1.
New York Shipbuilding
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At its peak during World War II, NYSB was the largest and most productive shipyard in the world. It was founded in 1899 by Henry G. Morse, a noted in connection with bridge design and construction. The original plan was to build a shipyard on Staten Island, site selection specifically considered the needs of the planned application of bridge building practices of prefabrication and assembly line production of ships in covered ways. Construction of the plant began in July 1899 and was so rapid that the keel of the first ship was laid November 1900. That ship, contract number 1, was M. S. Dollar, later to be modified as an oil tanker and renamed J. M. Guffey. Two of the first contracts were for ships that were among the largest then being built in the United States, #5 for Mongolia. Morse died after securing contracts for 20 ships and he was followed as president by De Coursey May. R. Grace & Company and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, New York Ships unusual covered ways produced everything from aircraft carriers, battleships, and luxury liners to barges and car floats. During World War I, New York Ship expanded rapidly to fill orders from the U. S. Navy and the Emergency Fleet Corporation. A critical shortage of housing led to the construction of Yorkship Village. Yorkship Village is now the Fairview section of the City of Camden, after World War II, a much-diminished New York Ship subsisted on a trickle of contracts from the United States Maritime Administration and the U. S. Navy. The yard launched its last civilian vessel in 1960, and its last naval vessel, the companys final completed submarine was USS Guardfish, which had been ordered in the early 1960s, but construction was halted from 1963 to 1965 because of the loss of the USS Thresher. Guardfish was commissioned in December 1967, in 1968, lacking new naval orders, NYS went bankrupt. USS Pogy, then under construction, was towed to Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, the yards site is now part of the Port of Camden, and handles breakbulk cargo. Ships built by New York Ship include, Oil tankers Gulflight launched 1914, center of a diplomatic incident when torpedoed in World War I
New York Shipbuilding
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New York Shipbuilding Corporation
New York Shipbuilding
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Eight destroyers of the
Wickes class, New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey, 1919.
2.
New York Navy Yard
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It was bounded by Navy Street and Flushing and Kent Avenues, and at the height of its production of warships for the United States Navy, it covered over 200 acres. The tremendous efforts of its 70,000 workers during World War II earned the yard the nickname The Can-Do Shipyard, following the American Revolution, the waterfront site was used to build merchant vessels. Federal authorities purchased the old docks and 40 acres of land for $40,000 in 1801, many officers were housed in Admirals Row. Military chain of command was strictly observed, the nations first ironclad ship, Monitor, was fitted with its revolutionary iron cladding at the Continental Iron Works in nearby Greenpoint. By the American Civil War, the yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men, in 1890, the ill-fated Maine was launched from the yards ways. In 1937, the battleship North Carolina was laid down, in 1938, the yard employed about 10,000 men, of whom one-third were Works Progress Administration workers. The battleship Iowa was completed in 1942 followed by the Missouri, on 12 January 1953, test operations began on Antietam, which emerged in December 1952 from the yard as Americas first angled-deck aircraft carrier. At its peak, during World War II, the yard employed 70,000 people,24 hours a day, the Brooklyn Naval Hospital, constructed 1830–38 and rebuilt 1841–43, was decommissioned in the mid-1970s. It was one of the oldest naval hospitals in the United States, the 60, 000-square-foot complex was designed by Martin E. Thompson. The hospital had its beginning in 1825 when the Secretary of the Navy purchased 25 acres adjacent to the Brooklyn Naval Yard. The hospital was active from the Civil War through World War II with the Navy Surgeon General reporting in 1864 an average of 229 patients, the hospital also counted on its staff some of first female nurses and medical students in the United States Navy. On November 19,1964, based on the study, the closure of the yard was announced, along with the Armys Fort Jay on Governors Island and its Brooklyn Army Terminal. At the time, the yard employed 10,600 civilian employees and 100 military personnel with a payroll of about US$90 million. The closure was anticipated to save about 18.1 million dollars annually, the plan was never put in place. The Wagner Administration looked to the industry to build a car plant inside the yard. No U. S. car manufacturer was interested, and foreign car manufacturers claimed that with the conversion of the dollar, the Navy decommissioned the yard in 1966, after the completion of the Austin-class amphibious transport dock USS Duluth. The Johnson administration refused to sell the yard to the City of New York for 18 months, when the new Nixon administration came into power, they signed the papers to sell the yard to the city. Leases were signed inside the yard even before the sale to the city was signed, cLICKs lease with the newly formed Seatrain Shipbuilding was not very business friendly
New York Navy Yard
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Wallabout Channel, the northernmost channel of the Navy Yard
New York Navy Yard
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The
screw sloop-of-war USS Enterprise docked at the shipyard, circa 1890
New York Navy Yard
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USS Oregon in the Yard in 1898
New York Navy Yard
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USS Texas in the Yard circa 1903
3.
Newport News Shipbuilding
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Founded as the Chesapeake Dry Dock and Construction Co. in 1886, Newport News Shipbuilding has built more than 800 ships, including both naval and commercial ships. Located in the city of Newport News, their facilities more than 550 acres. The shipyard is building the aircraft carriers USS Gerald R. Ford, also under construction are the Virginia-class submarines USS Indiana and USS Washington. In 2013, Newport News Shipbuilding began the deactivation of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, Newport News Shipbuilding also performs refueling and complex overhaul work on Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. This is a four-year vessel renewal program that not only involves refueling of the nuclear reactors. The yard has completed RCOH for four Nimitz-class carriers, as of May 2016 this work was underway for the fifth Nimitz-class vessel, USS Abraham Lincoln. Industrialist Collis P. Huntington provided crucial funding to complete the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Richmond, however, building the railroad and coal pier was only the first part of Huntingtons dreams for Newport News. In 1886 he built a shipyard to repair ships servicing this transportation hub, in 1891 Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company delivered its first ship, the tugboat Dorothy. By 1897 NNS had built three warships for the US Navy, USS Nashville, Wilmington and Helena, when Collis died in 1900, his nephew Henry E. Huntington inherited much of his uncles fortune. He also married Collis widow Arabella Huntington, and assumed Colliss leadership role with Newport News Shipbuilding, under Henry Huntingtons leadership, growth continued. In 1906 the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought launched a naval race worldwide. Between 1907 and 1923, Newport News built six of the US Navys total of 22 dreadnoughts – USS Delaware, Texas, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Maryland, all but the first were in active service in World War II. In 1907 President Theodore Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet on its round-the-world voyage, NNS had built seven of its 16 battleships. In 1914 NNS built SS Medina for the Mallory Steamship Company, in the early years, leaders of the Newport News community and those of the shipyard were virtually interchangeable. Post served from March 9,1911 to Feb.12,1912, earlier, he had come to the area as one of the builders of the C&O Railways terminals, and had served as the first mayor of Newport News after it became an independent city in 1896. It was on March 14,1914 that Albert Lloyd Hopkins and his assistant, Frederic Gauntlett, was also on board, but was able to swim to safety. Homer Lenoir Ferguson was company vice president when Hopkins died, and he saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners Museum with Archer Huntington. He served until July 31,1946, after the second World War had ended on both the European and Pacific fronts
Newport News Shipbuilding
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Aerial view of the Newport News shipyard in 1994
Newport News Shipbuilding
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An 1899 advertisement for the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company
Newport News Shipbuilding
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The shipyard's railroad system.
Newport News Shipbuilding
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Hilton Village
4.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
United States Navy
United States Navy
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United States Navy portal
United States Navy
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USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the
Quasi-War
United States Navy
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USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the
War of 1812
5.
