act of aggression against it. The increasingly tense relations between Iraq and Kuwait were further aggravated when Iraq alleged that Kuwait was slant-drilling across the border into Iraqs Rumaila field. The dispute over Rumaila field started in 1960 when an Arab League declaration marked the Iraq–Kuwait border 2 miles north of the southernmost tip of the Rumaila field, during the Iran–Iraq War, Iraqi oil drilling operations in Rumaila declined while Kuwaits operations increased. In 1989, Iraq accused Kuwait of using advanced drilling techniques to exploit oil from its share of the Rumaila field, Iraq estimated that US$2.4 billion worth of Iraqi oil was stolen by Kuwait and demanded compensation. Kuwait dismissed the accusations as a false Iraqi ploy to justify military action against it, several foreign firms working in the Rumaila field also dismissed Iraqs slant-drilling claims as a smokescreen to disguise Iraqs more ambitious intentions. Many westerners believed that Iraqs invasion of Kuwait was largely motivated by its desire to control over the latters vast oil reserves
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2nd Armored Division (United States)
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The 2nd Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army. The division played an important role during World War II in the invasions of North Africa and Sicily and the liberation of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands and the invasion of Germany. During the Cold War, the division was based at Fort Hood, Texas. After participation in the Persian Gulf War, the division was deactivated in 1995 and its units were later transferred to the 4th Infantry Division. The 2nd Armored Division was formed at Fort Benning, Georgia on 15 July 1940 and it was originally commanded by Major General Charles L. Scott, with Colonel George S. Patton, Jr. in charge of training. Scott was promoted to command the I Armored Corps in November of that year, the division, which in February 1942 passed over to the command of Major General Willis D. Crittenberger, served with the First, Seventh, and Ninth Armies throughout the war. The 2nd Armored was organized as an armored division, having two armored regiments of four medium tank and two light tank battalions of three companies each. Both types had a component of three mechanized battalions, although the heavy divisions maintained an armored infantry regiment organization. The 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion was known as the eyes and ears of the 2nd Armored Division, the 2nd Armored Division had three artillery battalions. The division also had support units, including the 2nd Ordnance Maintenance Battalion, 2nd Supply Battalion, the 48th Armored Medical Battalion, the military police and band were tasked with headquarters defense of base operations under the banner of the 502d Adjutant General Company. Elements of the division were among the first U. S. military to engage in ground combat operations in the European and Mediterranean theater during World War II. The 2nd Armored Division, now commanded by Major General Ernest N. Harmon and they were part of the Western Task Force of Operation Torch, which landed at Casablanca in French Morocco on 8 November 1942. The remainder of Torchs American component were the 1st, 3rd, however, the 2nd Armored Division did not see much action in North Africa and instead remained in French North Africa on garrison and training duties. In April 1943 Major General Harmon relinquished command of the division to Major General Hugh Joseph Gaffey, Training in amphibious operations began in preparation for an amphibious landing at Sicily. Afterwards, the next went into action in the second landing at Licata. The 2nd Armored, operating closely with paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division, along the way the 2nd Armored Division captured thousands of Italian prisoners of war. During the campaign the division came under the command of the U. S, Seventh Army, under Lieutenant General George S. Patton, who had been a former commander of the division. Soon afterwards the 2nd Armored Division was sent to England, in preparation for the Allied invasion of Normandy, in April the division received a new commander, Major General Edward H. Brooks, a decorated veteran of World War I, replacing Major General Gaffey
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1st Cavalry Division (United States)
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The 1st Cavalry Division is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army, as well as the other four branches of the U. S. military. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas, as of 2013, the 1st Cavalry Division is subordinate to III Corps and is commanded by Major General John C. Thomson III. The history of the 1st Cavalry Division began in 1921 after the established a permanent cavalry division table of organization. Since 1st Cavalry Division was to assemble from existing units, it was able to go active in September 1921, even though the subordinate units did not arrive completely until as late as 1922. 