1.
Herring
–
Herring are forage fish, mostly belonging to the family Clupeidae. Herring often move in schools around fishing banks and near the coast. Three species of Clupea are recognised, and provide about 90% of all captured in fisheries. Most abundant of all is the Atlantic herring, providing half of all herring capture. Fishes called herring are found in India, in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean. Herring played a role in the history of marine fisheries in Europe. These oily fish also have a history as an important food fish. A number of different species, most belonging to the family Clupeidae, are referred to as herrings. The origins of the herring is somewhat unclear, though it may derive from the Old High German heri meaning a host, multitude. The type genus of the herring family Clupeidae is Clupea, Clupea contains three species, the Atlantic herring found in the north Atlantic, the Pacific herring found in the north Pacific, and the Araucanian herring found off the coast of Chile. Subspecific divisions have been suggested for both the Atlantic and Pacific herrings, but their biological basis remain unclear, in addition, a number of related species, all in the family Clupeidae, are commonly referred to as herrings. The table immediately below includes those members of the Clupeidae family referred to by FishBase as herrings which have been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. There are also a number of other species called herrings, which may be related to clupeids or just share some characteristics of herrings. Just which of these species are called herrings can vary with locality, some examples, The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae, which comprises some 200 species that share similar features. These silvery-coloured fish have a dorsal fin, which is soft. They have no lateral line and have a lower jaw. At least one stock of Atlantic herring spawns in every month of the year, each spawns at a different time and place. Greenland populations spawn in 0–5 metres of water while North Sea herrings spawn at up to 200 metres in autumn
Herring
–
The
Atlantic herring, Clupea harengus
Herring
–
Global commercial capture of herrings in million tonnes reported by the
FAO 1950–2010
Herring
Herring
–
Clupea pallasii, the Pacific herring
2.
Oily fish
–
Oily fish have oil in their tissues and in the belly cavity around the gut. Their fillets contain up to 30% oil, although this figure varies both within and between species, examples include small forage fish, such as sardines, herring and anchovies, and other larger pelagic fish, such as salmon, trout, tuna and mackerel. Oily fish can be contrasted with fish, which contain oil only in the liver. Examples of white fish are cod, haddock and flatfish, white fish are usually demersal fish which live on or near the seafloor, whereas oily fish are pelagic, living in the water column away from the bottom. Oily fish meat is a source of vitamins A and D. Among other benefits, studies suggest that the fatty acids in oily fish may help improve inflammatory conditions such as arthritis. A1997 study published in Annals of Neurology followed 5,386 elderly participants in Rotterdam and it found that fish consumption decreased the risk of dementia. However, the 2. 1-year average follow-up was less than the three years dementia commonly affects people prior to diagnosis, thus, the study was unclear as to whether fish consumption protected against dementia, or if dementia prevented the participants from wanting more fish. The conclusion was that people who ate fish at least once a week had a lower risk of being diagnosed with dementia over a seven-year period. This study reinforced the Annals of Neurology findings, because of the longer term, the BMJ study provided stronger evidence of a genuine protective effect. There was a possible confounding factor in that individuals with higher education have both a lower risk of dementia and higher consumption of fish, consuming 200–400 g of oily fish twice per week may also help prevent sudden death due to myocardial infarction by preventing cardiac arrhythmia. In 1994, the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food, the United States Environmental Protection Agencys Exposure Reference Dose for MeHg is 0.1 micrograms per kg body weight per day. The corresponding limit of blood mercury is 5.8 micrograms per liter, there is no recommended limit on the consumption of white fish. There are limits, however, for nursing/pregnant women and children under the age of six and this population should completely avoid fish with high risk of mercury contamination and limit consumption of moderate and low-mercury fish to 12 ounces or fewer per week. Albacore tuna should be limited to six ounces or less per week, concerns about contamination, diet or supply have led to investigation of plant sources of omega-3 fatty acids, notably flax, hempseed and perilla oils. The End of the Line, How overfishing is changing the world, ISBN 0-09-189780-7 Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians, current knowledge and practical implications Whats an oily fish. From the UK Foods Standards Agency BUPA article on oily fish George Monbiot on the problems of sourcing omega-3 from fish
Oily fish
–
Large
open-water fish, like this
Atlantic bluefin tuna, are oily fish.
Oily fish
–
Most small
forage fish, like these
schooling anchovies, are also oily fish.
Oily fish
–
Oily fish fillet (
salmon – bottom) contrasted with a
white fish fillet (
halibut – top)
Oily fish
–
Grilled salmon, an oily fish
3.
Smoking (cooking)
–
Smoking is the process of flavoring, browning, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Meats and fish are the most common smoked foods, though cheeses, vegetables, and ingredients used to make such as whisky, smoked beer. In Europe, alder is the traditional smoking wood, but oak is often used now. In North America, hickory, mesquite, oak, pecan, alder, maple, and fruit-tree woods, such as apple, cherry, other biomass besides wood can also be employed, sometimes with the addition of flavoring ingredients. Chinese tea-smoking uses a mixture of uncooked rice, sugar, and tea, some North American ham and bacon makers smoke their products over burning corncobs. Peat is burned to dry and smoke the barley used to make whisky. In New Zealand, sawdust from the native manuka is commonly used for hot smoking fish, in Iceland, dried sheep dung is used to cold-smoke fish, lamb, mutton and whale. Historically, farms in the Western world included a building termed the smokehouse. This was generally well-separated from other buildings both because of the danger and because of the smoke emanations. The smoking of food directly with wood smoke is known to contaminate the food with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the smoking of food dates back to the time of primitive cavemen. As caves or simple huts lacked chimneys, these dwellings could become very smoky, until the modern era, smoking was of a more heavy duty nature as the main goal was to preserve the food. Large quantities of salt were used in the process and smoking times were quite long. The advent of modern transportation made it easier to transport food products long distances. Smoking became more of a way to flavor than to preserve food, in 1939 a device called the Torry Kiln was invented at the Torry Research Station in Scotland. The kiln allowed for uniform mass-smoking and is considered the prototype for all modern large-scale commercial smokers, smokehouse temperatures for cold smoking are typically done between 20 to 30 °C. In this temperature range, foods take on a smoked flavor, cold smoking does not cook foods. Meats should be cured before cold smoking. Cold smoking can be used as an enhancer for items such as chicken breasts, beef, pork chops, salmon, scallops
Smoking (cooking)
–
Pork ribs being smoked
Smoking (cooking)
–
A
Montreal Smoked Meat Sandwich, a well-known Canadian dish
Smoking (cooking)
–
Hot-smoked
chum salmon
Smoking (cooking)
–
A "Little Chief" home smoker and racks with hot smoked
Pacific halibut
4.
Great Britain
–
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
Great Britain
–
Satellite image of Great Britain in April 2002
Great Britain
–
Prima Europe tabula. A copy of
Ptolemy 's 2nd century map of Roman Britain
Great Britain
–
The
robin is popularly known as "Britain's favourite bird".
Great Britain
–
Heather growing wild in the
Highlands at
Dornoch.
5.
