1.
Kirkstall Abbey
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Kirkstall Abbey is a ruined Cistercian monastery in Kirkstall, north-west of Leeds city centre in West Yorkshire, England. It is set in a park on the north bank of the River Aire. It was disestablished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, the picturesque ruins have been drawn and painted by artists such as J. M. W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and John Sell Cotman, Kirkstall Abbey was acquired by Leeds Corporation as a gift from Colonel North and opened to the public in the late 19th century. Henry de Lacy, Lord of the manor of Pontefract, 2nd Lord of Bowland and he recovered and agreed to give the Abbot of Fountains Abbey land at Barnoldswick in the West Riding of Yorkshire on which to found a daughter abbey. Abbot Alexander with twelve Cistercian monks from Fountains went to Barnoldswick and they stayed for six years but found the place inhospitable. Abbot Alexander set about finding a suitable place for the abbey. Alexander sought help from de Lacy who was sympathetic and helped acquire the land from William de Poitou, the monks moved from Barnoldswick to Kirkstall displacing the hermits, some of whom joined the abbey, the rest being paid to move. The buildings were completed between 1152 when the monks arrived in Kirkstall and the end of Alexanders abbacy in 1182. Millstone Grit for building came from Bramley Fall on the side of the river. The English Cistercian houses, of which there are remains at Fountains, Rievaulx, Kirkstall, Tintern and Netley were mainly arranged after the same plan, as an example, below is the groundplan of Kirkstall Abbey, one of the best preserved. The church is of the Cistercian type, with a short chancel, the building is plain, the windows are unornamented, and the nave has no triforium. The cloister to the south occupies the length of the nave. On the east side stands the two-aisled chapter-house, between which and the transept is a small sacristy, and on the other side two small apartments, one of which was probably the parlour. Beyond this is the calefactory or day-room of the monks, above this whole range of building runs the monks dormitory, opening by stairs into the south transept of the church. Adjacent to this apartment are the remains of the kitchen, pantry and buttery, the arches of the lavatory are to be seen near the refectory entrance. The western side of the cloister is occupied by vaulted cellars and these have been identified as the hospitium or the abbots house, but they occupy the position in which the infirmary is more usually found. The hall was a spacious apartment, measuring 83 ft. in length by 48 ft.9 inches in breadth
2.
West Yorkshire
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West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million, West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. West Yorkshire consists of five boroughs and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire. In the heart of the county is Leeds Bradford International Airport, West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities. However, the county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres, continues to exist in law. West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council inherited the use of West Riding County Hall at Wakefield, opened in 1898, from the West Riding County Council in 1974. Since 1987 it has been the headquarters of Wakefield City Council, the county initially had a two-tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and five districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements. Organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive continue to operate on this basis, although the county council was abolished, West Yorkshire continues to form a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire and a High Sheriff. Wakefields Parish Church was raised to cathedral status in 1888 and after the elevation of Wakefield to diocese, Wakefield Council immediately sought city status and this was granted in July 1888. However the industrial revolution, which changed West and South Yorkshire significantly, led to the growth of Leeds and Bradford, Leeds was granted city status in 1893 and Bradford in 1897. The name of Leeds Town Hall reflects the fact that at its opening in 1858 Leeds was not yet a city, the county borders, going anticlockwise from the west, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and North Yorkshire. It lies almost entirely on rocks of carboniferous age which form the southern Pennine fringes in the west, in the extreme east of the metropolitan county there are younger deposits of magnesian limestone. The Bradford and Calderdale areas are dominated by the scenery of the slopes of the Pennines, dropping from upland in the west down to the east. There is a conjunction of large scale industry, urban areas. The dense network of roads, canals and railways and urban development, the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield further east have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape there is evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous derelict or converted mine buildings and recently landscaped former spoil heaps, the scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country
3.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire
4.
City of Leeds
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The City of Leeds is a local government district of West Yorkshire, England, governed by Leeds City Council, with the status of a city and metropolitan borough. The metropolitan district includes the administrative centre Leeds and the ten towns of Farsley, Garforth, Guiseley, Horsforth, Morley, Otley, Pudsey, Rothwell, Wetherby and Yeadon. The current city boundaries were set on 1 April 1974 by the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, for its first 12 years the city had a two-tier system of local government, Leeds City Council shared power with the West Yorkshire County Council. Thc City of Leeds is divided into 31 civil parishes and an unparished area. In 1626 a charter was granted by Charles I, incorporating the parish as the Borough of Leeds. The parish and borough included the chapelries of Chapel Allerton, Armley, Beeston, Bramley, Farnley, Headingley cum Burley, Holbeck, Hunslet, Leeds, Potternewton, the borough was located in the West Riding of Yorkshire and gained city status in 1893. When a county council was formed for the riding in 1889, Leeds was excluded from its area of responsibility and formed a county borough. A review of local government arrangements completed in 1969 proposed the creation of a new district centred on Leeds, occupying 317,000 acres. The proposed area was reduced in a 1971 white paper. The new district gained borough and city status, as had been held by the county borough, and forms part of the county of West Yorkshire. The district extends 15 miles from east to west and 13 miles from north to south, with over 65% covered with green belt land. The highest point, at 1,115 feet, is at its western extremity on the eastern slopes of Rombalds Moor, better known as Ilkley Moor. To the north and east Leeds is bordered by North Yorkshire, Harrogate district to the north, the remaining borders are with other districts of West Yorkshire, Wakefield to the south, Kirklees to the south west, and Bradford to the west. Leeds City Council is the authority of the district. The council is composed of 99 councillors, three for each of the citys wards, elections are held three years out of four, on the first Thursday of May. One third of the councillors are elected, for a four-year term,2004 saw all seats up for election due to boundary changes. It is currently run by a Labour administration, before the 2011 election, the council had been under no overall control since 2004. The Chief Executive of Leeds City Council is Tom Riordan while the Leader of the Council is Councillor Judith Blake of the Labour Party, West Yorkshire does not have a county council, so Leeds City Council is the primary provider of local government services
5.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
6.
Yorkshire and the Humber
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Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It comprises most of Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire and it does not include Middlesbrough or Redcar and Cleveland. The population in 2011 was 5,284,000, regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Scammonden Dam, is the highest dam in UK at 73 metres, sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe claims to be longest place name in England. In the Yorkshire and the Humber region, there is a close relationship between the major topographical areas and the underlying geology. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin, the North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age, while the Yorkshire Wolds and Lincolnshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands. The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, the region is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire, the many rivers empty their waters into the River Ouse, the most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge, the River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York. The Ouse is the given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood, the Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse. The most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the river at Goole. The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering and it empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh. In the far north of the county, the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale, the smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby. To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds, the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull, the western Pennines are served by the River Ribble, which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes. The lower stretches of the River Trent flow through North Lincolnshire and meet the Ouse at Trent Falls, the largest freshwater lake in the region is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as season to season. Between depressions, there are often small mobile anticyclones that bring periods of fair weather, in winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather
7.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
9.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
10.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information
11.
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK governments Office of Communications. For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code, regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long, the total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits. The area code is referred to as an STD or a dialling code in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is for London, the code allocated to the largest area is for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows, Number ranges starting 01 can have NSN length as 10 or 9 digits, the 0800 range can have NSN length as 10,9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits, the 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits, four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. Xxxxxx This is the used by most areas. It has an area code and a six digit subscriber number. These area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area range from 01200 to 01998. A small number of areas also have a few subscriber numbers that have only five digits. That is, almost all area codes now have only six digit local numbers, six of the four-digit area codes are known as mixed areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code and these area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995
12.
