1.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
–
Baton Rouge is the capital of the U. S. state of Louisiana and its second-largest city. It forms the seat of East Baton Rouge Parish and is located on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. As the Capital City, Baton Rouge is the hub for Louisiana. The metropolitan area surrounding the city, known as Greater Baton Rouge, is also the second-largest in Louisiana, the urban area has around 594,309 inhabitants. Baton Rouge is an industrial, petrochemical, medical, research, motion picture. The Port of Greater Baton Rouge is the tenth largest in the United States in terms of tonnage shipped, the Baton Rouge area owes its historical importance to its strategic site upon the Istrouma Bluff, the first natural bluff upriver from the Mississippi River Delta. This allowed development of a business quarter safe from seasonal flooding, in addition, the city built a levee system stretching from the bluff southward to protect the riverfront and low-lying agricultural areas. The city is a rich center, with settlement by immigrants from numerous European nations. It was ruled by seven different governments, French, British, and Spanish in the era, West Floridian, United States territory and state, Confederate. Human habitation in the Baton Rouge area has been dated to 12000 –6500 BC based on evidence found along the Mississippi, Comite, earthwork mounds were built by hunter-gatherer societies in the Middle Archaic period, from roughly the 4th millennium BC. Eastern Muskogean began to diversify internally in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, at the time, the region appeared to be occupied by a collection of moderately-sized native chiefdoms interspersed with autonomous villages and tribal groups. French explorer Sieur dIberville led a party up the Mississippi River in 1699. The explorers saw a red pole marking the boundary between the Houma and Bayogoula tribal hunting grounds, see also Red Sticks for the ceremonial use of red sticks among the Muscogee. The location of the red pole was presumably at Scotts Bluff and it was reportedly a 30-foot-high painted pole adorned with fish bones. The settlement of Baton Rouge by Europeans began in 1721 when a military post was established by French colonists. Since European settlement, Baton Rouge has been governed by France, Britain, Spain, Louisiana, the Republic of West Florida, the Confederate States, and the United States. In 1755, when French-speaking settlers of Acadia in Canadas Maritime provinces were driven into exile by British forces, popularly known as Cajuns, the descendants of the Acadians maintained a separate culture. During the first half of the 19th century, the city grew steadily as the result of steamboat trade, Baton Rouge was incorporated in 1817
2.
East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
–
East Baton Rouge Parish is the largest parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 440,171, the parish seat is Baton Rouge, Louisianas state capital. East Baton Rouge Parish is part of the Baton Rouge, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 470 square miles, of which 455 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Amite River Bayou Manchac Mississippi River Thompson Creek East Feliciana Parish West Feliciana Parish West Baton Rouge Parish Iberville Parish Ascension Parish Livingston Parish St, the city and parish are served by the Metropolitan Council and the Mayor-President. BRgov. com is the government website for the City of Baton Rouge. The parish courthouse in Baton Rouge is one of public buildings constructed by the contractor George A. In 2010, the 19th Judicial District Court moved into the new courthouse on North Blvd, as of the 2010 census, there were over 440,000 residents in East Baton Rouge, making it the largest parish in Louisiana. There are 156,365 households and 102,575 families residing in the parish, the population density was 906 people per square mile. There were 169,073 housing units at a density of 371 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 5% White,45. 9% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,3. 0% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,1. 02% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. 3. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, there were 156,365 households, of which 32. 80% include children under the age of 18. 44. 70% were married couples living together,16. 80% had a householder with no husband present. 26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14. In the parish the population was out with 26. 20% under the age of 18,14. 40% aged 18 to 24,28. 70% from 25 to 44,20. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32 years old, for every 100 females there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males, the median income for a parish household was $37,224, and the median income for a family was $47,480. Males had an income of $38,334 versus $25,073 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $19,790, about 13. 20% of families and 17. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22. 70% of those under age 18 and 11. 50% of those age 65 or over
3.
Louisiana State Senate
–
The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
4.
Louisiana House of Representatives
–
The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, the House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is customarily recommended by the Governor, then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker, the current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, the Speaker pro tempore presides when the Speaker is not present. The Chairman of the Republican Delegation is Lance Harris of the 25th District, the Louisiana House of Representatives comprises 105 representatives elected from across the state from single-member districts by registered voters in the district. Representatives must be electors, be at least eighteen years old, be domiciled in the district they represent at least one year, the House is the judge of its members qualifications and elections. Elections occur every four years and representatives are limited to three four-year terms, if a seat is vacant, it will be filled in a special election. The House is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature. The Louisiana House has sole authority to state officials and introduce appropriation bills. The Louisiana House of Representatives was established, along with its functions and authority, in Article III, the Committees of the Louisiana House review proposed bills and either kill them or recommend their passage to the full House. Each committee has an area it oversees. Committees can call upon state officials to testify at committee meetings, committee membership including Chairmanships and Vice Chairmanships are assigned by the Speaker
5.