Bloater (herring)
–
Bloaters are a type of whole cold-smoked herring. Bloaters are salted and lightly smoked without gutting, giving a characteristic slightly gamey flavour and are associated with Great Yarmouth. Popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the food is now described as rare, bloaters are sometimes called Yarmouth bloater, or, jokingly, as a Yarmouth capon, two-eyed steak, or Billingsgate pheasant. Bloaters are distinct from kippers in that bloaters are cured whole herring, additionally, while the bloater is associated with England, kippers are associated with Scotland and the Isle of Man. Bloaters are salted less and smoked for a time while kippers are lightly salted and smoked overnight. According to George Orwell in The Road to Wigan Pier, The Emperor Charles V is said to have erected a statue to the inventor of bloaters and they are given the name bloater since they are swelled, or bloated in preparation
Bloater (herring)
–
Bloaters on yellow paper,
van Gogh, 1889
Bloater (herring)
–
True herrings
Bloater (herring)
6.
Buckling (fish)
–
A buckling is a form of hot-smoked herring similar to the kipper and the bloater. The head and guts are removed but the roe or milt remain and they may be eaten hot or cold. The word may come from the German Bückling or the Swedish böckling, buckling is hot-smoked whole, bloaters are cold-smoked whole, kippers are split and gutted, and then cold-smoked. List of smoked foods Herring page
Buckling (fish)
–
Buckling
Buckling (fish)
–
True herrings
Buckling (fish)
7.
High tea
–
Tea has long been used as an umbrella term for several different meals. Teatime is the time at which the tea meal is usually eaten, Tea as a meal is associated with Britain, Ireland, and some Commonwealth countries. Afternoon tea is a meal typically eaten between 3. 30pm and 6pm. Observance of the custom originated amongst the classes in England in the 1840s. Anna Maria Russell, Duchess of Bedford, is credited as transforming afternoon tea in England into a late-afternoon meal whilst visiting Belvoir Castle. By the end of the century, afternoon tea developed to its current form and was observed by both the upper and middle classes. For the more privileged, afternoon tea was accompanied by delicate savouries, bread and butter, possibly scones, the sandwiches usually have the crusts removed, and are cut into small segments, either as triangles or fingers. Nowadays, an afternoon tea is more of a special occasion. The food is served on a tiered stand, there may be no sandwiches. Afternoon tea as a treat may be supplemented with a glass of Champagne or an alcoholic drink. A less formal establishment is known as a tearoom, similar to a coffee shop and these used to be common in the UK, but these establishments have declined in popularity since World War II. Tea shops and Lyons Corner Houses were successful chains of such establishments, a list of significant tea houses in Britain gives more examples. This snack is associated with the West Country, i. e. Cornwall and it usually consists of scones, clotted cream, strawberry jam, plus of course, tea to drink. Some venues will provide butter instead of clotted cream, Tea is one name for the evening meal. It is associated with the class and is typically eaten between 5 pm and 7 pm. This differentiation in usage is one of the classic social markers of British English, high tea typically consists of a hot dish, followed by cakes and bread, butter and jam. Occasionally there would be cold cuts of meat, such as ham salad, the term was first used around 1825, and high is used in the sense of well-advanced to signify that it was taken later in the day than afternoon tea. A stereotypical expression Youll have had your tea is used to people from Edinburgh as being rather shortcoming with hospitality
High tea
–
Afternoon tea with bread and butter, jam and little cakes at the
Rittenhouse Hotel,
Philadelphia.
High tea
–
Cornish
cream tea, comprising
tea taken with
scones,
clotted cream and
jam, in
Boscastle.
High tea
–
American afternoon tea
finger foods.
8.
Philologist
–
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources, it is a combination of literary criticism, history, and linguistics. It is more defined as the study of literary texts and written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form. A person who pursues this kind of study is known as a philologist, in older usage, especially British, philology is more general, covering comparative and historical linguistics. Indo-European studies involves the comparative philology of all Indo-European languages, Philology, with its focus on historical development, is contrasted with linguistics due to Ferdinand de Saussures insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis. The contrast continued with the emergence of structuralism and Chomskyan linguistics alongside its emphasis on syntax, the term changed little with the Latin philologia, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie, in the sense of love of literature. The adjective φιλόλογος meant fond of discussion or argument, talkative, in Hellenistic Greek also implying an excessive preference of argument over the love of true wisdom, as an allegory of literary erudition, Philologia appears in 5th-century post-classical literature, an idea revived in Late Medieval literature. The meaning of love of learning and literature was narrowed to the study of the development of languages in 19th-century usage of the term. Most continental European countries still maintain the term to designate departments, colleges, position titles, J. R. R. Tolkien opposed the nationalist reaction against philological practices, claiming that the philological instinct was universal as is the use of language. Based on the critique of Friedrich Nietzsche, US scholars since the 1980s have viewed philology as responsible for a narrowly scientistic study of language. The comparative linguistics branch of philology studies the relationship between languages, similarities between Sanskrit and European languages were first noted in the early 16th century and led to speculation of a common ancestor language from which all these descended. Philology also includes the study of texts and their history and it includes elements of textual criticism, trying to reconstruct an authors original text based on variant copies of manuscripts. Since that time, the principles of textual criticism have been improved and applied to other widely distributed texts such as the Bible. Scholars have tried to reconstruct the original readings of the Bible from the manuscript variants and this method was applied to Classical Studies and to medieval texts as a way to reconstruct the authors original work. A related study method known as higher criticism studies the authorship, date, as these philological issues are often inseparable from issues of interpretation, there is no clear-cut boundary between philology and hermeneutics. When text has a significant political or religious influence, scholars have difficulty reaching objective conclusions, some scholars avoid all critical methods of textual philology, especially in historical linguistics, where it is important to study the actual recorded materials. Supporters of New Philology insist on a diplomatic approach, a faithful rendering of the text exactly as found in the manuscript. Another branch of philology, cognitive philology, studies written and oral texts and this science compares the results of textual science with the results of experimental research of both psychology and artificial intelligence production systems. In the case of Bronze Age literature, philology includes the prior decipherment of the language under study and this has notably been the case with the Egyptian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Hittite, Ugaritic and Luwian languages
Philologist
–
Cover of Indo-European philology historical and comparative by
William Burley Lockwood
9.
