1.
End (gridiron football)
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An end in American and Canadian football is a player who lines up at either end of the line of scrimmage, usually beside the tackles. Rules state that an offensive formation must always consist of seven players on the line of scrimmage. The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s, on offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes. One who lines up some distance from the line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the pass, the generic term wide receiver has come to define both split ends and flankers. The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often ditched today for terms like X and Z receivers, bill Carpenter was the first Lonesome end. On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end and its primary role is to rush the passer, as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage. However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on, don Hutson of the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Green Bay Packers was one of the sports greatest. The self described other end opposite Hutson in college at Alabama was legendary coach Bear Bryant, gaynell Tinsley was another prominent of Hutsons time. Amos Alonzo Stagg of Yale and Arthur Cumnock of Harvard were ends on the first All-America team, Stagg went on to a hall of fame coaching career, some called Cumnock the greatest Harvard player of all time. Mike Ditka and Ron Sellers were some of the last to play the position in college, glossary of American football History of American football positions Tight end Defensive end Wide receiver
2.
Voss
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Voss is a municipality and a traditional district in Hordaland county, Norway. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Vossevangen, other villages include Bolstadøyri, Borstrondi, Evanger, Kvitheim, Mjølfjell, Oppheim, Stalheim, and Vinje. Voss has been established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, on 1 January 1867, a small area in northern Voss was transferred to the municipality of Hosanger. On 1 January 1868, the district of the municipality was separated to form the new municipality of Vossestrand. This left 7,592 residents in Voss, on 21 August 1868, an unpopulated area of northern Voss was transferred to Vossestrand. Then, on 1 January 1885, the district of Voss was separated to form the new municipality of Evanger. This left Voss with 5,403 residents, on 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place as a result of the Schei committee. The municipality of Voss, the municipality of Vossestrand, and most of the municipality of Evanger were all merged into a new, the Old Norse form of the name was Vǫrs, and this might have been the old name of lake Vangsvatnet. If this is the case, the name probably is derived from the word vǫrr which means wave or sea, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 8 July 1977 and they show a gray deer on a red background. The arms are based on the seal of Peter who was the owner of the farm Finne in Voss and he used a silver deer on a red background as his personal coat-of-arms in 1303. His son also used a deer on his seals as did most of their relatives until 1460, the shape and position of the deer changed between the different persons, but it always was the main figure. See also, Coats-of-arms of Gjemnes, Hitra, Hjartdal The Church of Norway has six parishes within the municipality of Voss and it is part of the Hardanger og Voss deanery in the Diocese of Bjørgvin. After the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940, Voss was the point of mobilisation for the Norwegian Army in the west. From Bergen and from the Hardangerfjord, the Nazis were met with stiff Norwegian resistance, in Hardanger, some of the Germans climbed up the mountains from Ålvik while the rest went through Granvin. To break down this resistance, the town of Voss was bombed by the Luftwaffe on 23 and April 24, nine people lost their lives in the bombing, which completely destroyed the old wood-built town centre. On 26 April, the German forces entered the town, which remained occupied until 8 May 1945, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Voss is made up of 43 representatives that are elected to four years
3.
Bazaar, Kansas
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Bazaar is an unincorporated community in Chase County, Kansas, United States. The community is part of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area, for millennia, the land now known as Kansas was inhabited by Native Americans. In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase, in 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U. S. state. In 1859, Chase County was founded, a post office was established in Bazaar on April 16,1860. The post office was renamed to Mary on July 20,1876, the post office closed on April 26,1974. On March 31,1931, Trans World Airlines TWA Flight 599 crashed a few miles southwest of Bazaar, killing all on board, there is a monument located on private property at 38°14′09″N 96°35′12″W, and yearly tours provide access to the site. Bazaar still serves as a depot for local cattle ranching. Bazaar is located at 38°16′19″N 96°32′07″W, in the scenic Flint Hills of the Great Plains, by highway, it is 18 miles north of the Kansas Turnpike toll road exit at Cassoday, or 7 miles south of the U. S. Route 50 exit at Strong City. Bazaar is part of Unified School District 284, all students attend schools in Cottonwood Falls. Chase County Junior/Senior High School,600 Main St in Cottonwood Falls, Chase County Elementary School,401 Maple St in Cottonwood Falls. The Emporia Gazette, regional newspaper in Emporia, k-177 highway and BNSF Railway both pass north-south through Bazaar. Schools USD284, school district for all of Chase County, photos Bazaar - A Quiet town of Chase County, Kansas History Bazaar United Methodist Church history Maps Chase County Maps, Current, Historic, KDOT
4.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them
5.
