1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
5.
Roane County, Tennessee
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Roane County is a county of the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 54,181, Roane County is included in the Knoxville, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area. Roane County was formed in 1801, and named for Archibald Roane, Kingston, Roanes county seat, is rooted in Fort Southwest Point, a frontier fort constructed in the early 1790s. During the Civil War, Roane County, like many East Tennessee counties, was largely pro-Union, when Tennessee voted on the Ordinance of Secession on June 8,1861, Roane Countians voted 1,568 to 454 in favor of remaining in the Union. In October 1861, Union guerrilla William B. Carter organized the East Tennessee bridge-burning conspiracy from a command post in Kingston. During the Knoxville Campaign in December 1863, a Union force led by General James G. Spears scattered a small Confederate force led by John R. Hart near Kingston. In the years following the Civil War, Rockwood grew into a major iron, Iron ore and coal were mined on Walden Ridge and shipped to Rockwood, where the ore was converted into pig iron. The pig iron was shipped to rolling mills in Knoxville or Chattanooga. During the late 19th century, northern investors established two planned cities in Roane County— Cardiff and Harriman, Cardiff, located northeast of Rockwood, was planned as a company town to support several proposed mining industries in the area. Harriman was planned as a Temperance Town, both ventures suffered critical setbacks as a result of the Panic of 1893. Harriman survived, but never grew in the manner its planners had envisioned, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 395 square miles, of which 361 square miles is land and 34 square miles is water. Three rivers— the Tennessee River, the Clinch River, and the Emory River— pass through Roane County, the Emory empties into the Clinch near Kingston, and the Clinch empties into the Tennessee just downstream from Kingston. The rivers in Roane are mostly part of Watts Bar Lake, Roane County straddles the geographical boundary between the Tennessee Valley and the Cumberland Plateau, with the latters Walden Ridge escarpment visible from much of the county. The population density was 150 people per square mile, there were 25,716 housing units at an average density of 71 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 4% White,2. 7% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 0003% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. 1. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 20. 8% under the age of 18 and 18. 6% who were 65 years of age or older
6.
Fort Southwest Point
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Fort Southwest Point was a federal frontier outpost at what is now Kingston, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Based on these findings, the City of Kingston and the Tennessee Division of Archaeology have reconstructed part of the fort, the site is managed by the City of Kingston. The Fort Southwest Point site is situated on a hill overlooking the confluence of the Tennessee River and this confluence is now part of the Watts Bar Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River, created by the completion of Watts Bar Dam in 1942. The Emory River empties into the Clinch approximately 5 miles upstream from Southwest Point, the Fort Southwest Point site is part of Southwest Point Park, which serves as both a historical and recreational area. The park is located along State Route 58 approximately 2 miles south of Interstate 40 and 1 mile south of U. S. Route 70. At the height of the American Revolution in 1779, Colonel Arthur Campbell suggested the confluence of the Clinch and Tennessee as a possible site for a fort to the governor of Virginia. Although Virginia never acted on Campbells advice, the end of the war brought a flood of settlers into the Tennessee Valley, leading to increased conflict with the valleys Cherokee inhabitants. During this period, two events occurred that greatly enhanced Southwest Points strategic importance, the construction of the Avery Trace in 1788, the Avery Trace, which began at Southwest Point, became the key road connecting East Tennessee and Middle Tennessee until around 1800. The Treaty of Holston fixed the boundary between U. S. and Cherokee lands at the Clinch River, placing Southwest Point on the fringe of lands open to settlement in East Tennessee. The waning years of the Cherokee–American wars brought an increase in Chickamauga Cherokee attacks against the encroaching Euro-American settlers, territorial governor William Blount kept the militia on call for much of the early 1790s in order to protect settlers and enforce the terms of the Holston Treaty. John Sevier, who commanded part of the militia, encamped at Southwest Point in 1792, by November of that year, Seviers troops had completed a blockhouse at the site, which they used as a base until 1793 when federal troops arrived. Between 1793 and 1796, the Southwest Point Blockhouse was garrisoned by a contingent of 10 to 15 troops. During this time, a decision was made to replace the blockhouse with a larger fort. The fort was referred to as Fort Butler after Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Butler. Lieutenant-Colonel Butler moved his headquarters to Fort Southwest Point in 1799, around the same time, lots had been sold for what eventually become the city of Kingston, named for Major Robert King, an officer stationed at the fort. Among the first duties of the Southwest Point garrison was to remove individuals who had settled on Cherokee lands illegally. However, the first Treaty of Tellico— which Butler helped negotiate in 1798— resolved many of the issues regarding squatters, by 1801, the Southwest Point garrison consisted of roughly 100 troops. In 1801, Colonel Return J. Meigs was appointed Cherokee Agent, although its garrison had been reduced, Fort Southwest Point served as an office for Meigs and as a distribution center for the Cherokee annuity
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area code 865
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Area code 865 serves Knoxville, Tennessee, and the nine surrounding counties in central East Tennessee. The area incorporates most of the region defined as the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area, when area codes were first instituted in 1947, area code 901 was assigned as the sole area code for Tennessee. In 1954,901 was restricted to West Tennessee, while everything east of the Tennessee River was split off into area code 615. This division remained in place for 41 years, until area code 423 was created as the code for most of East Tennessee. The states three area codes were now roughly coextensive with the Grand Divisions of Tennessee and this was intended as a long-term solution. The supply of numbers was limited because Chattanooga and the Tri-Cities were part of LATAs that spill into Georgia and Virginia. The Tennessee Regulatory Authority requested that the code 865 be assigned to Knoxville when the area was split from 423,865 began its split on October 1,1999, permissive dialing continued until February 1,2000. This resulted in 423 becoming one of the few area codes in the country,865 is now almost entirely surrounded by the two sections of 423. However, while neither Chattanooga and the Tri-Cities were large enough for area codes of their own, the area code is referenced in Mr. Macks rap song Where You From, which is about the greater Knoxville area. NANPA Area Code Map of Tennessee List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,865 Area Code PDF map of Tennessee area codes
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
15.
