1.
Connecticut Valley Railroad 3025
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It was purchased by the Valley Railroad Company in 2008 and has since been re-numbered 3025. 58 ran for the Knox and Kane between 1989 and spring of 2006, when the railroad ceased all operations, in storage in an engine house in Kane, locomotive 58 and other rolling stock was subjected to an early morning arson attack on March 16,2008. The locomotive was damaged, more so than its housemate. 38, which had thicker boiler skin and its cab was lined with wood, which was utterly destroyed. On October 10, the locomotive was purchased at an auction by the Valley Railroad. Restoration was completed in 2011, and the locomotive entered service on November 25,2011 pulling The North Pole Express. It has since become one of the regular road engines
2.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
3.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
4.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
5.
Marienville, Pennsylvania
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Marienville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Jenks Township, Forest County, Pennsylvania, United States. Its altitude is 1,735 feet, and it is located at 41°28′12″N 79°7′29″W, other names for the community have included Marion, Marion Centre, and Marionville. Marienville is a point on a well-known ATV trail. According to the 2010 census the population of Marienville was 3,137, Marienville is the location of the SCI Forest state penitentiary. The community is in southeastern Forest County near the center of Jenks Township, Pennsylvania Route 66 is the main street, leading northeast 24 miles to U. S. Route 6 at Kane and southwest 27 miles to Interstate 80 near Clarion. Pennsylvania Route 899 leads south from Marienville 10 miles to Clarington, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the Marienville CDP has a total area of 6.1 square miles, all land
6.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
7.
Short-line railroad
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Short Line is also one of the four railroads in the popular board game Monopoly, named after the Shore Fast Line, an interurban streetcar line. A shortline railroad is a small or mid-sized railroad company operates over a relatively short distance relative to larger. The term is used primarily in the United States and Canada, in the U. S. railroads are categorized by operating revenue, and most shortline railroads fall into the Class III or Class II categorization defined by the Surface Transportation Board. Often, short lines exist for all three of these reasons, especially since 1980 in the U. S. and 1990 in Canada, many shortlines have been established when larger railroad companies sold off or abandoned low-profit portions of their trackage. Because of their size and generally low revenues, the great majority of shortline railroads in the U. S. are classified by the Association of American Railroads as Class III. As defined by the Surface Transportation Board, a Class III is a railroad with an operating revenue of less than $28 million. In Canada, Transport Canada classifies short line railroads as Class II, there are three kinds of shortlines in the U. S. handling, switch, and ISS. Handling shortlines exist only to move cars along their tracks for larger railroads and they are not listed in the route on a railcars waybill. Handling short lines may have agreements with the larger railroads they serve that do not depend on per car rates. Switch shortlines are similar to handling shortlines except that they are listed on a railcars route, ISS shortlines operate the same as Class I and II railroads. They are included in the routes of railcars, also, they serve as the billing railroads for loads that originate on their lines. For loads not originating on their lines, ISS shortlines still collect a portion of the freight rate. Current short line railroads in operation in the U. S. are, It was reported in 2009 that short-line railroads employ 20,000 people in the U. S. and own 30 percent of nations railroad tracks. About a quarter of all U. S. rail freight travels at least a part of its journey over a short-line railroad. Class I railroad Class II railroad List of U. S. railroads List of Canadian railroads List of Mexican railroads Switching and terminal railroad American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association
8.
Knox, Pennsylvania
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Knox is a borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,146 at the 2010 census, Knox is located northwest of the center of Clarion County at 41°14′7″N 79°32′10″W. Pennsylvania Route 208 passes through the center of the borough, leading east 4 miles to U. S. Route 322 at Shippenville and west 11 miles to Emlenton. Pennsylvania Route 338 runs through the east side of Knox as a bypass, it leads north 4 miles to US322. Clarion, the county seat, is 9 miles to the east via Shippenville, according to the United States Census Bureau, Knox has a total area of 0.57 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles, or 0. 68%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,176 people,528 households, the population density was 2,056.0 people per square mile. There were 570 housing units at a density of 996.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 98. 98% White,0. 60% Native American,0. 17% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 85% of the population. 32. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.79. In the borough the population was out, with 22. 7% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 8% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $32,407, and the median income for a family was $37,431. Males had an income of $31,908 versus $18,603 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,043, about 12. 2% of families and 14. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 1% of those under age 18 and 11. 9% of those age 65 or over. Knox Borough is governed by an elected, seven member council, current council members are President Jack Bish Jr. Vice President Rich Cochran, Thomas Goble, Linda Runyan, Carl Salser, Bill Henry, and Michael Leahy. Ross A. McGinnis, a 19-year-old Knox native, killed in action in Iraq on December 4,2006, and awarded the Medal of Honor Knox Borough official website
9.
Clarion County, Pennsylvania
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Clarion County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 39,988, the county was formed on March 11,1839, from parts of Venango and Armstrong counties. Clarion County is entirely defined as part of the Pittsburgh media market, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 610 square miles, of which 601 square miles is land and 9.0 square miles is water. Forest County Jefferson County Armstrong County Butler County Venango County Part of Cook Forest State Park is in Clarion County, the Clarion County Park is located in Paint Township. Clarion County Veterans Memorial Park is located near the Clarion County Courthouse in the center of the Borough of Clarion, as of the census of 2000, there were 41,765 people,16,052 households, and 10,738 families residing in the county. The population density was 69 people per square mile, there were 19,426 housing units at an average density of 32 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 16% White,0. 79% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 34% Asian,0. 08% from other races,0. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 45. 0% were of German,10. 3% American,9. 8% Irish,6. 7% Italian and 6. 2% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was out with 21. 60% under the age of 18,15. 40% from 18 to 24,25. 20% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 93.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.40 males, the Pennsylvania Department of Education projects that they will continue to experience steadily declining enrollment through 2019. A new district composed of Union School District, Keystone School District and adding Perry Township, consolidation would bring the elimination of costly main office, administrator positions. This would assist the residents with the rising school administrator, employee. Over the next 10 years, rural Pennsylvania school enrollment is projected to decrease 8 percent, the most significant enrollment decline is projected to be in western Pennsylvania, where rural school districts may have a 16 percent decline. More than 40 percent of schools and more than 60 percent of secondary schools in western Pennsylvania are projected to experience significant enrollment decreases. As the enrollment declines, per pupil administrative costs of the schools continue to rise. Pennsylvania has one of the highest numbers of districts in the nation
10.
Kane, Pennsylvania
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Kane is a borough in McKean County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania,94 miles east by south of Erie. It was founded in 1863 by Civil War general Thomas L. Kane at an elevated site 2210 feet above sea level. In the early part of the 20th century, Kane had large works, bottle works, lumber mills. The population peaked in the 1920s but has declined by around half to 3,691 persons in 2012. It is the home of the Kane Area School District, famous residents of Kane include two-time NBA Champion and 1992 Olympic gold medalist coach Chuck Daly and Amy Rudolph, an Olympic distance runner and qualifier in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Games. Kane is located at 41°39′42″N 78°48′37″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.6 square miles, all of it land. The above photo is a view of Kane taken on May 4,2008. Below is a shot of Kane looking northwest. Click photo for a larger view, as of the census of 2010, there were 3,730 people,1,758 households, and 1,052 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,331.25 people per square mile, there were 1,993 housing units at an average density of 1,179.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 98. 91% White,0. 12% African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 17% Asian,0. 24% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.91. In the borough the population was out, with 23. 1% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,26. 6% from 25 to 44,21. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.5 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $30,460, and the median income for a family was $38,672. Males had an income of $32,318 versus $20,907 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,167, about 11. 1% of families and 13. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 7% of those under age 18 and 12. 2% of those age 65 or over. Kane is a community which is rich with outdoor entertainment due to its location near the Allegheny National Forest
11.