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
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The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. The team is coached by Brian Kelly. The team plays its games at the campuss Notre Dame Stadium. One of the most iconic and successful programs in sports, have 13 national championships recognized by the NCAA. With 486 players selected, Notre Dame is second to USC in the number of players chosen by NFL teams in the draft, all Notre Dame home games have been televised on NBC since 1991, and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract. It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout and these factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country, allowing them to remain independent of a conference. Football did not have a beginning at the University of Notre Dame. In their inaugural game on November 23,1887, the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8–0 and their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep by a score of 20–0. At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1–3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a score of 43–9. Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins,15 losses, in 1908, the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history. By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins,31 losses, jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917. During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins, five losses and this period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalries with Michigan State. In 1913, Notre Dame burst into the consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest. In an effort to respect for a regionally successful but small-time Midwestern football program, Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas, Penn State. On November 1,1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35–13 in a game played at West Point and this game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918, under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins,12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp. Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I/FBS football history, Rocknes offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme
6.
Akron Pros
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The Akron Pros were a professional football team that played in Akron, Ohio from 1908 to 1926. Fritz Pollard, the first black coach in the NFL. Paul Robeson played for the team in 1921 as well and he was among the earliest stars of professional football, before football became segregated from 1934 to 1946. In 1926, the name was changed back to the Akron Indians, due to financial problems, the team suspended operations in 1927 and surrendered its franchise the following year. Prior to 1908, several semi-pro and amateur teams dominated the Akron football scene, the most dominant of these was a team known as the Akron East Ends. The East Ends dominance of Ohio football went unmatched until the Massillon Tigers paid several ringers from the recently disbanded Pittsburgh Stars to defeat the East Ends in 1903, the Akron Indians date as far back as 1908. The early Indians teams went on to win Ohio League championships in 1908,1909,1913 and 1914, the team was always referred to as the Indians by the fans. From 1908–1913, the Indians had a reputation of playing more of a style of football seen at the level than that of the early athletic clubs. For example, the Indians preferred passing the ball as opposed to running. The team tied for the Akron city title in 190 Before the 1912 season, Peggy Parratt, a football star with the Massillon Tigers, Franklin Athletic Club. He made the move realizing that he could make more money in the large football market that Akron provided. When he arrived in Akron, his first move was to change the name from the Akron Indians to Parratts Indians. With Peggy as player, coach, and owner-manager, the Indians split their series with Shelby and twice defeated Canton, however they were defeated by the unheard of Elyria Athletics, who then took the Ohio championship. The Athletics were mostly former Blues players who formed a team in Elyria after Parratt left for Akron, the following season, Parratt brought most of Elyrias 1912 championship team to Akron, and adding them to his roster. The Indians then beat Shelby and Elyria and they also managed to tie the rapidly improving Canton Pros. However, the game was cancelled due to snowstorm, a week later when the Blues returned to Akron, the Indians were prepared with newly recruited talent that was viewed as even superior to that of Shelbys. The Indians won the game 20–0 and brought the Ohio title back to Akron, for his 1914 recruiting efforts, Parratt signed the usual big-name players, which consisted of a lineup that changed from week to week, with just enough stars on hand to guarantee a win. By late season, the left side of his Akron Indian line was from Notre Dame
7.