Harriman, Tennessee
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Harriman is a city located primarily in Roane County, Tennessee, with a small extension into Morgan County. The population of Harriman was 6,350 at the 2010 census, Harriman is included in the Knoxville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area. Harriman is located at 35°55′43″N 84°33′21″W, the Emory River enters the Tennessee Valley just west of Harriman at a pass known as Emory Gap, and forms an oxbow bend that surrounds the original section of Harriman. U. S. Route 27, known as Roane Street in Harriman, interstate 40 runs east-to-west through the citys southern section. Harrimans southwestern boundary, which it shares with Rockwood, is located along US-27 about a half-mile south of the intersection with I-40. The citys southeastern boundary runs along Pine Ridge, which overlooks the Kingston Fossil Plant, harrimans northern boundary is near US-27s split with State Highway 61. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 10.6 square miles, of which 10.4 square miles is land and 0.19 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,744 people,2,907 households, the population density was 671.5 people per square mile. There were 3,309 housing units at a density of 329.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 11% White,7. 43% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 18% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 76% of the population,34. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was out with 21. 9% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,25. 6% from 25 to 44,23. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.5 males, the median income for a household in the city was $23,736, and the median income for a family was $31,190. Males had an income of $26,616 versus $20,278 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,763, about 18. 6% of families and 22. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32. 1% of those under age 18 and 18. 7% of those age 65 or over. Harriman was founded as a Temperance Town in 1889 by temperance movement activists led by New York-born minister and plant manager Frederick Gates
16.
Watts Bar Lake
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Watts Bar Lake is a reservoir on the Tennessee river created by Watts Bar Dam as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority system. The Clinch River connects to the channel of the lake at mile 568 near Southwest Point in Kingston. The partially navigable Emory River connects with the Clinch near the TVAs Kingston Steam Plant just upriver from the meeting with the Tennessee, including the Clinch and Emory arms, Watts Bar has 722 miles of shoreline and over 39,000 acres of water surface. Minor tributaries include Poplar Creek, Caney Creek, and Whites Creek, the lake contains several large islands, most notably Thief Neck Island, Long Island, and Sand Island. Watts Bar Lake was affected by the 2008 Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill, Watts Bars sport fishing ratings for crappie, black crappie, largemouth bass, and spotted bass are at or near the top in the TVA system. Several parks and camps are located on the lake, including the John Knox Center, TVAs page about Watts Bar Lake Watts Bar Lake. Watts Bar Yacht Club on Watts Bar Lake
17.
Cherokee
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The Cherokee language is part of the Iroquoian language group. The Cherokee were one of the first, if not the first, article 8 in the 1817 treaty with the Cherokee stated Cherokees may wish to become citizens of the United States. The Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma has around 300,000 tribal members, in addition, numerous groups claiming Cherokee lineage, some of which are state-recognized, have members who are among those 819, 000-plus people claiming Cherokee ancestry on the US census. Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians have headquarters in Tahlequah, the UKB are mostly descendants of Old Settlers, Cherokee who migrated to Arkansas and Oklahoma about 1817. They are related to the Cherokee who were relocated there in the 1830s under the Indian Removal Act. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is on the Qualla Boundary in western North Carolina, the Cherokee refer to themselves as Ani-Yunwiya, which means Principal People. Many theories—though none proven—abound about the origin of the name Cherokee and it may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word Cha-la-kee, which means people who live in the mountains, or Choctaw Chi-luk-ik-bi, meaning people who live in the cave country. The earliest Spanish rendering of the name Cherokee, from 1755, is Tchalaquei, Another theory is that Cherokee derives from a Lower Creek word, Cvlakke. The Iroquois in New York have historically called the Cherokee Oyata’geronoñ, Tsalagi is sometimes misused as a name for the people, Tsalagi is actually the Cherokee word for the Cherokee language. There are two theories of Cherokee origins. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years, researchers in the 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee peoples migrating south from the Great Lakes region in ancient times. They may have moved south into Muscogee Creek territory and settled at the sites of mounds built by the Mississippian culture, in the 19th century, European-American settlers mistakenly attributed several Mississippian culture sites to the Cherokee, including Moundville and Etowah Mounds. However, the Cherokee did not reach this part of Georgia until the late 18th century, pre-contact Cherokee are considered to be part of the later Pisgah Phase of Southern Appalachia, which lasted from circa 1000 to 1500. During the late Archaic and Woodland Period, Indians in the region began to cultivate plants such as elder, lambsquarters, pigweed, sunflowers. People created new art forms such as shell gorgets, adopted new technologies, during the Mississippian Culture-period, local women developed a new variety of maize called eastern flint corn. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops, the successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex chiefdoms with several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in ceremonies, especially the Green Corn Ceremony. Much of what is known about pre-18th-century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions, the earliest ones of the mid-16th-century encountered people of the Mississippian culture, the ancestors to later tribes in the Southeast such as the Muscogee and Catawba
18.
Rockwood, Tennessee
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Rockwood is a city in Roane County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 5,562 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Harriman, Tennessee Micropolitan Statistical Area. Rockwood is located at 35°52′9″N 84°40′31″W, the city is situated at the base of the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau, known locally as Walden Ridge. The boundary between the Eastern Time Zone and Central Time Zone runs along Rockwoods western boundary, the Watts Bar Lake impoundment of the Tennessee River provides much of Rockwoods southern boundary. Rockwood is situated around a series of roads which intersect U. S. Route 70 between its junction with State Route 29 in the northeast and State Route 27 to the southwest, in recent years, the town has expanded toward Interstate 40 to the northeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 7.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,774 people,2,478 households, the population density was 731.4 people per square mile. There were 2,729 housing units at a density of 345.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 86% White,5. 44% African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 21% from other races, hispanic/Latino/Tejano of any race were 0. 81% of the population. 34. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.87. In the city, the population was out with 21. 5% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $23,986, and the median income for a family was $32,237. Males had an income of $27,188 versus $20,755 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,106, about 17. 4% of families and 21. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 4% of those under age 18 and 17. 6% of those age 65 or over. A Cherokee village situated in what is now Rockwood was the headquarters of Chief Tallentuskie, a Cherokee leader in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Union general John T. Wilder, who in the 1850s had managed a foundry in Indiana, noted the iron ore, Wilder and Chamberlain enlisted several other investors from Indiana and Ohio, and the Roane Iron Company was chartered on June 18,1867. By late 1868, the company had constructed a blast furnace with a capacity of 15 tons per day between the ridge and the end of what is now Rockwood Street
19.
Return J. Meigs Sr.