Ethnographer
–
Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study, an ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing the culture of a group. The word can thus be said to have a double meaning, the resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group. The typical ethnography is a study and so includes a brief history, and an analysis of the terrain, the climate. In all cases it should be reflexive, make a contribution toward the understanding of the social life of humans, have an aesthetic impact on the reader. An ethnography records all observed behavior and describes all symbol-meaning relations, the word ethnography is derived from the Greek ἔθνος, meaning a company, later a people, nation and -graphy meaning field of study. Ethnographic studies focus on large groups of people who interact over time. Ethnography is a design, where the researcher explains about shared learnt patterns of values, behaviour, beliefs. The field of anthropology originated from Europe and England designed in late 19th century and it spread its roots to the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. Some of the main contributors like EB Tylor from Britain and Lewis H Morgan, franz Boas, Bronislaw Malinowski, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, were a group of researchers from United States who contributed the idea of cultural relativism to the literature. He gives the point of the native and this became the origin of field work. Since Malinowski was very firm with his approach he applied it practically and he was interested in learning the language of the islanders and stayed there for a long time doing his field work. The field of ethnography became very popular in the late 19th century, again, in the latter part of the 19th century, the field of anthropology became a good support for scientific formation. Though the field was flourishing it had a lot of threat to encounter, post colonialism, the research climate shifted towards post-modernism and feminism. Therefore, the field of anthropology moved into discipline of social science, gerhard Friedrich Müller developed the concept of ethnography as a separate discipline whilst participating in the Second Kamchatka Expedition as a professor of history and geography. Whilst involved in the expedition, he differentiated Völker-Beschreibung as an area of study. This became known as ethnography, following the introduction of the Greek neologism ethnographia by Johann Friedrich Schöpperlin, there are different forms of ethnography, confessional ethnography, life history, feminist ethnography etc. Two popular forms of ethnography are realist ethnography and critical ethnography, realist ethnography, is a traditional approach used by cultural anthropologists
Ethnographer
–
A picture of the Izmir Ethnography Museum (İzmir Etnografya Müzesi) from the courtyard.
Ethnographer
–
Ethnography museum
Ethnographer
–
Bronisław Malinowski among
Trobriand tribe
Ethnographer
–
Part of the ethnographic collection of the
Međimurje County Museum in
Croatia
10.
Walter William Skeat
–
Walter William Skeat, FBA, was the pre-eminent English philologist of his time, and was instrumental in developing English as a higher education subject in the United Kingdom. Skeat was born in London and educated at Kings College School, Highgate School, in 1860 Skeat was ordained an Anglican deacon, married, and became a curate in December 1860 at East Dereham, where he served during the year 1861 and most of 1862. In 1862–1863 he was a curate at Godalming, in October 1864 he returned to Cambridge as a mathematical lecturer, remaining in this capacity until 1871. In 1878 he was elected Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge, Skeat was the founder and only president of the English Dialect Society from 1873 to 1896. The societys purpose was to collect materials for the publication of the English Dialect Dictionary and his son was the anthropologist Walter William Skeat. His grandsons include the noted palaeographer T. C, Skeat and the stained glass painter Francis Skeat. In pure philology, Skeats principal achievement is his Etymological English Dictionary, while preparing the dictionary he wrote hundreds of short articles on word origins for the London-based journal Notes and Queries. He also coined the term ghost word and was an expert in this treacherous. Skeat was also a pioneer of place-name studies, major publications in this field include, A Concise Dictionary of Middle English, in conjunction with A. L. Mayhew A Glossary of Tudor and Stuart Words with A. L. He published an edition of The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer in 1894–97, Skeat edited numerous other works for the Early English Text Society, including the Bruce of John Barbour, Pierce the Ploughmans Crede, and the romances of Havelok the Dane and William of Palerne. For the Scottish Text Society he edited The Kingis Quair, and he published an edition of Chatterton, Skeat also issued an edition of Chaucer in one volume for general readers, and a separate edition of his Treatise on the Astrolabe, with a learned commentary. According to A. J. Wyatt, Skeat was not a great teacher and he left the teaching to those who had learned from him---i. e. Wyatt himself and Israel Gollancz---his teaching was episodic. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Skeat. Works by Walter William Skeat at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Walter William Skeat at Internet Archive A Moeso-Gothic glossary Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection, Walter William Skeat at Find a Grave
Walter William Skeat
–
Walter William Skeat.
11.
Old English language
–
Old English or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain, Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule, Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is different from Modern English. Old English grammar is similar to that of modern German, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms. The oldest Old English inscriptions were using a runic system. Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is a process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England and this included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island – Wales and most of Scotland – continued to use Celtic languages, Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law. Anglo-Saxon literacy developed after Christianisation in the late 7th century, the oldest surviving text of Old English literature is Cædmons Hymn, composed between 658 and 680. There is a corpus of runic inscriptions from the 5th to 7th centuries. The Old English Latin alphabet was introduced around the 9th century, with the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, a later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham. This form of the language is known as the Winchester standard and it is considered to represent the classical form of Old English
Old English language
–
A detail of the first page of the
Beowulf manuscript, showing the words "ofer hron rade", i.e. "over the whale's road (=sea)". It is an example of an Old English stylistic device, the
kenning.
Old English language
–
"Her swutelað seo gecwydrædnes ðe" Old English inscription over the arch of the south porticus in the 10th-century
St Mary's parish church, Breamore, Hampshire
Old English language
–
The first page of the
Beowulf manuscript with its opening Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."
12.
Icelandic language
–
Icelandic /aɪsˈlændɪk/ is a North Germanic language, the language of Iceland. It is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic or Nordic branch of the Germanic languages, historically, it was the westernmost of the Indo-European languages prior to the colonisation of the Americas. Icelandic, Faroese, Norn, and Western Norwegian formerly constituted West Nordic, Danish, Eastern Norwegian, modern Norwegian Bokmål is influenced by both groups, leading the Nordic languages to be divided into mainland Scandinavian languages and Insular Nordic. Most Western European languages have reduced levels of inflection, particularly noun declension. In contrast, Icelandic retains a four-case synthetic grammar comparable to, Icelandic is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic also has many instances of oblique cases without any governing word, for example, many of the various Latin ablatives have a corresponding Icelandic dative. The vast majority of Icelandic speakers—about 320, 000—live in Iceland, more than 8,000 Icelandic speakers live in Denmark, of whom approximately 3,000 are students. The language is spoken by some 5,000 people in the United States. Notably in the province of Manitoba, while 97% of the population of Iceland consider Icelandic their mother tongue, the language is in decline in some communities outside Iceland, particularly in Canada. Icelandic speakers outside Iceland represent recent emigration in almost all cases except Gimli, Manitoba, the state-funded Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies serves as a centre for preserving the medieval Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet Jónas Hallgrímsson is celebrated as Icelandic Language Day, the oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100 AD. Much of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally, the most famous of the texts, which were written in Iceland from the 12th century onward, are the Icelandic Sagas. They comprise the historical works and the eddaic poems, the language of the sagas is Old Icelandic, a western dialect of Old Norse. Danish rule of Iceland from 1380 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic, though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels. The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from an established in the 19th century. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with changes to fit concurrent Germanic conventions. Various archaic features, as the letter ð, had not been used much in later centuries, rasks standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of é instead of je, apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on vellum
Icelandic language
–
A page from the
Landnámabók
Icelandic language
–
regions where Icelandic is the language of the majority
Icelandic language
–
Photograph taken from page 206 of Colloquial Icelandic.
Icelandic language
–
Eyjafjallajökull, one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of Mýrdalsjökull, is Icelandic for "glacier of Eyjafjöll"
13.