Mount Jewett, Pennsylvania
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Mount Jewett is a borough in McKean County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,070 at the 2000 census, the students of the borough attend school in the Kane Area School District, even though the borough is surrounded by Hamlin Township—belonging to neighboring Smethport Area School District. Mount Jewett is located at 41°43′29″N 78°38′37″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 2.4 square miles, all of it land. Mount Jewett is tied with Callimont for the title of being the fifth-highest, in elevation, of towns in Pennsylvania and this climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Elm Creek has a continental climate. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,070 people,444 households, the population density was 449.1 people per square mile. There were 504 housing units at a density of 211.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 99. 53% White,0. 28% Native American,0. 09% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 19% of the population. 27. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was out, with 27. 1% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,20. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $32,583, and the median income for a family was $40,147. Males had an income of $30,189 versus $22,833 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,056, about 12. 8% of families and 14. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 5% of those under age 18 and 6. 2% of those age 65 or over. The Kinzua Bridge State Park is located just a few north of Mount Jewetts borough line. It was used to carry trains across the Kinzua valley overlooking the town of Kushequa, originally constructed in 1882, the structure was the highest iron bridge in the world. In 1900 it was turned into a steel structure, upon becoming a state park an independent company used the bridge to carry sight seers and tourists across the valley in an old steam locomotive. On July 21,2003 a tornado blew it down, now all that remains is a portion of the bridge and a small section of railroad track at each end of the valley
12.
McKean County, Pennsylvania
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McKean County is a rural county in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,450, the county was created in 1804 and organized in 1826. It was named in honor of former Pennsylvania Governor and Declaration of Independence signer Thomas McKean, McKean County comprises the Bradford, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is in a populated region known as the Pennsylvania Wilds, including the Allegheny National Forest. McKean County is home of The Zippo Lighter and boasts of being The Black Cherry Capital of the World, McKean County was founded because of its natural resources of oil and timber, both of which continue to provide a significant input to the economy. Today, a university, rural medical center, and manufacturing companies balance the areas economy. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 984 square miles, the population density was 47 people per square mile. There were 21,644 housing units at a density of 22 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 46% White,1. 87% Black,0. 32% Native American,0. 30% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 40% from other races, and 0. 61% from two or more races. 1. 06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 9% German,13. 3% Irish,12. 6% Italian,11. 2% American,8. 7% Swedish and 8. 6% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 28. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 23. 70% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,28. 50% from 25 to 44,23. 20% from 45 to 64, the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 100.40 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.70 males. Live birth rate McKean Countys live birth rate was 632 births in 1990, the Countys live birth rate in 2000 was 473 births, while in 2011 it had declined to 447 babies. Over the past 50 years, rural Pennsylvania saw a decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. In 1960,1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the population, were children. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated McKean County as the Bradford, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 13th most populous in Pennsylvania, when it was built, it was the highest and longest railroad bridge in the world
13.
Track (rail transport)
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks
14.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
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The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is one of the oldest railroads in the United States and the first common carrier railroad. At first this railroad was located entirely in the state of Maryland with a line from the port of Baltimore west to Sandy Hook. At this point to continue westward, it had to cross into Virginia over the Potomac River, adjacent to the confluence of the Potomac, from there it was extended to the Ohio River at Wheeling and a few years later also to Parkersburg, West Virginia. It is now part of the CSX Transportation network, and includes the oldest operational railroad bridge in the USA, the B&O also included the Leiper Railroad, the first permanent horse-drawn railroad in the U. S. In later years, B&O advertising carried the motto, Linking 13 Great States with the Nation, the B&O Warehouse at the Camden Yards rail junction in Baltimore now dominates the view over the right-field wall at the Baltimore Orioles current home, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. At the end of 1970 B&O operated 5552 miles of road and 10449 miles of track, not including the Staten Island Rapid Transit or the Reading and its subsidiaries. The fast-growing port city of Baltimore, Maryland faced economic stagnation unless it opened routes to the western states, as New York had done with the Erie Canal in 1820. In 1827, twenty-five merchants and bankers studied the best means of restoring that portion of the Western trade which has recently been diverted from it by the introduction of steam navigation and their answer was to build a railroad—one of the first commercial lines in the world. Two men — Philip E. Thomas and George Brown — were the pioneers of the railroad and they spent the year 1826 investigating railway enterprises in England, which were at that time being tested in a comprehensive fashion as commercial ventures. Their investigation completed, they held a meeting on February 12,1827, including about twenty-five citizens. Thomas was elected as the first president and Brown the treasurer, the capital of the proposed company was fixed at five million dollars, but the B&O was initially capitalized in 1827 with a three million dollar issue of stock. Virtually every citizen of Baltimore owned a share, as the offering was oversubscribed, construction began on July 4,1828, when Charles Carroll of Carrollton did the groundbreaking. The initial tracks were built with granite stringers topped by iron rails. The first section, from Baltimore west to Ellicotts Mills, opened on May 24,1830. Developers decided to follow the Patapsco River to a point near Parrs Ridge, a later compromise allowed the two companies to share the right of way. The State of Maryland granted the B&O a charter to build a line from Baltimore to Washington, D. C. in 1831, and the Washington Branch was opened in 1835. This line joined to the mainline at Relay, Maryland, crossing the Patapsco on the Thomas Viaduct. This line was funded by the state, and was operated separately until the 1870s
15.
Northern Subdivision (Pennsylvania)
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The Northern Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad, which is owned by Genesee and Wyoming Industries, in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The line is one of the oldest in Pennsylvania, and at one time, stretched all the way from Callery, to Mount Jewett, today, more than half the line is gone. The line was originally a 3 ft narrow gauge line built by the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad. At the turn of the 20th century, a junction was built in Callery Junction, the mainline headed northwest towards New Castle, while a small branch headed northeast towards Butler. The branch was abandoned, and Callery Junction was no more. A new junction was built just north of Callery in the village of Eidenau. The junction was named Harmony Junction, and it exists today. The junction is now used to connect the Northern Subdivision with the P&W Subdivision, the P&W runs from the southeast to the northwest of Pittsburgh by way of Rankin to West Pittsburg near New Castle, while the Northern heads northeast towards Butler. From Harmony Junction, the runs along the scenic Connoquenessing Creek past Buhls Station and Renfrew. Just past Renfrew, the B&P runs parallel with the Canadian National Railway into Butler, just north of the city is Calvin Yard where the B&P and CN share right-of-ways with each other. The B&P also has a shop located at Calvin. Just outside East Butler, the line splits, the mainline continues east towards Punxsutawney, while a branch heads north towards Petrolia. This part of the line is popular among railfans for its old wooden trestles near the borough of Chicora. In Karns City and Petrolia, the B&P delivers and hauls chemicals from the chemical plants located in the boroughs. The official end of the line is in Petrolia, but a section of track continues on to Bruin. The line and tracks end here, but there is still a long section of track between Bruin and Parker that has not seen service for decades. The section of the line between Parker and Knox was abandoned by the B&O in 1964, but the tracks were not removed until 1982, the Pennsylvania RR in downtown Foxburg has been gone for many years, but a new rail trail is in development along the old right-of-way. The B&Os Foxburg Bridge was demolished on July 24,2008, the Northern continued northeast of Foxburg, passing through the communities of St. Petersburg, Turkey City, and Knox
16.