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
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The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were four aircraft carriers designed and built for the United States Navy in the 1950s. It was the first class of supercarriers, combining high tonnage, deck-edge elevators, the first ship was commissioned in 1955, the last decommissioned in 1998. Compared to the Midway class, the Forrestals were 100 feet longer and nearly 20 feet wider abeam, when commissioned, the Forrestal-class ships had the roomiest hangar decks and largest flight decks of any carrier ever built. Because of their size they were built to a new. The Midway-class ships sat very low in the water and were poor sea boats through their careers, they were very wet forward. The deeper Forrestal hull allowed the ships more freeboard and better seakeeping, the Forrestal-class carriers, like the Midway class that preceded it, were designed with armored flight decks. Forrestal-class ships were the first examples of supercarriers and thus not quite a perfected design, the subsequent Kitty Hawk class moved the portside elevator to the aft end of the angle and reversed the position of the island and the second starboard elevator, vastly improving aircraft handling. The sponson-mounted guns suffered from poor range and complicated firing arcs and they were removed after only a few years and were later replaced by missiles and much later by close-in weapon systems. The aft guns in Forrestal lasted until the fire in 1967, then were removed, the redesign to an angled deck allowed a very large island, much larger than on previous carriers, giving unprecedented flexibility and control in air operations. All four ships have been struck from the Naval Vessel Register, although one, ex-Ranger, had at one time been on donation hold as a potential museum ship, as of January 2016 it and two others have been dismantled, with the fourths scrapping said to be imminent. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
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USS Forrestal
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
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A 1952 design study.
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
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Saratoga (top) cruising with Kitty Hawk class
John F. Kennedy; note the arrangement of the elevators.
Forrestal-class aircraft carrier
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USS Forrestal (CVA-59)
6.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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The Nimitz-class supercarriers are a class of ten nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in service with the United States Navy. The lead ship of the class is named for World War II United States Pacific Fleet commander Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the U. S. Navys last fleet admiral. As a result of the use of power, the ships are capable of operating for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years. They are categorized as nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and are numbered with consecutive hull numbers between CVN-68 and CVN-77, all ten carriers were constructed by Newport News Shipbuilding Company in Virginia. USS Nimitz, the ship of the class, was commissioned on 3 May 1975, and USS George H. W. Bush. The angled flight decks of the use a CATOBAR arrangement to operate aircraft, with steam catapults and arrestor wires for launch. As well as speeding up flight deck operations, this allows for a wider variety of aircraft than with the STOVL arrangement used on smaller carriers. An embarked carrier air wing consisting of up to around 90 aircraft is normally deployed on board, after the retirement of the F-14 Tomcat, the air wings strike fighters are primarily F/A-18E and F/A-18F Super Hornets and F/A-18A+ and F/A-18C Hornets. In addition to their aircraft, the vessels carry short-range defensive weaponry for anti-aircraft warfare, the unit cost is about $8.5 billion in FY12 dollars US$8.86 billion inflation adjusted. The Nimitz-class carriers have a length of 1,092 ft. They have a beam at the waterline of 135 ft, the ships companies can number up to 3,200, not including an air wing of 2,480. Among other design improvements, the two reactors on Nimitz-class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise. Along with a generally improved design, this means that Nimitz-class carriers can carry 90% more aviation fuel. The U. S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II. The hangars on the ships are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U. S. aircraft carriers since World War II, the first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there. A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U. S and they were initially categorized only as attack carriers, but ships have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson. As a result, the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a range of operations, which can include sea and air blockades, mine laying
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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Nimitz sailing through Canadian waters
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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Artist's impression of a Nimitz class ship in 1968.
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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Nimitz during sea trials in 1975
Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
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One of 4 propellers of George Washington
7.
Aircraft carrier
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An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets, there is no single definition of an aircraft carrier, and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said, To put it simply, as of April 2017, there are 37 active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered fleet carriers, the largest carriers in the world, the Royal Navy of Great Britain is building two 280-m / 920-ft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth, and the Prince of Wales scheduled to go into service in 2020-2023. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds, by comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried, most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were fast enough to operate with the main fleet, three nations currently operate carriers of this type, ten by the United States, and one each by France and Brazil for a total of twelve in service. Short take-off but arrested-recovery, these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed-wing aircraft with more limited payloads, currently, Russia, China, and India possess commissioned carriers of this type. Short take-off vertical-landing, limited to carrying STOVL aircraft and this type of aircraft carrier is currently in service with Italy. Some also count the nine US amphibious assault ships in their secondary light carrier role boosting the total to thirteen. Helicopter carrier, Helicopter carriers have an appearance to other aircraft carriers. Some are designed for addition of, or may include, a ski jump ramp allowing for STOVL operations or may have a ski jump installed before retirement of STOVL aircraft. In the past, some conventional carriers were converted and called commando carriers by the Royal Navy, some helicopter carriers with a resistant flight surface can operate STOVL jets. Currently the majority of carriers, but not all, are classified as amphibious assault ships. The US has nine of this type, France and Japan three, Australia two, the UK one, the Republic of Korea one and Spain one, the US and Spains amphibious assault ships operate STOVL jets in normal deployment. Supercarrier Fleet carrier Light aircraft carrier Escort carrier Several systems of identification symbol for aircraft carriers, two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay
Aircraft carrier
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Four modern aircraft carriers of various types—
USS John C. Stennis,
Charles de Gaulle,
USS John F. Kennedy, helicopter carrier
HMS Ocean —and escort vessels.
Aircraft carrier
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From bottom to top: Spanish light
V/STOL carrier
Príncipe de Asturias,
amphibious assault ship USS Wasp, fleet carrier
USS Forrestal, and light V/STOL carrier
HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers
Aircraft carrier
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Brazilian aircraft carrier
NAe São Paulo, foreground, and U.S. Navy carrier
USS Ronald Reagan during a combined training exercise
Aircraft carrier
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USS Enterprise a
supercarrier of the
US Navy (left), sails alongside
Charles de Gaulle, a
fleet carrier of the
French Navy (right) both of which have the
CATOBAR configuration.
8.
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, Florida, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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George Westinghouse
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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Pittsburgh Plant (before 1888)
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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Close up of Westinghouse logo on historic kitchen stove at John & Mable Ringling Museum, Sarasota
Westinghouse Electric (1886)
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Pittsburgh
Westinghouse Sign, 1967.
9.
Sea Sparrow
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RIM-7 Sea Sparrow is a US ship-borne short-range anti-aircraft and anti-missile weapon system, primarily intended for defense against anti-ship missiles. In this incarnation it was a simple system, guided by a manually aimed radar illuminator. After its introduction, the system underwent significant development into a system similar to other US Navy missiles like the RIM-2 Terrier. Improvements made to the Sparrow for the role led to similar improvements in the Sea Sparrow through the 1970s and 80s. After that point the role passed to the AIM-120 AMRAAM. It now resembles the AIM-7 only in form, it is larger, faster and includes a new seeker. Fifty years after its development, the Sea Sparrow remains an important part of an air defense system. High-speed jet aircraft flying at low altitudes presented a threat to naval forces in the late 1950s. This gave the aircraft an enormous advantage over earlier weapons such as bombers or torpedo bombers. Further improving the capabilities of aircraft against ships were a variety of precision-guided weapons and these systems allowed the aircraft to launch their attacks from outside the range of shipboard anti-aircraft weapons, in relative safety. Only the presence of defensive fighters operating at long ranges from the ships could provide cover against these attacks, US Navy doctrine stressed long-range air cover to counter both high-speed aircraft and missiles, and development of newer short range defenses had been largely ignored. While the Navy was developing expensive long-range fighters like the Douglas F6D Missileer, most ships were left with older weapons, the introduction of sea-skimming missiles dramatically increased the threat against these ships. Unlike the earlier generation of missiles, sea-skimmers approached at low level, like an attack aircraft. The missiles were relatively small and much harder to hit than an attacking aircraft, while the older defenses might be considered a credible threat to a large aircraft at low altitude or a missile approaching at higher altitudes, against a sea-skimming missile they were useless. The US Army faced a similar problem defending against attacks by high-speed jet-powered attack aircraft, in this case the local horizon was generally even more limited, blocked by trees and hills, and engagement times could be measured in seconds. Missiles, on the hand, could progressively tune their approach while they were flying toward the target. These same basic engagement parameters - high-speed and the associated fleeting sighting times - applied to sea-skimming aircraft, the Navy intended to adapt the Mauler to shipboard use by removing its search radar and wiring it into the existing ship-borne radar systems instead. The 9-box launcher and illuminator radar would be retained in a compact mount
Sea Sparrow
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RIM-7 Sea Sparrow
Sea Sparrow
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Mark 115 manned director, initially used to guide a Sea Sparrow to its target as a part of BPDMS.