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Return Jonathan Meigs, a colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, was one of the settlers of the Northwest Territory in what is now the state of Ohio. He later served the government as an Indian agent working with the Cherokee in Tennessee. Meigs was born in Middletown, Connecticut, on December 17,1740, to Jonathan Meigs and Elizabeth Hamlin Meigs and his father was a hatter, and as a young man Meigs engaged in a mercantile business. He married his first wife, Joanna Winborn, in 1764, before her death in 1773, they had four children, including Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. In 1774, Meigs married Grace Starr, with whom he had three children, of whom two survived and he served in the local militia, achieving the rank of lieutenant in 1772 and promoted to captain in 1774. On April 19,1775, after the Battle of Lexington, there he was appointed major in the 2nd Connecticut Regiment, a provincial regiment of the Continental Army. Later that year, serving as a commander under Colonel Benedict Arnold, he accompanied Arnold on his 1. He kept a journal of the expedition, written with ink made by mixing powder and water in the palm of his hand, Meigs returned to Connecticut by way of Halifax. After Meigs was formally exchanged on January 10,1777, he returned to service as major of the 3rd Connecticut Regiment of the newly organized Connecticut Line. Meigs was appointed lieutenant colonel of Sherburnes Additional Continental Regiment on February 10,1777, on May 12 of that year, he was sent to command the 6th Connecticut Regiment when its colonel, William Douglas, became incapacitated by ill health. One of his most important achievements during the Revolutionary War was leading the Meigs Raid against the British forces in Sag Harbor, New York, in May 1777. With just 220 men in a fleet of 13 whaleboats, he crossed Long Island Sound from Connecticut to Long Island to attack the British fleet at night, the raid succeeded in burning twelve ships and taking ninety prisoners, without losing a single man. The U. S. Congress awarded him a sword for his heroism. Colonel Douglas died on May 28, and Governor Trumbull of Connecticut appointed Meigs the new colonel of the 6th Connecticut on September 10,1777, to rank from May 12th. When a Corps of Light Infantry was formed under General Anthony Wayne in July,1779, Meigs was given command of its 3rd Regiment, following its disbandment in December, he returned to the 6th Connecticut and became acting commander of the 1st Connecticut Brigade. In that capacity, he put down an incipient mutiny and received the thanks of General George Washington. After the Revolution, Meigs was appointed surveyor of the Ohio Company of Associates, Meigs drafted the code of regulations that was used until the formal creation of the Northwest Territory the following year. Subsequently, he became a judge, a justice of the peace
20.
Tellico Blockhouse
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The Tellico Blockhouse was an early American outpost located along the Little Tennessee River in Vonore, Monroe County, Tennessee. The Tellico Blockhouse was the site where treaties were negotiated in which the Cherokee were induced to cede large portions of land in Tennessee. During this period, the blockhouse was the site of official liaisons between the United States government and the Cherokee. The Tellico Blockhouse site is located at the junction of Nine Mile Creek, Fort Loudoun was located just across the river to the west, but was in ruins by the time the blockhouse was built. The Overhill towns of Chota and Great Tellico were within a days journey to the south, the river town of Morganton was within walking distance, and Knoxville was just over thirty miles downstream to the north. As there were no bridges spanning the Little Tennessee until the late 19th century, blockhouse officials crossed at Niles Ferry, the Tellico Blockhouse was the starting point for the Old Federal Road, which connected Knoxville to Cherokee settlements in Georgia. The second half of the 18th century saw an expansion of European settlers into East Tennessee. This invariably brought them into conflict with the Cherokee, who had lived and hunted in the land for centuries, random murders and scalpings became commonplace, and the settlers formed independent militias to carry out reprisal attacks. With the violence spiraling out of control, Hanging Maw convinced Blount to construct a fort in the vicinity of the Overhill towns, the chief even donated the land. The Tellico Blockhouse was completed and garrisoned by troops from Knoxville in 1794. John McKee, a surveyor in the area, was appointed the first Tellico Agent, the agent would be the official liaison between the United States government and the Cherokee Nation. The blockhouse itself was a fort that utilized earthworks and timber. Sawed planking was shipped upstream from Knoxville, the original blockhouse was approximately 120x100 feet, enclosed by a palisade approximately 16 feet high. The gate was on the wall, with the captains quarters. The original enclosure also contained two barracks, a well, and parade grounds, a watchtower stood at the northeast corner. In 1795, Congress passed the Factory Act, which sought to improve relations with American Indians by setting up trading posts. To implement this, McKees successor, Silas Dinsmoor, expanded the Tellico Blockhouse to nearly double its size to incorporate a civilian half. This new section, separated by a wall from the section, contained lodging areas for travelers and delegates
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Knox County, Tennessee
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Knox County is a county in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 432,226 and its county seat is Knoxville, the third-most populous city in Tennessee. Knox County is included in the Knoxville, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county is at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River at the union of the Holston and it is one of nine United States counties named for American Revolutionary War general and first United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Parts of Knox County later became Blount, Anderson, Roane, in 1783, an expedition into the Upper Tennessee Valley led by James White and Francis Alexander Ramsey explored what is now Knox County. Blount chose the fort as the capital of the Southwest Territory in 1790, Blount began construction of his house, Blount Mansion, in the early 1790s. The house still stands in downtown Knoxville, the Alexander McMillan House, built in the mid-1780s by Alexander McMillan, still stands in eastern Knox County. The Alexander Bishop House, built by Stockley Donelson in 1793, campbells Station, a fort and stagecoach stop located in what is now Farragut, was built by Captain David Campbell in 1787. John Sevier established a plantation, known as Marble Springs, in the part of the county in the 1790s. Knox Countys strategic location along important railroad lines made it an area coveted by both Union and Confederate forces throughout the Civil War, in February 1861, 89% of Knox Countians voted for the pro-Union ballot in a statewide referendum on secession. On June 8,1861, the county voted against Tennessees Ordinance of Secession by a margin of 3,108 to 1,226. Prior to secession, Unionists from Knox County collaborated with other East Tennessee Unionists in an attempt to secede from Tennessee itself, Knox County joined the Confederacy along with the rest of Tennessee after the second referendum for secession passed in 1861. Knox County remained under Confederate control until September 3,1863, when General Ambrose Burnside, eleven quarries were operating in Knox County in 1882, and within ten years that number had doubled. Notable quarries in Knox included the Bond Quarry in Concord, an Evans Company quarry near Forks-of-the-River, finishing centers were located in Lonsdale and at the Candoro Marble Works in South Knoxville. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 526 square miles. The county lies amidst the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, which are characterized by long, narrow ridges, oriented northeast-to-southwest, notable ridges in the county include Bays Mountain, McAnnally Ridge, Beaver Ridge, Sharps Ridge and Copper Ridge. House Mountain, at 2,064 feet, is the countys highest point, the Holston and French Broad rivers join to form the Tennessee River in the eastern part of the county, an area known as Forks-of-the-River. This section of the river is part of Fort Loudoun Lake, Cherokee Caverns is located 14 miles west of Knoxville on Highway 62
22.