Foxburg, Pennsylvania
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Foxburg is a borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located along the east bank of the Allegheny River, as of the 2010 census it had a population of 183. The town takes its name from the Fox family of Philadelphia, six of these tracts, numbered #5725-5730, comprising 6,600 acres, were contiguous and located along the Allegheny north of its confluence with Tobys Creek. The present town of Foxburg is located on what was designated tract #5729, samuels son Joseph purchased these tracts from his fathers estate in 1816 and established a residence here ten years later. This was south of the town near the mouth of the Clarion and it became known to generations as the Fox Mansion or simply the Mansion. Succeeding generations would make it a residence for the next 140 years. The town of Foxburg was founded amidst the oil developments in western Pennsylvania in 1870, at its height during the early 1870s it had a population of over 1,000. It remained a village until its incorporation as a borough on February 6,1930, the borough was once served by two railroads. One was the Allegheny Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the other was the Baltimore, the B&O actually ran over the old Foxburg Bridge from 1921 to 1964. Today, both railroads are gone, as is the bridge, which was demolished on July 24,2008, the town is home to the nine-hole Foxburg Country Club, founded in 1887. It has been recognized as the oldest continuously operated course in the United States, Foxburg is located in western Clarion County at 41°8′35″N 79°40′48″W, along the east bank of the Allegheny River, which forms the boundary with Armstrong County. Pennsylvania Route 58 passes through the borough, crossing the Allegheny on the new Foxburg Bridge, PA58 leads northeast and uphill 2 miles to St. Petersburg and west 6 miles to Eau Claire. From the west end of the bridge, Pennsylvania Route 268 leads south 3 miles to Parker and north 3 miles to Emlenton. According to the United States Census Bureau, Foxburg has an area of 0.50 square miles, of which 0.39 square miles is land and 0.12 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 275 people,101 households, the population density was 859.3 people per square mile. There were 116 housing units at a density of 362.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 100. 00% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 82% of the population. 18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.07
17.
Pittsburgh and Western Railroad
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The Pittsburgh and Western Railroad was a nineteenth-century,3 ft narrow gauge railroad connecting Pittsburgh with coal supplies and the oil field around Titusville, Pennsylvania. Its right-of way formed the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad west from Pittsburgh. It was reorganized in 1889 under Malcolm A. McDonald, the railroad constructed another 3 ft narrow gauge line from Callery Junction to Foxburg, Pennsylvania. This line would become known as the Northern Subdivision of the Baltimore. In 1883 the railroad took control of the line from Foxburg to Mount Jewett after the Pittsburgh, Bradford, the railroad would later merge with the Bradford, Bordell and Kinzua Railroad, and the Big Level and Kinzua Railroad. These mergers would prove to be ineffective, by 1902 these joint railways were in financial ruin, in 1902, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad took control of the P&W. By 1911, the P&W was dissolved, and the B&O took over all operations and that same year, most of the narrow gauge was converted to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in standard gauge track. The B&O would continue to operate the line until 1982 when it was acquired by Sloan Cornell of the Knox, trackage between Ribold and Butler, Pennsylvania, as well as the Petrolia Branch is used by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad. The Clarion Junction-Kane section ceased operations in 2006, it was abandoned in 2008 when the Knox, Northern Subdivision P&W Subdivision Burns, Robert W. Ex-Baltimore & Ohio Lines in Northwestern Pennsylvania, Robert W. Burns,1999
18.
Narrow-gauge railway
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A narrow-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge narrower than the 1,435 mm of standard gauge railways. Most existing narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm and 1,067 mm, narrow-gauge railways also have specialized use in mines and other environments where a very small structure gauge makes a very small loading gauge necessary. Narrow-gauge railways also have general applications. Many narrow-gauge street tramways are used, particularly in Europe, where 1,000 mm metre gauge tramways are common, the earliest recorded railway is shown in the De re metallica of 1556, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft gauge. During the 16th century, railways were mainly restricted to hand-pushed narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe, during the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points and these railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The worlds first steam locomotive on rails, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, during the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium, historically, many narrow-gauge railways were built as part of specific industrial enterprises and were primarily industrial railways rather than general carriers. Some common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways were mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world for these purposes. For example, mountain logging operations in the 19th century often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill sites to market, significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland. Narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in use for the construction of tunnels. Extensive narrow-gauge railway systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I and they were a short-lived military application, and after the end of the war, the surplus equipment from these created a small boom in narrow gauge railway building in Europe. Narrow-gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. It is also used in populated areas where the potential demand is too low for broader gauge railways to be economically viable. This is the case in some of Australia and most of Southern Africa, the use of such railways has almost vanished due to the capabilities of modern trucks. In many countries, narrow gauge railways were built as feeder or branch lines to feed traffic to more important standard gauge lines, the choice was often not between a narrow-gauge railway and a standard gauge one, but between a narrow-gauge railway and none at all. Some bulk commodities, such as coal, ore, and gravel, can be transshipped, but this still incurs time penalties
19.
Conrail
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Conrail, formally the Consolidated Rail Corporation, was the primary Class I railroad in the Northeastern United States between 1976 and 1999. Conrail is a portmanteau of consolidated and rail from the name of the company, the Federal Government created Conrail to take over the potentially profitable lines of multiple bankrupt carriers, including the Penn Central Transportation Company and Erie Lackawanna Railway. With the benefit of regulatory requirements being reduced, Conrail began to turn a profit in the 1980s and was turned over to private investors in 1987. Following Surface Transportation Board approval, CSX and NS took control in August 1998, the old company remains a jointly-owned subsidiary, with CSX and NS owning respectively 42 percent and 58 percent of its stock, corresponding to how much of Conrails assets they acquired. Each parent, however, has a voting interest. The primary asset retained by Conrail is ownership of the three Shared Assets Areas in New Jersey, Philadelphia, and Detroit, both CSX and NS have the right to serve all shippers in these areas, paying Conrail for the cost of maintaining and improving trackage. They also make use of Conrail to perform switching and terminal services within the areas, Conrail also retains various support facilities including maintenance-of-way and training, as well as a 51 percent share in the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad. In the years leading to 1973, the railroad system of the United States was collapsing. Its largest Eastern railroad, the Penn Central Railroad, had declared bankruptcy in 1970, at its lowest point, PC was losing over $1 million a day and trains were becoming lost all over the railroad. In 1972, Hurricane Agnes damaged the rundown Northeast railway network and threatened the solvency of other railroads, in mid-1973, officials with the bankrupt Penn Central threatened to liquidate and cease operations by years end if they did not receive government aid by October 1. This threat to U. S. freight and passenger traffic galvanized the Congress to quickly create a bill to nationalize the bankrupt railroads, the Association of American Railroads, which opposed nationalization, submitted an alternate proposal for a government-funded private company. Judge Fullam forced the Penn Central to operate into 1974, when, on January 2, after threatening a veto, President Richard Nixon signed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 into law. The 3R Act, as it was called, provided funding to the bankrupt railroads. The USRA was incorporated February 1,1974, and Edward G. Jordan, arthur D. Lewis of Eastern Air Lines was appointed chairman April 30, and the remainder of the board was named May 30 and sworn in July 11. Under the 3R Act, the USRA was to create a Final System Plan to decide which lines should be included in the new Consolidated Rail Corporation, unlike most railroad consolidations, only the designated lines were to be taken over. Other lines would be sold to Amtrak, various governments, transportation agencies. Controlled railroads and jointly owned railroads such as Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines, the EL had been formed in 1960 as a merger of the Erie Railroad and Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. It too was bankrupt, but was somewhat stronger financially than the others and it was ruled reorganizable under Chapter 77 on April 30,1974, but on January 9,1975, with no end to its losses in sight, its trustees reconsidered and asked for inclusion
20.