Sea Sparrow
–
The
USS O'Brien (DD-975) launches a Sea Sparrow missile, shown with its mid-wing still folded as it departs a NSSM Mark 29 launcher on November 5, 2003.
Sea Sparrow
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Two MK-95 unmanned illumination radars used to guide a Sea Sparrow to its target.
10.
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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It was intended originally and used primarily as a point-defense weapon against anti-ship cruise missiles. The missile is so-named because it rolls around its axis to stabilize its flight path. It is as of 2005 the only U. S. Navy missile to operate in this manner, the Rolling Airframe Missiles, together with the Mk 49 Guided Missile Launching System and support equipment, make up the RAM Mk 31 Guided Missile Weapon System. The Mk-144 Guided Missile Launcher unit weighs 5,777 kilograms, the original weapon cannot employ its own sensors prior to firing so it must be integrated with a ships combat system, which directs the launcher at targets. On American ships it is integrated with the AN/SWY-2 Ship Defense Surface Missile System, SeaRAM, a RAM launcher variant equipped with independent sensors derived from the Vulcan Phalanx CIWS, is being installed on Littoral Combat Ships and Arleigh Burke-class destroyers. The RIM-116 was developed by General Dynamics Pomona and Valley Systems divisions under a July 1976 agreement with Denmark, Denmark dropped out of the program, but the USN joined in as the major partner. The Mk 49 launcher was evaluated on board the destroyer USS David R. Ray in the late 1980s, the first 30 missiles were built in FY85 and they became operational on 14 November 1992, on board USS Peleliu. The RIM-116 is in service on several American and 30 German warships, all new German Navy warships will be equipped with the RAM, such as the new Braunschweig-class corvettes, which will mount two RAM launchers per ship. The Greek Navy has equipped the new Super Vita–class fast attack craft with the RAM, south Korea has signed license-production contracts for their navys KDX-II, KDX-III, and Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship. The U. S. Navy plans to purchase a total of about 1,600 RAMs and 115 launchers to equip 74 ships, the missile is currently active aboard Gerald R. The original version of the missile, called Block 0, was based on the AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile, whose rocket motor, fuze, and warhead were used. Block 0 missiles were designed to home in on radiation emitted from a target. In test firings, the Block 0 missiles achieved hit rates of over 95%, the Block 1 is an improved version of the RAM missile that adds an overall infrared-only guidance system that enables it to intercept missiles that are not emitting any radar signals. The Block 0s radar homing capabilities have been retained, the RAM Block 2 is an upgraded version of the RAM missile aimed at more effectively countering more maneuverable anti-ship missiles. On 8 May 2007, the US Navy awarded Raytheon Missile Systems a $105 million development contract, Raytheon was scheduled to deliver 25 Block 2 missiles during the programs integrated testing phase. The Block 2 RAM was delivered to the U. S. Navy in August 2014, initial Operational Capability for the Block 2 RAM was achieved on 15 May 2015. As developed, the HAS upgrade just required software modifications that can be applied to all Block 1 RAM missiles, like the Phalanx, SeaRAM can be fitted to any class of ship. In 2008 a SeaRAM system was delivered to be installed on USS Independence, as of December 2013, one SeaRAM is fitted to each Independence-class vessel
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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RAM launch from
USS New Orleans, 2013
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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Sailors handle the rolling airframe missile system aboard the Nimitz -class aircraft carrier
USS Harry S. Truman.
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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The aircraft carrier
USS Theodore Roosevelt launches a Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM)
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
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SeaRAM
11.
Phalanx CIWS
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The Phalanx CIWS is a close-in weapon system for defense against anti-ship missiles. It was designed and manufactured by the General Dynamics Corporation, Pomona Division, a land based variant, known as C-RAM, has recently been deployed in a short range missile defense role, to counter incoming rockets and artillery fire. Because of their distinctive barrel-shaped radome and their nature of operation. The Phalanx Close-In Weapons System was developed as the last line of automated weapons defense against anti-ship missiles and attacking aircraft, including high-g, subsequently, the Phalanx Operational Suitability Model successfully completed its Operational Test and Evaluation on board the destroyer USS Bigelow in 1977. The model exceeded operational maintenance, reliability, and availability specifications, another evaluation successfully followed, and the weapon system was approved for production in 1978. Phalanx production started with orders for 23 USN and 14 foreign military systems, the first ship fully fitted out was the aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea in 1980. The Navy began placing CIWS systems on non-combatant vessels in 1984 and this proven system was combined with a purpose-made mounting, capable of fast elevation and traverse speeds, to track incoming targets. Due to this nature, Phalanx is ideal for support ships. The entire unit has a mass between 12,400 to 13,500 lb, due to the continuing evolution of both threats and computer technology, the Phalanx system has, like most military systems, been developed through a number of different configurations. The basic style is the Block 0, equipped with first-generation, solid-state electronics, the Block 1 upgrade offered various improvements in radar, ammunition, computing power, rate of fire, and an increase in maximum engagement elevation to +70 degrees. These improvements were intended to increase the systems capability against emerging Russian supersonic anti-ship missiles, Block 1A introduced a new computer system to counter more maneuverable targets. The Block 1B PSuM adds a forward-looking infrared sensor to make the weapon effective against surface targets and this addition was developed to provide ship defense against small vessel threats and other floaters in littoral waters and to improve the weapons performance against slower low-flying aircraft. The FLIRs capability is also of use against low-observability missiles and can be linked with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile system to increase RAM engagement range, the Block 1B also allows for an operator to visually identify and target threats. As the system manager, the U. S. Navy is in the process of upgrading all their Phalanx systems to the Block 1B configuration. All U. S Navy Phalanx systems are scheduled for upgrade to Block 1B by the end of FY2015, another system upgrade is the Phalanx 1B Baseline 2 radar to improve detection performance, increase reliability, and reduce maintenance. S. Navy Phalanx system-equipped vessels by FY2019, the Block 1B is also used by other navies, such as Canada, Portugal, Japan, Egypt, Bahrain, and the UK. In April 2017, Raytheon tested a new gun for the Phalanx allowing the system to fire at varying rates to conserve ammunition. The new design replaces the pneumatic motor, compressor, and storage tanks, reducing weight by 180 lb while increasing reliability
Phalanx CIWS
–
Phalanx (Block 1A) live fire test aboard the
USS Monterey in November 2008.
Phalanx CIWS
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Rounds from a Mk-15 Phalanx CIWS from the guided-missile destroyer
USS Mitscher (DDG 57) impact the
ex-USNS Saturn (T-AFS-10) during a sinking exercise (SINKEX), 2010.
Phalanx CIWS
–
A technician checks the RADAR transmitter and microwave assemblies of a Phalanx CIWS, most likely a Block 0. On the unit in the background, the search radar can be seen at the top left with the vertical, orange-peel shaped, tracking radar below it.
Phalanx CIWS
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U.S. Navy sailors load tungsten ammunition (white sabots at right) and off-load
dummy ammunition (left).
12.