Jewel Joseph Newman
–
Jewel Joseph Newman was an American Democratic politician and community organizer from the historically black Scotlandville neighborhood of his native Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He attended the then all-black Southern University, at which he was a member of the Reserve Corps program and he was quickly called to active duty in the United States Army, in which he served until his discharge in 1945 at the rank of Sergeant 4th Class. For fifteen years thereafter, he owned and operated an Esso service station in Baton Rouge, even before he entered politics, he was involved in bringing Little League competition to Scotlandville. In 1972, Newman won the first of his three four-year term on the East Baton Rouge Parish Council as the representative from the Scotlandville area. In 1983, he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives to succeed Joseph Delpit, Newman served a single term in the House from 1984 to 1988 which corresponded with the third term of Governor Edwin Edwards. He defeated the 31-year-old lawyer Kip Holden, later the first black to serve as Baton Rouge Mayor-President, in the 1987 nonpartisan blanket primary, Holden unseated Newman. The two subsequently became warm friends, after his legislative term, Newman continued to work as a community organizer. He served on the boards of the American Cancer Society and several organizations seeking to control narcotics and he also worked against alcohol abuse through Mothers Against Drunk Driving. His activities paved the way for the first community centers in Baton Rouge and he sat on the board of the Foster Grandparents Program and the Louisiana Lottery Corporation. An active Roman Catholic, Newman served on the board for Catholic Community Services in the Diocese of Baton Rouge and he was a member of the charitable St. Vincent de Paul Society of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church. With other craftsmen from St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, Newman helped to build the Immaculate Conception sanctuary and he managed the St. Vincent de Paul dining room for two years in Baton Rouge until sidelined by illness. He also worked to establish the Bishop Ott shelters and a store for the needy. On October 4,2014, Newman died at the age of ninety-three and he was preceded in death by two other daughters, Constance Newman Douglas and Karen Newman Norris. A memorial mass was held on October 11,2014, at Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Newman donated his body to the Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans. Joseph Delpit called Newman the hardest-working elected official I knew, including me. There wasn’t a person who needed help that Jewel would not get out of his bed at midnight to see about helping him. ”Mayor Holden said that Newman, who became his mentor, paid special attention to the needs of people in the district he represented. If someone called to say they had a problem with their ditch, he would go out to the home himself to see what the problem was. ”The Jewel J. Newman Community Center on Central Road off Interstate 110 North is named in his honor
6.
New Orleans
–
New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
7.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
8.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
9.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
10.
Louisiana State University
–
Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools, several of LSUs graduate schools, such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center, have received recognition in their respective fields of study. LSUs athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports, and is a member of the NCAA, the university is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. Louisiana State University Agricultural & Mechanical College had its origin in land grants made by the United States government in 1806,1811. It was founded as an academy and is still today steeped in military tradition. In 1853, the Louisiana General Assembly established the Seminary of Learning of the State of Louisiana near Pineville in Rapides Parish in Central Louisiana. Modeled initially after Virginia Military Institute, the institution opened with five professors and nineteen cadets on January 2,1860, the original location of the Old LSU Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On January 26,1861, after only a year at the helm, the school closed on June 30,1861, with the start of the American Civil War. During the course of the war, the university reopened briefly in April 1863, the losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War. Following the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865 and these cannons had been captured from Confederate forces after the close of the war and had been used during the initial firing upon Fort Sumter in April 1861. The cannons are still displayed in front of LSUs Military Science/Aerospace Studies Building, the seminary officially reopened its doors on October 2,1865, only to be burned October 15,1869. On November 1,1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, in 1870, the name of the institution was officially changed to Louisiana State University. It temporarily opened in New Orleans, June 1,1874 and this prompted the final name change for the university to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. On June 7,1925, Oscar B, turner, a professor of agronomy, was murdered by an axe-wielding assailant on campus. On April 30,1926, the present LSU campus was formally dedicated, prior to this, LSU utilized the quarters of the Institute for the Deaf, Mute, and Blind. Land for the present campus was purchased in 1918, construction started in 1922, the campus was originally designed for 3000 students, but was cut back due to budget problems
11.
Bachelor of Arts
–
A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
12.
Southern University
–
Southern University and A&M College is a historically black university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The campus is on Scott’s Bluff overlooking the Mississippi River in the section of the city. The campus encompasses 512 acres, with an experimental station on an additional 372-acre site. The university is the largest HBCU in Louisiana, a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund, at the 1879 Louisiana State Constitutional Convention, African-American political leaders P. B. S. Pinchback, Theophile T. Allain and Henry Demas proposed founding an education institution for the education of persons of color. Louisiana before the American Civil War had a class of free people of color. In April 1880, the Louisiana General Assembly chartered what was then called Southern College, Southern opened its doors on March 7,1881 with 12 students. The school was held for a time at the former Israel Sinai Temple on Calliope Street and it established an Agricultural and Mechanical department. Because of continued growth and a lack of land for expansion, in 1914 the university moved to Scotlandville, along Scotts Bluff facing the Mississippi River, now absorbed into the capital, this area is included as a historic destination of the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail. The first president of what is now known as Southern University at Baton Rouge was Dr. Joseph Samuel Clark, Clark, an African-American leader from Baton Rouge, presided over Baton Rouge College and the Louisiana Colored Teachers Association. Clark presided over Southern University during its resulting expansion, Student enrollment grew from 47 to 500, and many of the schools early buildings were built during this time. Clark presided until his retirement in 1938 and his son Dr. Felton Grandison Clark was appointed as president that year. He generated considerable expansion, with 33 of 114 current buildings erected during his 30 years of tenure, the student enrollment grew from 500 to nearly 10,000 students. In addition, the State School for the Negro Deaf and Blind was established here in 1938, in 1943, the university was visited by the First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt. The Southern University Laboratory School System began operating in September 1922, the Laboratory School was first accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1936 and has conferred more than 5,000 high school diplomas since its inception. Under the segregated state education, LSU Law School had refused to admit African Americans, a special Louisiana Convention established a law program, now Southern University Law Center, in 1947 at Southern University. During Clarks tenure, Southern University at New Orleans and Southern University at Shreveport were founded and they were incorporated into the Southern University System in 1974. In 1969, the university saw a changing of the guard, on November 16,1972, Denver Smith and Leonard Brown, two students involved with Students United, a student activist group, were shot and killed outside the Old Auditorium
13.
Juris Doctor
–
The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
14.
Suburb
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
15.