Salmon
–
Salmon /ˈsæmən/ is the common name for several species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. Other fish in the family include trout, char, grayling. Salmon are native to tributaries of the North Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, many species of salmon have been introduced into non-native environments such as the Great Lakes of North America and Patagonia in South America. Salmon are intensively farmed in parts of the world. Typically, salmon are anadromous, they are born in water, migrate to the ocean. However, populations of species are restricted to fresh water through their lives. Various species of salmon display anadromous life strategies while others display freshwater resident life strategies, folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they were born to spawn, tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems. The percent of straying depends on the species of salmon, homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. The term salmon comes from the Latin salmo, which in turn may have originated from salire, the nine commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera. The genus Salmo contains the Atlantic salmon, found in the north Atlantic, the genus Oncorhynchus contains eight species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific. As a group, these are known as Pacific salmon, Chinook salmon have been introduced in New Zealand and Patagonia. Coho, freshwater sockeye, and Atlantic salmon have established in Patagonia. † Both the Salmo and Oncorhynchus genera also contain a number of species referred to as trout, within Salmo, additional minor taxa have been called salmon in English, i. e. the Adriatic salmon and Black Sea salmon. The steelhead anadromous form of the rainbow trout migrates to sea, also a number of other species have common names which refer to them as being salmon. The British Columbia salmon fossil provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago, Both the fossil record and analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggest the divergence occurred by 10 to 20 million years ago. This independent evidence from DNA analysis and the fossil record rejects the theory of salmon divergence. Atlantic salmon reproduce in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, landlocked salmon live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes Sebago, Onega, Ladoga, Saimaa, Vänern, and Winnipesaukee
Salmon
–
Pacific salmon leaping at
Willamette Falls,
Oregon
Salmon
Salmon
–
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Salmon
–
Life cycle of Pacific salmon
14.
Seahouses
–
Seahouses is a large village on the North Northumberland coast in England. It is about 20 km north of Alnwick, within the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Seahouses attracts many visitors, mainly from the north east area. However national and international tourists often come to Seahouses whilst visiting the Northumberland National Park, Northumberland Coast, Seahouses also has a working fishing port, which also serves the tourist trade, being the embarkation point for visits to the Farne Islands. Grace Darlings brother is buried in the cemetery at North Sunderland and he died in 1903, aged 84. The current Seahouses lifeboat bears the name Grace Darling, the Seahouses Festival is an annual cultural event which began in 1999 as a small sea shanty festival. After a significant European funding grant from the Leader+ programme, in 2005, between 1898 and 1951, Seahouses was the north-eastern terminus of the North Sunderland Railway. Independent until its closure, it formed a standard gauge rail link between the village and Chathill Station on the East Coast Main Line. The site of Seahouses station is now the car park. Bradford Kames, a Site of Special Scientific Interest 3.5 miles west of Seahouses Wright, the North Sunderland Railway, The Oakwood Press, Locomotion Papers No
Seahouses
–
Seahouses
Seahouses
–
Seahouses Harbour, 1972
Seahouses
–
The fog horn, Seahouses Harbour
Seahouses
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Tourist information centre
15.
History of fishing
–
Fishing is the activity of catching fish. It is an ancient practice dating back at least 40,000 years, Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping, the term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic animals such as shellfish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not usually applied to catching aquatic mammals, such as whales, in addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport. According to FAO statistics, the number of fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back at least to the Upper Paleolithic period which began about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeological features such as middens, discarded fish bones and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. Spearfishing with barbed poles was widespread in palaeolithic times, cosquer cave in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, including drawings of seals which appear to have been harpooned. The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago, with the new technologies of farming and pottery came basic forms of the main fishing methods that are still used today. From 7500 to 3000 years ago, Native Americans of the California coast were known to engage in fishing with gorge hook, in addition, some tribes are known to have used plant toxins to induce torpor in stream fish to enable their capture. Copper harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans well into antiquity, Early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of Indias Andaman and Nicobar islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times. The ancient river Nile was full of fish, fresh and dried fish were a food for much of the population. The Egyptians invented various implements and methods for fishing and these are illustrated in tomb scenes, drawings. Simple reed boats served for fishing, woven nets, weir baskets made from willow branches, harpoons and hook and line were all being used
History of fishing
–
The Great Fish Market, painted by
Jan Brueghel the Elder
History of fishing
–
Stone Age fish hook made from bone.
History of fishing
–
Egyptians bringing in fish, and splitting for salting.
History of fishing
–
Fishing with nets,
Tacuinum Sanitatis casanatensis (14th century)
16.
Mark Kurlansky
–
Mark Kurlansky is an American journalist and writer of general interest non-fiction. He has written a number of books of fiction and non-fiction and his 1997 book, Cod, A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World, was an international bestseller and was translated into more than 15 languages. His book Nonviolence, Twenty-five Lessons From the History of a Dangerous Idea was the winner of the 2007 Dayton Literary Peace Prize. Kurlansky was born in Hartford, Connecticut on December 7,1948 and he attended Butler University, where he earned a BA in 1970. From1976-91 he worked as a correspondent in Western Europe for the Miami Herald, The Philadelphia Inquirer and he moved to Mexico in 1982 where he continued to do journalism. In 2007 he was named the Baruch College Harman writer-in-residence and he wrote his first book, A Continent of Islands, in 1992 and went on to write several books throughout the 1990s. His 1997 book Cod was a bestseller and was translated into more than 15 languages. His work and contribution to Basque identity and culture was recognized in 2001 when the Society of Basque Studies in America named him to the Basque Hall of Fame and that same year he was made an honorary ambassadorship from the Basque government. Kurlansky as a teenager called Émile Zola his hero, and in 2009 Kurlansky translated one of Zolas novels The Belly of Paris whose theme is the markets of Paris. A Continent of Islands, Searching for the Caribbean Destiny, Addison-Wesley Publishing, D. Schindler, ISBN 0-399-23476-4 The Girl Who Swam to Euskadi, ISBN 1-877802-54-9 The Story of Salt, illus. Choice Cuts, A Savory Selection of Food Writing From Around the World and Throughout History, ISBN 0-345-45710-2 The Belly of Paris by Émile Zola, Mark Kurlansky as translator
Mark Kurlansky
–
Kurlansky at a
Barnes & Noble book signing, New York City, July 11, 2013
17.