Supercarrier
–
Supercarrier is an unofficial descriptive term for the largest type of aircraft carrier, typically those displacing over 70,000 short tons. Supercarriers are the largest warships ever built, larger than the largest battleships laid down by any country, outside the US, there are more light carriers closer to 30,000 tons, such as Italys Cavour. A few countries operate medium-sized fleet carriers of around 40,000 tons, such as the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle and the Indian Navy aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya. The first ship to be described by The New York Times as a supercarrier was HMS Ark Royal in 1938, with a length of 685 feet, in 1943 the superlative was transferred to the 45, 000-ton Midway-class carriers as a step-up from the 27, 000-ton Essex class. The Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano, launched in 1944, was the first aircraft carrier with a displacement of over 65,000 metric tons. The post-war standard for supercarriers was set by the proposed USS United States, Forrestal displaced 60,000 tons standard and 78,000 tons in deep load and is considered the first operational supercarrier in the present-day sense, as used by the US press. The similar-sized United States would have been in earlier, had it been completed. These ships are referred to as supercarriers by British legislators and the news media, the two Queen Elizabeth-class carriers will provide the Royal Navy with capabilities much closer to United States Navy carriers than the Invincible-class vessels retired in 2014. He is very keen for us to get these because he sees us slotting in with his carrier groups and he really wants us to have these, but he wants us to have the same sort of clout as one of their carriers. Future plans for supercarriers in the United States involve the construction of the U. S. Navys next generation of carriers, the Gerald R. Ford class, however, supercarrier advocates consider them to be more cost-effective than a larger number of smaller carriers. An American carrier strike group costs $25 million per week for routine operations, the mobile offshore base is an extension of the supercarrier concept, a modular floating military base as large as 10 aircraft carriers. If realized, it could be moved throughout the worlds oceans. The concept was studied in the 1990s by the U. S. government but was abandoned in 2001 as cost prohibitive
Supercarrier
–
USS Enterprise (rear), the first nuclear-powered supercarrier (94,781 tons), and
Charles de Gaulle (front), a medium-sized nuclear-powered carrier (37,085 metric tons).
Supercarrier
–
The 100,000 ton
USS John C. Stennis, a modern-day supercarrier (left), alongside the 22,000 metric ton light carrier
HMS Illustrious (right).
Supercarrier
–
Nimitz and Queen Elizabeth, both super carriers compared with Charles de Gaulle, a medium-sized carrier, and Invincible, a light carrier.
13.
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)
–
The supercarrier USS Kitty Hawk, formerly CVA-63, is the second naval ship named after Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, the site of the Wright brothers first powered airplane flight. Kitty Hawk was both the first and last active ship of her class, and the last oil-fired aircraft carrier in service with the United States Navy, Kitty Hawk was laid down by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey, on 27 December 1956. The ship was launched on 21 May 1960, sponsored by Mrs. Camilla F. McElroy, the ship was commissioned 21 April 1961, at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Captain William F. Bringle in command. With the decommissioning of Independence on 30 September 1998, Kitty Hawk became the United States warship with the second-longest active status, for 10 years, Kitty Hawk was the forward-deployed carrier at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan. In October 2008, she was replaced in this role by George Washington, Kitty Hawk then returned to the United States and had her decommissioning ceremony on 31 January 2009. She was officially decommissioned on 12 May 2009 after almost 49 years of service, Kitty Hawk was replaced by George H. W. Bush. Following a shakedown in the Western Atlantic, Kitty Hawk departed Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk and she steamed into Valparaíso, Chile on 13 October and then sailed two days later for Peru, arriving in Callao on 20 October where she entertained the President of Peru. Kitty Hawk entered San Francisco Naval Shipyard on 23 November 1961 for alterations, following operations out of San Diego, she sailed from San Francisco on 13 September 1962. Kitty Hawk joined the United States Seventh Fleet on 7 October 1962, the ship visited Hong Kong early in December and returned to Japan, arriving at Yokosuka on 2 January 1963. In conjunction with Commander, Carrier Division Seven, Kitty Hawk carried out exercises in January and February 1963. On 4 January 1963, Operation Checkertail saw Kitty Hawk and three other aircraft carriers launch practice airstrikes against the Okinawa Air Defense Command. From 27 January –2 February 1963, Picture Window III saw foreign aircraft intercepted, from 16–19 February 1963, Exercise Red Wheel, was conducted around Southern Japan also under the direction of Commander, Carrier Division Seven. It aimed to improve the United States Seventh Fleets ability to conduct conventional and nuclear warfare while maintaining defense against air and it also aimed to evaluate the capability of the HUK Group to protect two CVA Task Groups. During these exercises, the ship visited Kobe, Beppu and Iwakuni before returning to San Diego on 2 April 1963. On 6 June 1963, President John F. Kennedy, with top civilian and military leaders, boarded Kitty Hawk to witness a carrier task force weapons demonstration off the California coast. Addressing the men of the group from Kitty Hawk, President Kennedy told them that, as in the past, control of the seas still means security, peace. Film director John Frankenheimer filmed shots for the movie Seven Days in May on board the vessel in 1963, following a series of strike exercises and tactics reaching along the California coast and off Hawaii, Kitty Hawk again sailed for the Far East. While approaching Japan, she learned an assassin had shot President Kennedy, flags were at half mast as she entered Sasebo Harbor on 25 November 1963, the day of the Presidents funeral and, as senior ship present, she had the sad honor of firing memorial salutes
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)
–
USS Kitty Hawk
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)
–
President Kennedy and
Governor Brown of California review a fleet demonstration aboard Kitty Hawk on June 6, 1963
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)
–
Kitty Hawk and the destroyer
Turner Joy refuel from
Kawishiwi in 1964
USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)
–
An
A-6 Intruder from
VA-75 traps aboard Kitty Hawk during her 1967-68 deployment to Vietnam
14.
USS Constellation (CV-64)
–
One of the fastest ships in the Navy, as proven by her victory during a battlegroup race held in 1985, she was nicknamed Connie by her crew and officially as Americas Flagship. The contract to build Constellation was awarded to the New York Naval Shipyard, Brooklyn, New York, on 1 July 1956 and she was launched 8 October 1960, sponsored by Mary Herter. Constellation was delivered to the Navy 1 October 1961, and commissioned on 27 October 1961, at that time, she had cost about US$264.5 million. Constellation was the last U. S. aircraft carrier to be built at an other than Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company. As of early 2015, Constellation was at the scrapyard in Brownsville, USS Constellation was heavily damaged by fire while under construction on 19 December 1960. The carrier was in the stages of construction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in Brooklyn. The fire broke out when a forklift operating on the hangar deck accidentally pushed its cargo into a steel plate knocking it over. The plate then broke off the plug of a 500 US gallons tank of fuel which spilled from the container reaching the lower levels of the ship. The fuel was ignited perhaps by a torch of a fitter. The flames spread quickly filling the passageways of the ship with smoke, a Navy commander commented on the nature of the ships design at an inquiry, Ships of this class are the most complex structures ever designed by man. It took 17 hours for firefighters to extinguish the fire, some of whom had been driven to the raw edge of exhaustion after being called into service in the Park Slope air accident. The firefighters saved hundreds of lives without losing any of their own, an abstract of a New York Times article from the day after the fire,20 December 1960, refers to the ship as USS Constellation. Following fitting out and acceptance trials, Constellation departed her home port of Norfolk, Virginia and she conducted her first catapult launch and arrested landing the same day with Commander George C. Watkins, air group 13 commander, at the controls of an A4D-2 Skyhawk of Attack Squadron 34, after a month of operating locally, Connie conducted a two-month shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea. In summer 1962, Constellation was transferred to the U. S, Pacific Fleet and CVG-13 was disestablished. For the two-month trip around Cape Horn to her new port of San Diego, California, Connie embarked elements of CVG-5 and departed Mayport, Florida. In November Constellation, with CVG-14 on board, commenced workup exercises for her maiden deployment to the western Pacific as a component of the U. S. The uneventful cruise took place from February to September 1963, Constellations second deployment began on 5 May 1964
USS Constellation (CV-64)
–
The USS Constellation in April 2003, arriving in
Perth, Australia
USS Constellation (CV-64)
–
Constellation under construction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in February 1960
USS Constellation (CV-64)
–
USS Constellation during her 1964–65 WESTPAC cruise.
USS Constellation (CV-64)
–
Constellation underway off Vietnam, 1971–72.
15.