West Yorkshire Police
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West Yorkshire Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing West Yorkshire in England. It is the fourth largest force in England and Wales by number of officers, West Yorkshire Police was formed in 1974, when part of the West Yorkshire Constabulary was amalgamated with the Leeds City Police and Bradford City Police, under the Local Government Act 1972. The force was known as the West Yorkshire Metropolitan Police. Some older signs around the Force area, such as the one in the reception of Millgarth Police Station in Leeds city centre read West Yorkshire Metropolitan Police, the Metropolitan from the police title was dropped in 1986 when the Metropolitan counties were abolished. These plans are currently under review and not expected to place in the foreseeable future. On 12 December 2006, Sir Norman Bettison was announced as the new Chief Constable, replacing Colin Cramphorn and he was replaced by Temporary Chief Constable John Parkinson until the appointment of Mark Gilmore as Chief Constable on 1 February 2013. For operational purposes West Yorkshire Police is divided into five geographic divisions known within the force as ‘policing districts’, each district is made up of Partnership Working Areas which consist of an Inspector and three teams of sergeants, police constables, special constables and PCSOs. The Sir Alec Jeffreys Building in the Calder Park Business Estate houses the Yorkshire, West Yorkshire Police is the lead force for scientific support and provides such services for North Yorkshire Police, South Yorkshire Police and Humberside Police. The current estate of police stations and other buildings is changing with certain buildings closing, as of 2014 there are three PFI projects completed and as a result of these new buildings a number of police stations have closed and been sold. Wakefield District police headquarters is now located on Havertop Lane, Normanton, the total area is 11,500 metres squared and provides office accommodation as well as a 35-cell custody suite. As its now operational, the following Police stations are in the process of being closed and/or sold, Castleford Police Station, Castleford The new headquarters for the newly formed Leeds District is operational on Elland Road, Beeston, Leeds. The total area is 12,500 metres squared and provides office accommodation as well as a 40-cell custody suite, now operational, the Leeds District HQ will replace the following stations, Millgarth Police Station, Leeds city centre. The existing Operational Support facilities at Carr Gate, Wakefield have been expanded, the table below shows the divisional structure from 2008 –2014. The grid below outlines the mergers of the divisions to the eight operational divisions which ceased in April 2014
13.
Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association
14.
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards
15.
Yorkshire Ambulance Service
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Yorkshire Ambulance Service is the NHS ambulance service covering Yorkshire in England. It was formed on 1 July 2006 following the mergers of the former West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service, South Yorkshire Ambulance Service and Tees, East, Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust serves a population of five million people and employs over 4500 staff and supported by over 1000 volunteers. On an average year, YAS will respond to 700,000 emergency calls, Yorkshire Ambulance Service covers the metropolitan counties of West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire along with the non-metropolitan counties of North Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire. The headquarters of YAS is located within the Wakefield 41 Business Park to the north of Wakefield city centre and near to junction 41 of the M1 motorway. There are two Administration Centres, one covering the area of the Trust, based in Skelton, York. His background is generally finance-based and he has worked in a number of other NHS provider organisations including Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust and he began his NHS career at Airedale and Harrogate district hospitals and has held a wide variety of leadership positions. He replaced David Whiting, who was Chief Executive between February 2011 and November 2014, other former Chief Executives were Jayne Barnes OBE and Martyn Pritchard. Barnes emigrated to Australia to take up the post of Assistant Commissioner of Queensland Ambulance Service, previous members of the executive team have left under less than auspicious circumstances. On 8 March 2016, the trust announced that the incumbent Chairman, WYMAS had 21 ambulance stations within its operating area. SYAS was formed in 1974 as the South Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service covering the new metropolitan county of South Yorkshire. On 1 April 1992 it became an NHS Trust and served over 1.4 million people in an area of over 600 square miles, the emergency fleet is primarily made up of Mercedes Sprinter ambulances and Skoda Octavia rapid response vehicles. YAS also has over 450 Patient Transport Service vehicles which are operated by around 696 PTS staff, YAS employs 4,679 staff, who together with 1,055 volunteers, provide a vital 24-hour emergency and healthcare service. YAS responded to a total of 708,883 incidents by either a vehicle arriving on scene or by telephone advice, of these,267,716 were categorised as immediately life-threatening. Like other English ambulance trusts, YAS has experienced growth in activity since it was established in 2006. YAS delivered the national emergency response target for the third year in 2013–14. This was only achieved by YAS downgrading a large number of calls to a less serious category, YAS PTS is the largest ambulance provider of non-emergency transport in Yorkshire and the Humber. In 2013–14, YAS PTS undertook 886,312 non-emergency journeys, Transport is provided for people who are unable to use public or other transport due to their medical condition. This includes those, attending hospital outpatient clinics and community-based care being admitted to or discharged from hospital needing life-saving treatment such as chemotherapy or renal dialysis, YAS runs the NHS111 service in Yorkshire and the Humber, Bassetlaw, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire
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Leeds West (UK Parliament constituency)
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Leeds West is a borough constituency in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire which is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first-past-the-post system of election, the current MP is Rachel Reeves of the Labour Party — it has been a Labour seat since 1945. 1885-1918, The Municipal Borough of Leeds wards of Armley and Wortley, Holbeck, and New Wortley, 1918-1950, The County Borough of Leeds wards of Armley and Wortley, and Bramley, and part of New Wortley ward. 1950-1955, The County Borough of Leeds wards of Bramley, Farnley and Wortley, 1955-1974, The County Borough of Leeds wards of Armley, Bramley, Stanningley, Wellington, and Wortley. 1974-1983, The County Borough of Leeds wards of Armley, Bramley, Castleton, Stanningley, 1983-2010, The City of Leeds wards of Armley, Bramley, Kirkstall, and Wortley. 2010–present, The City of Leeds wards of Armley, Bramley and Stanningley, Farnley and Wortley, the constituency covers the western part of the city of Leeds in West Yorkshire. The constituency was created in 1885 by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Leeds had previously been represented by two MPs and three MPs. From 1885 it was represented by five constituencies, Leeds Central, Leeds East, Leeds North, Leeds South. The constituencies of Morley, Otley and Pudsey were also created in 1885, Leeds West has the distinction of being the only constituency in the Leeds area which has existed under an unchanged name continuously since 1885. Endorsed by the Coalition Government General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to place before the end of 1915
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
18.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
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River Aire
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The River Aire is a major river in Yorkshire, England,148 miles in length. In the Handbook for Leeds and Airedale, it notes that the distance from Malham to Howden is 58 miles direct, part of the river below Leeds is canalised, and is known as the Aire and Calder Navigation. The Aire starts its journey at Malham Tarn, after Cononley, the river enters West Yorkshire where it passes through the former industrial areas of Keighley, Bingley, Saltaire and Shipley. It then passes through Leeds and on to the villages of Swillington, at Castleford is the confluence of the Aire and Calder, just downstream of the confluence was the ford where the ancient British road, used by the Romans, crossed on its way north to York. The river re-enters North Yorkshire near Knottingley and in its lower reaches forms part of the boundary between North Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, the River Aire empties into the River Ouse at Airmyn, myn being an old English word for river mouth. The name possibly derived from Common Brittonic *Isara, meaning strong river, still others have claimed that it is actually the name of the battle and not the body of water itself. Between Malham Tarn and Airmyn, the river drops 400 metres, tests have been conducted to authenticate the actual source of the Aire. The tarn at Malham has been dammed and then allowed to flood, observers have noted that whilst water surged at Aire Head, it also surged at the bottom of Malham Cove. There was a significant difference of 30 minutes between the two surges with Malham Cove being slower to react to the floodwater, the section between Malham Tarn and the confluence of the becks at Aire Head is known as Malhamdale. Thereafter the valley is known as Airedale and encompasses Bradford, and by the time it reaches Leeds, the river is darcy and ðarcy in 963, in the same source. It is Eyr’ in 1135 in The Coucher Book of Selby, eir is given in 1175-7 in one of the Dodsworth Manuscripts in Farrers Early Yorkshire Charters. Air from c.1160 to 1577, Air’ in the thirteenth century, the Aire was forded by a paved way by the Romans at Castleford. The Roman Road connected Doncaster with York and went north through the town near to the church, an Act of Parliament was passed in 1699 to make the river downstream of Leeds navigable with a further act to extend the navigable part of the river upstream to Bingley. This second act formed the basis of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, between the middle part of the nineteenth century to the latter part of the twentieth, the River Aire was devoid of fish life downstream of Shipley due to its pollution. Efforts have been made to return the river to a good wildlife status and fish, there are three power stations alongside the River Aire east of Castleford, Ferrybridge C, Eggborough and Drax. Drax takes its water from the Ouse, but both Ferrybridge and Eggborough draw their water from the Aire. Both of these plants stopped generating in 2016, with Eggborough being a stand-by for capacity problems until March 2017, due to the Aire flowing through the former industrial landscape of West Yorkshire, it had a reputation as being heavily polluted. In 2007, Yorkshire Water carried out improvements to Esholt Sewage Works at a cost of £110 million under the EUs Fresh Water Fish Directive
20.