Tennessee General Assembly
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The Tennessee General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Speaker of the Senate carries the title and office of Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee. In addition to passing a budget for state government plus other legislation and it is also the initiating body in any process to amend the states constitution. To keep the legislature a part-time body, it is limited to ninety legislative days per two-year term, a legislative day is considered any day that the House or Senate formally meets in the chambers of each house. Legislators are paid a salary of $19,009 along with a per diem expense of $171 per legislative day. If the legislature remains in session longer than ninety legislative days, legislators also receive an office allowance of $1,000 per month, ostensibly for the maintenance of an office area devoted to their legislative work in their homes or elsewhere within their district. Traditionally, it has been easier, politically speaking, to raise the per diem, the speaker of each house is entitled to a salary triple that of other members. Under a law enacted in 2004, legislators will receive an equal to that given to state employees the previous year. The governor may also call extraordinary sessions, limited to the topic or topics outlined in the call, two-thirds of each house may also initiate such a call by petitioning for it. See Tennessee Senate and Tennessee House of Representatives for current member lists, legislative days are scheduled no more than three days a week during the session. Legislative sessions in both the House and Senate occur on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays, tuesdays and the majority of Wednesdays are used primarily for committee meetings and hearings rather than actual sessions. Sessions begin each year in January and usually end by May, membership in the legislature is best regarded as being a full-time job during the session and a part-time job the rest of the year due to committee meetings and hearings. In keeping with Tennessees agricultural roots, some senators and representatives are farmers, members are also forbidden from holding campaign fundraising events for themselves during the time they are actually in session. Each house sets its own rules and elects its own speaker, for over three decades, both speakers were from West Tennessee, this caused considerable resentment in the eastern two-thirds of the state. From 1971 until January 2007, Tennessee had the same Lieutenant Governor, John S. Wilder, Wilder was re-elected to the position even after Tennessee Republicans re-took the State Senate in the 2004 election. However, in January 2007, after Republicans gained additional seats in the 2006 General Assembly elections, the General Assembly districts of both houses are supposed to be reapportioned based on population as determined by the U. S. federal census on a decennial basis. This was not done between 1902 and 1962, resulting in the United States Supreme Court decision in Baker v. Carr, which required this action to be taken
23.
Knoxville, Tennessee
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Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
24.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
25.
East Tennessee Convention
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The East Tennessee Convention was an assembly of pro-Union delegates primarily from East Tennessee that met on three occasions during the U. S. Civil War. The state legislature denied this request, and the Confederate Army occupied the region in late 1861, Nelson was elected president of the Convention, and resolutions were adopted denouncing the state governments actions. The Convention met for the time in Greeneville from June 17 to June 20,1861. This second meeting produced a memorial to the government requesting East Tennessee be allowed to separate from Tennessee. The Convention met for a time in Knoxville from April 12 to April 16,1864, to address the Emancipation Proclamation. This final meeting was marked by divisions over the issue of slavery. Many of its delegates would serve in federal, state and local offices during the postwar period, throughout the first half of the 19th century, East Tennessee was frequently at odds with Tennessees two other grand divisions, Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee. Many East Tennesseans felt the state legislature showed persistent favoritism toward the two divisions, especially over funding for internal improvements. In the early 1840s, several East Tennessee leaders, among them Congressman Andrew Johnson, though this movement was unsuccessful, the idea that East Tennessee should be a separate state periodically resurfaced over the subsequent two decades. From the late 1830s until the early 1850s, Tennessee was politically divided between the Democratic Party and the Whig Party, with the Whigs drawing much of their support from East Tennessee. The collapse of the Whig Party over the issue of slavery in the mid-1850s left East Tennessees Whigs in a difficult position, most Northern Whigs joined the new Republican Party, but Southern Whigs generally found this unpalatable due to the Republicans abolitionist sentiments. Some prominent East Tennessee Whigs switched their allegiance to the Democratic Party, though most turned to third party movements, by the late 1850s, former Whigs, Know Nothings, and a few disgruntled Democrats had formed the Opposition Party to counter rising secessionist sentiment. Gubernatorial elections in Tennessee had been very competitive during the two prior to the election of Isham G. Harris in 1857. The six previous elections had all decided by less than 2,500 votes. Whigs relied heavily on East Tennessee and Democrats relied on Middle Tennessee, as the sectionalist conflict over the issue of slavery heated up in the late 1850s, however, sentiments in West Tennessee began to shift in favor of the Democrats. Harris, a staunch pro-slavery Southern Democrat, was elected by over 12,000 votes in 1857, Democrats also gained control of both chambers of the Tennessee General Assembly in the 1859 cycle. During the 1860 presidential election, East Tennessees former Whigs turned to the Constitutional Union Party and this partys candidate, John Bell, was a long-time Whig and native of Tennessee. After Abraham Lincoln won the election in November 1860, Southern Democrats, convinced that Lincoln would abolish slavery, began calling for secession
26.
East Tennessee bridge burnings
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The East Tennessee bridge burnings were a series of guerrilla operations carried out during the Civil War by Union sympathizers in Confederate-held East Tennessee in 1861. The pro-Union conspirators managed to destroy five of the nine targeted bridges, but the Union Army failed to move, the destruction of the bridges, which were all quickly rebuilt, had little military impact. However, the attacks caused a shift in the way the Confederate authorities dealt with East Tennessees large number of Union sympathizers. Portions of the region were placed under martial law, while dozens of Unionists were arrested and jailed, several suspected bridge burners were tried and hanged. The actions of the Confederate authorities placed increased pressure on Lincoln to send Union troops into East Tennessee. A pro-Union newspaper publisher, William G. Parson Brownlow, used the arrests and hangings as propaganda in his 1862 anti-secession diatribe, Sketches of the Rise, Progress and Decline of Secession. While secessionist sentiment raged throughout the South in late 1860 and early 1861, slavery was not very important to the East Tennessee economy, and the region had been at odds with the state government for decades over a lack of state appropriations for internal improvements. Furthermore, the Whig Party and its successors dominated large parts of East Tennessee, Tennessee as a whole voted to secede from the Union in a referendum held on June 8,1861, but nearly two-thirds of East Tennesseans rejected the referendum and remained sympathetic to the Union. The legislature rejected the petition, and Governor Isham Harris ordered Confederate forces under General Felix K. Zollicoffer into East Tennessee, both Union and Confederate leaders realized the railroads importance. He met with generals George H. Thomas and William T. Sherman, and his brother, Samuel P. Carter, William Carter revealed his plan to destroy the regions main railroad bridges to pave the way for a Union invasion. Thomas liked the plan, and although Sherman was initially skeptical, carrying a letter from Thomas, Carter travelled to Washington, D. C. to meet with President Lincoln, Commanding General George McClellan, and Secretary of State William H. Seward. Lincoln, under pressure from Senator Andrew Johnson and Congressman Horace Maynard to provide some sort of aid to East Tennessees Unionists. He allotted $2,500 for the operation, and Carter returned to Camp Dick Robinson to begin making arrangements, in mid-October 1861, Carter set up a command post in Kingston, Tennessee. Captains David Fry and William Cross, two officers who had assigned to the operation, were tasked with burning the Lick Creek and Loudon bridges. For the Strawberry Plains bridge, he recruited former Sevier County sheriff William C, each of Carters lieutenants in turn recruited reliable men to assist them. Fry chose Greene Countians Jacob and Thomas Harmon, Jacob Hensie, Alex Haun, Pickens recruited several fellow Sevier Countians, among them David Ray, James Montgomery, and Elijah Gamble. While Carter recruited conspirators, Union forces at Camp Dick Robinson prepared to march south to Knoxville, Thomas arrived at Crab Orchard, Kentucky, about 40 miles from Cumberland Gap, on October 31, and pleaded with Sherman to give the go-ahead. Sherman was unconvinced, however, and called off the invasion on November 7, the bridge burners, unaware of the shift in strategy in Kentucky, proceeded with their plans on the night of November 8
27.