USS America (CV-66)
–
USS America was one of three Kitty Hawk-class supercarriers built for the United States Navy in the 1960s. Commissioned in 1965, she spent most of her career in the Atlantic and Mediterranean and she also served in the Persian Gulf Wars operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. America held the distinction of being the first large aircraft carrier since Operation Crossroads in 1946 to be expended in weapons tests. In 2005, she was scuttled southeast of Cape Hatteras, after four weeks of tests and she was the largest warship ever to be sunk. After fitting out there until 15 March 1965, America remained in Hampton Roads for operations off the Virginia Capes until getting underway on 25 March and she conducted her first catapult launch on 5 April 1965, with Commander Kenneth B. Austin, the executive officer, piloting a Douglas A-4C Skyhawk. Proceeding thence to the Caribbean, the carrier conducted shakedown training, entering the Norfolk shipyard for post-shakedown availability on 10 July, she remained there until 21 August. She next operated locally through late August and then proceeded to the operating areas off the Virginia Capes and to Bermuda, on 25 September, Rear Admiral J. O. Cobb broke his flag as Commander, Carrier Division 2. America sailed for her first Mediterranean deployment late in 1965, New Years Day,1966, found her at Livorno, Italy. Over the ensuing weeks, the ship visited Cannes, Genoa, Toulon, Athens, Istanbul, Beirut, Valletta, Taranto, Palma and she sailed on 1 July for the United States. She arrived at Naval Station Norfolk on 10 July, remaining there for only a time before shifting to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 15 July for availability. America operated locally in the Norfolk area from 29 August –19 September, after time she proceeded to Guantanamo Bay to carry out training. After Hurricane Inez swirled through the region, her sailors spent an estimated 1,700 man-hours in helping the naval base at Guantanamo to recover, on 16 Oct 1965, two Phantom jets collided in midair 20 miles from the America, both pilots ejected safely. An airman was burned in the catwalk and the RA ejected safely, since leaving Norfolk, America had lost five planes. From 28 November –15 December, America took part in LANTFLEX66, gaining experience in the areas of anti-air, antisubmarine, the ship also participated in a mine drop, missile shoots, and provided air support for amphibious operations. She returned to Norfolk on 15 December, remaining there through the end of the year 1966, on 10 January 1967, America departed Norfolk for her second Mediterranean cruise and relieved Independence at Pollensa Bay on 22 January. While crossing the Atlantic, America conducted, carrier qualifications for her SH-3A crews, missile shoots in the mid-Atlantic, day and night air operations, upon nearing Gibraltar, she received a visit from Soviet long-range reconnaissance aircraft, Tu-95 Bears on 18 January. Two F-4B Phantom jets met the Bears as they approached and escorted them past the ship, before anchoring at Athens, on 4 February, America participated with Italian control and reporting centers in an intercept-controller exercise
USS America (CV-66)
–
USS America 24 April 1983
USS America (CV-66)
–
America under construction at Newport News in 1961
USS America (CV-66)
–
America during her 1967 Mediterranean cruise
USS America (CV-66)
–
An F-4B Phantom of
VF-33 waiting to be launched from America during her 1967 Mediterranean cruise; in the background is the
Gearing-class destroyer William C. Lawe, and a
Kashin-class destroyer of the
Soviet Navy.
16.
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
–
USS John F. Kennedy is the only ship of her class and the last conventionally powered carrier built for the United States Navy. The ship is named after the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, Kennedy was originally designated a CVA, however, the designation was changed to CV to denote that the ship was capable of anti-submarine warfare, making her an all-purpose carrier. After nearly 40 years of service in the United States Navy and she is berthed at the NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance facility in Philadelphia and is available for donation as a museum and memorial to a qualified organization. The name has been adopted by the future Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy, contracted as Ship Characteristic Board SCB-127C, the ships keel was laid on 22 October 1964 by Newport News Shipbuilding. The ship was officially christened 27 May 1967 by Jacqueline Kennedy and her 9-year-old daughter, Caroline, the ship entered service 7 September 1968. John F. Kennedy is a version of the earlier Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carriers. Originally scheduled to be the fourth Kitty Hawk-class carrier, the ship received so many modifications during construction she formed her own class, the ship was originally ordered as a nuclear carrier, using the A3W reactor, but converted to conventional propulsion after construction had begun. The island is somewhat different from that of the Kitty Hawk class, with angled funnels to direct smoke, Kennedy is also 17 feet shorter than the Kitty Hawk class. After an ORI conducted by Commander, Carrier Division Two, Kennedy left for the Mediterranean in April 1969, the ship reached Rota, Spain on the morning of 22 April 1969 and relieved USS Forrestal. Rear Admiral Pierre N. Charbonnet, Commander, Carrier Striking Forces, Sixth Fleet, the turnover complete by nightfall, the carrier, escorted by destroyers, transited the Strait of Gibraltar at the start of the mid watch on 22 April. The next day, John F. Kennedy refueled from USS Marias and it was during the 1970s that Kennedy was upgraded to handle the F-14 Tomcat and the S-3 Viking. Kennedy was involved in the Navy response to the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East in October 1973, with her actions, in 1974, she won the Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award for the Atlantic Fleet. On 20 June 1975 Kennedy was the target of arson, suffering eight fires, with no injuries, while at port in Norfolk, Virginia. On 22 November 1975 Kennedy collided with the cruiser Belknap, severely damaging the ship and earning itself the nicknames Can Opener. As a result of the collision with John F. Kennedys overhanging deck, JP-5 fuel lines were ruptured spraying fuel over an adjacent catwalk, belknaps superstructure was gutted almost to the main deck, and seven of her crew killed. Aboard Kennedy, smoke inhalation claimed the life of Petty Officer 2nd Class Yeoman David A. Chivalette of CVW-1, both crew members ejected and landed on the deck, injured but alive. A naval race followed between the Soviet Navy and US Navy to get not only the plane, but also its missiles. In late 1978 Kennedy underwent her first, yearlong overhaul, which was completed in 1979, on 9 April 1979 she experienced five fires set by arson while undergoing overhaul at Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Virginia
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
–
USS John F. Kennedy is escorted out of
NS Mayport, Florida by tugboats, on 11 November 2003.
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
–
John F. Kennedy on her initial shakedown in December 1968
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
–
A view of damage sustained by the carrier John F. Kennedy when she collided with the cruiser USS Belknap
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
–
An elevated starboard quarter view of John F. Kennedy during the International Naval Review in New York Harbor, 4 July 1986.
17.
Elevator
–
An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus
Elevator
–
A set of elevators in the lower level of the
Borough station on the
London Underground Northern line. The "up" and "down" arrows indicate each elevator's position and direction of travel. Notice how the next lift is indicated with a right and left arrow by the words "Next Lift" at the top.
Elevator
–
This elevator to the Alexanderplatz
U-Bahn station in Berlin is built with glass walls, exposing the inner workings.
Elevator
–
Glass elevator traveling up the facade of Westport Plaza. The
HVAC is on top of the carriage because the elevator is completely outside.
Elevator
–
Freight elevator at
North Carolina State University. The doors open vertically.
18.
Shipyard
–
A shipyard is a place where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships, dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles. The shipbuilding industry tends to be fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a number of small companies. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are Naval facilities providing basing, support, Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in Londons Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstoun. Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolff yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent. The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialised cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities, after a ships useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in drydock in developed countries, but high wages, the worlds earliest known dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2600 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard, the dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the current of the river to avoid silting. The name of the ancient Greek city of Naupactus means shipyard, Naupactus reputation in this field extends to the time of legend, where it is depicted as the place where the Heraclidae built a fleet to invade the Peloponnesus. During its time of operation it was changed, rebuilt and modified. It is currently a maritime museum, ships were the first items to be manufactured in a factory, several hundred years before the Industrial Revolution, in the Venice Arsenal, Venice, Italy. The Arsenal apparently mass-produced nearly one every day using pre-manufactured parts. Chantiers de lAtlantique – established in 1861 Nantes-Indret, France – Establish in 1771 it built ships for the American Revolution including the Deane, jean Street Shipyard 1843–present – The oldest continually operated shipyard in the U. S. Located on the Hillsborough River in Tampa, Florida, Gloucester Marine Railways 1859–present – Oldest working shipyard in New England
Shipyard
–
Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft in Zürich-
Wollishofen, Switzerland
Shipyard
–
Gdynia Shipyard
Shipyard
–
Ancient Shipyard of the Seljuks in
Alanya,
Turkey. The shipyard, consisting of five docks and constructed in 1226 by the Sultan Alaaddin Keykubat, is 56 metres long and 44 metres deep and is the only remaining shipyard from the Seljuks.