Thomas Nashe
–
Thomas Nashe is considered the greatest of the English Elizabethan pamphleteers. He was a playwright, poet, and satirist and he is best known for his novel The Unfortunate Traveller. Thomas Nashe was the son of the parson William Nashe and Margaret and he was born and baptised in Lowestoft, on the coast of Suffolk, where his father, William Nashe, or Nayshe as it is recorded, was curate. Though his mother bore seven children, only two survived childhood, Israel and Thomas, the family moved to West Harling, near Thetford in 1573 after Nashes father was awarded the living there at the church of All Saints. Around 1581 Thomas went up to St Johns College, Cambridge as a sizar, from references in his own polemics and those of others, he does not seem to have proceeded Master of Arts there. Most of his biographers agree that he left his college about summer 1588, Some years later, William Covell wrote in Polimanteia that Cambridge has been unkind to the one to wean him before his time. Nashe himself claimed that he could have become a fellow had he wished, then he moved to London and started his literary career in earnest. The remaining decade of his life was dominated by two concerns, finding a patron and participating in controversies, most famously with Richard. He arrived in London with his one exercise in euphuism, The Anatomy of Absurdity and his first appearance in print was, however, his preface to Robert Greenes Menaphon, which offers a brief definition of art and overview of contemporary literature. After this he was drawn into the Martin Marprelate controversy on the side of the bishops, as with the other writers in the controversy, his share is difficult to determine. He was formerly credited with the three Pasquill tracts of 1589–1590, which were included in R. B, mcKerrows standard edition of Nashes works, however McKerrow himself later argued strongly against their being by Nashe. But there is no evidence Nashe had either time or means to go abroad, in 1590, he contributed a preface to an unlicensed edition of Philip Sidneys Astrophil and Stella, but the edition was called in, and the authorised second edition removed Nashes work. At some time in the early 1590s Nashe produced an erotic poem and it has been suggested that The Choice of Valentines was written possibly for the private circle of Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby. The Choice of Valentines circulated only in manuscript and it describes the Valentines Day visit of a young man named Tomalin to the brothel where his lover, Mistris Francis, has recently become employed. Having paid ten gold pieces for her favours, Tomalin makes his way towards his erotic goal, and make me happie, stealing by degrees. First bare hir legs, then creepe up to her knees, the object of his desire, A pretty rising womb, is revealed. Unfortunately Tomalin finds the moment so exciting that he spends his all before the fight has begun, mistress Frances is disappointed and does what she can to revive things. Unhappyie me, quoth she, and wilt not stand, com, let me rubb and chafe it with my hand
Thomas Nashe
–
Polemical woodcut deriding Nashe as jailbird. From
Richard Lichfield 's The Trimming of Thomas Nashe, Gentleman (1597)
18.
Northumberland
–
Northumberland is a county in North East England. The northernmost county of England, it borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham and Tyne and Wear to the south, to the east is the North Sea coastline with a 64-mile long distance path. The county town is Alnwick although the county council is in Morpeth, the northernmost point of Northumberland and England is at Marshall Meadows Bay. The county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne until 1400, when the city became a county of itself, Northumberland expanded greatly in the Tudor period, annexing Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482, Tynedale in 1495, Tynemouth in 1536, Redesdale around 1542 and Hexhamshire in 1572. Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844, Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside were transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. Lying on the Anglo-Scottish border, Northumberland has been the site of a number of battles, the county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, now largely protected as the Northumberland National Park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre, Northumberland originally meant the land of the people living north of the River Humber. The present county is the core of that land, and has long been a frontier zone between England and Scotland. During Roman occupation of Britain, most of the present county lay north of Hadrians Wall, the Roman road Dere Street crosses the county from Corbridge over high moorland west of the Cheviot Hills into present Scotland to Trimontium. Northumberland has a rich prehistory with many instances of art, hillforts such as Yeavering Bell and stone circles like the Goatstones. Most of the area was occupied by the Brythonic-Celtic Votadini people, with another large tribe, later, the region of present-day Northumberland formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia, which united with Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria in the 7th century. Lindisfarne saw the production of the Lindisfarne Gospels and it became the home of St Cuthbert, bamburgh is the historic capital of Northumberland, the royal castle from before the unification of the Kingdoms of England under the monarchs of the House of Wessex in the 10th century. The Earldom of Northumberland was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217, Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the Treaty of York. The Earls of Northumberland once wielded significant power in English affairs because, as powerful and militaristic Marcher Lords, Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North against Elizabeth I of England. These revolts were led by the Earls of Northumberland, the Percy family. Shakespeare makes one of the Percys, the dashing Harry Hotspur, after the Restoration of 1660, the county was a centre for Roman Catholicism in England, as well as a focus of Jacobite support. Northumberland was long a wild county, where outlaws and Border Reivers hid from the law, however, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England under King James I and VI in 1603. Northumberland played a key role in the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century on, many coal mines operated in Northumberland until the widespread closures in the 1970s and 1980s
Northumberland
–
Long Crag summit
Northumberland
Northumberland
–
River Coquet.
Northumberland
–
Housedon Hill
19.
The Treatise (Walter of Bibbesworth)
–
It was a popular text in medieval England, and is a very early example of a book intended for reading to children. How the author and the addressee knew one another is unknown, in some manuscripts the text opens with a preface stating that the work is written for Madame Dyonise de Mountechensi. In others the poem is preceded by a letter of dedication, addressed simply Chere suer, the letter continues, You have asked me to put in writing for your children a phrase book to teach them French. Dionisies name was de Anesty until her marriage to Warin de Munchensi in 1234, from that date she had two young stepchildren, John and Joan de Munchensi and she soon bore one child of her own, William. The book was written for Dionisies marriage or soon after. The authors original intention was probably that the de Munchensi children would be looking at the text while Dionisie read it aloud, an emphasis on learning to manage a household and an estate has been noted. The list of nouns for animals and the list of animal cries are the earliest sources for this special vocabulary in any European vernacular. In all manuscripts many significant words in the French text are accompanied by English translations and these glosses help to show that the book is intended for children whose first language is English and whose second language is to be French. A particular aim, according to the text, was that they should be taught in speech. It is among the very earliest books in any language explicitly intended for children to hear, editions and translations Thomas Wright, ed. A Volume of Vocabularies pp. 142–174 Text at archive. org Annie Owen, Le Traité de Walter de Bibbesworth sur la langue française. Hieatt, Ore pur parler del array de une graunt mangerye, The Culture of the Newe Get, c.1285 in Mary J. Carruthers, Elizabeth D. Kirk, eds, the text in its contexts 700–1600. Essays on Medieval and Renaissance Literature in honor of E. Talbot Donaldson pp. 219–233 William Rothwell, ed. Walter de Bibbesworth, london, Anglo-Norman Text Society,1990 Kathleen Kennedy, transl. Le Tretiz of Walter of Bibbesworth in Daniel T. Kline, Medieval Literature for Children pp. 131–142 William Rothwell, Walter de Bibbesworth, Le Tretiz together with two Anglo-French poems in praise of women Andrew Dalby, ed. and transl. The Treatise of Walter of Bibbesworth, ISBN 978-1-903018-86-6 Preview Studies Albert C. Baugh, The Date of Walter of Bibbesworths Traité in Horst Oppel, baugh, T. Cable, A History of the English Language
The Treatise (Walter of Bibbesworth)
–
Farmland near Bibbsworth Hall,
Kimpton,
Hertfordshire
20.