Massillon Tigers
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The Massillon Tigers were an early professional football team from Massillon, Ohio. Playing in the Ohio League, the team was a rival to the pre-National Football League version of the Canton Bulldogs, the Tigers won Ohio League championships in 1903,1904,1905, and 1906, then merged to become All-Massillons to win another title in 1907. The team returned as the Tigers in 1915 but, with the reemergence of the Bulldogs, pro football was popularized in Ohio when the amateur Massillon Tigers, hired four Pittsburgh pros to play in the season-ending game against Akron. At the same time, pro football declined in the Pittsburgh area, the team opted not to join the APFA in 1920, it remained an independent club through 1923, when the Tigers folded. During their time as an independent, the Tigers never played against any team in the NFL, the Massillon Tigers team name was transferred to Massillon Washington High School, who still uses it today. The Massillon area had fielded several amateur football teams featuring only local players since the early 1890s, however while some had performed well, the others were more likely to be defeated when they played their cross-county arch-rival, Canton. Therefore, a group of 35 area businessmen met on September 3,1903, Jack Goodrich, who expected to play halfback for the new team, was named manager. Meanwhile, Ed J. Stewart, a young and ambitious editor of the city newspaper The Evening Independent, was named as the teams first coach, Stewart had playing experience while attending Western Reserve College and Mount Union College. Apart from being the coach, he later appointed himself as the teams quarterback. Wise, who was the Massillon Clerk of City Council, led a committee to secure the funds for a new football. The local venders only had a sufficient quantity of one style to outfit an entire team. Those jerseys imitated the orange and black striped attire of the Princeton Tigers, when the Tigers began play in 1903, several of the expected starters hadnt touched a football in eight or more years. According to locals belief, Baldy Wittman, 32-year-old proprietor of a cigar store. Charles Cy Rigler, who became a famous major league baseball umpire started at tackle. Wittman opened at an end and was elected the team captain, meanwhile, Stewart lined himself up at quarterback. The Tigers first game against Wooster College ended in a 6-0 defeat, a biased official was the excuse for the loss. The Tigers followed their first ever game with a 16-0 victory over Stewarts alma mater, Mount Union College, a 6-0 victory over the Akron Imperials, after a 34-0 victory over the Dennison Panhandles, the Tigers prepared for their cross-county rivals, a sandlot team from Canton. Betting on the games, during the early 1900s was common and it is believed that over $1000 was risked on the games outcome
8.
1924 college football season
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Notre Dame and Stanford were both unbeaten at seasons end, with the Fighting Irish winning the Rose Bowl contest 27-10. The Penn Quakers were retroactively awarded a championship by Parke H. Davis. Red Granges Illinois team upset Michigan, the Illini were upset by Minnesota, which in turn was upset by Vanderbilt. Fred Russells Fifty Years of Vanderbilt Football dubs 1924 the most eventful season in the history of Vanderbilt football, Centre claimed a southern title in its last season of national relevance, upsetting Wallace Wades first SoCon champion Alabama team. Alabama would not lose another game until 1927, southern Methodist University beat North Texas 7-0, and Alabama opened with a 55-0 win over Union College of Tennessee. October 4 Missouri opened its season with a 3-0 win at Chicago, Notre Dame opened its season with a 40-0 win over Lombard College. Stanford beat Occidental College 20-6, and California beat St. Marys 17-7, Army beat St. Louis 17-0, Yale beat North Carolina 27-0, and Dartmouth beat Montreals McGill University 52-0. SMU beat Trinity College 14-3 October 11 Notre Dame beat Wabash 34-0, Stanford beat the Olympic Club 7-0 and California defeated Pomona College, 28-0. Army beat Detroits Mercy College, 20-0 and Dartmouth beat Vermont 38-0, in a battle of Bulldogs, Yale beat Georgia 7-6. Missouri defeated Missouri Wesleyan College 14-0, in a Friday game, SMU beat Austin College 7-0 October 18 At the Polo Grounds in New York, Notre Dame beat Army 13-7, the Cadets only loss for the season. In his column the next day, sportswriter Grantland Rice dubbed the Notre Dame backfield in his column of October 20, writing Outlined against a blue-gray October sky, in dramatic lore they are known as famine, pestilence, destruction and death. Their real names are, Stuhldreher, Miller, Crowley and Layden, in other games, Yale and Dartmouth played to a 14-14 tie. Stanford defeated Oregon 28-13, while California beat the Olympic Club 9-3, in Birmingham, Alabama beat Sewanee 14-0. Missouri won at Iowa State 7-0, and Chicago defeated Indiana 23-0, October 25 Notre Dame beat Princeton 12-0. In Columbus, Chicago and Ohio State played to a 3-3 tie, at Portland, Oregon, Stanford had a more difficult time than expected in defeating Idaho, 3-0, while California beat Washington State 20-7. Army beat Boston University 20-0, Dartmouth beat Harvard 6-0, at Atlanta, Alabama recorded another shutout, beating Georgia Tech 14-0. SMU and Texas A & M played to a 7-7 tie in Dallas, November 1 California and USC, both unbeaten and untied with records of 5-0-0, met at Berkeley, with California handing the Trojans their first defeat, 7-0. Notre Dame beat visiting Georgia Tech 34-3 Stanford beat Santa Clara 20-0 and California beat visiting USC 7-0 Army, SMU stayed unbeaten with a 6-0 win at TCU
9.