Bramley, Leeds
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Bramley is a district in west Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The appropriate City of Leeds Ward is Bramley and Stanningley with a population of 21,334 at the 2011 Census, the area is an old industrial area with much 19th century architecture and 20th century council housing in the east and private suburban housing in the west. Bramley is one of the three villages make up the West Leeds Riviera tourism area, along with Rodley and Farsley. Bramley is listed in the 1086 Domesday Book as Brameleia and Bramelie, much of Bramley was redeveloped in the 1960s and 1970s. The Bramley Shopping Centre replaced the town centre, and was Leeds second purpose-built town centre after Seacroft town centre. Unlike Seacroft, the Bramley Shopping Centre replaced an existing town centre, the redevelopment replaced substandard shops and houses, many of the shops and cottages were dilapidated and in need of repair. From 2008, following the deterioration of the centre, the landlord brought new stores such as Farmfoods. The redevelopment of Bramley was condemned as one of the least sensitive redevelopment programmes in Yorkshire, in 2008 the Yorkshire Evening Post ran an article describing the redevelopment of a once-picturesque area, and questioning the replacement of an historic Yorkshire town centre. Much of historical Bramley is now protected by the Bramley Town Conservation Area, Bramley lies within the Parliamentary constituency of Leeds West. The Member of Parliament is Labour MP Rachel Reeves, at Bramley Park a fireworks display and the Bramley Carnival is held most years. Bramley Baths are an example of Edwardian swimming baths, built in 1904, and restored, it has a 25-metre pool, a gymnasium and a Russian steam room. The baths were used for dances during its years, when the pool was covered with a large dance floor. The baths are among the best remaining examples of an Edwardian baths in Leeds today, Bramley Shopping Centre is a 1960s-style concrete shopping plaza which was erected to replace the traditional stone-built village centre. Shops include charity shops, banks, travel agents, bakeries, pawnbrokers, supermarkets, a post office, Greggs, Pizza Hut Delivery, a thrift shop, estates in Bramley that have residents associations include Moorside and Ganners, Landseer, Rossefield, and Newlay and Whitecote. LILAC, an affordable green co-housing project is based in Bramley, Bramley churches include those for Baptist, Nazarenes, Roman Catholics, Jehovahs Witnesses, and Methodists, and two for Anglicans. Bramley railway station is on the Leeds-Bradford Line, Bramley is accessible by bus routes from Leeds city centre, operated by First Leeds. Bramley Juniors Football Club was established 1994 and runs with open-age teams, the club developed from one under-9s club in 1994. Bramley rugby league club is the Bramley Buffaloes, and the Rugby union club, ernie Wise, of Morecambe and Wise fame
21.
Headingley
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Headingley is a suburb of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. It is approximately two out of the city centre, to the north west along the A660 road. Headingley is notable for being the location of the Beckett Park campus for Leeds Beckett University, Headingley is first mentioned in the Domesday Book as Hedingelei or Hedingeleia in 1086 where it is recorded that Ilbert de Lacy held 7 carucates of land. The name is thought to derive from Old English Headinga of the descendants of Heada + lēah open ground, headda has sometimes been identified with Saint Hædde. However, a coffin found near Beckett Park in 1995 suggests there may have been an earlier settlement in late Roman or post-Roman times. From Viking times, Headingley was the centre of the wapentake of Skyrack, or Siaraches, the name may refer to an oak tree that was used as a meeting place for settling legal disputes and raising armies. An ancient oak, said to be the Shire Oak, stood to the north of St Michaels Church until 1941, and gives its name to two pubs, the Original Oak and the Skyrack. A map of 1711 shows Headingley as having a chapel, cottages and farmsteads scattered around a triangle of land formed by the merging of routes north, west. Enclosed fields were situated around the settlement with a tract of common land, Headingley Moor. In an 1801 census, Headingleys population is given as 300, an 1829 Act of Parliament enclosed Headingley Moor and the land was placed for sale. Around 30 workers cottages had by then encroached upon the fringes of the moor before 1829, land in this vicinity was generally cheaper than that at Headingley Hill as it failed to attract the building of affluent villas. This brought about the building of smaller terraced housing around Moor Road, in the mid 19th century, Far Headingley had begun to develop over what was largely unclaimed common land. Headingley continued to be a village until the expansion of Leeds during the Industrial Revolution and became a suburb where the rich moved to escape the filth. In 1840, it became the site of Leeds Zoological and Botanical Gardens, despite the opening of Headingley railway station, serving the gardens, in 1849, the zoo was a loss-making venture and closed in 1858. The bear pit still survives and can be seen on Cardigan Road, the Meanwood Beck, to the east of the village, was a source of water for the early inhabitants and later provided a source of power for the Victorians of Leeds. The Leeds Tramway terminated at a depot at Far Headingley from 1875 to 1959, improved transport facilitated further growth and attracted many more affluent middle class inhabitants. The tramway perhaps ended Headingleys village status and made it into a suburb of Leeds, with exception of Beckett Park and the surrounding area, most of Headingley had been developed by the beginning of the 20th century. In a 1911 census the population of Headingley was in excess of 46,000, the area has a history of student inhabitation, with Leeds Metropolitan University having a campus at Beckett Park in Headingley
22.