Walter of Bibbesworth
–
Walter of Bibbesworth was an English knight and Anglo-Norman poet. Documents confirm that he land in the parish of Kimpton. About 1250 he served in Gascony under the seneschal Nicholas de Molis in the army of the English king Henry III. In 1270/1271 he is believed to have part in the Ninth Crusade on the evidence of a tençon or poetic argument between himself and Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln. In the poem Walter, about to depart for Palestine, teases Henry for staying at home for the love of a certain woman, in fact the young Henry de Lacy, recently married and with heavy responsibilities at home, did not take part in the Ninth Crusade. He was buried early in Edward Is reign at Little Dunmow in Essex, apart from the tençon Walter wrote two other short poems in medieval French, one in praise of beauty, a second on the Virgin Mary. He is best known for a poem which in early manuscripts is called Le Tretiz, written in medieval French verse. It is known in two recensions, one of which has a preface stating that the Treatise was written for madame Dyonise de Mountechensi to help her teach her children French. The Treatise gained popularity and was incorporated in a late medieval textbook of French. Le Tretiz De bone femme la bounté Amours mount si enchaunté La Pleinte Parishes, Kimpton in A History of the County of Hertfordshire, Victoria County History, pp. 29–33 Andrew Dalby, the Treatise of Walter of Bibbesworth. Childhood in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance pp. 159–184 Preview at Google Books Annie Owen, Le Traité de Walter de Bibbesworth sur la langue française
Walter of Bibbesworth
–
Bibbsworth Hall: the farmhouse (built after Walter's time)
Walter of Bibbesworth
–
Fields near Bibbsworth Hall, Hertfordshire
21.
Samuel Pepys
–
Samuel Pepys FRS was an administrator of the navy of England and Member of Parliament who is most famous for the diary that he kept for a decade while still a relatively young man. Pepys had no experience, but he rose to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under both King Charles II and King James II through patronage, hard work, and his talent for administration. His influence and reforms at the Admiralty were important in the early professionalisation of the Royal Navy, the detailed private diary that Pepys kept from 1660 until 1669 was first published in the 19th century and is one of the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period. It provides a combination of personal revelation and eyewitness accounts of events, such as the Great Plague of London, the Second Dutch War. Pepys was born in Salisbury Court, Fleet Street, London on 23 February 1633, the son of John Pepys, a tailor and his great uncle Talbot Pepys was Recorder and briefly Member of Parliament for Cambridge in 1625. His fathers first cousin Sir Richard Pepys was elected MP for Sudbury in 1640, appointed Baron of the Exchequer on 30 May 1654, Pepys was the fifth of eleven children, but child mortality was high and he was soon the oldest survivor. He was baptised at St Brides Church on 3 March, Pepys did not spend all of his infancy in London, for a while, he was sent to live with nurse Goody Lawrence at Kingsland, just north of the city. In about 1644, Pepys attended Huntingdon Grammar School before being educated at St Pauls School, London and he attended the execution of Charles I in 1649. In 1650, he went to Cambridge University, having received two exhibitions from St Pauls School and a grant from the Mercers Company. In October, he was admitted as a sizar to Magdalene College, he moved there in March 1651, later in 1654 or early in 1655, he entered the household of another of his fathers cousins, Sir Edward Montagu, who was later created 1st Earl of Sandwich. From a young age, Pepys suffered from stones in his urinary tract – a condition from which his mother and brother John also later suffered. He was almost never without pain, as well as other symptoms, by the time of his marriage, the condition was very severe. In 1657 Pepys decided to undergo surgery, not an option, as the operation was known to be especially painful. Nevertheless, Pepys consulted surgeon Thomas Hollier and, on 26 March 1658, Pepys stone was successfully removed and he resolved to hold a celebration on every anniversary of the operation, which he did for several years. However, there were long-term effects from the operation, the incision on his bladder broke open again late in his life. The procedure may have left him sterile, though there is no evidence for this. In mid-1658 Pepys moved to Axe Yard, near the modern Downing Street and he worked as a teller in the Exchequer under George Downing. On 1 January 1660, Pepys began to keep a diary and he recorded his daily life for almost ten years
Samuel Pepys
–
Portrait of Samuel Pepys by
J. Hayls. Oil on canvas, 1666, 756 mm × 629 mm
National Portrait Gallery, London.
Samuel Pepys
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Bookplate c.1680–1690 with arms of Samuel Pepys:
Quarterly 1st & 4th: Sable, on a bend or between two nag's heads erased argent three fleurs-de-lis of the field (Pepys); 2nd & 3rd: Gules, a
lion rampant within a bordure engrailed or (Talbot). Samuel Pepys was descended from the John Pepys who married Elizabeth Talbot, the heiress of
Cottenham in Cambridgeshire. The Pepys arms are borne by the Pepys family,
Earls of Cottenham
Samuel Pepys
–
Elisabeth de St Michel, Pepys' wife. Stipple engraving by
James Thomson, after a 1666 painting (now destroyed) by
John Hayls.
Samuel Pepys
–
Samuel Pepys' bookplate. The motto reads "Mens cujusque is est Quisque" – "Mind Makes the Man"
22.
First World War
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
First World War
–
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the
Battle of the Somme,
Mark V tanks cross the
Hindenburg Line,
HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a
mine in the
Dardanelles, a British
Vickers machine gun crew wears
gas masks during the Battle of the Somme,
Albatros D.III fighters of
Jagdstaffel 11
First World War
–
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the
Austrian annexation in 1908.
First World War
–
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of
Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.
First World War
–
Serbian Army
Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.
23.
Annato
–
Annatto is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree. It is often used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods and its scent is described as slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg and flavor as slightly nutty, sweet and peppery. The color of annatto comes from carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste, similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food. In these uses, annatto is an alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds. Annatto is of commercial value in the United States because the Food. The annatto tree B. orellana is believed to originate from Brazil and it was probably not initially used as a food additive, but for other purposes such as ritual and decorative body painting, sunscreen, and insect repellent, and for medical purposes. It was used for Mexican manuscript painting in the 16th century and it is also called by local names such as achiote, bija, roucou, koesoewe or kusuwe, onoto, atsuete, or colorau. Its use has spread in times to other parts of the world. Ground annatto seeds, often mixed with seeds or spices, are used in form of paste or powder for culinary use, especially in Latin American, Jamaican, Chamorro. Many cuisines traditionally use annatto in recipes of Spanish origin that originally call for saffron, for example, in arroz con pollo, in Venezuela, annatto is used in the preparation of hallacas, perico, and other traditional dishes. Annatto seeds are also a component of some local sauces and condiments, such as recado rojo in Yucatán, Annatto paste is an important ingredient of cochinita pibil, the spicy pork dish popular in Mexico. It is also a key ingredient in the drink tascalate from Chiapas, in the Philippines it is used for the sauce of pancit. Annatto is used currently to impart a yellow or orange color to many industrialized and semi-industrialized foods, in the European Union, it is identified by the E number E160b. Annatto has been a traditional colorant for Gloucester cheese since the 16th century, during the summer, the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orange tint which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue came to be regarded as an indicator of the best cheese, the custom of adding annatto then spread to other parts of the UK, for cheeses such as Chesire and Red Leicester, as well as colored cheddar made in Scotland. Many cheddars are produced in white and red varieties, with the latter being more popular despite the only difference between the two being the presence of annatto as a coloring. That practice has extended to many modern processed cheese products, such as American cheese, the yellow to orange color is produced by the chemical compounds bixin and norbixin, which are classified as carotenoids
Annato
–
Open fruit of the
achiote tree (Bixa orellana), showing the seeds from which annatto is extracted.