Cavalry in the American Civil War
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Cavalry in the American Civil War was a branch of army service in a process of transition for the union. It suffered from emerging technology threats, difficult logistics, and sometimes misguided or inept commanders, nevertheless, it played important roles in many Civil War campaigns and earned its place alongside the infantry and artillery combat arms. There were four types of mounted forces prevalent in the Civil War, Cavalry were forces that fought principally on horseback, armed with carbines, pistols, and especially sabers. Only a small percentage of Civil War forces met this definition—primarily Union mounted forces in the Eastern Theater during the first half of the war, Confederate forces in the East generally carried neither carbines nor sabers. A few Confederate regiments in the Western Theater carried shotguns, especially early in the war, Mounted infantry were forces that moved on horseback but dismounted for fighting on foot, armed principally with rifles. In the second half of the war, most of the considered to be cavalry actually fought battles using the tactics of mounted infantry. By contrast, at the Battle of Gettysburg, Federal cavalry under John Buford also dismounted to fight Confederate infantry, but they used conventional tactics, arms. Dragoons were hybrid forces that were armed as cavalrymen but were expected to fight on foot as well, the term comes from the French Army, representing a cross between light cavalry and infantry. Irregular forces were generally mounted forces, there is little commonality as to their weapons—in general, any available were used. The Confederacy produced the most famous leaders, including William Clarke Quantrill. This represented a change from previous eras, in offensive action was the primary mission. In the Napoleonic Wars, for instance, there were instances of massive cavalry charges used for tactical envelopments of infantry formations, the technology of the rifled musket, which emerged in the 1850s, put an effective end to this practice. A horse and rider were easy targets for these shots, offensive actions were certainly not unknown, however, but they were more frequently employed against enemy cavalry than against infantry. Reconnaissance was the key to effective cavalry, as it today in modern armies. The cavalry serves as the eyes of the army. E. B, stuart effectively employed counter-reconnaissance to screen passes in the Blue Ridge Mountains and hide Robert E. Lees movements. Long-distance raids were the most desirable mission for cavalrymen, primarily because of the fame that successful raids would bring, Lee of adequate reconnaissance at the beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg, one of the principal reasons for the Confederate defeat there. Union attempts at strategic raids had mixed success, grants army, James H. Wilsons massive 1865 raid in Alabama foreshadowed the armored warfare maneuvers of World War II. In general, strategic raids were used effectively in the Western Theater of the war
28.
Joseph Wheeler
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Joseph Fighting Joe Wheeler was an American military commander and politician. For much of the Civil War he served as the cavalry general in the Army of Tennessee. Between the Civil War and the Spanish–American War, Wheeler served multiple terms as a United States Representative from the state of Alabama as a Democrat. Although of New England ancestry, Joseph Wheeler was born near Augusta, Georgia and his parents were Joseph Wheeler and Julia Knox Hull Wheeler. He was the grandson of Brigadier General William Hull, a veteran of the American Revolution who was court-martialed for surrendering at Detroit early in the War of 1812. Despite his northern upbringing, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point from the state of Georgia and always considered himself a Georgian, Wheeler entered West Point in July 1854, barely meeting the height requirement at the time for entry. He graduated on July 1,1859, placing 19th out of 22 cadets and it was while stationed in New Mexico and fighting in a skirmish with Indians that Joseph Wheeler picked up the nickname Fighting Joe. On September 1,1860, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant and his resignation from the U. S. Army was accepted on April 22,1861. He was ordered to Huntsville, Alabama, to command of the newly formed 19th Alabama Infantry Regiment and was promoted to colonel on September 4. Wheeler and the 19th Alabama fought well under Bragg at the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, during the Siege of Corinth in April and May, Wheelers men on picket duty clashed repeatedly with Union patrols. Serving as acting commander, Wheeler burned the bridges over the Tuscumbia River to cover the Confederate withdrawal to Tupelo. Wheeler transferred to the branch and commanded the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of the Left Wing in the Army of Mississippi from September to October. During the Kentucky Campaign, Wheeler aggressively maintained contact with the enemy, Wheeler fought at the Battle of Perryville in October and after the fight performed an excellent rearguard action protecting the armys withdrawal. He was promoted to general on October 30 and led the cavalry belonging to the Second Corps of the Army of Tennessee from November to December. During action at La Vergne, Tennessee, on November 27 and he drove into the rear of the Union army, destroying hundreds of wagons and capturing more than 700 prisoners. Bragg recommended that Wheeler be promoted as a just reward and he became a general on January 20,1863. Wheeler led the armys Cavalry Corps from January to November 24, for his actions on January 12–13,1863, Wheeler and his troopers received the Thanks of the Confederate Congress on May 1,1863. In February, Wheeler and Forrest attacked Fort Donelson at Dover, Tennessee, Forrest angrily told Wheeler Tell that I will be in my coffin before I will fight again under your command
29.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
30.
Tennessee Valley Authority
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The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as an economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the regions economy. T. V. A. s service area covers most of Tennessee, portions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, and small slices of Georgia, North Carolina and it was the first large regional planning agency of the federal government and remains the largest. Under the leadership of David Lilienthal, T. V. A. became a model for Americas governmental efforts to seek in assisting the modernization of agrarian societies in the developing world, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, creating the TVA. During the 1920s and the Great Depression years, Americans began to support the idea of ownership of utilities. The concept of government-owned generation facilities selling to publicly owned distribution utilities was controversial, many believed privately owned power companies were charging too much for power, did not employ fair operating practices, and were subject to abuse by their owners, at the expense of consumers. By forming utility holding companies, the sector controlled 94 percent of generation by 1921. Many private companies in the Tennessee Valley were bought by the federal government, others shut down, unable to compete with the T. V. A. Government regulations were passed to prevent competition with T. V. A. T. V. A. was one of the first federal hydropower agencies, other attempts to create T. V. A. -like regional agencies have failed, such as a proposed Columbia Valley Authority for the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. Regional power consumers may benefit from lower-cost electricity supplied from T. V. A. s network of 29 power-producing hydropower facilities, supporters of TVA, though, note that the agencys management of the Tennessee River system without appropriated federal funding saves federal taxpayers millions of dollars annually. Defenders note that TVA is overwhelmingly popular in Tennessee among conservatives and liberals alike, as Barry Goldwater discovered in 1964, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled TVA to be constitutional in Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority,297 U. S.288. The Court noted that regulating commerce among the states regulation of streams. The war powers also authorized the project, the argument before the court was that electricity generation was a by-product of navigation and flood control and therefore could be considered constitutional. In the 1920s a major battle erupted over building a power system in the Tennessee Valley, based on the World War I federal dam at Muscle Shoals. It would generate electricity and produce fertilizer, Senator George Norris of Nebraska blocked a proposal from Henry Ford in 1920 to use the dam to modernize the valley. Norris deeply distrusted privately owned utility companies and he did get Congress to pass the Muscle Shoals Bill, but it was vetoed as socialistic by President Herbert Hoover in 1931. The idea behind the Muscle Shoals Bill in 1933 became a part of the New Deals TVA
31.