Hawksworth, Leeds
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Hawksworth is a small, early twentieth-century council estate in the Kirkstall ward in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It is situated on a hill between West Park and Horsforth and is circled by Butcher Hill, the A65 and Vesper Road, Hawksworth lies within the LS5 Kirkstall postcode area and is commonly known as The Hawk, The Hawkie or The Hawkie Estate. After the First World War, councils were encouraged to build Homes fit for Heroes, the name Hawksworth Wood, probably originates from the wood that stood to the west of Kirkstall Abbey. The woodland around the Hawksworth estate lies within the framework of the Upper Aire Valley, parts of these sites were formerly quarried or gleaned for millstone grit but have now reverted to woodland and scrub. The woodlands are predominantly mixed broadleaves mainly containing oak and sycamore, with the understories consisting of rowan, hazel, holly, small pockets of heather can also be found. These woodlands provide considerable colour and diversity to this suburban and formerly industrial area and are managed to ensure a continuity of multi-aged tree cover. Great Hawksworth has received active management in recent years through the removal of tree species. Another interesting fact concerning the area is that the 1933 Penny of George V, most accounts indicate that a mere seven pieces were struck for special presentation purposes, and only three currently reside in private collections. In 1933 there was no requirement for the Royal Mint to produce any pennies because there were enough in circulation. Requests were, however, received for sets of coins dated 1933 to be placed under the stones of buildings erected in that year. The result was to create a rarity that many thought could turn up in their change. Reports indicate that in 1970, during construction at Church of St. Cross, Middleton, in response, the Bishop of Ripon ordered that the St. Marys Church 1933 Penny be unearthed and sold as a protective measure to prevent its theft. Numerous public rights of way run through the woods which are accessible via Butcher Hill, Hawksworth Road, New Road Side, Abbey Road, Vesper Road, Cragside Walk and Cragside Close. There is a hatch in Hawksworth Woods which is actually the entrance to an old explosives store from when the woods were once quarried for stone. It has been mistaken for a World War II shelter, another origin for the name might be connected with the 16th century village of Hawksworth 5 miles away, where there is a manor house which owned a large estate around the area. There are a few shops on the estate but no pubs, there once was a pub on Vesper Road called The Woodway which no longer exists. The nearest public house is The Vesper Gate on Kirkstall Road, the only drinking place left on the estate now is the Conservative Club on Cragside Walk. Shops in the include a post office, co-op, bakers
23.
West Park, Leeds
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West Park is a suburb of north-west Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, north of Headingley. It is an area of private suburban housing and suburban council estates. The name derives from its main park containing playing fields together with an area of grassy meadow ending in woodland. The largest housing estate in West Park is Moor Grange, West Park lies partly in the Kirkstall Ward and partly in the Weetwood Ward of Leeds City Council. West Park lies in the Leeds North West parliamentary constituency and is served by Liberal Democrat MP, the West Park district is approximately four miles north west of Leeds city centre. The amenities of West Park lie in two areas, on Otley Road there are several shops, a post office, a laundrette, a specialist runners shop. There is also a nursery for children aged up to 5 years, the main parade of shops on Otley Road has Dutch fronts. Lawnswood School lies in between West Park and Lawnswood, West Park lies close to Headingley and Horsforth which have larger local centres. The West Park Centre was demolished in 2014 after the building was declared unsafe, West Park is between the A660 and the A65, with the Leeds Outer Ring Road running to the north of the area. The Leeds-Harrogate railway line runs through Moor Grange, but there is no station, many bus routes run through the area, providing regular services to Leeds city centre, Headingley and Horsforth. West Park has an area of early 20th century private housing between Otley Road and Spen Lane, mainly large detached and semi detached houses, the streets here are mainly tree-lined and have wide pavements. There are also some older Victorian buildings around Otley Road, some of which have divided into flats. The houses towards Otley Road are generally older and larger than those towards Spen Lane, the private housing generally lies to the East of West Park, where it gives way to Far Headingley to the South and Lawnswood to the North. Most of the housing in West Park lie in a Conservation area. The smaller Spen Estate is south of Butcher Hill, the Moor Grange area was used for filming The Beiderbecke Affair, using the Butcher Hill playing fields and the Clayton Grange flats. West Park Residents Association STEP West Park Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan, approved by Leeds City Council November 2008
24.
Leeds city centre
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Leeds city centre is the city centre of Leeds, England. It is within the Leeds Central parliamentary constituency, represented by Hilary Benn as MP since a by-election in 1999, the term central Leeds is often used to describe the city centre, although it refers to a wider area within the Inner Ring Road. While the city centre has no definition, it is roughly bounded by the Inner Ring Road to the north. The Civic Quarter is the area north of the Headrow and is predominantly home to a number of Victorian buildings. Prominent landmarks include the Leeds Magistrates and Crown Courts, the City Library and City Gallery, and Leeds Town Hall, Queen Square is also found here. The citys largest hospital, the Leeds General Infirmary, has been operating here since 1869, behind Leeds Town Hall are Millennium Square and Leeds Civic Hall. Millennium Square was a project to mark the year 2000 and hosts regular concerts, with past performers including the Kaiser Chiefs, Bridewell Taxis HARD-Fi, Fall Out Boy. Leeds Civic Hall was opened in 1933 by King George V and is home to the Lord Mayors Room, many barristers chambers and solicitors offices are found here because of the close proximity to the courts. The Corn Exchange was home to independent shops, until they were mostly evicted in 2007 by the building owners. Opened 21 March 2013, the new Trinity Leeds shopping centre had a surge of 130,000 people enter its doors on the first day of opening, costing £350m and creating 3,000 jobs, this was a major development for Leeds. It was the major retail development to open in the UK in 2013. It covers 1,000,000 sq ft with key anchor stores being Topman, other stores in the centre include Apple, River Island, Next, Hollister, H&M, Primark, Everyman, Conran Restaurants and Mango. It has a capacity for 120 shops and numerous pop-up shops, off Briggate are several of Leeds famous shopping arcades, such as the Thornton Arcade and the Victoria Quarter. Briggate was fully pedestrianised in 1996 and connected the two previously pedestrian areas either side of it, in addition, two further shopping centres are proposed, namely the Eastgate Quarters which is to include a John Lewis department store and Trinity Quarter. The Cultural Quarter is situated in the east of the city centre, the Cultural Quarter is also where the Royal Armouries Museum can be found, although it is more in the south of the city centre than it is the east. The building, designed by architect Derek Walker, was built at a cost of £42.5 million, clarence Dock also lies on the fringes of the Cultural Quarter. The Financial Quarter is bounded by Park Row to the East, Leeds Inner Ring Road to the west, The Headrow to the north and it is centred on the Georgian Park Square, one of the green spaces in Leeds city centre. The City Centre Loop passes through the quarter, using City Square, Quebec Street, King Street, Leeds Law School is located at Cloth Hall Court
25.