Baker, Louisiana
–
Baker is a small city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States, and a part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the fourth-largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish, the population was 13,895 as of the 2010 census, an increase of 102 persons from the 2000 tabulation of 13,793. Baker was named in 1888 for an early settler, Baker is located north of the center of East Baton Rouge Parish at 30°35′8″N 91°9′26″W. It is bordered to the north by Zachary and to the south by Baton Rouge, according to the United States Census Bureau, Baker has a total area of 8.3 square miles, all land. Louisiana Highway 19 runs through the center of Baker, leading north 4 miles to the center of Zachary, downtown Baton Rouge is 11 miles south of Baker. Louisiana Highway 67 passes through the part of Baker, leading north 22 miles to Clinton. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,793 people,4,971 households, the population density was 1,747.3 people per square mile. There were 5,389 housing units at a density of 682.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 45. 97% White,52. 36% African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 17% from other races, and 0. 99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 86% of the population,20. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the family size was 3.18. In the city, the population was 29. 8% under the age of 18,10. 7% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 1% from 45 to 64, the median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 84.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $35,151, males had a median income of $31,791 versus $22,177 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,920, about 13. 4% of families and 15. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 5% of those under age 18 and 10. 5% of those age 65 or over. Baker experienced an influx of New Orleans residents during the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina. Renaissance Village was the home to more than 3,000 evacuees, the large majority of the residents came from the poorest parts of New Orleans. The United States Postal Service operates the Baker Post Office, the Baker Buffalo Festival is held every year in Baker on the last full weekend in September
16.
Central, Louisiana
–
Central is the thirteenth-largest city in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is the second largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Central became the states newest city in April 2005. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population of Central was 26,864 as of the 2010 census. Long an unincorporated suburb of Baton Rouge, the citizens of Central voted to incorporate as a city on April 23,2005, the U. S. Postal Service allows residents to use Central, LA with their current ZIP code. It had about 25,000 residents when it incorporated, former Central High School principal Shelton Mac Watts became the temporary mayor upon the incorporation of the city. Formal elections were held on April 1,2006, in which voters chose incumbent Watts with 86 percent of the 18,000 votes cast, in November 2006, the voters of the state passed a constitutional amendment authorizing the creation of the Central Community School District. The amendment authorized Central to govern its own school system. Central operates its own police and fire departments, other services, such as water, sewerage and trash, are still operated by the city-parish. Utilities are provided by DEMCO and Entergy, on January 9,2007, Governor Kathleen Blanco appointed the interim members of the new Central Community School Board. The board appointed Mike Faulk as the first superintendent, the new school system began operation on July 1,2007. By 2015 the city had about 28,000 residents, Central is located in the east-central part of East Baton Rouge. The eastern boundary follows the Amite River, which forms the border with Livingston Parish, Louisiana Highway 408 passes through the center of Central, leading west 7 miles to Interstate 110 in the northern part of Baton Rouge. Downtown Baton Route is 13 miles southwest of Central, Louisiana Highway 37 passes through the eastern part of Central, leading northeast 30 miles to Greensburg, southwest 8 miles to Monticello, and southwest 18 miles to Baton Rouge. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the area of Central is 62.5 square miles, of which 62.2 square miles is land and 0.3 square miles. The municipal government only has three direct employees, the mayor, an assistant, and an administrative officer, the remainder of city services are contracted to private companies. At first the city contracted with CH2M Hill for city services, the municipal governments only source of revenue, as of 2015, is a 2% sales tax. This was instituted since its incorporation and, has of that time, had not been revised, the school district and fire department are funded separately and instituted independent taxing districts. The city government does not pay to maintain many of the roads as they are owned by the State of Louisiana and/or East Baton Rouge Parish, the Central Fire Protection District #4 operates fire stations and provides fire protection services
17.
Zachary, Louisiana
–
Zachary is a city in the East Baton Rouge parish of Louisiana in the United States. It lies 16 miles north of the city of Baton Rouge, much of the land which the city now occupies was part of a 160-acre farm owned by Darel Zachary. In the 1880s, Zachary sold his land to the Illinois Central Railroad, who built a track, a village quickly grew up around the depot, which came to be called Zachary after the original farmer. Zacharys first post office was opened in 1885, and it was incorporated as a city on August 2,1889, a fire devastated the city in 1903, supposedly caused by a greengrocer trying to flame-ripen his bananas. The historic village at the center of the city is composed of buildings which survived the fire, or were built shortly after it. The first census was carried out in 1914 and reported just 419 residents, Zachary was the first city in Louisiana since the Reconstruction Era to elect a Republican as mayor, Jack Louis Breaux. Zachary is located in northern East Baton Rouge Parish at 30°39′18″N 91°9′24″W and it is bordered to the north by the city of Slaughter, to the east by Central, and to the south by Baker. Louisiana Highway 19 passes through the city, leading north 5 miles to the center of Slaughter and south 9 miles to U. S. Route 61 in the northern part of Baton Rouge. According to the United States Census Bureau, Zachary has an area of 24.0 square miles, of which 23.9 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. The United States Postal Service operates the Zachary Post Office, as of the census of 2000, there were 11,275 people,3,836 households, and 3,064 families residing in the city. The population density was 475.2 people per square mile, there were 4,076 housing units at an average density of 171.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 76% White,28. 72% African American,0. 19% Native American,0. 46% Asian,0. 32% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 72% of the population. 17. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.26. The population was spread out across age groups with 30. 0% under 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 8% from 45 to 64, the median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males in the same age range. The median income for a household in the city was $49,669, males had a median income of $45,092 versus $25,143 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,554, about 6. 9% of families and 9. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12. 6% of those under age 18 and 7. 9% of those age 65 or over. The Zachary Community School System separated from the East Baton Rouge Parish School System in 2003, East Baton Rouge Parish Library operates the Zachary Branch
18.
Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana
–
The Office of Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana is the second highest state office in Louisiana. The current lieutenant governor is Billy Nungesser, a Republican, paul J. Hardy, who served from 1988 to 1992, was the first Republican in the position after the Reconstruction Era. The office was established by the Louisiana Constitution of 1845, prior to that, the successor to the governor in the event of his death or resignation was the President of the Louisiana State Senate. A number of state senate presidents succeeded governors before the 1845 Constitution was adopted, including Henry S. Thibodaux, Armand Beauvais, the lieutenant governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1845 until the adoption of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974. Today, the lieutenant governor exercises powers delegated to him or her by the governor as provided by law. She or he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, additionally, the lieutenant governor serves as commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism. The most recent death of a former U. S. lieutenant governor of Louisiana was that of Robert Bobby Freeman, who died on May 16,2016
19.
Billy Nungesser
–
William Harold Billy Nungesser, is an American politician serving as the 54th and current Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, since January 11,2016. His second term as president began on January 1,2011. Nungesser is the son of the late William Aicklen Billy Nungesser, from 1980 to 1984, the senior Nungesser was the chief of staff during David C. Treens term as governor of Louisiana and he was later the state chairman of the Louisiana Republican Party, in which capacity he unexpectedly supported Patrick J. Buchanan for the partys 1992 presidential nomination. Ruth Nungesser was also active in Republican politics as a member of Republican Women of Louisiana. Billy Nungesser has a brother, Eric H. Nungesser and wife Carole. In 1983, Governor Treen appointed the younger Nungesser to the Lake Pontchartrain, the senior Nungesser was named in 1985 to the Orleans Levee Board. While working in his familys offshore catering business, Nungesser found a use for metal ship containers. In 1991, he established General Marine Leasing Company, a business which provides living quarters for offshore workers. The company grew to two hundred people and reaching $20 million in sales. In 2004, he was the chairman for the Plaquemines Parish United Way and he served on the PABI board during its early years. Since vacating the parish presidency, Nungesser has relocated to River Ranch in Lafayette Parish and he announced his second bid for the office of lieutenant governor. In 2006, Nungesser narrowly won the position of president by defeating the then Democrat Amos Cormier. The then incumbent parish president and a state representative, Democrat Benny Rousselle, was term-limited. Much of his work in the first two years has been on hurricane recovery, the eye of Katrina passed over Buras-Triumph, and now the town of Buras has a new water tower. The old tower was knocked to the ground during the hurricane, the Federal Emergency Management Agency originally obligated $400,000 to rebuild the Port Eads Marina after Katrina. President Nungesser personally went to Washington, D. C. FEMA then authorized $12 million for the project. He was heavily involved in the response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, before Hurricane Gustav made landfall, President Nungesser took a proactive approach to protect the parish
20.
Republican Party (United States)
–
The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
21.
The Shaw Group
–
The Shaw Group was acquired by CB&I on February 13,2013. Prior to the acquisition, Shaw was a Fortune 500 company headquartered in Baton Rouge, Louisiana with approximately 25,000 employees, Shaw was founded in 1986 by J. M. Bernhard Jr. Oscar J. LaFleur, and one other individual as a fabrication shop. The company was known as Shaw Industries Inc. Shaw grew by acquiring stock of Alloy Piping Products, Fronek A/DE, Inc, Naptech. Prospect Industries plc, joined with Entergy Corporation to create EntergyShaw L. L. C, badger Technologies from Washington Group International, and Energy Delivery Services from Duke Energy Global Markets, Inc. In 2006 the company acquired a 20% interest in the Westinghouse Electric Company, in September 2011, Toshiba was reported to be in talks to acquire the Shaw stake. Toshiba is paying $1.6 billion for the 20% stake under a Shaw-owned option, Shaw said it was the 50% rise in the yen on its yen-denominated debt over five years which led it to exercise its sale option. The option was part of the 2006 purchase terms, the transaction was completed in January 2013, and brought Toshibas stake in Westinghouse to 87%. In July 2012 CB&I agreed to buy Shaw for approximately $3 billion, in December 2012 shareholders from both companies approved the transaction and it officially closed in February 2013. Shaw Center for the Arts Fortune 5002012
22.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
23.
Richard Baker (U.S. politician)
–
The son of a Methodist minister, Baker was born in New Orleans and graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He stayed in Baton Rouge after graduation and founded an estate agency there. In 1971, just a year out of school, he was elected to the Louisiana House of Representatives as a Democrat from a predominantly blue-collar district in Baton Rouge and he became chairman of the Transportation Committee. In 1986, Baker switched to the Republicans because of a feud with Governor Edwin Edwards. Soon afterwards, 6th District Republican Congressman Henson Moore, announced that he was running for the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Russell B, Moore encouraged Baker to run for the seat, which is based in Baton Rouge and includes most of that citys suburbs. Baker defeated Democrats Thomas H. Hudson and Willis Blackwell, Sr. an African-American civil rights activist and he became the fourth Republican to represent Louisiana in Congress since Reconstruction and the second to win an undisputed victory in a contested election. He was reelected without opposition in 1988 and 1990, in 1992, however, Louisiana lost a congressional seat as a result of reapportionment after the 1990 Census. Holloway of Forest Hill in Rapides Parish, who had represented the Alexandria-based 8th District, was placed into Bakers district, Holloway had been elected along with Baker in 1986. Holloway led in the primary with 37 percent. Baker received 33 percent and Democrat Ned Randolph, then the mayor of Alexandria, in the November general election, Holloway won 15 of the districts 17 parishes. Baker, however, crushed Holloway in the two largest parishes, Livingston Parish and his base, East Baton Rouge Parish. This was enough to defeat Holloway by some 2,700 votes overall, court-ordered redistricting before the 1996 elections had drawn considerably more blacks into the district than Baker had previously represented. He had an easier time in 2000, winning 68 percent of the vote. Redistricting took some Democratic voters out of his district, including part of Pointe Coupee Parish, in 2006, his only challenger was Libertarian Richard M. Fontanesi, and Baker won with 82 percent of the vote. Baker was a chairman of the House Financial Services Capital Markets Subcommittee. He was also a member of the Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, according to The Wall Street Journal, Baker caused some controversy in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina when he was overheard telling lobbyists, We finally cleaned up public housing in New Orleans. We couldnt do it, but God did, in the aftermath of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, Baker proposed a plan to rebuild Louisiana. Commonly known as The Baker Plan, Baker introduced legislation to create the Louisiana Recovery Corporation, the LRC would then clean the property and sell clean titles to developers, who would then redevelop the properties in accordance with plans developed by the local governments and civic groups
24.