1st Cavalry Division was assigned to the VIII Corps Area, with its headquarters and 2d Brigade located at Fort Bliss, Texas. The 1st Cavalry Division’s assembled at Douglas, Arizona, the 1st, 7th, and 8th Cavalry Regiments had previously been assigned to the wartime 15th Cavalry Division until they were returned to the VIII Corps Area troop list on 12 May 1918. 1st Cavalry Regiment remained assigned until it was transferred to 1st Cavalry Division on 20 August 1921 and this controversy continued until 18 December 1922, when the 5th Cavalry Regiment, then on the VIII Corps Area Troop List, swapped places with the 10th Cavalry Regiment. In 1923 the 1st Cavalry Division held division maneuvers for the first time, however, financial constraints made that impossible. Only in 1927, through the generosity of a few ranchers who provided land, was the division able to conduct such exercises again. In 1928 Major General Herbert B, crosby, Chief of Cavalry, faced with personnel cuts, reorganized the cavalry regiments, which in turn reduced the size of the 1st Cavalry Division. Crosbys goal was to decrease overhead while maintaining or increasing firepower in the regiment, the cavalry brigades machine gun squadrons were inactivated, while the responsibility for training and employing machine guns fell to the regimental commanders, as in the infantry. The new structure increased the size of the troop, expanded the medical unit to a squadron. A divisional aviation section, an armored car squadron, and tank company were added, the artillery battalion was expanded to a regiment. With the arrival of the 1930s, serious work started on the testing and refining of new equipment, to facilitate this, 1st Cavalry Division traded 1st Cavalry Regiment for 12th Cavalry Regiment on 3 January 1933. Like the 1937 infantry division test, the maneuvers concentrated on the cavalry regiments around which all other units were to be organized. The latter configuration allowed the division to deploy easily in two columns, which was accepted standard cavalry tactics, one headquarters would assume responsibility for the administration and disciplinary control for these forces. The special troops remained as structured in 1928, and no observation squadron or chemical detachment found a place in the division, with the paper changes in the cavalry divisions and other minor adjustments, the strength of a wartime divisional rose to 10,680. In order to prepare for war service, 1st Cavalry Division participated in the maneuvers, Toyahvale
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Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
27.
Luby's
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Lubys, Inc. operates restaurants under the brands Lubys, Fuddruckers, Koo Koo Roo, and Cheeseburger in Paradise. It was founded in 1947 in San Antonio, Texas, United States by Robert Luby and its headquarters is in the Near Northwest district of Houston, Texas. Bob Luby was one year old when his father, Harry, Bob opened his first Lubys Cafeteria in 1947, focusing on fresh food and customer service. Lubys soon expanded outside of San Antonio, Texas to Tyler, Harlingen, El Paso, in 1959, the original partners formed Cafeterias, Inc. Lubys continued to expand, entering other Texas cities and locations in contiguous states, Lubys entered Houston for the first time when it opened Romana Cafeteria in 1965. Locations opened in New Mexico in 1966 and in Oklahoma in 1980, in 1973, Cafeterias, Inc. became a publicly traded company. To honor Bob Luby, Cafeterias, Inc. was renamed Lubys Cafeterias, one year later, Lubys shares were listed on the New York Stock Exchange. By 1987 Lubys had reached 100 locations, in 2001, Chris and Harris Pappas of Houstons Pappas Restaurants joined the Lubys management team. Three years later, Lubys moved its headquarters from San Antonio to Houston. The addition of the Pappas management team saw several Lubys restaurants begin to transition from traditional cafeteria-style establishments to hybrid cafeteria/fine dining, Luby’s celebrated its 60th anniversary in December 2006 with publishing “Luby’s Recipes & Memories, A Collection of our Favorite Dishes and Heartwarming Stories. In 2008, Luby’s published an edition of the cookbook that included 12 additional recipes. In 2009, due to the recession, Lubys closed 25 stores. In 2010 Lubys Culinary Services introduced Whats Brewing, a coffeehouse concept store in Downtown Houston. The same year, on June 18, Lubys announced it was buying Fuddruckers, on June 13,2011, Luby’s opened its first company-owned Fuddruckers restaurant in downtown Houston’s seven-mile tunnel system. In 2013, Lubys acquired Cheeseburger in Paradise, Lubys has its headquarters in Suite 600 of the 13111 Northwest Freeway building in the Near Northwest district and in Houston, Texas. In July 2004, Lubys announced that it would move its headquarters from San Antonio to Houston, at that time Lubys did not yet state to where it would be moving, the company stated that it would most likely move to a suburb in Greater Houston. 80 jobs were transferred to Houston, the Lu Ann Platter, a popular combination platter served at Lubys, is a half portion main dish with vegetables. This plate was the inspiration for the character name Luanne Platter from the animated Texas comedy/drama, the cafeteria itself is characterized as Lulys on the show