University of Leeds
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The University of Leeds is a redbrick university located in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, established in 1831. In 1904, a charter, created in 1903, was granted to the University of Leeds by King Edward VII. The Leeds University Business School hold the Triple Crown accreditations from AACSB, AMBA and EQUIS, the university has 31,790 students, the seventh largest university in the UK. From 2006 to present, the university has consistently ranked within the top 5 in the United Kingdom for the number of applications received. Leeds had an income of £634.9 million in 2015/16. The university has financial endowments of £67.7 million, ranking outside the top ten British universities by financial endowment, for 2016-17, Leeds is ranked nationally between 13th and 16th. Internationally, the university is ranked as the 32nd best in Europe, Leeds was ranked top three in the UK and top 20 in the world for graduate employability, also ranked as the 5th most targeted British university by the UKs top graduate employers in 2016-17. Leeds was ranked 10th in the UK for research power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the best result in the Yorkshire, the university was named the 2017 Sunday Times University of the Year, having been runner-up in 2016. Notable alumni include former Secretary of State Jack Straw, former co-chairman of the Conservative Party Sayeeda Warsi, American actor Chris Pine, Piers Sellers and five Nobel laureates. The universitys history is linked to the development of Leeds as a centre for the textile industry. The universitys roots can be traced back to the formation of schools of medicine in English cities to serve the general public, prior to 1900, only five universities had been established in England and one in Wales. These consisted of the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of London, Durham University, and the federal Victoria University, Owens College was the sole college of Victoria University from 1880 to 1884, in 1887 Yorkshire College was the third to join the university. In 1831, the Leeds School of Medicine was established with the aim of serving the needs of the five institutions which had been established in the city. In 1874, the Yorkshire College of Science was created to provide education for the children of middle-class industrialists and merchants, financial support from local industry was crucial in setting up the College and aiding the students. The university continues to recognise these elements of its history, for example, the religious qualification ceased in the 1850s but the classics-based education continued at Oxford and Cambridge. When classics, modern literature and history went on offer a few years later, in 1884, the Yorkshire College absorbed the Leeds School of Medicine and subsequently joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November 1887. Students in this period were awarded external degrees by the University of London, Leeds was given its first university in 1887 when the Yorkshire College joined the federal Victoria University on 3 November. The Victoria University had been established by charter in 1880
26.
Leeds Beckett University
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Leeds Beckett University is a public university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, with campuses in the city centre and Headingley. The university’s origins can be traced to 1824, with the foundation of the Leeds Mechanics Institute, Leeds Polytechnic was formed in 1970, and was part of the Leeds Local Education Authority until it became an independent higher Education Corporation on 1 April 1989. In 1992, the institution gained university status, the current name was adopted in September 2014. The number of students is listed by the HESA 2015/16 data as the 18th largest in the UK out of 166, the university traces its roots to 1824 when the Leeds Mechanics Institute was founded. The institute later became the Leeds Institute of Science, Art and Literature, in 1970, the college merged with Leeds College of Commerce, part of Leeds College of Art and Yorkshire College of Education and Home Economics, forming Leeds Polytechnic. In 1976, James Graham College and the City Of Leeds College of Education joined Leeds Polytechnic, in 1987, the Polytechnic became one of the founding members of the Northern Consortium. After the Further and Higher Education Act came into effect in 1992, in 1998, the university merged with Harrogate College, establishing the Harrogate campus until 2008 when the college left the university and merged with Hull College. In 2008 the university petitioned the Privy Council to be renamed Leeds Carnegie University, however, in 2009 a partnership with the University of North Florida was established to begin a student and faculty exchange programme. The university also has an agreement with Bradford College by which it validates degrees for the college, the proposed change resulted in a backlash among students. The Privy Council approved Leeds Metropolitan Universitys application to change its name to Leeds Beckett University in November 2013, the name change took place in September 2014. The former logos of Leeds Metropolitan University were retained after the name changed, despite the name change, the university is often referred to as the Met or the Poly by local people. The Carnegie name is commonly used by the university now but is still retained for the sporting faculty. This comprises a number of locations on the side of Leeds city centre. In addition to the former Polytechnic site, several buildings have recently been acquired. Two buildings on the site have been disposed of since becoming a university, a further tower block has been sold and is now a Premier Inn. The remaining largely 1960s buildings of the former polytechnic were reclad in the early 2010s, new high-rise student accommodation has been built around the City Campus and includes Opal Tower and the Sky Plaza. These are now the tallest buildings in the Northern half of the city centre, a 100-acre campus sited in Beckett Park, Headingley. The oldest property on site is the Grange, a 1752 farmhouse once occupied by John Marshall
27.
Robert Dennis Chantrell
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Robert Dennis Chantrell was an English church architect, best-known today for designing Leeds Parish Church. Chantrell was born in Newington, Southwark, London and he was a pupil in the office of Sir John Soane from 1807 to 1814, and in 1819 he started a practice in Leeds. At the beginning of his career he designed a string of classical buildings, after a few years, he reinvented himself as a pioneering Gothic specialist to meet the huge demand of the times for additional Church accommodation. He became one of the most accomplished specialists in this area of practice, the crowning of his career was the building of Leeds Parish Church, the biggest church in England since Christopher Wrenss St Pauls and, on a national level, the most important church of the age. After he moved to London, Chantrell started a career as surveyor of church constructions. He also became an antiquary, writer, lecturer and member of several prestigious London committees. Chantrell en de kathedraal van Brugge,1987, Bruges Christopher WEBSTER, R. D
28.
Richard Oastler
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He cannot altogether claim prominence as a political thinker. but history acclaims him not as a politician, but as an agitator commented the Yorkshire Post on that occasion. Born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, Oastler was the youngest of ten born to a linen merchant Robert Oastler. Robert continued to live in Leeds when he became steward for Thomas Thornhill, the absentee landlord of Fixby, a large estate near Huddersfield. When Richard was six, his twelve-year-old brother Robert died as a result of a fire in a flax mill, Richard Oastler attended a Moravian boarding school from 1798 to 1806, and then started training to become an architect. He became involved in charity work in Leeds, sick visiting with Michael Thomas Sadler and he married Mary Tatham, daughter of Thomas Tatham a Nottingham grocer and his wife Mary. Richard and Mary had two children, both dead by 1819 and he accepted, moving to Fixby Hall in 1821. When in 1827 the vicar of Halifax attempted to increase his income by resuming collection of various tithes which he claimed to be customary and he later claimed that it was this struggle that had broken his health, leaving him liable to periodic breakdowns in health. To Oastler Tory-Radical was not a description of a political philosophy and he was a Church and King Tory but, as the Duke of Wellington noted, a strange one. He held that God knew better than Malthus, nothing could supersede Biblical injunctions that the poor should not be oppressed, Market forces were not a hidden hand working for some greater good, nor was interference with them imprudent folly. I learn this from the Holy Bible and he had seen the poor deluded famished Luddites and thought them to be pitied rather than feared - only because they were famished had they allowed themselves to be deluded. I know they want no such thing - they want peace and rest - and they want to be able to go out in a morning, get a good days work done, and come home with a fair remuneration. If the working men of England were dealt with according to the Bible rather than political economy their economic woes would disappear, with those woes gone support for Reform, Radicalism, trades unionism etc. would evaporate. There would then be no need for a coercive state apparatus. To Oastler, therefore, rich Whigs were a danger to the status quo than were working-class Radicals. Until the 1840s, very few Tories would have agreed with him, whilst an existing Factory Act specified a minimum age and maximum hours of work for children in cotton mills, it did not apply to other textile industries. After a fortnights delay, the Mercury published the letter, Oastler took up the cause of factory regulation. That compelling the masters to treat their children better will REDUCE wages, happy England, whose very existence depends upon thy cruelty to infants. … Self interest and avarice, and not necessity now goad thee on to ruin, but it shall not be well with the wicked, neither shall he prolong his days
29.