Shreveport, Louisiana
–
Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
25.
Everytown for Gun Safety
–
Everytown for Gun Safety is an American nonprofit organization which advocates for gun control and against gun violence. Everytown was founded in 2014, combining Mayors Against Illegal Guns, most recently the group has focused on efforts to require universal background checks on firearms purchases. Mayors Against Illegal Guns was formed in April 2006 during a summit co-hosted by mayors Michael Bloomberg of New York City and Thomas Menino of Boston at New Yorks mayoral residence, Bloomberg and Menino co-chaired the coalition. The initial group consisted of 15 mayors who signed a statement of principles, by the end of 2014, there were 855 mayors in the coalition. In April 2014, Everytown for Gun Safety was established, merging MAIG with Moms Demand Action, according to Bloomberg, Everytown was founded to match the National Rifle Association in political influence. The organization also supports state laws requiring the reporting of health records to the national background check system. Domestic violence – Everytown has supported laws that prohibit domestic abusers from obtaining firearms, Gun trafficking – The organization also favors strengthening penalties for gun trafficking through the creation of a federal gun trafficking statute. Other issues – At its launch the organization said it would not advocate for a ban on assault weapons, prior to the inception of Everytown, a priority goal of Mayors Against Illegal Guns was to repeal the Tiahrt Amendment, named after its sponsor, Congressman Todd Tiahrt. Rep. Tiahrt has stated that his amendment is intended to protect the privacy of gun owners, Mayor Bloomberg has called the Amendment an insult to the thousands of police officers that face the threat of illegal guns. The Tiahrt Amendment requires that NICS background check records be destroyed within 24 hours, the Tiahrt Amendment denies the ATF the authority to require dealer inventory checks to detect lost and stolen guns. Under current rules, the ATF can conduct a search of any licensed gun dealer once per year. The ATF gun trace database contains information and is made available to law enforcement agencies. The ATF and the Fraternal Order of Police, the nation’s largest law enforcement organization, both organizations claimed repeal of the Tiahrt Amendment would jeopardize ongoing criminal investigations and risk the lives of undercover law enforcement officers. The organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns is behind the Tiahrt repeal campaign and that is why the Fraternal Order of Police has always supported language protecting firearms trace data, now known as the Tiahrt amendment. For the men and women in uniform who are fighting illegal guns, it is a matter of officer safety, NY Police Commissioner Ray Kelly, the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives and the FOP have all requested this language to protect investigations and law enforcement officers. Hopefully it is true that not one law enforcement officer ever died prior to the enactment of the Tiahrt protection—Rep, Tiahrt joins the FOP, ATF and others in supporting a policy that will keep it that way. Kelly, however, has participated in events calling for the repeal of the Tiahrt Amendment, the ATF under the Obama administration has issued no formal position on the amendment. But instead of providing tools, the Tiahrt Amendment ties the hands of police in their effort to halt illegal gun trafficking
26.
Michael Bloomberg
–
Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
27.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
28.
Thomas Menino
–
Thomas Michael Menino was an American politician who served as the 53rd Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1993 to 2014. He was the citys longest-serving mayor, before becoming mayor, the Boston native was a member and President of Boston City Council. Menino was President of the United States Conference of Mayors and co-chair, in January 2014, he was appointed Professor of the Practice of Political Science at Boston University. He also served as Co-Founder and Co-Director of the Initiative on Cities, Menino was born on December 27,1942 in Readville, a part of Bostons Hyde Park neighborhood. He was the son of Susan and Carl Menino, both of Italian descent, Meninos father was a factory foreman at Westinghouse Electric, and his grandparents lived on the first floor of his parents Hyde Park home. After graduating from St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Jamaica Plain in 1960, much to his fathers dismay, Menino decided college was not for him. Carl Menino once recalled his sons reasons for opting out of education, Truman didnt go to college. President Harry S. Truman was Meninos favorite president and personal hero, Menino received an Associate degree in Business Management at Chamberlayne Junior College, now Mount Ida College. During his terms as Boston City Councilor, Menino received a Bachelor of Arts in Community Planning at the University of Massachusetts Boston in 1988. Menino was elected Boston City Councilor for the newly created District 5 in 1983 and he served the Hyde Park district for nine years. In 1984, he was named chairman of the councils Planning, Menino ran unopposed for the city council seat in 1985. In 1986, then-mayor Raymond Flynn offered Menino the position of Parks, in response to Flynns proposal, Menino said it surprised him, but that he does think about all opportunities that come before. Ultimately, Menino did not assume the position, in 1988, Menino became chairman of the City Councils Finance Committee. This committee was renamed the City Council Ways and Means Committee in 1990, Menino remained chairman of the Ways and Means Committee for the entirety of his tenure as City Councilor. Menino was known to be a vigilant watchdog of the city budget and he was a founding member of the City Councils Tourists and Tourism Committee, which was created in 1991. In 1992, Menino planned to run for the United States Congress seat that Rep. Brian J. Donnelly was vacating and this 11th Congressional seat served a district that stretched from the Boston neighborhood of Dorchester through communities on the South Shore and into Plymouth County. After federal courts decided to allot Massachusetts only 10 congressional seats, Donnellys district disappeared, in March 1993, President Clinton appointed Mayor Flynn to be the United States Ambassador to the Holy See. Mayor Flynn accepted the position, effectively making Menino, who was President of the Boston City Council at the time, on July 12,1993 Menino became acting Mayor of Boston until the upcoming November 1993 election
29.
Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
30.
Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
31.
Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
–
The Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in located in Winnfield, Winn Parish, in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It was created in 1987 by an act of the Louisiana State Legislature to highlight the careers of the leading politicians. Long Jr. Oscar K. Allen, and Earl Kemp Long, were born there Winnfield calls itself the birthplace of Louisiana politics. The museum, which opened in August 1993 on the centennial of Huey Longs birth, is located at 499 East Main Street in a restored Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad depot. Until his death in 2011, each inductee was sketched by the former Shreveport Times cartoonist Preston Allen Pap Dean Jr. himself one of the original thirteen honorees, large displays are accorded for the two Governors Long, with sculptures of each man shown speaking to voters. Recording of Long political speeches are sometimes played as visitors examine the political past, other Long family members inducted into the Hall of Fame include the late U. S. Representatives Speedy O. Long and Gillis W. Long, former State Representative Jimmy D, Long of Natchitoches, and on February 1,2014, Rose McConnell Long. Zachary Taylor, the only U. S. President from Louisiana, was inducted in 1995, there are a handful of others without party affiliation. The few Republican honorees include former Governors David C, treen, Mike Foster, and Buddy Roemer, former U. S. All recent U. S. senators have been inducted except for current Republicans senators Bill Cassidy and David Vitter, however, Vitters 2004 opponents for the Senate, former U. S. Representative Chris John and state Treasurer John Neely Kennedy, have been inducted, Kennedy was elected in 2016 to succeed Vitter. The Democrat who defeated Vitter for governor, John Bel Edwards, is also an inductee by virtue of his family in Tangipahoa Parish politics, the nominees are chosen by a statewide panel of political historians and writers. Each inductee is given his own display, which included a caricature by Pap Dean to those prior to Deans death. Another missing inductee is David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan figure who became a player in state politics briefly between 1989 and 1992 and acquired national attention as well. Louisiana Center for Women and Government Hall of Fame Louisiana Political Museum - official site
32.
Winnfield, Louisiana
–
Winnfield is a small city in the parish seat of Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,749 at the 2000 census, and 4,840 at the 2010 census, three governors of the State Of Louisiana were from Winnfield. When Winn Parish was officially formed by the legislature in 1852. During the Civil War, the area around Winnfield was the site of minor skirmishes. Confederate forces defeated a Union detachment sent to destroy the Cary Salt Works in the area, many Civil War bandits made the region their home. Among these were the West and Kimbrill clans, which at one time included the Frank & Jesse James, three Louisiana governors were Winnfield natives and grew up here, Huey Long, Oscar K. Allen and Earl Long. Huey Long became governor, U. S. Senator, Oscar K. Allen was elected governor in 1932. Earl Long, the Louisiana Longshot, served in a variety of positions, said to be more than other Louisianan. He was elected governor in 1939,1948 and 1956 and he was elected to Congress in 1960 but died before he could assume office. Winnfield was a producer of salt in the Civil War days. One still exists today in front of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame, the salt works was located on Saline Bayou. Later the Cary Salt Works started a 840 ft deep mine south of Winnfield, the mine was used by the federal government in Project Coyboy Plowshare Program, Cowboy Event. Between Dec 1959 and March 1960 a series of explosives were set off inside the Carry Salt Works in an unused portion of the mine. The mine later was flooded by an underground river, the mine and all equipment inside was abandoned. The rock quarry operated near or on top of the mine and produced limestone. Winnfield has an elevation of 128 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.3 square miles, all land. North and west of Winnfield, Saline Bayou, a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System waterway, Winnfield is about a three-hour driving distance from Baton Rouge. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,749 people,2,172 households, the population density was 1,733.4 people per square mile
33.
Journalist
–
A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
34.
Lawyer
–
A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
35.
Louisiana State Legislature
–
The Louisiana State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Louisiana. It is a body, comprising the lower house, the Louisiana House of Representatives with 105 representatives, and the upper house. Members of both houses are elected from single-member constituencies, the State Legislature meets in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Members of both houses of the serve a four-year term, with a term limit of three terms. Term limits were passed by voters in a constitutional referendum in 1995 and were subsequently added as Article III, §4. The year 2007 saw legislators termed out of office for the first time, the term limits are consecutive rather than lifetime. The officers of each house of the Legislature are elected at the beginning of term to serve for four-year terms. The Louisiana House of Representatives elects from among its members a speaker and speaker pro tempore, although the procedure is not mandated constitutionally, the speaker of the House is traditionally recommended by the governor of Louisiana to the body. The current speaker, Taylor Barras, a Republican, presides over the House, the House also elects its chief clerical officer, the clerk of the House, who is not an elected member. The Louisiana Senate elects its presiding officer, the President of the Senate, from among its membership, the current President is John Alario. Each house provides for the election of its officers, originally the Lieutenant Governor presided over the Louisiana Senate from 1853 until the adoption of the Louisiana constitution of 1974. Today, the Lieutenant Governor exercises powers delegated to him by the Governor as provided by law and he also serves as governor in the event of a vacancy in the office, if the Governor is unable to act as governor, or is out of the state. Since the Lieutenant Governor no longer serves as president of the Senate, he has made an ex-officio member of each committee, board. Additionally, the Lieutenant Governor serves as head of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, in even-numbered years, a state legislature convenes at noon on the last Monday in March to extend for no longer than 60 legislative days during a period of 85 days. In odd-numbered years, a limited jurisdiction session convenes at noon on the last Monday in April for no longer than 45 legislative days during a period of 60 days, the legislature also may convene for extraordinary sessions and for veto sessions. The legislature is required to meet in a session, which cannot exceed three days, on the date its members take office. A special session may be called by the Governor or may be convened by the officers of both houses upon a written petition of a majority of the elected members of each house. A special session is limited to the number of days stated in the proclamation, the power to legislate in a special session is limited to the objects specifically enumerated in the proclamation
36.