Annato
–
Colby cheese colored with annatto
24.
Jugged
–
Jugging is the process of stewing whole animals, mainly game or fish, for an extended period in a tightly covered container such as a casserole or an earthenware jug. In French, such a stew of a game animal thickened with the blood is known as a civet. It is traditionally served with the blood and port wine. The recipe goes on to describe cooking the pieces of hare in water in a jug that is set within a bath of boiling water to cook for three hours. Beginning in the century, Glasse has been widely credited with having started the recipe with the words First. Her actual directions are, Take your Hare when it is casd, to case means to take off the skin. Both the Oxford English Dictionary and The Dictionary of National Biography discuss the attribution, however, having a freshly caught, or shot, hare enables one to obtain its blood. A freshly killed hare is prepared for jugging by removing its entrails and then hanging it in a larder by its hind legs, which causes the blood to accumulate in the chest cavity. One method of preserving the blood after draining it from the hare is to mix it with red wine vinegar in order to prevent it coagulating, many other British cookbooks from before the middle of the 20th century have recipes for Jugged Hare. It is usual to roast a hare first, and to stew or jug the portion which is not eaten the first day. This mode of cooking a hare is very desirable when there is any doubt as to its age, as an old hare, which would be otherwise uneatable, may be made into an agreeable dish. In 2006, a survey of 2021 people for the television channel UKTV Food found that only 1. 6% of the aged under 25 recognized Jugged Hare by name. 7 out of 10 of those people stated that they would refuse to eat Jugged Hare if it were served at the house of a friend or a relative, Jugged Rabbit is an alternative to Jugged Hare. It is considered a speciality of the cuisine of Martinique, another jugged dish, also traditional in the United Kingdom, is Jugged Kippers, which is kippers in a covered jug, cooked in boiling water. Recipe books recommend jugging kippers as one way of avoiding the strong smell that kippers have, list of cooking techniques Rabbit stew Jugged Hare. Mrs Beetons Poultry and Game Revisited, — Mrs Beetons recipe for Jugged Hare William Kitchiner. The Cooks Oracle, Containing Receipts for Plain Cookery, on the Most Economical Plan for Private Families, — another detailed recipe, with alternatives Frederick Bishop. The Illustrated London Cookery Book, Containing Upwards of Fifteen Hundred First-rate Receipts, — Bishops recipe includes a note that in some parts of the country the hare is cooked in ale with bacon
Jugged
–
In 1843
John Doyle attributed "First catch your hare" to Mrs. Glasse
25.
Isle of Man
–
The Isle of Man, also known simply as Mann, is a self-governing crown dependency in the Irish Sea between England and Northern Ireland. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann, the Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. Foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the British Government, the island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century and the Manx language, in 627, Edwin of Northumbria conquered the Isle of Man along with most of Mercia. In the 9th century, Norsemen established the Kingdom of the Isles, magnus III, King of Norway, was also known as King of Mann and the Isles between 1099 and 1103. In 1266, the became part of Scotland under the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the short form often used in English, Mann, is derived from the Manx Mannin, though sometimes the name is written as Man. The earliest recorded Manx form of the name is Manu or Mana, the Old Irish form of the name is Manau or Mano. Old Welsh records named it as Manaw, also reflected in Manaw Gododdin, the name for an ancient district in north Britain along the lower Firth of Forth. The oldest known reference to the calls it Mona, in Latin, in the 1st century CE, Pliny the Elder records it as Monapia or Monabia. Later Latin references have Mevania or Mænavia, and Eubonia or Eumonia by Irish writers and it is found in the Sagas of Icelanders as Mön. The name is cognate with the Welsh name of the island of Anglesey, Ynys Môn, usually derived from a Celtic word for mountain. The name was at least secondarily associated with that of Manannán mac Lir in Irish mythology, later, a Manannán is recorded as the first king of Mann in a Manx poem. The island was cut off from the islands around 8000 BC. The first residents were hunter gatherers and fishermen, examples of their tools are kept at the Manx Museum. There were also the local Ronaldsway and Bann cultures, during the Bronze Age, burial mounds became smaller. Bodies were put in stone-lined graves with ornamental containers, the Bronze Age burial mounds created long-lasting markers around the countryside. The ancient Romans knew of the island and called it Insula Manavia although it is whether they conquered the island
Isle of Man
–
The Braaid in central Isle of Man, with remnants of a Celtic-Norse
roundhouse and two
longhouses, c. 650–950 AD
Isle of Man
–
Flag
Isle of Man
–
The
Calf of Man seen from
Cregneash
Isle of Man
–
A composite satellite image of the Isle of Man
26.
Peel, Isle of Man
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Peel is a seaside town and small fishing port on the Isle of Man, in the parish of German but administered separately. It has a castle and a cathedral, Peel is the third largest town on the island after Douglas and Ramsey but the fourth largest settlement, as Onchan has the second largest population but is classified as a village. Until 2016 Peel was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one Member of the House of Keys, Peel has a ruined castle on St Patricks Isle, and a cathedral, seat of the Diocese of Sodor and Man. Peel is on the west coast of the Isle of Man, to the north west is St Patricks Isle, connected to the mainland by a causeway, and to the west across the river is Peel Hill. The A1 road connects Peel with Douglas, the A3 road connects it with Kirk Michael and Ramsey. To the south of Peel is Castletown, the capital of the island. Ireland to the West and Scotland to the North may be seen on a clear day, the older part of Peel is built of reddish Peel Sandstone, mostly the original homes and businesses of fishermen and merchants with narrow winding lanes by the quayside. Before 1765, the town had a busy import-export trade importing goods from such as Amsterdam. The Isle of Man census 2011 lists the population as 5,093, the local authority is Peel Town Commissioners who are based at the Town Hall on Derby Road. The day-to-day activities of the authority are run by the clerk, Peel was the de facto capital of the island before 1344. Peel is the main fishing port and Peel Cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Sodor. Peel is sometimes referred to as the red city, due to the red sandstone used to build the castle. As it is in the west, it is called the sunset city. Peel is a seaside destination for Manx residents and visitors in summer. It has narrow streets of fishermens cottages and a Victorian promenade which was built on reclaimed land, for many years the main industries in the town were fishing, trading and shipbuilding. There is evidence of settlers in the Mesolithic Age on both St Patricks Isle and the nearby Peel Hill, and Neolithic farmers are believed to have settled in the area. About 550, a Celtic monastery was founded on St Patricks Isle, excavations in the 1980s found a large early Christian burial ground, many of the burials dating from around 550. Some later graves had Norse burial goods, e. g. the Pagan Lady, the ruins of the original Peel Cathedral can be seen within the walls of Peel Castle on St Patricks Isle
Peel, Isle of Man
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Peel from
St Patrick's Isle
Peel, Isle of Man
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Peel Cathedral
Peel, Isle of Man
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Peel Castle
Peel, Isle of Man
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Peel Bay at sunset
27.