Crypt
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A crypt is a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building. It typically contains coffins, sarcophagi, or religious relics, originally, crypts were typically found below the main apse of a church, such as at the Abbey of Saint-Germain en Auxerre, but were later located beneath chancel, naves and transepts as well. Occasionally churches were raised high to accommodate a crypt at the level, such as St Michaels Church in Hildesheim. Crypt developed as a form of the Latin vault as it was carried over into Late Latin. It also served as a vault for storing important and/or sacred items, crypta, however, is also the female form of crypto hidden. The earliest known origin of both is in the Ancient Greek κρύπτω, the first person singular indicative of the verb to conceal, first known in the early Christian period, in particular North Africa at Chlef and Djemila in Algeria, and Byzantium at Saint John Studio in Constantinople. Where Christian churches have been built over mithraea, the mithraeum has often been adapted to serve as a crypt, crypts were introduced into Frankish church building in the mid-8th century, as a feature of its Romanization. Their popularity then spread widely in western Europe under Charlemagne. Examples from this period are most common in the early medieval West, for example in Burgundy at Dijon, after the 10th century the early medieval requirements of a crypt faded, as church officials permitted relics to be held in the main level of the church. By the Gothic period crypts were built, however burial vaults continued to be constructed beneath churches. In more modern terms, a crypt is most often a stone chambered burial vault used to store the deceased, crypts are usually found in cemeteries and under public religious buildings, such as churches or cathedrals, but are also occasionally found beneath mausolea or chapels on personal estates. Wealthy or prestigious families will often have a family crypt or vault in which all members of the family are interred, many royal families, for example, have vast crypts containing the bodies of dozens of former royalty. In some localities an above ground crypt is more commonly called a mausoleum, there was a trend in the 19th century of building crypts on medium to large size family estates, usually subtly placed on the edge of the grounds or more commonly incorporated into the cellar. After a change of owner these are often blocked up and the house deeds will not allow this area to be re-developed, catacomb Mausoleum Tumulus Ossuary Tomb Cemetery Media related to Crypt at Wikimedia Commons Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Crypt
30.
Cistercians
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A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (/sɪˈstɜːrʃən/, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist, a religious order of monks and nuns. They are variously called the Bernardines, after the highly influential St, the original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of their monasteries, after that the followers of the older pattern of life became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian, derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux and it was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially field-work, Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy. The monastery church of Cluny Abbey, the largest in Europe, had become wealthy from rents, tithes, feudal rights and pilgrims who passed through Cluniac houses on the Way of St. James. On March 21,1098, Roberts small group acquired a plot of marshland just south of Dijon called Cîteaux, during the first year, the monks set about constructing lodging areas and farming the lands of Cîteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for Mass. In Roberts absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and Pope Urban II, the remaining monks of Cîteaux elected Alberic as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder, upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of Benedictine black garments in the abbey and he returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance. Alberic also forged an alliance with the Dukes of Burgundy, working out a deal with Duke Odo of Burgundy concerning the donation of a vineyard as well as stones with which they built their church. The church was consecrated and dedicated to the Virgin Mary on November 16,1106, on January 26,1108, Alberic died and was soon succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase. The order was fortunate that Stephen was an abbot of extraordinary gifts, and he framed the original version of the Cistercian Constitution or regulations, the Carta caritatis. Although this was revised on several occasions to meet needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer. Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit children, allowing adults to choose their religious vocation for themselves – a practice later emulated by many of the older Benedictine houses
31.
Fountains Abbey
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Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, founded in 1132, the abbey operated for over 400 years, until 1539, when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and he provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the applied to join the Cistercian order and in 1135 became the second house of that order in northern England. The monks subjected themselves to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard, after Henry Murdac was elected to the abbacy in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone. The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses, Henry Murdac resigned the abbacy in 1147 to become the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office, the next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbeys stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell. The next abbot was William who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and this included enlarging the church and building an infirmary. In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in straitened circumstances. The run of disasters befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349, the loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous. A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409, Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England, in 1410, following the death of Abbott Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor
32.
North Yorkshire
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North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, created by the Local Government Act 1972, it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres, making it the largest county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshires boundaries, the largest settlements are York, Middlesbrough, Harrogate and Scarborough, the county town, Northallerton, has a population of 16,832. The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts, Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, the changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council, the largest settlement in the administrative county is Harrogate, the second largest is Scarborough, while in the ceremonial county, the largest is York. The largest urban area within the county is the Middlesbrough built-up area sub-division of Teesside. Uniquely for a district in England, Stockton-on-Tees is split between North Yorkshire and County Durham for this purpose, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Redcar and Cleveland boroughs form part of the North East England region. The ceremonial county area, including the authorities, borders East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape, within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas of countryside within England and Wales to be officially designated as national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills in the west lie the Vales of Mowbray, the Tees Lowlands lie to the north of the North York Moors and the Vale of Pickering lies to the south. Its eastern border is the North sea coast, the highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 736 metres. The two major rivers in the county are the River Swale and the River Ure, the Swale and the Ure form the River Ouse which flows through York and into the Humber estuary. The River Tees forms part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and flows from upper Teesdale to Middlesbrough and Stockton and to the coast, North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county that operates a cabinet-style council, North Yorkshire County Council. The full council of 72 elects a council leader, who in turn appoints up to 9 more councillors to form the executive cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for making decisions in the County. The county council have their offices in the County Hall in Northallerton, the county is affluent and has above average house prices. Unemployment is below average for the UK and claimants of Job Seekers Allowance is also very low compared to the rest of the UK at 2. 7%, agriculture is an important industry, as are mineral extraction and power generation. The county also has high technology, service and tourism sectors. This is a chart of trend of gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling
33.
Abbey House Museum
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Abbey House Museum in Kirkstall, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England is housed in the gatehouse of the ruined Kirkstall Abbey, a grade II* listed building. The museum opened in July 1927, the ground floor of the museum is set out as an area of Victorian streets, illustrating a range of shops and services and including original shop fittings etc. Upstairs galleries feature the history of Kirkstall Abbey, Childhood, and Leeds Social History, official website BBC, Abbey House Museum tour Historic England. Abbey House Museum on Leeds daily photo
34.
Abbey Light Railway
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The Abbey Light Railway was a 2 ft narrow gauge railway in Kirkstall, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Built by enthusiasts, the Railway ran from the nearby Bridge Road commercial area into the grounds of Kirkstall Abbey, in 1974, local engineer and lecturer at Kitson College Peter Lowe applied for planning permission to build a railway at Kirkstall. From 1976, the line was built from scratch by a group of local enthusiasts, second hand rail was acquired from the Ffestiniog and the line was built over a number of years, eventually extending to 3⁄4 mile from Kirkstall Abbey to Bridge Road, Kirkstall. Initially the line ran purely as a railway, but in 1986 it received permission to start public passenger services. These ran from Spring to Autumn, every Sunday and most Bank Holidays, the highlight of the year was the weekend Kirkstall Festival. In 2006 plans were made to extend the line to the Armley Mills Industrial Museum nearby and this would however involve crossing both the River Aire and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. After Peter Lowe died following an illness in October 2012. Proposed to reopen in the Spring, without its Chief Engineer insurance became difficult to secure, the decision was reluctantly made by his widow to sell off the rolling stock and infrastructure. All but one of the locomotives and much material was sold to the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway in Porthmadog. British narrow gauge railways Thomas, Cliff, the Narrow Gauge in Britain & Ireland. Details of Railway Film clips of the railway These were taken some time ago on 8 mm, small films for dial up, others need DSL
35.