Shipyard
–
Aerial view of
Norfolk Naval Shipyard
19.
New York Naval Shipyard
–
It was bounded by Navy Street and Flushing and Kent Avenues, and at the height of its production of warships for the United States Navy, it covered over 200 acres. The tremendous efforts of its 70,000 workers during World War II earned the yard the nickname The Can-Do Shipyard, following the American Revolution, the waterfront site was used to build merchant vessels. Federal authorities purchased the old docks and 40 acres of land for $40,000 in 1801, many officers were housed in Admirals Row. Military chain of command was strictly observed, the nations first ironclad ship, Monitor, was fitted with its revolutionary iron cladding at the Continental Iron Works in nearby Greenpoint. By the American Civil War, the yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men, in 1890, the ill-fated Maine was launched from the yards ways. In 1937, the battleship North Carolina was laid down, in 1938, the yard employed about 10,000 men, of whom one-third were Works Progress Administration workers. The battleship Iowa was completed in 1942 followed by the Missouri, on 12 January 1953, test operations began on Antietam, which emerged in December 1952 from the yard as Americas first angled-deck aircraft carrier. At its peak, during World War II, the yard employed 70,000 people,24 hours a day, the Brooklyn Naval Hospital, constructed 1830–38 and rebuilt 1841–43, was decommissioned in the mid-1970s. It was one of the oldest naval hospitals in the United States, the 60, 000-square-foot complex was designed by Martin E. Thompson. The hospital had its beginning in 1825 when the Secretary of the Navy purchased 25 acres adjacent to the Brooklyn Naval Yard. The hospital was active from the Civil War through World War II with the Navy Surgeon General reporting in 1864 an average of 229 patients, the hospital also counted on its staff some of first female nurses and medical students in the United States Navy. On November 19,1964, based on the study, the closure of the yard was announced, along with the Armys Fort Jay on Governors Island and its Brooklyn Army Terminal. At the time, the yard employed 10,600 civilian employees and 100 military personnel with a payroll of about US$90 million. The closure was anticipated to save about 18.1 million dollars annually, the plan was never put in place. The Wagner Administration looked to the industry to build a car plant inside the yard. No U. S. car manufacturer was interested, and foreign car manufacturers claimed that with the conversion of the dollar, the Navy decommissioned the yard in 1966, after the completion of the Austin-class amphibious transport dock USS Duluth. The Johnson administration refused to sell the yard to the City of New York for 18 months, when the new Nixon administration came into power, they signed the papers to sell the yard to the city. Leases were signed inside the yard even before the sale to the city was signed, cLICKs lease with the newly formed Seatrain Shipbuilding was not very business friendly
New York Naval Shipyard
–
Wallabout Channel, the northernmost channel of the Navy Yard
New York Naval Shipyard
–
The
screw sloop-of-war USS Enterprise docked at the shipyard, circa 1890
New York Naval Shipyard
–
USS Oregon in the Yard in 1898
New York Naval Shipyard
–
USS Texas in the Yard circa 1903
20.
Horsepower
–
Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
Horsepower
–
A team of six horses mowing hay in
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
21.
Foster Wheeler Corporation
–
Foster Wheeler AG was a Swiss global engineering conglomerate with its principal executive offices in Reading, UK and its registered office in Baar, Canton of Zug, Switzerland. Foster Wheeler was added to the NASDAQ-100 on July 12,2007, as of November 13,2014 all Foster Wheeler operating units have become part of the new company Amec Foster Wheeler following a merger with AMEC plc. Foster Wheeler was formed in 1927 from a merger of the Power Specialty Company and the Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Company, which was created by Frederick Merriam Wheeler in 1891. It was originally based in New York City but later moved to Livingston, New Jersey and stayed there for nearly a century before relocating to Clinton. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1929, the firm was originally based in New York City but later moved to Livingston, New Jersey and stayed there for nearly a quarter century before relocating to Clinton, New Jersey in 1987. In 2000, Foster Wheeler moved its incorporation to Bermuda, in 2008, Foster Wheeler was acquired by AMEC plc in the second half of 2014. The company is focused on Engineering, procurement, and construction management contracting and it comprises two business groups, a Global Engineering and Construction Group and a Global Power Group. They own technology in delayed coking, solvent de-asphalting, and hydrogen production processes and they also provide international environmental remediation services with related technical, engineering, design and regulatory services. List of oilfield service companies Foster Wheeler Corporate Web Site Biographical sketch of Pell W. Foster Foster Wheeler Fonds, 1944-1980, RG 75-66 Brock University Library Digital Repository
Foster Wheeler Corporation
–
Foster Wheeler AG
22.
RIM-2 Terrier
–
The Convair RIM-2 Terrier was a two-stage medium-range naval surface-to-air missile, and was among the earliest surface-to-air missiles to equip United States Navy ships. It was replaced in service by the RIM-67 Standard ER, Terrier has also been used as a sounding rocket. The Terrier was a development of the Bumblebee Project, the Navys effort to develop a missile to provide a middle layer of defense against air attack. Its US Navy designation was SAM-N-7 until 1963 when it was re-designated RIM-2, for a brief time during the mid-1950s the USMC had two Terrier battalions equipped with specially modified twin sea launchers for land use that fired the SAM-N-7. The Terrier was the first surface-to-air missile operational with the USMC, the launchers were reloaded by a special vehicle that carried two Terrier reloads. Initially, the Terrier used radar beam-riding guidance, forward controls. It had a top speed of only Mach 1.8, a range of only 10 nautical miles, originally, the Terrier had a launch thrust of 23 kN, and weight of 1,392 kilograms. Its original dimensions were a diameter of 340 mm, a length of 8.08 m, cost per missile in 1957 was an estimated $60,000. Before it was even in service it was seeing major improvements. The RIM-2C, named the Terrier BT-3 was introduced in 1958, the forward control fins were replaced with fixed strakes, and the tail became the control surface. The BT-3 also had a new motor, and featured extended range, Mach 3 speed, the RIM-2D Terrier BT-3A entered service in 1962 with a W30 1kt nuclear warhead, but all other variants used a 218 lb controlled-fragmentation warhead. The RIM-2E introduced semi-active radar homing, for effectiveness against low-flying targets. The final version, the RIM-2F, used a new motor which doubled effective range to 40 nautical miles, the Terrier was the primary missile system of most US Navy cruisers and guided missile frigates built during the 1960s. It could be installed on smaller ships than the much larger. The French Navys Masurca missile was developed with technology provided by the USN from Terrier. The Terrier was replaced by the extended range RIM-67 Standard missile, the RIM-67 offered the range of the much larger RIM-8 Talos in a missile the size of the Terrier. Terrier has also used, typically as a first stage in a sounding rocket. The Terrier can be equipped with various stages, like the Asp
RIM-2 Terrier
–
RIM-2 Terrier on board
USS Boston (CAG-1)
RIM-2 Terrier
–
Early Model Terrier launched from test vessel
USS Mississippi.
RIM-2 Terrier
–
A
P4Y-2K drone being shot down by a Terrier, 1956.
RIM-2 Terrier
–
USS Canberra (CAG-2) launching a Terrier, 1960.
23.
AN/SPG-55
–
The AN/SPG-55 was a tracking / illumination radar for Terrier and RIM-67 Standard missiles. It was also used on the nuclear-powered single units USS Long Beach, USS Bainbridge, the SPG-55 was part of the Mk 76 missile fire control system. AN/SPG 55A - Supported Beam-riding and homing Terrier missiles AN/SPG 55B - Supported Beam-riding and homing Terrier missiles as well as newer Standard missiles, list of radars RIM-2 Terrier Missile Radars and Computers aboard USS Sterett and other Warships during the Vietnam War
AN/SPG-55
–
The
USS Mahan (DDG-42) underway in 1983 to test and evaluate the Terrier
New Threat Upgrade (NTU) Combat System. Two AN/SPG-55B directors are above the Mark 10 Terrier/Standard missile launcher and the sailors.
AN/SPG-55
–
Rear view of the AN/SPG-55B aboard
USS Worden (CG-18).