Kingston Fossil Plant
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Begun in 1951, it was the largest coal-fired power plant in the world when completed in 1955. It was built primarily to provide electricity for the nearby Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the plant is a popular site for birdwatchers, as many waterfowl come to the settling and treatment ponds nearby. The plant has nine generating units, units 1–4, rated at 175 MWe each and it produces about ten billion kilowatt hours of electricity from some five million tons of coal each year. All nine generating units are equipped with selective catalytic reduction systems to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions that contribute to the formation of ozone. In 1976, its original stacks were taken out of service and replaced by a pair of 1, 000-foot tall chimneys, one for units 1–5, in December 2008, an impoundment at the plant failed, releasing 1. This was the largest accidental release of fly ash in the United States. On April 14,2011, the U. S.22,2008, Knoxville News Sentinel
32.
Interstate 40 in Tennessee
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The Tennessee section of I-40 is 455 miles long, the longest of any state. I-40 enters Tennessee from Arkansas via the Hernando de Soto Bridge, the Interstate passes across the southern half of Mud Island before crossing the Wolf River Harbor into downtown Memphis. At the I-240 interchange, I-40 abruptly turns north, following the route redesignated due to the Overton Park controversy in the 1970s. I-40 crosses the Wolf River three times in Memphis, as the passes near the neighborhoods of Frayser and Raleigh. I-40 leaves the Memphis area, crosses over the Loosahatchie River and Hatchie River, at mile 78, the road crosses the South Fork of the Forked Deer River into Jackson, and from Jackson proceeds through the northern half of Natchez Trace State Park. At mile 135, I-40 crosses the Tennessee River into Middle Tennessee, East of the Tennessee River, the rugged hills of the Western Highland Rim flank I-40 for a considerable stretch before the Interstate descends to the Nashville Basin between miles 186 and 188. In Downtown Nashville, I-40 converges with I-24 and I-65, making Nashville one of just four cities in the United States where six interstate legs converge within the citys boundaries. At mile 219, the Interstate crosses the Stones River just downstream from Percy Priest Dam, and continues for roughly 50 miles across mostly open farmland. Between miles 263 and 266, I-40 crosses the meandering Caney Fork five times before ascending the Eastern Highland Rim, the Interstate steadies at the edge of the table-top rim at mile 272 and continues across relatively flat farmland in south Cookeville. Between miles 292 and 297, the Interstate ascends the escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau. At mile 308, I-40 crosses the Tennessee Divide, where the Cumberland, I-40 remains relatively steady as it continues across the Cumberland Plateau and passes through the northern part of Crossville. East of Crossville, the Crab Orchard Mountains come into view as the road several hundred feet. At mile 329, the Interstate enters Crab Orchard Gap and proceeds through a valley once prone to rockslides. At mile 340, the Interstate enters the Eastern Time Zone, as it enters the Ridge-and-Valley province, I-40 crosses a series of ridges and valleys characteristic of the regions topography. At mile 351, the crosses the Clinch River, with the Kingston Fossil Plant and its 1. The road widens to four lanes at mile 368 as I-40 merges with I-75, knoxvilles skyline comes into view at mile 387 before the road passes through downtown Knoxville. Beyond Knoxville, the Interstate crosses the Holston and French Broad rivers, the massive mesh nets on the cliffslopes are indicative of the rockslide prevention measures along this stretch of I-40. The term Music Highway refers to a section of I-40 between Memphis and Nashville, I-40 was designated as such by an act of the Tennessee Legislature in 1997 from the eastern boundary of Davidson County to the Mississippi River in Shelby County, a distance of about 222 miles
33.
Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
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1.1 billion US gallons of coal fly ash slurry was released. It was the largest fly ash release in United States history, the Tennessee Valley Authority and Environmental Protection Agency initially estimated that the spill released 1.7 million cubic yards of sludge, which is gray in color. After an aerial survey, the estimate was more than tripled to 5.4 million cubic yards on December 25,2008. The spill covered surrounding land with up to six feet of sludge, as of June 2009, six months following the spill, only 3% of the spill had been cleaned and is now estimated to cost between $675 and $975 million to clean, according to the TVA. Once the particulate matter out, it is dredged to drying cells. The dredge cell was surrounded by 60-foot tall earthen walls, which had developed leaks since 2002. It also washed out a road, ruptured a major gas line, obstructed a rail line, downed trees, broke a water main, though 22 residences were evacuated, nobody was reported to be injured or in need of hospitalization. The 1.1 billion US gallons of sludge were enough to fill 1,660 Olympic-size swimming pools, and the volume released was about 101 times larger than the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. The New York Times noted that the amount spilled is larger than the amount stated to have been in the pond before the spill, a discrepancy the TVA was unable to explain. The containment area affected was one of three, the two stayed intact, while only the retaining wall for the 84-acre solid waste containment area was affected. The spill killed a number of fish, according to the Chattanooga Times Free Press. Although residents feared water contamination, early tests of six miles upstream of the ash flow showed that the public water supply met drinking water standards. A test of water near the spill showed elevated levels of lead and thallium. The Kingston Fossil Plant received a total of 6.48 inches of rain between December 1 and December 22, plus 1.16 inches on November 29 and 30. This rain combined with 12 °F temperatures were identified by TVA as factors that contributed to the failure of the earthen embankment, an October 2008 inspection report had identified a minor leak in the faulty wall, but the report was not finalized. Local residents said that the spill was not a unique occurrence, the 1960s-era pond had been observed leaking, a TVA news release confirmed that there had been two prior cases of seepage, in 2003 and 2006. TVA spokesman Gil Francis Jr. said that the TVA was taking steps to stabilize runoff from this incident. In response to a video that showed dead fish on the Clinch River and he continued by saying that it does have some heavy metals within it, but its not toxic or anything
34.