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Luby's shooting
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The Lubys shooting, also known as the Lubys massacre, was a mass shooting that took place on October 16,1991, at a Lubys restaurant in Killeen, Texas, United States. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his truck through the front window of the restaurant, and immediately shot and killed 23 people. It is the fourth deadliest massacre by a shooter in U. S. history. He yelled, All women of Killeen and Belton are vipers and this is what youve done to me and my family. This is what Bell County did to me. This is payback day and he opened fire on the patrons and staff with both a 9mm Glock 17 pistol and a 9mm Ruger P89 pistol. He stalked, shot, and killed 23 people, ten of them with shots to the head. Approximately 140 people were in the restaurant and it was National Bosss Day and the restaurant was crowded. At first, bystanders thought the crash was an accident, the first victim was veterinarian Michael Griffith. Another patron, Tommy Vaughn, threw himself through a window, sustaining injuries. Hennard reloaded at least three times before fleeing to the bathroom after a shootout with the police. During it, he was wounded four times, the massacre ended minutes later when he committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. Numerous reports included accounts of Hennards hatred of women, an ex-roommate of his said, He hated blacks, Hispanics, gays. He said women were snakes and always had derogatory remarks about them, survivors said Hennard passed over men to shoot women. 14 of the 23 people killed were women, as were many of the wounded and he called two of them a bitch before shooting them. Murdered in the shooting were, George Hennard was born Georges Pierre Hennard on October 15,1956 in Sayre, Pennsylvania, the son of a Swiss-born surgeon and he had two younger siblings, Alan and Desiree. His family later moved to New Mexico, where his father worked at the White Sands Missile Range near Las Cruces, after graduating from Mayfield High School in 1974, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy and served for three years, until he was honorably discharged. He later worked as a merchant mariner, but was dismissed for drug use, early in the investigation of the massacre the Killeen police chief said that he had an evident problem with women for some reason. After his parents divorced in 1983, his father moved to Houston, the Glock 17 and Ruger P89 9mm pistols he used were purchased between February and March 1991 at a gun shop in Henderson
29.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
30.
Dulles High School (Sugar Land, Texas)
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John Foster Dulles High School is a high school in Sugar Land, Texas. It was the first site purchase and new build, in the 1950s, of the newly formed Fort Bend Independent School District, the first class to graduate from Dulles itself was 1962. Its mascot is the Viking, and its colors are red, white. At its highest, the roll was over 4,000 students during the 1976-1977 school year. During the 2006-2007 school year, the roll comprised 2,291, the school serves children from parts of Sugar Land, Missouri City and the city of Meadows Place as well as portions of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Stafford. Dulles serves a portion of the First Colony community, in previous eras, Dulles served the Four Corners community. The principal is Dr. Jennifer Nichols, former Dulles teacher, Dulles was named a National Blue Ribbon School in 1984-85. Dulles formed in 1959 from a merger of Missouri City High School, Dulles was classified by the University Interscholastic League school as a Class B school until 1972, when it became classified as a 4A school, then the largest classification in the state. From its opening, Dulles was the zoned high school in the district until Willowridge High School opened in 1979. Dulles is home to the Math and Science Academy, which students with even more options to extend their studies in these areas. Dulles is one of the schools in the state to offer Chem III. Starting with the 2013-2014 school year, Biotechnology is offered as an honors course, modern Physics has been added to the math and science curriculum as well. Calculus III, or multivariable calculus, is offered to students who have finished Calculus BC before their senior year, other classes include Chem II, Bio II, and Physics II C. Dulles offers a total of 24 AP courses, students take the class to fulfill the research requirement of the Academy. This new group, named The Vike Squad, hosts events throughout the year to offer fun. The groups second annual Dodgeball Tournament, held in September 2006, was a success that drew hundreds of observers. The final group, consisting of six students, was declared the winner after facing a difficult match against the then principal, Lance Hindt. The Vike Squad has multiple events planned for the rest of the year, including a night of salsa and tango lessons for students, most events are free, with the funds of those that are not going directly to college scholarships and school-improvement projects
31.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
32.