AN/SPG-55
–
An SPG-55 on the starboard side
USS America (CV-66). (center of image)
24.
SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite
–
The AN/SLQ-32 is a shipboard electronic warfare suite built by the Raytheon Company of Goleta, California. It is currently the primary electronic warfare system in use by U. S. Navy ships, referred to by its operators as the slick-32. The SLQ-32 was originally conceived in the 1970s to augment the AN/WLR-1 and it was later determined to save costs to replace the various WLR-1 series suites with the SLQ-32 as a stand alone system. As originally designed, the SLQ-32 was produced in three variants, the 1,2 and 3, later in its service life, two additional versions were built, the 4 and 5. The Air Transport Rack sized processors were supplied by ROLM Mil-Spec Computers in San Jose, sLQ-321 – A simple threat warning receiver, it was capable of receiving high-band radar signals of the type commonly carried on missiles and aircraft. The 1 was installed on ships and small combatants such as frigates. This variant of the system is being phased out as current ships equipped become decommissioned, sLQ-322 – Initially the most common variant, the 2 added the ability to receive surveillance and targeting radars. This provided a passive targeting capability for Harpoon missile-equipped ships, the 2 was installed on frigates, destroyers, and 270-foot Coast Guard Cutters. SLQ-323 – Expanding on the 2’s capabilities, the 3 added active radar-jamming capability, the 3 was installed on various combatants such as cruisers, battleships, large amphibious ships and high-value replenishment vessels. SLQ-324 – Designed for installation on aircraft carriers, the 4 consisted of two 3 systems, one for each side of the ship, tied to a common computer, additional line replaceable units and software were added to support the wide separation of the two antenna/electronics enclosures. SLQ-325 – The 5 was built as a response to the Stark incident in 1987, the 5 incorporated a compact version of the 3 system intended to give active jamming capability to the Perry class FFG’s, which were too small to carry a full 3. All versions of the SLQ-32, with the exception of the 4, are interfaced with the MK36 Decoy Launching System, able to launch chaff and infrared decoys under the control of the SLQ-32. The number and arrangement of MK36 launchers installed depends on the size of the ship, a growing number of systems are being upgraded to incorporate the multi-national MK-53 Nulka system. The original modular design was intended to allow upgrades of the system from one variant to the next by simply installing additional equipment as required, starting in the early 1990s, a program was begun to upgrade all SLQ-32s in the U. S. fleet. Most 1 systems were upgraded to 2, and most 2 systems were upgraded to 3 and this was normally carried out during a major ship overhaul. The initial procurement process was built around a “design to price” concept in which the delivery cost per system was fixed in the contract. The SLQ-32 was designed to support the protection of ships against anti-ship missiles in an open sea environment, after initial deployment of the system, naval roles began to change requiring ships to operate much closer to shore in denser signal environments. This change in roles required changes to the SLQ-32 systems which were added over time, with experience gained working with the SLQ-32, coupled with improvements to the hardware and software, technicians and operators gradually overcame the initial problems
SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite
–
The AN/SLQ-32(V)3 antenna aboard
USS Nicholson (DD-982).
SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite
–
The AN/SLQ-32(V)1 antenna aboard
USS Bowen (FF-1079).
SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite
–
Sidekick jamming antenna on
USS Ford (FFG-54) part of (V)5.
SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare Suite
–
The AN/SLQ-32(V)2 antenna aboard
USS Donald B. Beary (FF-1085).
25.
Anchor
–
An anchor is a device, normally made of metal, used to connect a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin ancora, which comes from the Greek ἄγκυρα. Anchors can either be temporary or permanent, permanent anchors are used in the creation of a mooring, and are rarely moved, a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain them. Vessels carry one or more anchors, which may be of different designs. A sea anchor is a drogue, not in contact with the seabed, used to control a drifting vessel, anchors achieve holding power either by hooking into the seabed, or via sheer mass, or a combination of the two. Permanent moorings use large masses resting on the seabed, semi-permanent mooring anchors and large ships anchors derive a significant portion of their holding power from their mass, while also hooking or embedding in the bottom. Modern anchors for smaller vessels have metal flukes which hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft seabed, the vessel is attached to the anchor by the rode, which is made of chain, cable, rope, or a combination of these. A10,1 scope gives the greatest holding power, Anchoring with sufficient scope and/or heavy chain rode brings the direction of strain close to parallel with the seabed. If necessary, motoring slowly around the location of the anchor also helps dislodge it, anchors are sometimes fitted with a tripping line attached to the crown, by which they can be unhooked from rocks or coral. The term aweigh describes an anchor when it is hanging on the rope and is not resting on the bottom and this is linked to the term to weigh anchor, meaning to lift the anchor from the sea bed, allowing the ship or boat to move. An anchor is described as aweigh when it has broken out of the bottom and is being hauled up to be stowed. Aweigh should not be confused with under way, which describes a vessel which is not moored to a dock or anchored, the earliest anchors were probably rocks, and many rock anchors have been found dating from at least the Bronze Age. Pre-European Maori waka used one or more hollowed stones, tied with flax ropes, many modern moorings still rely on a large rock as the primary element of their design. However, using pure mass to resist the forces of a storm only works well as a permanent mooring, the ancient Greeks used baskets of stones, large sacks filled with sand, and wooden logs filled with lead. According to Apollonius Rhodius and Stephen of Byzantium, anchors were formed of stone, such anchors held the vessel merely by their weight and by their friction along the bottom. Iron was afterwards introduced for the construction of anchors, and an improvement was made by forming them with teeth, or flukes, the Admiralty Pattern, A. P. or simply Admiralty, and also known as Fisherman, is the anchor shape most familiar to non-sailors. It consists of a shank with a ring or shackle for attaching the rode. At the other end of the shank there are two arms, carrying the flukes, while the stock is mounted to the other end, when the anchor lands on the bottom, it will generally fall over with the arms parallel to the seabed
Anchor
–
Anchor in front of the
Chamber of Commerce of
port city Duisburg.
Anchor
–
Anchor of the
Amoco Cadiz in
Portsall, north-west
Brittany, France
Anchor
–
An Admiralty Pattern anchor
Anchor
–
Stockless anchor
26.
Sonar
–
Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name sonar, passive sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels, active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds, Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of targets in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar, Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is used for the equipment used to generate. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from low to extremely high. The study of sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics. In the 19th century a bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to locate underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912. S. Revenue Cutter Miami on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland Canada, in that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications and echo ranging. The so-called Fessenden oscillator, at ca.500 Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the due to the 3 metre wavelength. The ten Montreal-built British H class submarines launched in 1915 were equipped with a Fessenden oscillator, during World War I the need to detect submarines prompted more research into the use of sound. Although piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the electrostatic transducers they used, lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for hydrophones, while Terfenol-D and PMN have been developed for projectors. By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems, the British tested their ASDIC on HMS Antrim in 1920, and started production in 1922. The 6th Destroyer Flotilla had ASDIC-equipped vessels in 1923, an anti-submarine school, HMS Osprey, and a training flotilla of four vessels were established on Portland in 1924. The US Sonar QB set arrived in 1931, by the outbreak of World War II, the Royal Navy had five sets for different surface ship classes, and others for submarines, incorporated into a complete anti-submarine attack system. The effectiveness of early ASDIC was hamstrung by the use of the charge as an anti-submarine weapon. This required a vessel to pass over a submerged contact before dropping charges over the stern. The hunter was effectively firing blind, during which time a commander could take evasive action
Sonar
–
French
F70 type frigates (here,
La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars
Sonar
–
Sonar image of
shipwreck of the
Latvian Naval Forces ship Virsaitis in
Estonian waters.
Sonar
–
Variable Depth Sonar and its winch
Sonar
–
AN/AQS-13 Dipping sonar deployed from an
H-3 Sea King.
27.