Clinch River
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An important tributary of the Clinch River is the Powell River. The Clinch and Powell River drainage basins are separated by Powell Mountain, tributaries entering the Clinch River below Norris Dam but above Melton Hill Dam include Coal Creek, Hinds Creek, Bull Run Creek, and Beaver Creek. Poplar Creek enters the river below the Melton Hill Dam, a peninsula located at the mouth of the Clinch River, called Southwest Point, was the site of an early frontier fort which has been recently reconstructed. This site was important to Native Americans, a treaty between the Cherokees and the white settlers was signed at Southwest Point, allowing the Capital of Tennessee to be moved there. The Tennessee General Assembly fulfilled this requirement technically by meeting in Kingston for one day, Clinch was the name of an 18th-century explorer of the area. Old names for the river include Clinchs River and Pelisipi River, the name Pellissippi that appears on some early maps is said to have been the Cherokees name for the river and is said to mean winding waters in the Cherokee language. A huge coal-fired power plant sits on the Clinch River at Carbo in Russell County and it was completed in 1957, and it is owned by Appalachian Power, a part of American Electric Power. On June 25,2008, permits were approved by the state Air Pollution Control Board for another coal-fired power plant, Pollution from mining in the region has caused great concern among environmentalists because several rare species inhabit the river. Some mussels were reintroduced to the Cleveland, Virginia area from outside the state in the early 2000s after pollution in the 20th century wiped out much of the population. In 2008, a release of fly ash from the TVAs Kingston Fossil Plant deposited fly ash in the lower section of the river below the confluence of the Emory River. The Clinch River above Clinton, Tennessee is stocked with rainbow trout, before being dammed, the Clinch River was a major producer of freshwater mussels and pearls. The rivers of the southern Appalachians are still notable for their unusually rich mussel biodiversity, the mussels were an important food source for Native Americans and were later used by settlers as bait and hog feed. The freshwater pearl industry thrived throughout the southern Appalachians in the late 19th century, the Clinch River and the Emory River were considered the economic heart of the pearl industry, and the state of Tennessee was one of the top six states in the United States for pearl production. The mussel-based industries began to decline in the early 20th century and were eliminated by the dams built by the TVA. The first major Tennessee River dam was Wilson Dam, built at a known as Muscle Shoals. Norris Dam and Norris Lake on the Clinch River flooded one of the areas of mussel near Youngs Island. There are several state and local parks along the Clinch River in both Tennessee and Virginia
35.
Tennessee River
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The Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River. It is approximately 652 miles long and is located in the southeastern United States in the Tennessee Valley. The river was once known as the Cherokee River, among other names, as many of the Cherokee had their territory along its banks, especially in eastern Tennessee. Its current name is derived from the Cherokee village Tanasi, the Tennessee River is formed at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers on the east side of present-day Knoxville, Tennessee. From Knoxville, it flows southwest through East Tennessee toward Chattanooga before crossing into Alabama and it loops through northern Alabama and eventually forms a small part of the states border with Mississippi, before returning to Tennessee. At this point, it defines the boundary between two of Tennessees Grand Divisions, Middle and West Tennessee and this waterway reduces the navigation distance from Tennessee, north Alabama, and northern Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico by hundreds of miles. The final part of the Tennessees run is in Kentucky, where it separates the Jackson Purchase from the rest of the state and it flows into the Ohio River at Paducah, Kentucky. The river has been dammed numerous times, primarily in the 20th century by Tennessee Valley Authority projects since the 1930s, a navigation canal located at Grand Rivers, Kentucky, links Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley. The canal allows for a trip for river traffic going from the Tennessee to most of the Ohio River. Maps from the early 18th century call it Cussate, Hogohegee, Callamaco, a 1755 British map showed the Tennessee River as the River of the Cherakees. By the late 18th century, it had come to be called Tennessee, the river was a major highway to transport goods and explorers in the years when Tennessee was not yet settled. Some major towns that still exist today, and major ports at them were established by those who rode down the river, and settled along it. The Tennessee River begins at mile post 652, where the French Broad River meets the Holston River, in the late 18th century, the mouth of the Little Tennessee River was considered to be the beginning of the Tennessee River. Through much of the 19th century, the Tennessee River was considered to start at the mouth of Clinch River, at various points since the early 19th century, Georgia has disputed its northern border with Tennessee. Georgia made several attempts to correct what Georgia felt was an erroneous survey line in the 1890s,1905,1915,1922,1941,1947 and 1971 to resolve the dispute. Crews Townsend, Joseph McCoin, Robert F. Parsley, Alison Martin and Zachary H. Greene, writing for the Tennessee Bar Journal, a publication of the Tennessee Bar Association, appearing on May 12,2008. In 2008, as a result of a drought and resulting water shortage. In a two-page resolution passed overwhelmingly by the senate, Georgia declared that it, not its neighbor to the north
36.
Watts Bar Dam
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Watts Bar Dam is a hydroelectric dam on the Tennessee River in Meigs and Rhea counties in Tennessee, United States. The dam is the boundary between the 39, 090-acre Watts Bar Lake— which it impounds— and Chickamauga Lake, which stretches from the dams tailwaters southward to Chattanooga. Watts Bar Dam is named for Watt Island, a located at the dam site prior to the dams construction. Watts Bar Dam is located approximately 530 miles upstream from the mouth of the Tennessee River, just north of the dam, the Tennessee absorbs the Piney River, which flows down from the Cumberland Plateau to the west. The nearest towns of note are Spring City and Decatur, Tennessee State Route 68 crosses Watts Bar Dam, connecting the area with Interstate 75 to the east and U. S. Route 27 to the west. Watts Bar Lake extends 72.4 miles northeast from the dam to Fort Loudoun Dam, and includes parts of Meigs, Rhea, Roane, and Loudon counties. In addition to its main Tennessee River channel, Watts Bar Lake is navigable across the lower 23 miles of the Clinch River, the cities of Kingston, Spring City, Harriman, Loudon, Rockwood, and Lenoir City all have waterfronts on Watts Bar Lake. Watts Bar provides 722 miles of shoreline and over 39,090 acres of water surface, Watts Bar Dam is 112 feet high and stretches 2,960 feet across the Tennessee River. Watts Bar has a capacity of 1,175,000 acre·ft, a flood-storage capacity of 379,000 acre·ft. The dams navigational lock is 360 by 60 feet, and raises and lowers vessels 70 feet from Watts Bar Lake to Chickamauga Lake and vice versa. Watt Islands potential as a dam site had been recognized since the early 1870s, the Corps carried out dredging work at the island between 1911 and 1913 that deepened the main channel, and recommended the site for a dam in 1930. TVA was given authorization to build a dam at Watt Island on March 16,1939, and construction on Watts Bar Dam began on July 1,1939. The construction of Watts Bar Dam and its reservoir required the purchase of 54,600 acres of land. 832 families,17 cemeteries, and 121 miles of roads were relocated, an earthen dike was built to protect downtown Kingston from the reservoirs backwaters, and minor adjustments were necessary to the riverfronts of Spring City, Harriman, Wheat, and Loudon. The community of Rhea Springs, located along the Piney River a few miles upstream from the mouth, was completely inundated. The dam was completed and the gates closed on January 1,1942, the first generator went online February 11 of that year, followed by the second generator on April 6 and the third on July 23. The fourth generator went online March 12,1944 and the fifth followed on April 24,1944, the Army Corps of Engineers designed the dams lock, which went into operation on February 16,1942. Watts Bar Lake was one of the bodies affected by a massive release of fly ash in 2008 from the Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
37.