2009 Fort Hood shooting
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On November 5,2009, a mass shooting took place at Fort Hood, near Killeen, Texas. Nidal Hasan, a U. S. Army major and psychiatrist, fatally shot 13 people, the shooting produced more casualties than any other on an American military base. Hasan was shot and as a result paralyzed from the waist down, Hasan was arraigned by a military court on July 20,2011 and was charged with 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted murder under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. His court-martial began on August 7,2013, due to the nature of the charges, Hasan faced either the death penalty or life in prison without parole upon conviction. Hasan was found guilty on all 13 counts of premeditated murder and 32 counts of attempted premeditated murder on August 23,2013, the failure to prevent the shootings led the Defense Department and the FBI to commission investigations, and Congress to hold hearings. According to pretrial testimony, Hasan entered the Guns Galore store in Killeen on July 31,2009, Hasan was allegedly asked how he intended to use the weapon, but simply repeated that he wanted the most advanced handgun with the largest magazine capacity. The three people with Hasan—Gilbert, the manager, and an employee—all recommended the FN Five-seven pistol. As Gilbert owned one of the pistols, he spent an hour describing its operation to Hasan, Hasan left the store, saying he needed to research the weapon. He returned to purchase the gun the day, and visited the store once a week to buy extra magazines, along with over 3000 rounds of 5. 7×28mm SS192. In the weeks prior to the attack, Hasan visited a shooting range in Florence. He was preparing to deploy to Iraq with his unit and had been to the Center several times before, Armed with the FN Five-seven pistol, which he had fitted with two Lasermax laser sights, one red, and one green. A Smith & Wesson.357 Magnum revolver was found on Hasans person. After entering the building, Hasan went to the first desk to the right of the North doors, MAJ Parrish worked in the building. The worker went down the hall to get Parrish, according to eyewitnesses, Hasan had then gone around behind the desk and bowed his head for several seconds when he suddenly stood up, shouted Allahu Akbar. and opened fire. Witnesses said Hasan initially sprayed bullets at soldiers in a motion before taking aim at individual soldiers. Eyewitness SGT Michael Davis said, The rate of fire was pretty much constant shooting, when I initially heard it, it sounded like an M16. Army Reserve Captain John Gaffaney tried to stop Hasan by charging him, civilian physician assistant Michael Cahill also tried to charge Hasan with a chair, but was shot and killed. Army Reserve Specialist Logan Burnett tried to stop Hasan by throwing a table at him, but he was shot in the left hip, fell down
33.