Norwegian Americans
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Norwegian Americans comprise Americans with ancestral roots from Norway. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States primarily in the half of the 19th century. There are more than 4.5 million Norwegian Americans according to the most recent U. S. census, Norwegian Americans currently comprise the 10th largest European ancestry group in the United States. Norsemen from Greenland and Iceland were the first Europeans to reach North America, leif Ericson reached North America via Norse settlements in Greenland around the year 1000. Norse settlers from Greenland founded the settlement of LAnse aux Meadows and Point Rosee in Vinland, in what is now Newfoundland and these settlers failed to establish a permanent settlement because of conflicts with indigenous people and within the Norse community. There was a Norwegian presence in New Amsterdam in the part of 17th century. Hans Hansen Bergen, a native of Bergen, Norway, was one of the earliest settlers of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam having immigrated in 1633, another of the first Norwegian settlers was Albert Andriessen Bradt who arrived in New Amsterdam in 1637. Pieter Van Brugh, Mayor of Albany, New York was the grandson of Norwegian immigrants, approximately 60 persons had settled in the Manhattan area before the British take-over in 1664. How many Norwegians that settled in New Netherland is not known, the Netherlands had strong commercial ties with the coastal lumber trade of Norway during the 17th century and many Norwegians immigrated to Amsterdam. Some of them settled in Dutch colonies, although never in large numbers, there were also Norwegian settlers in Pennsylvania in the first half of the 18th century, upstate New York in the latter half of the same century, and in New England during both halves. The earliest immigrants from Norway to America emigrated mostly because of religious motives, as Religious Society of Friends, organized Norwegian immigration to North America began in 1825, when several dozen Norwegians left Stavanger bound for North America on the sloop Restauration under the leadership of Cleng Peerson. To a great extent, this emigration from Norway was borne out of religious persecution, especially for Quakers and a local religious group. The ship landed in New York City, where it was at first impounded for exceeding its passenger limit. After intervention from President John Quincy Adams, the passengers moved on to settle in Kendall, New York with the help of Andreas Stangeland, many of these immigrants moved on from the Kendall Settlement, settling in Illinois and Wisconsin. In July of that year, a group of six dissenting families, seeking a haven from the official Norwegian state church, set sail from Stavanger in an undersized sloop, the Restaurationen. When it arrived in New York harbor after an arduous 14-week journey, the Restaurationen caused a sensation, local Quakers helped the destitute emigrants, who eventually established a community in upstate New York. Today, their descendants are known as sloopers. While about 65 Norwegians emigrated via Sweden and elsewhere in the years, no emigrant ships left Norway for the New World until the 1836 departures of the Den Norske Klippe
10.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
11.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
12.
College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
13.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped
14.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
15.
Logan Square, Chicago
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Logan Square is an official community area, historical neighborhood, and public square located on the northwest side of the City of Chicago. The Logan Square community area is one of the 77 city-designated community areas established for planning purposes, the area is characterized by the prominent historical boulevards, stately greystones and large bungalow-style homes. Logan Square is named for General John A. Logan, an American soldier, at the center of the square, known as Logan Square is the Illinois Centennial Monument, built in 1918 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Illinois statehood. The monument was funded by the Benjamin Ferguson Fund, many of its early residents were English or Scandinavian origin, mostly Norwegians and Danes, along with both a significant Polish and Jewish population that followed. Today, the neighborhood is home to a population including Latinos, a number of ethnicities from Eastern Europe. Additionally, the increase in housing costs in nearby Wicker Park, Lincoln Park, just north of Logan Boulevard, on Francisco Ave. is St. Lukes Lutheran Church of Logan Square. Bucktown has three of the citys most noted Polish Cathedrals – the former Cathedral of All Saints, St. Hedwigs, on Fullerton just east of Milwaukee is a Christian Science church offering services in Spanish. On Ridgeway, just north of Fullerton, is Our Lady of Grace Catholic Church, also, Grace Methodist Church stands at the corner of Kimball and Wrightwood Avenues, as does a Spanish Pentecostal church, across the street. In 2015 the church began raising funds to use a portion of the land as the site of a prayer labyrinth. These spaces have been used to provide a public meditation, gathering, the boundaries of Belmont Gardens are generally held to be Pulaski Road to the East, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the West, Belmont Avenue to the North, and Fullerton Avenue to the South. Belmont Gardenss first urban development began thanks to Homer Pennock, who founded the village of Pennock. Centered on Wrightwood Avenue, which was laid out as Pennock Boulevard, was planned to be a hefty industrial and residential district. The development was so renowned that the village was highlighted in a History of Cook County, Illinois authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed, the original name of the Healy Metra Station was originally named after this now lost settlement. While Homer Pennocks industrial suburb failed, Chicagos rapid expansion transformed the farms into clusters of factories and homes. Belmont gardens offered more than just a less congested setting for its new residents, due to its proximity to rail along the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, the area developed a plethora of industry that still survives in the citys Pulaski Industrial Corridor. It was adjacent to his own factory that Mr. Walter E, the ambitious project took 200 workers more than six months to fashion it out of 800 tons of stone and 800 yards of soil. Latino settlement in the began in the 1980s. Today the area retains its blue collar feel as much of surrounding Logan Square
16.