New York Central Railroad
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The New York Central Railroad was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. NYCs Grand Central Terminal in New York City is one of its best known extant landmarks, in 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to form Penn Central. That company went bankrupt in 1970 and was taken over by the federal government, Conrail was broken up in 1998, and portions of its system was transferred to the newly formed New York Central Lines LLC, a subsidiary leased to and eventually absorbed by CSX and Norfolk Southern. Those companies lines included the original New York Central main line, but outside that area it included lines that were never part of the New York Central system. At the end of 1925, the New York Central System operated 11,584 miles of road and 26,395 miles of track, at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles and 18,454 miles. The Mohawk and Hudson opened on September 24,1831, and changed its name to the Albany, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad was chartered April 29,1833, as the railroad paralleled the Erie Canal it was prohibited from carrying freight. Revenue service began August 2,1836, extending the line of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad west from Schenectady along the side of the Mohawk River, opposite the Erie Canal. The Syracuse and Utica Railroad was chartered May 1,1836, the full line opened July 3,1839, extending the line further to Syracuse via Rome. This line was not direct, going out of its way to stay near the Erie Canal and serve Rome, nothing of that line was ever built, though the later West Shore Railroad, acquired by the NYC in 1885, served the same purpose. The Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was chartered May 1,1834, and opened mostly in 1838, a month later, with the opening of the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, this formed a complete line from Albany west via Syracuse to Auburn, about halfway to Geneva. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad was chartered May 13,1836, as an extension via Geneva and Canandaigua to Rochester. The two lines merged on August 1,1850, to form the rather indirect Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, to fix this, the Rochester and Syracuse Direct Railway was chartered and immediately merged into the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad on August 6,1850. That line opened June 1,1853, running more directly between those two cities, roughly parallel to the Erie Canal. The Tonawanda Railroad, to the west of Rochester, was chartered April 24,1832 to build from said city to Attica. The first section, from Rochester southwest to Batavia, opened May 5,1837, the Attica and Buffalo Railroad chartered in 1836 and opened on November 24,1842, running from Buffalo east to Attica. On March 19,1844, the Tonawanda Railroad was authorized to build the connection, the Albany and Schenectady Railroad bought all the baggage, mail and emigrant cars of the other railroads between Albany and Buffalo on February 17,1848, and began operating through cars. On December 7,1850, the Tonawanda Railroad and Attica and Buffalo Railroad merged to form the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad. A new direct line opened from Buffalo east to Batavia on April 26,1852, the line was added to the New York and Erie Railroad system and converted to the Eries 6 ft broad gauge
21.
Shippenville, Pennsylvania
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Shippenville is a borough in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 480 at the 2010 census, Shippenville is located in northwestern Clarion County at 41°15′3″N 79°27′45″W. U. S. Route 322 passes through the borough, leading southeast 5 miles to Clarion, the county seat, interstate 80 is 5 miles to the south via US322 and Pennsylvania Route 66. According to the United States Census Bureau, Shippenville has an area of 0.31 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 505 people,209 households, the population density was 1,241.8 people per square mile. There were 226 housing units at a density of 555.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 99. 01% White,0. 59% Asian and 0. 40% Pacific Islander, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 59% of the population. 27. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.89. In the borough the population was out, with 21. 8% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $31,667, and the median income for a family was $34,773. Males had an income of $26,250 versus $20,125 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $16,216, about 11. 8% of families and 12. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 5% of those under age 18 and 3. 1% of those age 65 or over
22.
Clarion River
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The Clarion River is a tributary of the Allegheny River, approximately 110 mi long, in west central Pennsylvania in the United States. It drains an area of the Allegheny Plateau in the Ohio River watershed, flowing through narrow serpentine valleys. It is formed at Johnsonburg in central Elk County by the confluence of its East and West Branches, the East Branch, approximately 15 mi long, rises in northeastern Elk County and flows southwest through East Branch Clarion River Lake to join the West Branch. The river flows generally west-southwest across western Pennsylvania in a meandering course past Ridgway. It joins the Allegheny from the east in western Clarion County approximately 5 mi south of Emlenton, the Clarion is a designated part of the National Wild and Scenic River program. Before 1817, the Clarion River was more commonly called Tobeco, likely a corruption of Tuppeek-hanne, settlers called it the Toby or Stump Creek as early as 1809. The name Clarion was given by surveyor Daniel Stanard in 1817, bark was in especially high demand for local tanneries that produced prodigious amounts of leather. The Clarion was an important part of the industry, allowing timber to be transported downstream to the Allegheny, then the Ohio. The Clarion River came to be Pennsylvanias most polluted waterway, the regrowth of the forest did much to help restore the Clarion River, as well as a major cleaning effort in the 1980s. In 1996, a 51. 7-mile stretch of the Clarion River was designated a National Wild & Scenic River. The bridge at Cooksburg is in Clarion County in its portion, passes through a narrow spike of Forest County in its middle. List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers List of rivers of Pennsylvania List of tributaries of the Allegheny River Wilderness Act U. S. Geological Survey, PA stream gaging stations
23.
Clarion, Pennsylvania
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Clarion is a borough in and the county seat of Clarion County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located 77 miles north-northeast of Pittsburgh and is part of the Pittsburgh DMA, Clarion was settled in 1839 and incorporated in 1841. In the past, the area produced natural gas, oil, lumber. The population was 2,004 in 1900,2,864 in 1910 and it is home to the annual Autumn Leaf Festival and Clarion University of Pennsylvania. The county courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, Clarion is located slightly northeast of the center of Clarion County at 41°12′42″N 79°23′2″W, in the Allegheny Plateau region of western Pennsylvania. The main part of the borough sits at an elevation of 1,400 to 1,500 feet above sea level, overlooking the 400-foot-deep valley of the Clarion River, a tributary of the Allegheny River. U. S. Route 322 passes through the borough as Main Street, leading northwest 28 miles to Franklin, Pennsylvania Route 68 leads south from the center of Clarion,2 miles to Exit 62 of Interstate 80 and 11 miles to Sligo. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 1.62 square miles, of which 1.58 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,185 people,2,000 households, the population density was 4,142.8 people per square mile. There were 2,192 housing units at a density of 1,468.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 94. 55% White,3. 48% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 99% Asian,0. 15% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 82% of the population. 38. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.75. The per capita income for the borough was $10,832, about 18. 8% of families and 41. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 1% of those under age 18 and 7. 2% of those age 65 or over. Clarion is governed by an elected, seven member Borough Council, current council members include President Carol Lapinto, Vice President Brenda Sanders Dede, President Pro Tem Earl Zerfoss, Charles Bartley, Jason Noto, Rachel Roberts, and Benjamin Aaron
24.
Coal
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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time, throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, the extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, since 1983, the worlds top coal producer has been China. In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal –47. 7% of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production, in 2015 other large producers were United States, India, European Union and Australia. The word originally took the col in Old English, from Proto-Germanic *kula. In Old Turkic languages, kül is ash, cinders, öčür is quench, the compound charcoal in Turkic is öčür kül, literally quenched ashes, cinders, coals with elided anlaut ö- and inflection affixes -ülmüş. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, due to natural processes such as flooding, these forests were buried underneath soil. As more and more soil deposited over them, they were compressed, the temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. As the process continued the plant matter was protected from biodegradation and oxidation and this trapped the carbon in immense peat bogs that were eventually covered and deeply buried by sediments. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation was slowly converted to coal, as coal contains mainly carbon, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, the exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae, in its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. It is also used as a conditioner for soil to make it able to retain. Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, jet, a compact form of lignite, is sometimes polished and has been used as an ornamental stone since the Upper Palaeolithic
25.
Tourist
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Tourism is travel for pleasure or business, also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the travellers country, Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a countrys balance of payments. Today, tourism is a source of income for many countries. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.03 trillion in 2011, the ITB Berlin is the worlds leading tourism trade fair. The word tourist was used by 1772 and tourism by 1811. It is formed from the tour, which is derived from Old English turian, from Old French torner, from Latin tornare, to turn on a lathe. Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and it also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economy associated with tourism. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, in 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1945 and it includes movements for all purposes. In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home, in this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited, by contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the values underpinning these distinctions. International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, the World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travellers in 2016. International tourism receipts grew to US$1.2 trillion in 2014, based upon air traffic, the MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index reports the following cities as the top ten most popular destinations of international tourism worldwide. MasterCard reports the following cities as the top ten biggest earners on international tourism worldwide in 2015, as early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. During the Roman Republic, spas and coastal resorts such as Baiae were popular among the rich, pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, the Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucers Canterbury Tales and Wu Chengens Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 10th- to 13th-century Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi, under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice
26.