Nidal Hasan
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Nidal Malik Hasan is an American convicted of fatally shooting 13 people and injuring more than 30 others in the Fort Hood mass shooting on November 5,2009. Hasan was a United States Army Medical Corps psychiatrist who admitted to the shootings at his court-martial in August 2013. A jury panel of 13 officers convicted him of 13 counts of premeditated murder,32 counts of attempted murder, Hasan is incarcerated at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas awaiting execution while his case is reviewed by appellate courts. During the six years that Hasan was an intern and resident at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, colleagues and superiors were concerned about his behavior and comments. Hasan was not married at the time and was described as isolated, stressed by his work with soldiers. Two days before the shooting, which occurred less than a month before he was due to deploy to Afghanistan, Hasan gave away many of his belongings to a neighbor, prior to the shooting, Hasan had expressed critical views described by colleagues as anti-American. The FBI, Department of Defense and U. S. Senate all conducted investigations after the shootings, the DoD classified the events as workplace violence, pending prosecution of Hasan in a court-martial. The Senate released a report describing the shooting as the worst terrorist attack on U. S. soil since September 11,2001. Investigators in the FBI and U. S. Army determined that Hasan acted alone and they are satisfied that his communications with Awlaki posed no threat at the time. The decision by the Army not to charge Hasan with terrorism was controversial, Hasan was born in Arlington County, Virginia, to Palestinian parents who immigrated to the U. S. from al-Bireh in the West Bank. Raised as a Muslim together with his two brothers, he attended Wakefield High School in Arlington for his freshman year. After his family moved to Roanoke in 1985, he attended William Fleming High School in Roanoke and he graduated from high school in 1988. Hasan and his brothers helped their parents run the restaurant in Roanoke. Their father died in 1998 and their mother in 2001, as adults, one brother continued to live in Virginia and the other moved to Jerusalem. Hasan joined the United States Army immediately after school in 1988. He graduated from Virginia Tech in 1997 with a degree in biochemistry. He gained admission through a process for medical school at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. After earning his degree in 2003, Hasan completed his internship
34.
Billy Ray Cyrus
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William Billy Ray Cyrus is an American singer, songwriter and actor. It was also the single in the same country in 1992 and was translated into more than 100 languages. Thanks to the video of this hit, the line dance catapulted into the mainstream, Cyrus, a multi-platinum selling recording artist, has scored a total of eight top-ten singles on the Billboard Country Songs chart. It is the album in the SoundScan era to log 17 consecutive weeks at number one and is also the top-ranking debut album by a male country artist. It ranked 43 weeks in the top 10, a total topped by one country album in history. Some Gave All was also the first debut album to enter at one on the Billboard Country Albums chart. The album has sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and is the best-selling debut album of all time for a solo male artist. Some Gave All was also the album of 1992 in the US with 4,832,000 copies. In his career, he has released 35 charted singles, of which 16 charted in the top 40, from 2001 to 2004, Cyrus starred in the television show Doc. The show was about a doctor who moved from Montana to New York City. From 2006 to 2011, he co-starred in the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana with his daughter Miley Cyrus, as of 2016, he stars as Vernon Brownmule on the CMT series Still the King. William Ray Cyrus was born on August 25,1961 in Flatwoods, Kentucky, to Ron Cyrus, a politician and former steelworker, and his wife, Cyrus started singing at the age of four. His grandfather was a Pentecostal preacher, growing up, he was surrounded by bluegrass and gospel music from his family. His right-handed father played guitar however left-handed Cyrus tried to play his fathers guitar and he attended Georgetown College on a baseball scholarship before changing to music. He dropped out of Georgetown during his year, realized he wanted to become a musician after attending a Neil Diamond concert. In the 1980s, he played in a band called Sly Dog, Sly Dog was named after a one-eyed dog that Cyrus owned. While trying to get a contract in Los Angeles, Cyrus suffered many hardships including living in his neighbors car. However, in 1990, he was signed to PolyGram/Mercury and that same year, he opened for Reba McEntire
35.