Cedar Point
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Cedar Point is a 364-acre amusement park located on a Lake Erie peninsula in Sandusky, Ohio. Opened in 1870, it is the second-oldest operating amusement park in the United States behind Lake Compounce, Cedar Point is owned and operated by Cedar Fair and is considered the flagship of the amusement park chain. Known as Americas Roller Coast, the features a world-record 71 rides. Its newest roller coaster, Valravn, opened in May 2016, Cedar Points normal operating season runs from early May until Labor Day in September. The park then reopens only on weekends until the end of October or early November for a Halloween-themed event known as HalloWeekends, the park has reached several milestones. Cedar Point also received the Golden Ticket Award for Best Amusement Park in the World from Amusement Today for 16 consecutive years from 1997-2013. As of 2015, the park is the most visited amusement park in the United States with an estimated 3.51 million visitors in 2015. The park also has buildings that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In the mid-19th century, the shore region of Lake Erie was a popular vacation destination for the emerging middle class in the United States. The lake islands, such as Kelleys Island and South Bass Island, were gaining a reputation for their freshwater bathing resorts, the Cedar Point peninsula, named for its abundance of cedar trees, was originally known for its fishing. Local fishermen leased land and built living quarters there, Sandusky, which featured an important shipping harbor and two railroads, transformed into a major economic center over the next three decades. Railroad and steamship travel supported an emerging industry, and rapid development of the area began. In the 1860s during the American Civil War, housing for a battery of four artillery pieces was constructed at the tip of the peninsula. It was used to defend a prison for Confederate soldiers on nearby Johnsons Island, Louis Zistel, a German immigrant, built two boats to transport the prisoners. In 1870, he began to ferry locals to the Cedar Point peninsula, Zistel opened a bathhouse on the north shore of the peninsula and the same year built a beer garden with a small dance floor. He charged 25 cents per person to ride from Sandusky to Cedar Point on his boat and this marked the beginning of Cedar Point as an amusement park. Benjamin F. Dwelle and Captain William Slackford leased land on the peninsula in 1882 and built eight new bathhouses, the steamboats R. B. Hayes and Lutts provided transport to Biemillers Cove and Cedar Point Lighthouse. Building on early success, Dwelle and Slackford continued to expand the park each year and added picnic tables, cleared acres of brush, and built a baseball diamond
17.
Army Black Knights football
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The Army West Point Black Knights football team represents the United States Military Academy in college football. Army is currently a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision member of the NCAA, the Black Knights currently play their home games in West Point, New York at Michie Stadium, with a capacity of 38,000. Army is currently coached by Jeff Monken who is in his 3rd season as head coach, Army is a three time national champion, winning the title in 1944,1945, and 1946. With the exception of seven seasons where the team was a member of Conference USA, Army has competed as an independent, meaning that they have no affiliation with any conference. Currently, Army is one of four schools in the FBS that does not belong to any conference, however, all four of these schools belong to conferences for all other sports. Army is primarily a member of the Patriot League, BYU is a member of the West Coast Conference, Notre Dame belongs to the Atlantic Coast Conference, three players from Army have won the Heisman Trophy, Doc Blanchard, Glenn Davis, and Pete Dawkins. Armys football program began on November 29,1890, when Navy challenged the cadets to a game of the new sport. Navy defeated Army at West Point that year, but Army avenged the loss in Annapolis the following year, the academies still clash every December in what is traditionally the last regular-season Division I college-football game. The 2015 Army–Navy Game marked Armys fourteenth consecutive loss to Navy, from 1944 to 1950, the Cadets / Black Knights / the Corps had 57 wins,3 losses and 4 ties. During this time span, Army won three national championships, past NFL coaches Vince Lombardi and Bill Parcells were Army assistant coaches early in their careers. The football team plays its games at Michie Stadium, where the playing field is named after Earl Blaik. Cadets attendance is mandatory at football games and the Corps stands for the duration of the game, at all home games, one of the four regiments marches onto the field in formation before the team takes the field and leads the crowd in traditional Army cheers. For many years, Army teams were known as the Cadets, in the 1940s, several papers called the football team the Black Knights of the Hudson. From then on, Cadets and Black Knights were used interchangeably until 1999, between the 1998 and 2004 seasons, Armys football program was a member of Conference USA, but starting with the 2005 season Army reverted to its former independent status. Army competes with Navy and Air Force for the Commander-in-Chiefs Trophy, Michie Stadium is the home stadium of the Army Black Knights in West Point, New York, which was opened in 1924. The stadium is named after the first Army football head coach, in 1999 the field was renamed Blaik Field at Michie Stadium in honor of Former Coach Earl Blaik. Songs Alma Mater is the Armys school song, Armys fight song is On, Brave Old Army Team. Army also plays other organized cheers, Army Rocket Yell, Black, Gold, and Gray, mascot Armys mascot is Army Mules
18.