Southern University Law Center
–
Southern University Law Center, a campus of the Southern University System, opened for instruction in September 1947. Its concept was born out of a response of a lawsuit by an African American resident, Charles J. Hatfield, III, seeking to attend law school at a state institution. On December 16,1946, Louisiana State Board of Education took steps to establish a Law School for blacks at Southern University to be in operation for the 1947-1948 session, the University is a member-school of Thurgood Marshall College Fund. There are full-time, part-time, and evening programs, for students who want to pursue the JD and MPA, the school offers a joint-degree program in cooperation with the Nelson Mandela School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs. Theres also a program in London, in which students take courses with international subject matter. SULC also publishes two journals, its traditional Law Review as well as The Journal of Race, Gender. SULCs students also learn two different systems of law, Louisiana is a civil law jurisdiction, while law in other state is based on the common law tradition. According to SULCs 2013 ABA-required disclosures,22. 8% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, bar passage-required employment nine months after graduation, plans for the law school were approved by the State Board of Education at its January 10,1947, meeting. On June 14,1947, the Board of Liquidation of State Debt appropriated $40,000 for the operation of the school, the Southern University Law School was officially opened in September 1947 to provide legal education for African-American students. After 38 years of operation as a School of Law, the Southern University Board of Supervisors re-designated the school as the Southern University Law Center, from 1972 to 1974, the law school dean was Louis Berry, the civil rights attorney originally from Alexandria, Louisiana. Today, the law school remains as one of two public law schools and the most diverse in the state of Louisiana. It is approved also by the Veterans Administration for the training of eligible veterans, the clinical education program at Southern University Law Center is ranked 42nd out of 216 clinical education programs nationally by the American Bar Association. At Southern University Law Center, clinical education is available to third years students, though emphasis is given to the substantive and procedural law of Louisiana, with its French and Spanish origins, Anglo-American law is integrated into the curriculum. According to The Faculty Lounge,43. 2% of the Class of 2012 was employed in full-time, long-term positions requiring bar admission, the total cost of full-time attendance at SULC for the 2013-2014 academic year is $31,078 for Louisiana resident and $39,678 for non-residents. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $122,502, ranking fifth among law schools for Most Affordable in 2015 by Linkedin. Ranking among the Best Law Schools for Public Service in 2012 by preLaw Magazine, ranking first among law schools awarding Law Degrees With Most Financial Value at Graduation in 2011 by U. S. News & World Report. Ranking fourth most popular law school by U. S. News & World Report, ranking in the top ten among law schools for competitiveness and diverse faculty and student body in the 2000 edition of The Princeton Review, The Best Law Schools. Stone, Jr. -- Louisiana Supreme Court Associate Justice, Chancellor of SULC 1971-72, President of SU System 1975-85, civil rights attorney, jonathan W. Perry -- State representative from Vermilion and Cameron parishes
37.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
38.
WBRZ-TV
–
WBRZ, virtual channel 2, is an ABC affiliate television station serving Baton Rouge, Louisiana, south-central and southeastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi. It is owned by the Manship family, who published the Baton Rouge daily newspaper. Its transmitter is located in Sunshine, Louisiana, and the studios are located on Highland Road in Baton Rouge. On cable, WBRZ is seen on Cox Communications channel 5 in standard definition, the station is also seen via satellite through DirecTV and Dish Network. WBRZ signed on the air on April 14,1955 as a primary NBC affiliate and it began broadcasting in color one year later, becoming the first Baton Rouge TV station to do so. Station founder Douglas L. Manship, Sr. still wanted BR in the stations calls, Z is a phonetically good sound on the air. The Z was later expanded to mean 2, until 1989, WBRZ was a sister station to WJBO-AM and WYNK-FM, until the Manships sold both radio stations. From the late 1960s until the late 1970s, WYNK was considered an affiliate of WBRZ and it dropped ABC in 1971 after WRBT-TV signed on. This made WBRZ a sole NBC affiliate, because ABC was seeking out new affiliates with stronger signal coverage at the time, WBRZ swapped affiliations with WRBT and became an ABC affiliate again on September 5,1977. In that same timeframe, NBC sunk to third and last place while ABC moved up to first place in the ratings, in July 1987, the station started broadcasting 24 hours a day, except on Sundays. In September 1988, the became the first in Louisiana to close-caption its newscasts. In 1991, Manships son Richard took over the station as its new president, WBRZ became the first station in Baton Rouge to begin broadcasting in high definition on channel 13 on April 22,2002. In November 2004, WBRZ, along many other ABC affiliates in the country. During Hurricane Katrina, the worked with New Orleans ABC affiliate WGNO to provide coverage of the storm. In late Summer 2007, the Manships acquired a low-powered, independent television station, KBTR, in late 2012, WBRZ and WBTR took the This TV affiliation from a subchannel of WVLA. WBTR airs This TV on a basis, and WBRZ airs This TV programming on a secondary basis during early morning weekend hours. WBRZ launched its own Web site, WBRZ. com, on the week of September 14,2009, prior to that, WBRZ and The Advocate shared a website, 2TheAdvocate. com. The station is a partner in The Cinderella Project of Baton Rouge
39.