Erie Railroad
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It expanded west to Chicago with its 1941 merger with the former Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, also known as the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Its mainline route proved influential in the development and economic growth of the Southern Tier, including such as Binghamton, Elmira. The Erie Railroad repair shops were located in Hornell, and were Hornells largest employer, Hornell was also where Eries main line split into two routes, one north to Buffalo and the other west to Cleveland. On October 17,1960, the Erie merged with the former rival Delaware, the Hornell repair shops were closed, and repair operations moved to the Lackawannas Scranton facility, this had a devastating effect on Hornell from which it has never recovered. Most of the former Erie line between Hornell and Binghamton was destroyed in 1972 by the floods of Hurricane Agnes, what was left of the Erie Lackawanna became part of Conrail in 1976. In 1983, Erie remnants became part of New Jersey Transit rail operations, today, most of the surviving Erie Railroad routes are operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway. The New York and Erie Rail Road was chartered April 24,1832 by Governor of New York, Enos T. Throop to connect the Hudson River at Piermont, north of New York City, west to Lake Erie at Dunkirk. On February 16,1841 the railroad was authorized to cross into the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on the west side of the Delaware River, construction began in 1836, and it opened from Piermont to Goshen on September 23,1841. After some financial problems, construction resumed in August 1846, further extensions opened to Binghamton December 27,1848, Owego January 1,1849, and the full length to Dunkirk May 19,1851. At Dunkirk steamboats continued across Lake Erie to Detroit, Michigan, the line was built as 6 ft wide gauge, this was believed to be a superior technology to standard gauge, providing more stability. In 1848 the railroad built the Starrucca Viaduct, a railroad bridge over Starrucca Creek in Lanesboro. The viaduct is 1,040 feet long,100 feet high and 25 feet wide at the top and it is the oldest stone rail bridge in Pennsylvania still in use. The Eries charter was amended April 8,1845 to allow the building of the Newburgh Branch, running from the line near Harriman north-northeast to Newburgh. The branch opened January 8,1850 and it was later used as a connection to the New York and New England Railroad via a car float operation across the river to Beacon, New York. Through ticketing began in 1851, with a change of cars at Ramapo due to the gauge break. In 1852 the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad, part of the New York Central Railroad system, the alignment from Buffalo to Attica was sold to the Eries Buffalo and New York City Railroad, a reorganization of the Attica and Hornellsville Railroad, and converted to the Eries wide gauge. The extension from Attica southeast to Hornellsville opened on November 17,1852, giving the Erie access to Buffalo, the Erie began operating the Chemung Railroad in 1850, this provided a branch from Horseheads north to Watkins. The Canandaigua and Elmira Railroad opened in 1851 as an extension from Watkins to Canandaigua and was operated by the Erie until 1853
27.
Baldwin Locomotive Works
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The Baldwin Locomotive Works was an American builder of railroad locomotives. It was originally located in Philadelphia, and later moved to nearby Eddystone, although the company was very successful as the largest producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of diesels was far less so. Later, when the demand for diesel locomotives to replace steam tapered off. It stopped producing locomotives in 1956 and went out of business in 1972, having produced over 70,000 locomotives and this company is not to be confused with E M Baldwin of Australia who made small locomotives for such things as sugar cane tramways. The Baldwin Locomotive Works had a humble beginning, the original engine was in use and powered many departments of the works for well over 60 years, and is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. The Camden and Amboy Railroad Company had shortly before imported a locomotive from England and it had not yet been assembled by Isaac Dripps when Baldwin visited the spot. He inspected the detached parts and made notes of the principal dimensions, aided by these figures, he commenced his task. The difficulties attending the execution of this first order were such that they are not easily understood by present-day mechanics. It was under such circumstances that his first locomotive, christened Old Ironsides, was completed and tried on the Philadelphia and it was at once put in active service, and did duty for over 20 years. It was an engine, weighing a little over five tons, the driving wheels were 54 inches in diameter. The wheels were of heavy cast iron hubs, with spokes and rims, and wrought iron tires. It had a 30 inches diameter boiler which took 20 minutes to raise steam, Baldwin struggled to survive the Panic of 1837. Production fell from 40 locomotives in 1837 to just nine in 1840, as part of the survival strategy, Matthias Baldwin took on two partners, George Vail and George Hufty. Although the partnerships proved relatively short-lived, they helped Baldwin pull through the hard times. Zerah Colburn was one of many engineers who had an association with Baldwin Locomotive Works. Colburn was full of praise for the quality of Baldwins work, in the 1850s, railroad building became a national obsession, with many new carriers starting up, particularly in the Midwest and South. While this helped drive up demand for Baldwin products, it increased competition as more companies entered the locomotive production field. Still, Baldwin had trouble keeping pace with orders and in the early 1850s began paying workers piece-rate pay, taking advantage of human nature, this increased incentives and productivity
28.
Wye (rail)
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A turning wye is a specific case. Wyes can also be used for turning equipment, and generally cover less area than a balloon loop doing the same job. When and where a wye is built specifically for equipment reversing purposes, in materials and annual taxes, the cost of two junctions is offset by saved capital investment and yearly taxes. Tram or streetcar tracks also use of triangular junctions and sometimes have a short triangle or wye stubs to turn the car at the end of the line. The use of triangular junctions allows flexibility in routing trains from any line to any other line, for this reason they are common across most rail networks. Slower bi-directional trains may enter a wye, letting a faster one pass, where one or more of the lines meeting at the junction are multi-track, the presence of a triangular junction does introduce a number of potential conflicting moves. For this reason, where traffic is heavy, the junction may incorporate flying junctions on some, or all, from time to time it is necessary to turn both individual pieces of railroad equipment or whole trains. Even where equipment is symmetrical, periodic turning may still be necessary in order to even wear, there are several different techniques that can be used to achieve such turning. Rail turntables require the least space, but can only deal with a single piece of equipment at a time. Balloon or turning loops can turn trains of any length – up to the length of the loop – in a single operation. Rail wyes can be constructed on sites where a loop would not be possible, Railroad systems in North America and Australia have tended to have more wyes than railroads elsewhere. North American locomotives and cars are likely to be directional than those found on other continents. In Canada and the United States, the railroad often was built other structures. In Europe, although some use was made of bi-directional tank locomotives and push-pull trains, because of land usage considerations, turntables were normally used to turn such locomotives, and most terminal stations and locomotive depots were so equipped. Over time, most diesel and electric locomotives ordered in Europe have been designed to be fully bi-directional, symmetrical, thus most turntables and, where they existed, rail wyes, have been taken out of use. Similar considerations apply to the use of junctions and reversing wyes on streetcar and tram systems. Many, although by no means all, streetcar and tram systems use single ended vehicles that have doors on one side only, however the vehicles used on such systems tend to have much smaller minimum curvature requirements than heavy rail equipment. This renders the use of a balloon loop more practical in an amount of space
29.