Rachel Reeves
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Rachel Jane Reeves is a British Labour Party politician and an economist. She has served as the Member of Parliament for Leeds West since 2010, the daughter of Graham and Sally Reeves of Lewisham, South East London, she was educated at Cator Park School for Girls in Bromley. At school, Reeves was the UK Under-14 girls chess champion, Reeves cites the influence of her father on her and her sister in leaning towards social democratic policies. She recalls how when she was eight years old her father, Graham, pointed out the then-Labour leader Neil Kinnock on the television, Reeves says she and her sister have both known we were Labour since then. She joined the Labour Party at age 16, Reeves worked as an economist at the Bank of England and British Embassy in Washington, D. C. between 2000 and 2006. She stood as the Labour Party parliamentary candidate in the Conservative safe seat Bromley and Chislehurst in the 2005 general election and she again contested the 2006 by-election for the same seat following the death of sitting MP Eric Forth and finished fourth. Labour support reduced from 10,241 votes to 1,925 in what was described as a humiliation for Labour, the result was the worst performance for a governing party since 1991. Reeves moved to Leeds in 2006 to work for HBOS and she was once interviewed for a job at Goldman Sachs but turned it down. She said the job could have made her a lot richer and she later sought nomination for the Leeds West seat at the 2010 General Election. To replace John Battle, who had chosen to retire and she was selected by the Labour Party to contest the seat from an all-women shortlist of Labour Party prospective parliamentary candidates. Reeves was elected with a majority of 7,016 on 6 May 2010, Reeves is currently writing the biography of Alice Bacon, who was the first female MP to represent the City of Leeds. In her maiden speech, delivered on 8 June 2010, Reeves praised the work of her predecessor, John Battle and pledged to fight for jobs, growth and prosperity for Leeds West. Reeves also pledged to follow in Battles footsteps and fight for justice for the victims of the Armley asbestos disaster, since becoming an MP, Reeves was appointed to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills Select Committee then as Shadow Pensions Minister in October 2010. In her role as Shadow Pensions Minister she campaigned against the Governments proposed acceleration of equalising state pensions ages for men and women and she was promoted to the post of Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury in October 2011. She caused controversy in early 2015 by stating We don’t want to be seen, and were not, Reeves has been named by The Guardian newspaper as being one of several MPs who employ unpaid interns, a practice that some maintain may breach the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. The Independent newspaper has named Reeves as a member of a group of new Labour MPs known as the Nandos Five, in September 2016 she described her constituency as being like a tinderbox that could explode if immigration was not curbed. Following her election as MP, Reeves wrote about the direction of UK government fiscal policy in Renewal, in an article entitled The Politics of Deficit Reduction, Reeves offers her critique of the current financial situation and efforts to bring down the budget deficit. Reeves is a proponent of Quantitative Easing to alleviate the late-2000s recession, Reeves supports the High Speed Rail project, and raised the issue in Parliament, as well as campaigning for the proposed Kirkstall Forge railway station
36.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
37.
History of Kirkstall
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Kirkstall is a historically important area of Leeds. Its history can be seen in its abbey, its industrial remains, Kirkstall was historically an important centre of industry. Kirkstall Forge lays claim to being the longest continually used industrial site in Britain founded in the 13th century by the Cistercian monks of the abbey, the earliest known activity on the site was a medieval mill race which supplied water to power the corn mill at Kirkstall Abbey. Iron production took place at the forge from the 1580s onwards, Kirkstall Abbey, a daughter abbey of Fountains was founded in 1152 by Abbot Alexander. By the time of the Reformation the site covered 800 acres, the abbey buildings took over 75 years to build. At the time of the reformation, Kirkstall Abbey covered around 800 acres, the monks in residence produced leather goods, pottery, leadwork as well as being involved in weaving and other forms of metalwork. The Cistercian foundries were well quiped and skilled and it has been likened to a forerunner to the Industrial Revolution, under the auspices of the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Kirkstall Abbey was formerly surrendered on 22 November 1539 by abbot John Ripley. He and 31 monks who gathered in the chapter house surrendering it to Richard Leyton. The abbey was left to ruin and now sits in parkland by the River Aire, the ruins have been painted by artists such as J. M. W. Turner and Thomas Girtin. During the English Civil War, the bridge over the Aire at Kirkstall was blown up by Royalist troops from Leeds, kirkstalls position on the River Aire made it a prominent place for industrial development in the early Industrial Revolution. A water power system was constructed on the River Aire below Kirkstall Abbey between 1760 and 1860, remains of this can still be seen today, construction of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal began in 1770, bringing greater transport links to Kirkstall, further increasing its attractiveness to industry. An array of industries developed including brewing, printing, textiles, railway lines later opened to both the east and west of Kirkstall. St. Anns Mill, a mill manufacturing cashmere, opened in 1822 while J. E. Brooke, kirkstalls brewery was first registered in 1871 and its original building remains, albeit as student flats. Kirkstall Forge continued to grow throughout this period, during the late 18th century, the reconstruction of the upper and lower forges allowed shovel and spade production to commence. A railway was built at the forge in 1830 and sustained growth at the plant, the First World War brought about large scale growth, providing axles for military vehicles and by 1930 most lorries and buses made in the UK had a Kirkstall back axle casing. In 2002 the owners of the site, the Dana announced the closure of the works, shifting production to India, the site is undergoing major redevelopment, as is the old Waides Printers & Kwik Save site. Printing has, like iron-founding, suffered a decline, several printing companies remain, until the late 1970s when it was closed, Kirkstall was dominated by a coal fired power station. It was replaced by power stations away from town at Ferrybridge, Eggborough
38.
English Civil War
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The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
39.
Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron
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Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1614 and 1648. He was a commander in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War, two of his brothers were Henry Fairfax and Charles Fairfax. Four others were killed on military service overseas and he served as member of the English parliament for Boroughbridge during the six parliaments which met between 1614 and 1629 and also during the Short Parliament of 1640. He took the side of the parliament, but held moderate views and his main seat was Denton Hall in Wharfedale, Yorkshire. Hostilities began after the repudiation of a treaty of neutrality entered into by Fairfax with the Royalists, at first Fairfax met with no success. He escaped to Hull, which he defended against Newcastle from 2 September until 11 October 1643. Fairfax was victorious at Selby on 11 April 1644, and joining the Scots, besieged York, after which he was present at the Battle of Marston Moor and he was subsequently, in July 1644, made Governor of York and charged with the further reduction of the county. In December 1644 he took the town of Pontefract, but failed to secure the castle, robert, Earl of Essex, describing the victorious sally at Hull. He died from an accident which caused gangrene in his foot on 14 March 1648 and was buried at Bolton Percy in Yorkshire. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Fairfax of Cameron, Ferdinando Fairfax. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Firth. London, Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 132–133
40.