WWL (AM)
–
WWL is a U. S. radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana, broadcasting at 870 kHz, and owned by Entercom Communications. 870 is a channel frequency on which WWL reaches large parts of the Gulf Coast in the daytime. In April 2006, it began a simulcast on WWL-FM105.3 MHz allowing the stations listeners to choose between AM and FM, the station has a talk radio format with sports talk at night. WWL is a affiliate of the CBS Radio Network. The stations studios are located at the 400 Poydras Tower in Downtown New Orleans, WWL broadcasts an HD signal on WWL-FM105.3 HD1. WWLs weekday schedule features news and talk programming mornings and early afternoons, shifting to sports talk, all weekday programming from 5 a. m. to Midnight is hosted by local WWL personalities and reporters. The only nationally syndicated shows are family finances expert Dave Ramsey at Midnight and This Morning, Americas First News with Gordon Deal, WWL continues to cover the post-Hurricane Katrina rebuilding of New Orleans and the Gulf Coast region with local news and talk programming. Weekend programming includes shows on money, law, gardening, home improvement, cars, before the Jesuit priests who run Loyola University New Orleans could set up a radio station, they had to receive permission from the Vatican. The station was created as a laboratory for wireless technology. WWL began broadcasting as a 10-watt station at 833 kHz from the Marquette Hall on the Loyola campus on March 31,1922, a piano recital was the first program on the air. The first broadcast day included a three-minute request to listeners to support the construction of a new classroom building on campus. By 1924, WWL had 100 watts of power at 1070 kHz, the stations frequency went up to 1220 kHz along with the power at 500 watts in 1927. WWL, now at 850 kHz, increased power to 5000 watts on March 31,1929 following the installation of a new transmitter in Loyolas Bobet Hall. In 1932, the station was at 10,000 watts of power, wWL-AM affiliated with the CBS Radio Network on November 1,1935. Effective March 29,1941, WWL was settled at its current position,870 kHz, WWLs television partner WWL-TV came on the air on September 7,1957 and was also affiliated with CBS. The first WWL-FM at 101.9 MHz signed on in March 1970 with its own music format, on Oct. WWLs transmitter in Kenner, Louisiana on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain was moved to Estelle, Louisiana in 1975. Starting on March 14,1971, WWL became home to the long-running overnight country music program aimed at truck drivers called The Road Gang. They claimed their frequency was Interstate 87 and offered strip weather in major cites along the east-west National Defense Highways I-10, I-20, I-30, advertising was focused on long-haul truckers
40.
WXOK
–
WXOK is a Black Gospel formatted radio station licensed to Port Allen, Louisiana. The Cumulus Media station broadcasts with a power of 4,700 watts day and 290 watts night. Its studios are located in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana,1460 AM was first occupied by WAFB, which signed on in 1948 and was a MBS and ABC affiliate and sister station to WAFB-FM, which was on the 104.3 frequency, and WAFB. Merchants Broadcasting purchased the WAFB radio stations in 1956 from WDSUs Modern Broadcasting, WXOK has served the African-American community since February 3,1953 with a mix of R&B hits, Blues and Gospel until 2000, when it went full-time with the latter. The station was originally on 1260 kc until its owners purchased WAIL in 1965, isiah Carey, Carey L Martin, Kip Holden Heaven 1460 official website Query the FCCs AM station database for WXOK Radio-Locator Information on WXOK Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WXOK
41.
Port Allen, Louisiana
–
Port Allen is a city in and the parish seat of West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States. Port Allen is located between Interstate 10 and US Highway 190 on the West bank of the Mississippi River, the population was 5,180 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Baton Rouge Metropolitan Statistical Area, Port Allen is named for Governor Henry Watkins Allen. The City of Port Allen was incorporated in 1916 and operates under the Lawrason Act form of government, the Mayor is elected at large. The elected Mayor is the Citys chief executive officer and responsible for the activities and services of the City. The Mayors office includes the Chief Administrative Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, there are five City Council members with four members elected in districts and one member elected at large. The Council writes policies, adopts ordinances and resolutions, and appoints members to boards, Port Allen Festivals include the Lagniappe Dulcimer Fete Festival, Port Allen Bonfires on the Mississippi River, SugarFest, West Baton Rouge Parish Fair, and the Oldies but Goodies Fest. The West Baton Rouge Museum includes the museum, the c.1830 Aillet House, 1870s Reconstruction Era workers cabin, and a c. 1890s cabin decorated to look as it would have during the Civil Rights Era), 1880s Arbroth Plantation Store, the c.1938 Reed Farm and Ranch Shotgun House, and a reproduction early 20th century barn. The City of Port Allen Railroad Depot is a museum depicting the life of workers in the 1940s. It includes a ticket booth, clothing and memorabilia from that era, the 1950 caboose, which is also open for tours, is the only one in Louisiana that is almost totally restored to its original condition. The Mississippi Riverfront Development offers a view of the Mighty Mississippi. The area includes a pedestrian promenade with special architectural paving, viewing benches, on this site a ferry operated between Port Allen and Baton Rouge from 1820 to 1968. Scott’s Cemetery is the place of African Americans in West Baton Rouges history. It is located at the corner of Court and Commerce Streets near the Riverfront Development and it is one of the top ten ports in the country. It handles roughly 61 million short tons of cargo each year, has 3,000 feet of dock and 550,000 square feet of warehouse space and its facilities include grain elevator storage, molasses, sugar, oil and coffee terminals. The Port Allen Lock connects the Mississippi River to the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, the Lock, a free-floating structure is the largest of its kind, as it serves as a man-made break in the levee. The massive structure has 90-ton doors and 64 feet sides, the lock was constructed in 1961 by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to replace the historic Plaquemine Lock