Railway turntable
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In rail terminology, a railway turntable or wheelhouse is a device for turning railway rolling stock, usually locomotives, so that they can be moved back in the direction from which they came. This is especially true in areas where economic considerations or a lack of sufficient space have served to weigh against the construction of a turnaround wye. In the case of locomotives, though most can be operated in either direction, they are treated as having front ends. When operated as a unit, the railway company often prefers, or requires. When operated as part of a multiple unit locomotive consist, the locomotives can be arranged so that the consist can be operated front end first no matter which direction the consist is pointed. Turntables were also used to turn observation cars so that their windowed lounge ends faced toward the rear of the train and these early wagonways used a single point-to-point track, and when operators had to move a truck to another wagonway, they did so by hand. The lack of switching technology seriously limited the weight of any loaded wagon combination, the first railway switches were in fact wagon turnplates or sliding rails. Turnplates were initially made of two or four pieces of wood, circular in form, that replicated the track running through them and their diameter matched that of the wagons used on any given wagonway, and they swung around a central pivot. Loaded wagons could be moved onto the turnplate, and rotating the turnplate 90 degrees allowed the loaded wagon to be moved to another piece of wagonway, thus, wagon weight was limited only by the strength of the wood used in the turnplates or sliding rails. When iron and later steel replaced stone and wood, weight capacity rose again, however, the problems with turnplates and sliding rails were twofold. First, they were small, which limited the wagon length that could be turned. Second, their capacity could only be accessed when the wagon was on top of them and still. The railway switch, which both of these problems, was patented by Charles Fox in 1832. As steam locomotives replaced horses as the means of power, they became optimised to run in only one direction, for operational ease. The resulting need to turn heavy locomotives required an upgrade to the existing turnplate technology. Like earlier turnplates, most new turntables consisted of a pit in which a steel bridge rotated. The bridge was supported and balanced by the central pivot, to reduce the total load on the pivot. This was most often achieved by a steel rail running around the floor of the pit that supported the ends of the bridge when a locomotive entered or exited, the turntables had a positive locking mechanism to prevent undesired rotation and to align the bridge rails with the exit track
30.
Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, who refer to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
31.
Kinzua Bridge
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The Kinzua Bridge or the Kinzua Viaduct was a railroad trestle that spanned Kinzua Creek in McKean County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. Before its collapse in 2003, the bridge was 301 feet tall and 2,052 feet long. The bridge was built from wrought iron in 1882 and was billed as the Eighth Wonder of the World. In 1900, the bridge was dismantled and simultaneously rebuilt out of steel to allow it to accommodate heavier trains and it stayed in commercial service until 1959 and was sold to the Government of Pennsylvania in 1963, becoming the centerpiece of a state park. Restoration of the began in 2002, but before it was finished. Corroded anchor bolts holding the bridge to its foundations failed, contributing to the collapse, before its collapse, the Kinzua Bridge was ranked as the fourth-tallest railway bridge in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the ruins of the Kinzua Bridge are in Kinzua Bridge State Park off U. S. Route 6 near the borough of Mount Jewett, Pennsylvania. The fastest way to do so was to build a bridge to cross the Kinzua Valley, the only other alternative to building a bridge would have been to lay an additional 8 miles of track over rough terrain. The first Kinzua Bridge was built by a crew of 40 from 1,552 short tons of iron in just 94 working days. The process was repeated across all 20 towers. The bridge was designed by the engineer Octave Chanute and was built by the Phoenix Iron Works, because of the design of these columns, it was often mistakenly believed that the bridge had been built out of wooden poles. The bridges 110 sandstone masonry piers were quarried from the used for the foundation of the bridge. The tallest tower had a base that was 193 feet wide, the bridge was designed to support a load of 266 short tons, and was estimated to cost between $167,000 and $275,000. On completion, the bridge was the tallest and longest railroad bridge in the world and was advertised as the Eighth Wonder of the World, six of the bridges 20 towers were taller than the Brooklyn Bridge. Trains crossing the bridge were restricted to a speed of 5 miles per hour because the locomotive, People sometimes visited the bridge in hopes of finding the loot of a bank robber, who supposedly hid $40,000 in gold and currency under or near it. By 1893, the NYLE&W had gone bankrupt and was merged with the Erie Railroad, by the start of the 20th century, locomotives were almost 85 percent heavier, and the iron bridge could no longer safely carry trains. The last traffic crossed the old bridge on May 14,1900, the new bridge was designed by C. R. Grimm and was built by the Elmira Bridge Company out of 3,358 short tons of steel, at a cost of $275,000. Construction began on May 26, starting from both ends of the old bridge, a crew of between 100 and 150 worked 10-hour days for almost four months to complete the new steel frame
32.
East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company
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The railroad has not operated public excursions since December 2011 and has operated no excursions since October 2013. The intention is to reopen the railroad after a sale to a new nonprofit owner. The East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company was chartered in 1856, service began from Mount Union, Pennsylvania to Orbisonia, Pennsylvania in August,1873, and to Robertsdale in November,1874. The line later was extended to Woodvale and Alvan, with short branches. At its height, it had over 60 miles of track, the primary purpose of the railroad was to haul semi-bituminous coal from the mines on the east side of the remote Broad Top Mountain plateau to the Pennsylvania Railroad in Mount Union. The railroad also carried substantial amounts of rock, lumber and passengers with some agricultural goods, concrete, road tar. As the iron industry in the region faded in the early 1900s, the EBT was generally profitable from the 1880s through the 1940s and was able to modernize its infrastructure far more than other narrow gauge railroads. The railroads roundhouse, one of the oldest railroad roundhouses in the US still in operation, was built in 1882, in the 1950s, coal demand plummeted as homes and industries switched to cheap oil and gas. The last nail in the coffin came when the silica brick plants in Mount Union converted to oil and gas and not enough coal could be sold to support the mines and the railroad. The railroad closed as a coal hauler April 14,1956, nick Kovalchick, president of Kovalchick Salvage, elected not to scrap the railroad right away, instead letting it sit in place. In 1960, the boroughs of Orbisonia and Rockhill Furnace—the latter being the operating hub for the railroad—celebrated their Bicentennial. Doing them one better, he rehabilitated four miles of track, the new attraction was so successful that the ride, extended to five miles, opened as a regular tourist operation in 1961. The railroad operated tourist trains every summer through 2011, after operations were suspended. The EBT was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, the railroad was added in 1996 to the National Trust for Historic Preservations list of Americas Most Endangered Places. The majority of the railroad is owned by Kovalchick Salvage and was for years overseen by Nicks son, Joe. The EBTPA made a number of improvements on site as well as adding numerous special events and in 2011 extended the season, maintenance standards and customer service were enhanced. The original three-year lease expired in April 2012 and the owners, when running, the line operates as a heritage railway, with trains pulled by 3 ft narrow gauge 2-8-2 steam locomotives. Vintage diesels operate as backup power, until 2010 excursions ran June through October, weekends only
33.
Rail trail
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A rail trail is the conversion of a disused railway into a multi-use path, typically for walking, cycling and sometimes horse riding. The characteristics of abandoned railways—flat, long, frequently running through historical areas—are appealing for various developments, the term sometimes also covers trails running alongside working railways, these are called rails with trails. Some shared trails are segregated, with the segregation achieved with or without separation, many rail trails are long-distance trails. A rail trail may still include rails, such as light rail or streetcar, by virtue of their characteristic shape, some shorter rail trails are known as greenways and linear parks. The development of trails in southeastern Australia can be traced to the gold rushes of the second half of the 19th century. Dozens of rail lines sprang up, aided by the overly enthusiastic Octopus Act, decades later, these easements found a new use as tourist drawcards, once converted to rail trails. Dozens exist in form, like the 37 kilometres Port Fairy to Warrnambool Rail Trail. Progress is frequently hampered by trestle bridges in unsafe condition, easements that have sold off to farmers. Funding is typically contributed in equal parts from federal, state. The latest addition to the Rail Trail scene in victoria is The Great Victorian Rail Trail and is the longest rail trail in Victoria covering 134 km and it has become popular with tourists as it meanders through steep valleys and open farm country. The only carrier to exist in Bermuda folded in 1948 and was converted to a trail in 1984. Some of the right of way has been converted for automobile traffic. The rail bed spans the length of the island, and connected Hamilton to St. Georges and several villages, though several bridges are derelict, the Kettle Valley Rail Trail in British Columbia uses a rail corridor that was originally built for the now-abandoned Kettle Valley Railway. The trail was developed during the 1990s after the Canadian Pacific Railway abandoned train service, the longest rail trail in Canada is the Newfoundland TRailway that covers a distance of 883 km. The rail corridor stretches from Channel-Port aux Basques in the west to St. Johns in the east with branches to Stephenville, Lewisporte, Bonavista, Placentia and Carbonear. Following the abandonment of the Prince Edward Island Railway in 1989, in Quebec, Le Ptit Train du Nord runs 200km from St. Jerome to Mont Laurier. In Toronto, there are two trails, the Beltline Trail and the West Toronto Railpath. It can be used for cross country skiing, walking, and snowmobiling in the months, and walking, cycling
34.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
35.