2014 Fort Hood shooting
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On April 2,2014, a shooting spree occurred at several locations on the Fort Hood military base near Killeen, Texas. Four people, including the gunman, were killed, while fourteen additional people were injured, the shooter, 34-year-old Army Specialist Ivan Lopez, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Immediately prior to the shooting, Lopez went to the 49th Transportation Battalion administrative office, however, he was informed that he would have to come back later to retrieve it, sparking a verbal altercation between him and several other soldiers. The request was denied because Lopez had already secured housing in an apartment in Killeen. Lopez then went outside to smoke a cigarette, at approximately 4,00 p. m. he returned and opened fire with a. 45-caliber Smith & Wesson M&P pistol inside the same building, injuring two soldiers, Sgt. First Class Daniel Ferguson, another involved in the altercation. He then got into his car and drove slowly to a motor pool building to which he had been assigned, upon reaching the building, Lopez fired at a female soldier inside the office, but missed her and grazed the head of another soldier. Timothy Owens when he approached him and tried to talk him down and he then moved on to the buildings vehicle bay area, where he injured two soldiers, after which his weapon misfired. Lopez then proceeded to the 1st Medical Brigade headquarters in his car, along the way, he fired a round into a car occupied by two soldiers, wounding the passenger. Reaching the intersection of 73rd Street and Motorpool Road, Lopez shot at two soldiers, but missed both of them. Reaching the medical building, Lopez shot and wounded 1st Lt. John Arroyo and he then entered the building and fatally shot a soldier at the main entrance desk, Staff Sgt. Carlos Lazaney-Rodriguez, he wounded two other soldiers inside. Then, Lopez walked down the hallway, wounded another soldier. When he brandished his weapon, the officer fired a shot at him that missed, Lopez responded by committing suicide, shooting himself in the right side of the head with his own pistol. A total of 34 rounds were fired during the spree, eleven at the administrative office, nine at the motor pool building, five at the medical building. It was later revealed that Lopez, who was in uniform at the time of the shooting, three people, excluding the gunman, were killed in the shooting. Federal Bureau of Investigation spokeswoman Michelle Lee said its agents were also headed to the scene, the base confirmed the shooting in a brief statement posted online on April 2,2014. On its Twitter feed and Facebook page, Fort Hood officials ordered everyone on base to shelter in place during the shooting, all of the injured victims were taken to Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, for initial treatment and stabilization
36.
Harker Heights, Texas
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Harker Heights is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census there were 26,700 people,9,488 households and this makes Harker Heights the third largest city in Bell County, after Killeen and Temple. Incorporated in 1960, the city derives its name one of the two original landowners and founder, Harley Kern. Harker Heights is part of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area, people usually refer to the town as just Heights. Harker Heights is located near Fort Hood, a major United States Army post that was designated a permanent military facility in 1950, as the post grew in military population, the surrounding civilian population increased. These two men subdivided their land in 1957 and began selling lots, by 1960, between 600 and 700 of the lots had been developed and new residents supplied with water and other utility services. Following a petition for an election, the city was established on September 24,1960. Kern had died before the incorporation, and the Harker in Harker Heights was a concatenation of Harley Kerns name as a tribute to one of the original landowners, the towns boundaries expanded to include Forest Hills, Highland Oaks, and Comanche Hills. Cox, Sam Garth Jr. and Barney Sissom created GIASISCO Corporation, Harker Heights is located in west-central Bell County at 31°4′6″N 97°39′20″W. It is bordered by the city of Killeen to the west, the city limits extend south to hills overlooking Stillhouse Hollow Lake on the Lampasas River. According to the United States Census Bureau, Harker Heights has an area of 15.2 square miles, of which 15.2 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. The population is engaged in economic activities directly or indirectly related to the U. S. Army at nearby Fort Hood. The population density was 1,759.1 people per square mile, there were 10,347 housing units with 9,488 units occupied, and 859 units vacant. The racial makeup of the city was 62. 9% White,20. 0% African American,1. 0% Native American,3. 90%Asian,0. 90% Pacific Islander, and Hispanic or Latino were 18. 4% of the population. 18. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was out with 30. 5% under the age of 18,10. 5% from 18 to 24,34. 8% from 25 to 44,18. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31.6 years, for every 100 females there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $59,491
37.