U.S. Route 70 in Tennessee
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U. S. Route 70 is an east–west United States highway that runs for 2,385 miles from eastern North Carolina to east-central Arizona. As can be derived from its number, it is a major east–west highway of the Southern and Southwestern United States. It formerly ran from coast to coast, with the current Eastern terminus near the Atlantic Ocean in North Carolina, and the former Western terminus near the Pacific Ocean in California. Before the completion of the Interstate system, U. S. Highway 70 was sometimes referred to as the Broadway of America and it was also promoted as the Treasure Trail by the U. S. Highway 70 Association as of 1951. U. S.70 begins in Globe at a junction with U. S. Route 60, SR77 splits off east of town. U. S.70 then enters the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation and runs southeast for 17 miles to Peridot and it has no other highway junctions until Safford, where it begins a ten-mile overlap with U. S.191. U. S.70 then runs an additional 37 mi. before crossing into New Mexico east of Franklin, after entering the state of New Mexico, U. S.70 heads southeast. Five miles after crossing the line, it serves as the southern terminus for New Mexico State Road 92. U. S.70 does not have another highway junction for 21 mi, at Lordsburg, U. S.70 joins with Interstate 10 eastbound, splitting off in Las Cruces, and becoming Picacho Avenue in Las Cruces. When Picacho Avenue meets Main Street, US70 follows Main Street northbound, U. S.70 then crosses Interstate 25, and has been upgraded at this point to a controlled access highway until entering the foothills of the Organ Mountains. As a divided highway, U. S.70 then crosses the Organ Mountains via San Augustin Pass, descends to the floor of the Tularosa Basin. Overhead missile tests can close the highway for a few hours, this generally happens once or twice a week, the road then passes the entrance to the White Sands National Monument, and shortly after that passes the southern end of Holloman Air Force Base. It then turns northbound, and picks up a concurrency with U. S.54 upon entering Alamogordo, on the north end of Alamogordo, US54/US70 intersects the beginning of U. S. Route 82 near La Luz. The concurrency with US54 lasts until Tularosa, and the highway remains divided until US70, after splitting off to the northeast, U. S.70 begins an ascent into the Sacramento Mountains and enters the Lincoln National Forest. The road then runs across the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation and near the town of Ruidoso. In Hondo, it begins another concurrency, this time with U. S.380, U. S.70 then bypasses Roswell to the northwest, together with U. S.285. U. S.70 then heads off to the northeast, running through Portales, from mile 170.6 to mile 197.25 on US70 the speed limit is posted at 75 mph across White Sands Missile Range. Just slightly longer than a standard marathon, US70 is the only non-interstate in New Mexico to receive a speed limit of 75 miles per hour
38.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
39.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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Oak Ridge is a city in Anderson and Roane counties in the eastern part of the U. S. state of Tennessee, about 25 miles west of Knoxville. Oak Ridges population was 29,330 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Knoxville Metropolitan Area. Oak Ridges nicknames include the Atomic City, the Secret City, the Ridge, Oak Ridge was established in 1942 as a production site for the Manhattan Project—the massive American, British, and Canadian operation that developed the atomic bomb. As it is still the site of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, scientific development still plays a role in the citys economy. The earliest substantial occupation of the Oak Ridge area occurred during the Woodland period, two Woodland mound sites—the Crawford Farm Mounds and the Freels Farm Mounds—were uncovered in the 1930s as part of the Norris Basin salvage excavations. Both sites were located just southeast of the former Scarboro community, the Bull Bluff site, which was occupied during both the Woodland and Mississippian periods, was uncovered in the 1960s in anticipation of the construction of Melton Hill Dam. Bull Bluff is a cliff located immediately southeast of Haw Ridge, the Oak Ridge area was largely uninhabited by the time Euro-American explorers and settlers arrived in the late 18th century, although the Cherokee claimed the land as part of their hunting grounds. According to local tradition, John Hendrix, a local resident regarded as a mystic. Upset by the death of his daughter and the subsequent departure of his wife and remaining family, he became religious. When he described his visions, people thought he was insane, for this reason, maj. Gen. Leslie Groves, military head of the Manhattan Project, liked the area for several reasons. Finally, the location was established within a 17-mile-long valley. The new District Engineer Kenneth Nichols had to placate him, cooper came to see the project on November 3,1943, and he appreciated the bourbon-laced punch served. CEW and HEW accommodation in houses and dormitories was basic, with rather than oil or electric furnaces. But it was of a higher standard than Groves would have liked, medical care was provided by Army doctors and hospitals, with civilians paying $2.50 per month to the medical insurance fund. The location and low population also helped keep the town a secret, the K-25 uranium-separating facility by itself covered 44 acres and was the largest building in the world at that time. The name Oak Ridge was chosen for the settlement in 1943 from among suggestions submitted by project employees, the name related to the settlements location along Black Oak Ridge, and officials thought the rural-sounding name held outside curiosity to a minimum. The name wasnt formally adopted until 1949, and the site was referred to as the Clinton Engineer Works until then, the town was surrounded by guard towers and a fence with seven gates. Starting in October 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began acquiring more than 60,000 acres in the Oak Ridge area for the United States Manhattan Project, many residents came home to find eviction notices tacked to their doors
40.
Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Chattanooga is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 176,588 in 2015. The fourth-largest Tennessee city, it is the seat of Hamilton County, located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. The city, with elevation of approximately 680 feet, lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and ridges, the nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Chattanooga State Community College, the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012. The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans, sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi, and Cherokee. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga, the Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – rock, the latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Rosss Landing, located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile, the US Army used Rosss Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or emigration depots, where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama, in 1839, the community of Rosss Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce, with the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle, during the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9,1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga, the next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grants army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge and these battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a railroad hub and industrial. The largest flood in Chattanoogas history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority system was created in 1933 by Congress, the flood crested at 58 feet and completely inundated the city
41.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
Media related to Kingston, Tennessee at Wikimedia Commons