Otley
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Otley is a market town and civil parish at a bridging point on the River Wharfe in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, the population was 13,668 at the 2011 census, the town is in lower Wharfedale on the A660 which connects it to Leeds. The parish church has 7th-century origins, Thomas Chippendale, the cabinetmaker, was born in the town and the painter J. M. W. Otleys name is derived from Othe, Otho or Otta, a Saxon personal name and leah and it was recorded as Ottanlege in 972 and Otelai or Othelia in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name Chevin has close parallels to the early Brythonic Welsh term Cefn meaning ridge, there are pre-historic settlement finds alongside both sides of the River Wharfe and it is believed the valley has been settled at this site since the Bronze Age. There are Bronze Age carvings on rocks situated on top of The Chevin, West Yorkshire Geology Trust has reference to Otley Chevin and Caley Crags having a rich history of human settlement stretching back into Palaeolithic times. Flint tools, Bronze Age rock carvings and Iron Age earthworks have been found, in medieval times the forest park was used as common pasture land, as a source of wood and sandstones for buildings and walls. The majority of the development of the town dates from Saxon times and was part of an extensive manor granted by King Athelstan to the see of York. The Archbishops of York had a residence and were lords of the manor and their palace was located on the site occupied by the Manor House. Otley is close to Leeds and may have formed part of the kingdom of Elmet, remains of the Archbishops Palace were found during the construction of St Josephs School. The town grew in the first half of the 13th century when the archbishops laid out burgage plots to attract merchants, the burgage plots were on Boroughgate, Walkergate and Kirkgate. Bondgate was for tenants who did not have burgage privileges, a leper hospital was founded on the road to Harewood beyond Cross Green. Documented history for the market begins in 1222 when King Henry III granted the first Royal Charter, the town had two cattle markets, Wharfedale Farmers Auction Mart on East Chevin Road and the Bridge End Auction Mart which has closed and was subsequently demolished. Market days are Tuesday, Friday and Saturday, and there is a Farmers Market on the last Sunday of every month, Turner, the painter, visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the area that he returned time and time again. His friendship with Walter Ramsden Fawkes made him a regular visitor to Farnley Hall, the stormy backdrop of Hannibal Crossing The Alps is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over Otleys Chevin while Turner was staying at Farnley Hall. The woollen industry developed as an industry but during the Industrial Revolution. A cotton mill and weaving shed for calicoes were built by the river in the late 18th century, later woolcombing and worsted spinning were introduced
41.
Apperley Bridge
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Apperley Bridge is a village in the metropolitan borough of the City of Bradford, in West Yorkshire, England. Apperley Bridge is north-east of Bradford on the boundary with the City of Leeds bounded in the east by Carr Beck, the village straddles the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the River Aire. It takes its name from the old bridge over the river on Apperley Lane, parts of Rawdon in Leeds of similar character are included in the BD10 Apperley Bridge postal district. The bridge from which the village takes its name was built in the century or early-17th century. In 1777 a stone arched bridge was built on Harrogate Road over the canal, from 1846 until its closure in 1965, Apperley Bridge railway station was situated across the boundary in Rawdon. Off Tenterfields close to the canal were four 19th-century mills, Apperdale Mill, Oaklea Mills, Valley Mills, Apperdale Mill and Oaklea Mills survive close to the canal basin, which is now a pleasure boat marina. Since the 1990s housing has been built in the Tenterfields area between the canal up to Greengates, Valley Mills and Whitfield Mills were demolished to make way for the development, while Apperdale Mill and Oaklea Mill were converted into residential units. Hammonds sauce factory on Harrogate Road close to the canal has been replaced by modern development, in the 2000s the village was considered for conservation area status but was turned down partly because many of its older buildings already had listed building status. Apperley Bridge is in the Idle and Thackley ward, on Apperley Lane is the head office of JCT600 vehicle hire and dealership. Next to the Harrogate Road bridge over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal is Apperley Bridge Quarries, on the canal itself is Apperley Bridge Marina with a cafe, office, and chandler operated by Calder Valley Marine. Regarding leisure and tourism there are cafes and historic public house / restaurants in the area. The old bridge from which Apperley Bridge takes its name is of ashlar construction with two arches and a partially obliterated inscription by the road edge, numerous farm buildings, barns, and previously canal related buildings along Apperley Road near Millman Bridge have listed building status. The Dog and Gun, The George and Dragon, * and The Stansfield Arms* public houses are historic houses, farmhouses. The Woodhouse Grove Methodist Church and the Moody Cow on Harrogate Road in Rawdon are notable large buildings, the canal marina has a modern steel, glass, and stone cafe, office and chandler. Close to the marina is the base of a canal side wharf crane. There are numerous listed buildings in Apperley Bridge to be found on Apperley Lane, Apperley Road, Laburnum Place, there are no operating schools in Apperley Bridge itself, though to the north of the village is Woodhouse Grove School, a fee paying independent day and boarding school. Greengates Primary School is located to the south of the village in Greengates and is the primary school for Apperley Bridge. The nearest secondary school is Immanuel College in Idle, Apperley Bridges sports ground is on Apperley Lane north of the old Apperley Bridge and there are other sports grounds or playing fields close by between the canal and river
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Kirkstall forge
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Kirkstall Forge Engineering was a metalworking business based near Kirkstall, in Yorkshire. The history of the forge can be dated to a 12th-century millrace which powered a mill for the monks of Kirkstall Abbey. Iron production began in the 16th century, making it the oldest forge in England, in the 19th century, as well as ironforging, the business produced axles for horse-drawn vehicles. As motor vehicles became common, in the early 20th century. During the First World War, forging was stopped, allowing the business to concentrate on axle production, during the Second World War, production expanded to meet the demand for military vehicles, and the site was camouflaged to reduce the risk of bombing raids. In 1964, Kirkstall Forge bought the Regent Axle company based in Burnley to expand its gear machining capabilities, in 1974, Kirkstall Forge Engineering was bought by GKN
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Monk
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A monk is a person who practices religious asceticism, living either alone or with any number of other monks. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many religions, in the Greek language the term can apply to women, but in modern English it is mainly in use for men. The word nun is typically used for female monastics, although the term monachos is of Christian origin, in the English language monk tends to be used loosely also for both male and female ascetics from other religious or philosophical backgrounds. However, being generic, it is not interchangeable terms that denote particular kinds of monk, such as cenobite, hermit, anchorite, hesychast. In Eastern Orthodoxy monasticism holds a special and important place. Orthodox monastics separate themselves from the world in order to pray unceasingly for the world and they do not, in general, have as their primary purpose the running of social services, but instead are concerned with attaining theosis, or union with God. However, care for the poor and needy has always been an obligation of monasticism, the level of contact though will vary from community to community. Hermits, on the hand, have little or no contact with the outside world. Orthodox monasticism does not have religious orders as are found in the West, basil the Great and the Philokalia, which was compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Hesychasm is of importance in the ascetical theology of the Orthodox Church. Meals are usually taken in common in a dining hall known as a trapeza. Food is usually simple and is eaten in silence while one of the brethren reads aloud from the writings of the Holy Fathers. The monastic lifestyle takes a deal of serious commitment. Within the cenobitic community, all monks conform to a way of living based on the traditions of that particular monastery. In struggling to attain this conformity, the comes to realize his own shortcomings and is guided by his spiritual father in how to deal honestly with them. For this same reason, bishops are almost always chosen from the ranks of monks, Eastern monasticism is found in three distinct forms, anchoritic, cenobitic, and the middle way between the two, known as the skete. One normally enters a community first, and only after testing and spiritual growth would one go on to the skete or, for the most advanced. However, one is not necessarily expected to join a skete or become a solitary, in general, Orthodox monastics have little or no contact with the outside world, including their own families
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Kirkstall