Belton, Texas
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The City of Belton -- county seat of Bell County, Texas, United States -- is located in Central Texas. The population was 20,547 in 2015 according to a US Census Estimate, Belton is located in the center of the Killeen – Temple – Fort Hood metropolitan area. As of 2015 the metro region had a population of 450,051, Belton is located near the center of Bell County at 31°3′32″N 97°27′48″W. It is bordered to the northeast by the Leon River, across which is the city of Temple, nolan Creek, a tributary of the Leon, runs through the center of Belton. The city limits extend south along Interstate 35 across the Lampasas River nearly to Salado, by Interstate 35 it is 42 miles north to Waco and 60 miles south to Austin. Route 190 leads west from Belton 16 miles to Killeen. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.0 square miles, of which 18.9 square miles is land and 1.0 square mile. Belton was platted in 1850 with the name of Nolandville and it was given its current name in 1851, named after Texas governor, Peter Hansborough Bell. As the county seat of the like-named Bell County, the town seemed destined for growth, in 1868, Martha McWhirter, a prominent figure in Beltons nonsectarian Union Sunday School, created the only Texas womens communes of the 1800s. Thomas W. Cochran of H.15 of her fellow commune members ran out into the street behind her with pitchforks and other farm implements. In 1913 the city experienced a flood, leading to the naming of Yettie Polk Park, for Mrs. Yettie Tobler Polk. The town began to thrive again following the creation of Fort Hood in 1942, as of the census of 2000, there were 14,623 people,4,742 households, and 3,319 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,171.3 people per square mile, there were 5,089 housing units at an average density of 407.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 72. 67% White,8. 10% African American,0. 64% Native American,0. 95% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,14. 83% from other races, and 2. 71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25. 13% of the population,24. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the family size was 3.23. In the city, the population was out with 26. 9% under the age of 18,18. 4% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,17. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 28 years, for every 100 females there were 95.0 males
38.
Interstate 35
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Interstate 35 is a major north–south Interstate Highway in the central United States. I-35 stretches from Laredo, Texas, on the American–Mexican border to Duluth, Minnesota, at Minnesota Highway 61 and 26th Avenue East. In two stretches, both through twin cities, the splits into Interstate 35E—at Dallas and at Saint Paul, Minnesota—and Interstate 35W—at Fort Worth, Texas. At 1,568 mi, Interstate 35 is the ninth-longest Interstate Highway following Interstate 94, even though the route is generally considered to be a border to border highway, this highway does not directly connect to either international border. I-35s southern terminus is a signal in Laredo, Texas. Route 53 in Duluth, but that route is typically accessed from the south by Minnesota Highway 33 at Cloquet. Interstate 35 northbound begins at a intersection with Business Spur I-35 in Laredo, Texas, just north of the Rio Grande. Through Webb, La Salle, and Frio Counties, it has a mostly north-northeastern course and it then cuts across the corners of Medina and Atascosa Counties before entering Bexar County and San Antonio. Interstate 35 is named the Pan Am Expressway in San Antonio, there, it has brief concurrencies with both Interstate 10 and Interstate 410, and it serves as the northern terminus of Interstate 37. I-35 heads northward out of the city towards the capital, Austin. In Austin, Interstate 35 is the Interregional Highway, throughout Austin, elevated express lanes were constructed on either side of the original freeway. Prior to this expansion, this included an at-grade railroad crossing. From Austin, I-35 goes through Round Rock, Temple, in Waco, I-35 is the Jack Kultgen Freeway. The campuses of the University of Texas at Austin and Baylor University are located adjacent to I-35, I-35 then heads to Hillsboro, where it splits up into I-35W and I-35E and runs through the Dallas/Fort Worth area. The official mile markers follow I-35E through Dallas—I-35W, which is 85 miles in length, carries its own mileage from Hillsboro to Denton, in Dallas, I-35 is the R. L. Thornton Freeway south of I-30, which picks up the name heading east. North of I-30, it is the Stemmons Freeway, after passing through Dallas and Fort Worth, I-35s two forks merge in Denton near the University of North Texas campus. The unified interstate then continues north to Gainesville before crossing the Red River into Oklahoma, in Oklahoma, I-35 runs from the Red River at the Texas border to the Kansas state line near Braman. It passes through or adjacent to many of the major cities
United States
Texas
Killeen