Angled flight deck
–
The flight deck of an aircraft carrier is the surface from which its aircraft take off and land, essentially a miniature airfield at sea. On smaller naval ships which do not have aviation as a primary mission, the official U. S. Navy term for these vessels is air-capable ships. The first flight decks were inclined wooden ramps built over the forecastle of warships, eugene Ely made the first fixed-wing aircraft take-off from a warship from USS Birmingham on 14 November 1910. Ely told a reporter, It was easy enough, I think the trick could be successfully turned nine times out of ten. On 9 May 1912, Commander Charles Samson became the first man to take off from a ship which was underway when he flew his Short S.27 off of HMS Hibernia, which was steaming at 10.5 kn. Because the take-off speed of aircraft was so low, it was possible for an aircraft to make a very short take off when the launching ship was steaming into the wind. The landing arrangements on Furious were highly unsatisfactory, in order to land, aircraft had to manoeuvre around the superstructure. Furious was therefore returned to dockyard hands to have a 300 ft deck added aft for landing, the central superstructure remained, however, and turbulence caused by it badly affected the landing deck. Because of her flight deck, Argus had no fixed conning tower. Rather, exhaust gases were trunked down the side of the ship, the lack of a command position and funnel was unsatisfactory, and Argus was used to experiment with various ideas to remedy the solution. A photograph in 1917 shows her with a canvas mock-up of an island superstructure. This became the aircraft carrier arrangement and was used in the next British carriers, Hermes. Being large and fast they were suited to this role. Because the military effectiveness of aircraft carriers was then unknown, early ships were equipped with cruiser-calibre guns to aid in their defense if surprised by enemy warships. In ships of this configuration, the deck was the strength deck and an integral part of the hull. Such ships were still being built into the late 1940s, classic examples being the U. S. Navys Essex, however, in 1936, the Royal Navy began construction of the Illustrious class. In these ships, the deck was the strength deck, an integral part of the hull. The flight deck as the deck was adopted for later construction
Angled flight deck
–
Flight deck of
USS John C. Stennis doing a high speed turn during her acceptance trials in 1995.
Angled flight deck
–
Eugene Ely's first landing, on the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania
Angled flight deck
–
HMS Argus showing the full-length flight deck from bow to stern
Angled flight deck
–
Flight deck resurfacing aboard
USS Peleliu (LHA-5)
28.
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
–
The Navy Yard, formerly known as the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Naval Business Center, was an important naval shipyard of the United States for almost two centuries. It is now an industrial park that includes a commercial shipyard. Philadelphias original navy yard, begun in 1776 on Front Street, the new, much larger yard grew up around facilities begun in 1871 on League Island at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. The United States Navy ended most of its activities there in the 1990s, and in 2000, the Navy still has a Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility and a few engineering activities at the site. The yard has its origins in a shipyard on Philadelphias Front Street on the Delaware River that was founded in 1776, from 1812 till 1865 it was a big production center. The first ship which was launched to the water was vessel Franklin and this event was watched by more than 50,000 spectators. The rapid development of shipbuilding companies pledged Philadelphia to improve production processes. It was the first shipyard in the world which used floating dry docks in the process to improve an operating time of the ships. After the advent of ironclad warships made the site obsolete, new facilities were built in 1871 on League Island at the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. After first making a request to the Secretary of the Navy via shipyard Commandant Commodore James Barron, on August 29,1835 they appealed directly to President Andrew Jackson, there is no probability they will secede from their demands. Rodegier, David R. and Foner, Sheldon Our Own Time, A History of American Labor, Naval Aircraft Factory was established at the League Island site in 1917. Just after World War I, a 350-ton capacity hammerhead crane was ordered for the yard, manufactured in 1919 by the McMyler-Interstate Company in Bedford, Ohio, the crane was called the League Island Crane by its builder. Weighing 3,500 tons, the crane was shipped to the yard in sections, the League Island Crane was for many years the Navys largest crane. Mustin Field opened at the Naval Aircraft Factory in 1926 and operated until 1963, the shipyards greatest period came in World War II, when the yard employed 40,000 people who built 53 ships and repaired 574. During this period, the built the famed battleship New Jersey and its 45, 000-ton sister ship. In the Naval Laboratory Philip Abelson developed the thermal diffusion technique for separating U-235 for the Manhattan Project. After the war, the workforce dropped to 12,000, the yard built its last new ship, the command ship Blue Ridge, in 1970. The yards closure was originally recommended in 1991 by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission, as a result of foreign competition, the planned closing was unsuccessfully litigated to the US Supreme Court in Dalton v. Specter
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
–
Reserve Fleet in Philadelphia in 1955
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
–
The Navy Yard, Philadelphia, PA
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
–
The "League Island Crane" with Clemson -class destroyer
USS Lamson in the foreground.
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
–
Guns from battleships being scrapped in
Philadelphia Navy Yard in December 1923.
USS South Carolina being dismantled in the background.
29.
Cold War
–
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
Cold War
–
Photograph of the
Berlin Wall taken from the West side. The Wall was built in 1961 to prevent East Germans from fleeing and to stop an economically disastrous drain of workers. It was a symbol of the Cold War and its fall in 1989 marked the approaching end of the war.
Cold War
–
Allied troops in
Vladivostok, August 1918, during the
Allied intervention in the
Russian Civil War.
Cold War
–
The "
Big Three " at the Yalta Conference:
Winston Churchill,
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Joseph Stalin, 1945.
30.
Live fire exercise
–
A live fire exercise or LFX is any military exercise in which a realistic scenario for the use of specific equipment is demonstrated. Armed services usually use live fire exercises as an opportunity to use real ammunition in a realistically created combat situation, the area in which these tests are conducted will be devoid of people to avoid casualties, and will likely be owned by the government which authorized the test. Most live fire tests are conducted either against derelict equipment, such as tanks and ships and this allows soldiers to get reacquainted with the feel and time of actually using and expending ammunition, rather than simply simulating the experience. Live fire exercises of this type can be observed either by remotely controlled cameras or by long-range telescopic devices, an army, being the main branch responsible for land combat, is perhaps the best known group that conducts live fire exercises. Most live fire exercises occur within the base where the units conducting the exercise are located. In some cases, one installation will host units from another for a live fire exercise. Equipment tested under these circumstances range from small arms and assault rifle fire all the way up to missile systems, in the case of small arms, the tests are usually proficiency based and aimed at ensuring a soldier can fire their assigned weapons. For the most part marine corps live fire exercises are similar to the live fire exercises. One notable difference stems from the nature of a marine forces duty. An air force, due to its nature, usually limits live fire exercises to the air, during live fire exercises dealing with air-to-air combat, remotely controlled drones are frequently used to simulate enemy aircraft. In modern times, the drones are fired on by planes loaded with some type of air-to-air missile, live fire exercises involving air-to-surface work are usually centered around precision-guided munitions. In some cases, tests involving bombs will make use of buildings or, even more frequently. These test are usually monitored by chase planes and by cameras to determine if everything worked as it was intended to. Live fire exercises may also be conducted against planes for the purpose of testing a planes susceptibility to SAM sites, naval live fire exercises may use anti-ship missiles and torpedoes, although tests involving air-to-air and air-to-surface missile, guns and bombs are not uncommon. Navies conduct live fire exercises to test elements of a defense system, such as the US Aegis, namely, its ability to track. Tests can also include an integrated defense systems compatibility to fire new missiles or newer versions of the same missile, live fire tests are also conducted with a CIWS system, which is designed as the last line of defense for a ship. Surface ships also frequently test-fire the various guns kept and maintained aboard the vessel and this is done to maintain the skill and knowledge needed to operate the weapon. Recent aircraft carriers have incorporated missile-launching systems, and have part in live fire exercises involving missiles
Live fire exercise
–
Small arms live fire training, simulating advancing upon an enemy compound at
Camp Buehring, Kuwait, 2009.
Live fire exercise
–
A Canadian Army Mercedes-Benz G-Class wagon in a live-fire exercise with Canadian soldier firing the mounted C6 GPMG.
Live fire exercise
–
U.S. Marines conduct a live fire exercise with an M1A1 Abrams Tank in Iraq.
Live fire exercise
–
A
B-2 Spirit dropping
Mk.82 bombs in a 1994 training exercise off
Pt. Mugu in the Pacific Ocean.
United States Navy
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