Mallaig
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Mallaig /ˈmælɪɡ/, is a port in Lochaber, on the west coast of the Highlands of Scotland. The local railway station, Mallaig, is the terminus of the West Highland railway line, completed in 1901, the population and local economy expanded rapidly in the 20th century with the arrival of the railway. Ferries operated by Caledonian MacBrayne and Bruce Watt Sea Cruises sail from the port to Armadale on the Isle of Skye, Inverie in Knoydart, and the isles of Rùm, Eigg, Muck, and Canna. Mallaig is the commercial fishing port on the West Coast of Scotland. Mallaig prided itself at that time on its famous traditionally smoked kippers, Mallaig and the surrounding area is a popular area for holidays. The majority of the community speaks English, with a minority of residents speaking both English and Gaelic, in addition, traditional Gaelic is still taught in the school to pupils who choose to learn the language. The College is one of the most successful of its kind in Britain, the college has published a PDF version of the 19th century Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands report. Recently the Learning Centre has opened a vocational centre and is at the forefront of developing Marine Certification courses for fishermen. The school has increasing numbers of pupils from the Small Isles, and as travel from home to school is impossible. Mallaig has several restaurants, cafes, and takeaways along with a swimming pool. The main focus is on the tourist trade during the summer, however some facilities are all year round. Mallaig has three hotels, lots of self-catering accommodation and several guest houses, there are two banks and three pubs. The compact village centre is close to the harbour and railway station, with areas beyond to the south. Most of the premises are in the main street, or on Davies Brae. The swimming pool is at the point of the village on Fank Brae. There are two minimarkets, and gift shops, an art gallery sells work by local artists. There are Roman Catholic and Church of Scotland churches, and also a Fishermens Mission facility run by the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen, there is a small petrol station with restricted opening times near the harbour. The West Highland Line links Mallaig railway station by rail to Fort William, Oban, the line was voted the top rail journey in the world by readers of independent travel magazine Wanderlust in 2009, ahead of the iconic Trans-Siberian and the Cuzco to Machu Picchu line in Peru
Mallaig
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Approaching Mallaig harbour on the ferry from the Isle of Skye
Mallaig
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Mallaig harbour from the ferry to the Isle of Skye
Mallaig
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Mallaig viewed from the Ferry Road to the North of the town
28.
Stornoway
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Stornoway is a town on the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Stornoway is an important port and the town and administrative centre of the Outer Hebrides. It is home to Comhairle nan Eilean Siar and a variety of educational, sporting, observance of the Christian Sabbath has long been an aspect of the islands culture. Recent changes mean that Sunday on Lewis now more closely resembles Sunday on the other Western Isles or the mainland of Scotland, according to the 2011 Census, there are 5,492 Scottish Gaelic speakers in the greater Stornoway area. The town was founded by Vikings in the early 9th century, at some point in the mid 1500s, the already ancient MacLeod castle in Stornoway fell victim to the cannons of the Duke of Argyle. Matheson sold the island to William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, lord Leverhulme held the island for a short time. His economic plans for the island overstretched his finances, faced with failure in Lewis, he gave Stornoway parish to the people of the town. The Stornoway Trust was formed and continues to administer the parish for the people and her Majestys Coastguard operates a Maritime Rescue Sub Centre from a building near the harbour. A lighthouse, seaweed processing plant and a renewable energy manufacturing yard are situated on Arnish Point at the mouth of the harbour, in 2008 the Scottish Government rejected the plans - the company responsible is currently planning their next move. The Arnish area was surveyed by SSE for a second sub-sea cable. SSE prefers Arnish Point as of 2016, the manufacturing yard was originally established in the 1970s as a fabrication plant for the oil industry but suffered regular boom and bust cycles. The downturn in business from the North Sea oil industry in recent years led to an away from serving this market. The yard is now earmarked as a key business in the development of the whole Arnish Point industrial estate and has received large amounts of funding in recent years, in 2007 the Arnish yard was taken over by its third tenant in as many years. Cambrian Engineering fell into liquidation as did Aberdeen-owned Camcal Ltd with relatively large-scale redundancies, both firms were affected by the absence of a regular stream of orders and left a chain of large debts impacting upon local suppliers. Altissimo Ltd is a new firm backed by a group of Swiss and Dutch investors, in December 2007, the yard won a contract to construct 49 towers for wind turbines in Turkey. This will ensure employment for around 70 employees for six months. Stornoway, like much of the British Isles, has an Oceanic climate, with little variation of temperature. The Caledonian MacBrayne-operated ferry MV Loch Seaforth has been sailing since 2015 and sails from the harbour to Ullapool on the Scottish mainland, there are an average of two return crossings a day, with an increase and reduction in frequency in summer and winter months respectively
Stornoway
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Stornoway
Stornoway
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Boats in Stornoway harbour
Stornoway
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Panorama of Stornoway Harbour area from Arnish Point
Stornoway
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MV Isle of Lewis
29.
Loch Fyne
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Loch Fyne, meaning Loch of the Vine or Wine, is a sea loch off the Firth of Clyde and forms part of the coast of the Cowal peninsula. Located on the west coast of Argyll and Bute, Scotland and it extends 65 kilometres inland from the Sound of Bute, making it the longest of the sea lochs. It is connected to the Sound of Jura by the Crinan Canal, although there is no evidence that grapes have grown there, the title is probably honorific, indicating that the river, Abhainn Fìne, was a well-respected river. In the north the terrain is mountainous, with the Arrochar Alps, Beinn Bhuidhe, Glen Shira, Glen Fyne, Glen Croe, Arrochar, Tyndrum and Loch Lomond nearby. It is overlooked by the Tinkers Heart, an old travelers monument Loch Fyne is an area for sport diving and fishing. It is also a popular tourist destination with such as Inveraray Castle. The village of Portavadie is on the east shore of the loch, a passenger ferry traverses the loch to Tarbert from the slipway at Portavadie. Dolphins, seals and otters inhabit the loch, and basking sharks can appear in its waters during the summer months, a Rosss gull was present at the loch in early 2007. The canal was built between 1794 and 1801 when the canal was opened, under the supervision of John Rennie, in 1816 Thomas Telford redisgned parts of the canal to remedy technical issues with water supplies for the canal. There are fifteen Locks along the nine mile length. Loch Fyne has a reputation for its fishery, and as a consequence. It is also notable for its industry, and hence the famous Loch Fyne Kipper. In the mid-19th century, Loch Fyne was the center of the battle between the traditional fishermen and the new trawl-net fishermen who sprang up around Tarbert and Campbeltown in 1833. Ardkinglas Railway Loch Fyne Restaurants Map sources for Loch Fyne Old Castle Lachlan - website Gaelic place names of Scotland - website Combined Operations Command - website
Loch Fyne
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Inveraray Bridge on Loch Fyne. The spires of
Inveraray Castle can just be seen on the left.
Loch Fyne
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Loch Fyne
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Loch Fyne at Inverary harbour.
Loch Fyne
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A view towards the north-eastern tip of the loch from St Catherines.