Maryland
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The states largest city is Baltimore, and its capital is Annapolis. Among its occasional nicknames are Old Line State, the Free State, the state is named after Henrietta Maria of France, the wife of Charles I of England. George Calvert was the first Lord of Baltimore and the first English proprietor of the colonial grant. Maryland was the state to ratify the United States Constitution. Maryland is one of the smallest U. S. states in terms of area, as well as one of the most densely populated, Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles and is comparable in overall area with Belgium. It is the 42nd largest and 9th smallest state and is closest in size to the state of Hawaii, the next largest state, its neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland. Maryland possesses a variety of topography within its borders, contributing to its nickname America in Miniature. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted by Washington, D. C. which sits on land that was part of Montgomery and Prince Georges counties and including the town of Georgetown. This land was ceded to the United States Federal Government in 1790 to form the District of Columbia, the Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Close to the town of Hancock, in western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state. This geographical curiosity makes Maryland the narrowest state, bordered by the Mason–Dixon line to the north, portions of Maryland are included in various official and unofficial geographic regions. Much of the Baltimore–Washington corridor lies just south of the Piedmont in the Coastal Plain, earthquakes in Maryland are infrequent and small due to the states distance from seismic/earthquake zones. The M5.8 Virginia earthquake in 2011 was felt moderately throughout Maryland, buildings in the state are not well-designed for earthquakes and can suffer damage easily. The lack of any glacial history accounts for the scarcity of Marylands natural lakes, laurel Oxbow Lake is an over one-hundred-year-old 55-acre natural lake two miles north of Maryland City and adjacent to Russett. Chews Lake is a natural lake two miles south-southeast of Upper Marlboro. There are numerous lakes, the largest of them being the Deep Creek Lake. Maryland has shale formations containing natural gas, where fracking is theoretically possible, as is typical of states on the East Coast, Marylands plant life is abundant and healthy. Middle Atlantic coastal forests, typical of the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain, grow around Chesapeake Bay, moving west, a mixture of Northeastern coastal forests and Southeastern mixed forests cover the central part of the state
36.
Aliquippa and Ohio River Railroad
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It lies between CSX Transportations ex-Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad line and the Ohio River, extending south from CSXs yard in northern Aliquippa to near the Ambridge-Aliquippa Bridge. Formerly known as the Aliquippa and Southern Railroad, its owner and primary customer was LTV Steel, the AOR now connects the Aliquippa Industrial Park, which occupies the LTV site, with CSX. The Jones and Laughlin Steel Company incorporated the Aliquippa and Southern Railroad in November 1906 to serve its new plant at Aliquippa, the majority of the line was opened by the end of 1910, and in 1921 the Interstate Commerce Commission declared it to be a common carrier. Although the vast majority of its service was to J&L, several local businesses shipped over the line. LTV Steel acquired J&L in 1968, and in 1985 it shut down most of the Aliquippa plant, the bankrupt LTV sold the railroad to the Ohio Central Railroad System in late 2002, and the newly created Aliquippa and Ohio River Railroad began operations on November 15. Major commodites shipped over the line include bricks, aggregates, the company was acquired by Genesee & Wyoming in 2008 as part of its purchase of the Ohio Central Railroad System
37.
Allegheny Valley Railroad
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The Allegheny Valley Railroad is a class III railroad that operates in Western Pennsylvania, and is owned by Carload Express, Inc. The AVRs mainline travels northward through Pittsburgh from an intersection with Norfolk Southern near Panther Hollow, the AVR uses the P&W Subdivision segment of the line to cross the Allegheny River on the 33rd Street Railroad Bridge to interchange with the B&P in Bakerstown and/or Evans City. The other segment serves industries along the namesake valley between Pittsburgh and Arnold. The Glenwood B&O Railroad Bridge is utilized by it as part of its branchline from the city to the exurb of Washington, a short spur line is the newest addition to the AVRs portfolio, it links the Allegheny Valley line with Sharpsburg via the Brilliant Branch Railroad Bridge. Before this section opened in 2003, the bridge and stretch of track had sat unused since 1976, currently, the AVR leases the Glenwood railyard from CSX in the Hazelwood neighborhood of Pittsburgh. They operate five GP11 engines, and three SD40 engines, AVR has also begun to conduct transloading operations within Glenwood yard itself, handling limestone unit trains and also sand for fracking. The current company, established in 1992 is an entity from the original Allegheny Valley Railroad. That line, affiliated with the Pennsylvania Railroad system, followed the present companys tracks to Arnold and continued beyond, the original Allegheny Valley Railroad transported oil from the vicinity of Oil Creek and Titusville. On February 20,1861, The Pittsburgh Post printed The Allegheny Valley Railroad, on February 5,1862, The Pittsburgh Gazette and Commercial Journal published Allegheny Valley Railroad—Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Allegheny Valley Railroad railfan page Carloadexpress
38.
Belvidere and Delaware River Railway
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The Belvidere and Delaware River Railway Company is a class III railroad in the United States. It was formed in 1995 when the Conrail Delaware Secondary was purchased by the Black River Railroad System, the Black River Railroad System also owns and operates the Black River and Western Railroad. The Black River and Western Railroad leases 10 miles of track to the BDRV, the trackage bought was a portion of the former Belvidere-Delaware Railroad which was controlled by the Pennsylvania Railroad and then the Penn Central. The main operation of BDRV is freight service south along the Delaware River from Phillipsburg to Carpentersville, much of the industry is lumber, stone, chemicals and raw materials. Service is provided three days per week, originally BDRV served the James River Paper plant in Milford, New Jersey, taking over the task from Conrail but that ended in July 2003 when the paper plant closed. The paper plant today is currently a SuperFund site, no train has been to Milford since early 2004 when the last train left with some of the remaining freight cars that were on the paper plant property. Freight service to Congregated Paper in nearby Riegelsville, Pennsylvania was also terminated in early 2004 when the firm switched from railroad to trucking for product shipment, the Belvidere and Delaware River Railway connects with Norfolk Southern in Phillipsburg, which provides connections to the national rail network. Commercial agreements also provide a connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway at Allentown, the BDRV is a Norfolk Southern handling carrier, meaning Norfolk Southern haulage rates include delivery to BDRV customers by the BDRV. The locomotive was renumbered 142, and operated mainline excursions on the NYS&W, the locomotive was brought out of storage by the BDRV for use on the excursions in 2004. The NYS&W Technical & Historical Society operates their trains under the banner name Delaware River Railroad Excursions, since around 2009 the NYS&W T&HS has been clearing the line south of Carpentersville of vegetation, eventually reaching Milford in late 2010. The line south of Carpentersville remains to this day out of service though track gangs frequent the southern portion on rail speeders, every year the borough of Milford has an event called Milford Alive which includes rail speeder rides on the defunct railroad line. There are plans to return rail service to the Riegelsville area
39.
Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad
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The Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad is a class II railroad that operates in northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio. The railroads main route runs from the Lake Erie port of Conneaut, Ohio to the Pittsburgh suburb of Penn Hills, Pennsylvania, the original rail ancestor of the B&LE, the Shenango and Allegheny Railroad, began operation in October 1869. Rail operations were maintained continuously by various corporate descendants on the system that ultimately became the B&LE in 1900. In 2004 the B&LE came under the ownership of the Canadian National Railway as part of CNs larger purchase of holding company Great Lakes Transportation, as a subsidiary of CN the B&LE has been largely unchanged and still does business as the B&LE. The iron ore that originates on these lines is transloaded to ships at Twin Harbors, Minnesota, then sent by ship to Conneaut, Ohio, where it is again transloaded to B&LE trains. It is then taken down to mills in the Pittsburgh area, mainly to the blast furnaces at US Steels Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, Pennsylvania. Also, a few Canadian National locomotives, especially SD605422, are assigned to the line, on the return trip, Pennsylvania coal was hauled north to Conneaut Harbor. The company was created out of a series of small predecessor companies including the Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad. The company was renamed the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad in 1900, Carnegie Steel had an exclusive 999-year lease to the PS&LE. This lease was acquired by US Steel when that company acquired Carnegie Steel in 1901, at the end of 1925 B&LE operated 228 miles of road on 631 miles of track, at the end of 1970 mileages were 220 and 489. In 1988 the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of Transtar, in 2001 the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of Great Lakes Transportation, LLC. On May 10,2004 Canadian National Railway acquired the Bessemer, iron ore and coal are still the routes major freight commodities. The B&LE connects with the Norfolk Southern Railway at Wallace Junction, near Girard, Pennsylvania, the Union Railroad connects at the B&LEs southern terminus at Penn Hills North Bessemer Yard. CSX connects at Shenango Yard, and the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad connects at Calvin Yard in Butler, the B&LE formerly interchanged at Osgood, Pennsylvania with the New York Central System, later Penn Central Railroad and then Conrail, until the latter abandoned the line in 1988. The main rail yard and locomotive and car shops are in Greenville, because the B&LEs primary traffic is iron ore, it adopted rust-colored hoppers so the ore wouldnt produce noticeable stains on its cars. The B&LE carried passengers many years ago, and indeed kept a line from its main line east to Conneaut Lake Park amusement park for dropping off. The latter still winds down along the Little Shenango and Shenango Rivers into downtown Greenville, the B&LE constructed the shortcut K-O Line in 1901-02 to bypass the steep, winding route through Greenville. It then passes east of downtown Greenville at a high elevation
40.
Canadian National Railway
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The Canadian National Railway Company is a Canadian Class I railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec that serves Canada and the Midwestern and Southern United States. CNs slogan is North Americas Railroad, CN is a public company with 24,000 employees. It had a capitalization of 32 billion CAD in 2011. CN was government-owned, having been a Canadian Crown corporation from its founding to its privatization in 1995, bill Gates was, in 2011, the largest single shareholder of CN stock. Its range once reached across the island of Newfoundland until 1988, the railway was referred to as the Canadian National Railways between 1918 and 1960, and as Canadian National/Canadien National from 1960 to the present. On November 17,1995, the government privatized CN. Over the next decade, the company expanded significantly into the United States, purchasing Illinois Central Railroad and Wisconsin Central Transportation, now primarily a freight railway, CN also operated passenger services until 1978, when they were assumed by Via Rail. The Newfoundland mixed trains lasted until 1988, while the Montreal commuter trains are now operated by Montreals AMT, the absorption of the Intercolonial Railway would see CNR adopt that systems slogan The Peoples Railway. The federal governments Department of Railways and Canals took over operation of the GTPR until July 12,1920, the Canadian National Railway was organized on October 10,1922. After several years of arbitration, the GTR was absorbed into CNR on January 30,1923, Canadian National Railways was born out of both wartime and domestic urgency. Railways, until the rise of the automobile and creation of taxpayer-funded all-weather highways, were the only viable long-distance land transportation available in Canada for many years. As such, their operation consumed a great deal of public, in the early 20th century, many governments were taking a more interventionist role in the economy, foreshadowing the influence of economists like John Maynard Keynes. This political trend, combined with broader geo-political events, made nationalization an appealing choice for Canada, the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and allied involvement in the Russian Revolution seemed to validate the continuing process. The need for a rail system was paramount in a time of civil unrest. CN Telegraph originated as the Great North West Telegraph Company in 1880 to connect Ontario and Manitoba, in 1915, facing bankruptcy, GNWTC was acquired by the Canadian Northern Railways telegraph company. When Canadian Northern was nationalized in 1918 and amalgamated into Canadian National Railways in 1921, CN Telegraphs began co-operating with its Canadian Pacific owned rival CPR Telegraphs in the 1930s, sharing telegraph networks and co-founding a teleprinter system in 1957. In 1967 the two services were amalgamated into a joint venture CNCP Telecommunications which evolved into a telecoms company, CN sold its stake of the company to CP in 1984. This led to the creation of a network of CNR radio stations across the country, as anyone in the vicinity of a station could hear its broadcasts the networks audience extended far beyond train passengers to the public at large
41.
Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad
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The Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad is a Class II railroad operating in New York and Pennsylvania. The BPRR is owned by Genesee and Wyoming and its main line runs between Buffalo, New York and Eidenau, Pennsylvania, north of Pittsburgh. Here, connections are made to the city center via the Allegheny Valley Railroad, the system runs largely on former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines. The entire BPRR system is 411 miles, major commodities carried include paper, petroleum products, chemicals, coal, steel, and sand. The Buffalo-Eidenau main line passes through Salamanca, NY, Bradford, PA, Johnsonburg, PA, DuBois, PA, Punxsutawney, PA, principal rail yards are located at Butler, Punxsutawney, and Buffalo, with support yards for local industry at other locations. Buffalo & Pittsburgh now is the user of the ex-PRR south of CP-GRAVITY in Buffalo. BPRR operates two key secondary lines, one runs between Erie and Johnsonburg along the former Allegheny and Eastern Railroad. Another is made up of former Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad tracks, running from the Armstrong Power Plant in Reesedale to Freeport, the B&P also operates on the Low Grade between DuBois and Driftwood that was formerly used by the Pennsylvania Railroad, then Conrail. A portion of the former B&O Northern Subdivision is used to access to Petrolia. CSX Transportation also leases the P&W Subdivision to the B&P between Allison Park and the New Castle Yard in West Pittsburg, just outside New Castle, though the B&P ends in Allison Park, the railroad rarely traverses the line down to the borough. Instead, it transfers its goods to the AVR either in Evans City or Bakerstown depending on the amount of freight it has. Other owned and operated branch lines travel to Homer City, St. Marys, operations began in 1988 over mostly former Baltimore & Ohio Railroad lines. In the early 2000s, the BPRR merged other GWI railroads into it and these lines include the Allegheny and Eastern Railroad, Pittsburg and Shawmut Railroad, and the Bradford Industrial Railroad. Around 2005 the Indiana Subdivision, which had been out of use, was rehabilitated to serve the Homer City Generating Station, shortly after this, the Ridge Subdivision, which had seen a Norfolk Southern Railway coal train run-through to Shelocta was sold off to NS. In 2006, the railroad was honored as the Regional Railroad of the Year by industry trade journal Railway Age magazine
42.
Brandywine Valley Railroad
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The Brandywine Valley Railroad is a class III railroad operating in Pennsylvania. It was established in 1981 by the Lukens Steel Company to operate trackage at Coatesville, Pennsylvania and it was acquired, with the rest of the Lukens properties, by Bethlehem Steel Corporation in 1998. The Brandywine Valleys main line was built by the Wilmington and Northern Railroad, largely following the Brandywine Creek, to connect Reading with Wilmington. By the time of the Brandywine Valleys formation, the line had been abandoned north of Valley Station, under Bethlehem operation, BVRY took over operation of the Delaware Valley Railroad, then operating the remainder of the ex-Wilmington and Northern, in early 1999. This gave the railroad interchange access not only to Conrail at Coatesville and it also thus began to operate a connecting branch of the former Pennsylvania Railroad from Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, on the W&N, to Nottingham. After the acquisition of Bethlehem Steels assets by International Steel Group in 2003, the ex-PRR line, also known as the Octoraro line, was taken over in that year by the Morristown and Erie Railroad. In 2005, the line south of Modena was turned over to the East Penn Railroad. With the merger of ISG in 2005, the railroad and steel plant were taken over by Mittal Steel Company, which became ArcelorMittal in 2006
43.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