Michie Stadium
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Michie Stadium /ˈmaɪki/ is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the U. S. Military Academy in West Point, New York, the home field for the Army Black Knights, it opened 93 years ago in 1924 and has a current seating capacity of 38,000. The stadium sits at the portion of campus, directly west of Lusk Reservoir. The field is at an elevation of 335 feet above sea level and runs in the traditional north-south configuration, with the press box above the west sideline. Due to the view offered by its location overlooking the Hudson River, Michie Stadium is dedicated to the memory of Dennis Michie, who was instrumental in starting the football program while a cadet at the Academy. A member of the Class of 1892, Michie organized, managed, six years after graduation, he was killed in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. There have been several renovations since the stadiums first game in October 1924, in 1999, the football field at Michie Stadium was named Blaik Field on September 25, in honor of Earl Red Blaik, the head coach at West Point from 1941 to 1958. Blaik led Army to three national titles from 1944 to 1946. Since 2008, the surface has been FieldTurf. This replaced AstroPlay, which had used since 2001. The stadiums playing field was natural grass until AstroTurf was installed in 1977, Michie Stadium has hosted the Army–Navy Game only once, in 1943 during World War II, after it was played at Thompson Stadium at Annapolis the year before. Their rivalry game is played at a neutral site between the campuses on the East Coast, usually in Philadelphia in early December. Go Army Sports. com - official USMA athletics site - Michie stadium World Stadiums. com - photos - Michie Stadium
19.
Gus Dorais
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Charles Emile Gus Dorais was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball. Dorais played college football at the University of Notre Dame, where he was an All-American in 1913 at quarterback, and then played professionally with the Fort Wayne Friars and Massillon Tigers. He was the coach at Columbia College in Dubuque, Iowa, Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. He was also the coach of the National Football Leagues Detroit Lions from 1943 to 1947. In addition, Dorais was the basketball coach at Notre Dame, Gonzaga, and Detroit. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954, born and raised in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, Dorais arrived at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana in the summer of 1910 at 5 ft 7 in and 145 lb. He started four seasons for the Fighting Irish at quarterback, and that preceding summer, Dorais and teammate Knute Rockne worked as lifeguards and busboys at Cedar Point Resort at Lake Erie in Sandusky, Ohio. During their free time there, the story goes, the duo practiced passing on the beach with Dorais throwing to Rockne, an end. We mastered the technique of losing the football with hands relaxed and tried to master the more difficult feat of catching it with one hand, the Irish, 17–1–3 in Dorais first three seasons as a starter, outscored their first three opponents in 1913 by a margin of 169–7. In 1952, Dorais himself tried to set the record straight, Dorais first completed a pass to Rockne two seasons before in 1911. But against Army in 1913, Dorais, an Irish co-captain, at the time, his 40-yard pass to Rockne was the longest pass ever completed. After taking a 14–13 halftime lead, Notre Dame pulled away from a confused Army team for a 35–13 victory that changed the landscape of college football and lifted the Irish out of obscurity. From that point forward, no longer was the pass a obscure weapon. The press and the football public hailed this new game, and Notre Dame received credit as the originator of a style of play that we simply systematized, in addition to playing quarterback, Dorais was also the teams placekicker. Dorais and Rockne were roommates at Notre Dame, and in their coaching days, Dorais served as head coach at Columbia College from 1914 to 1917, then was an assistant to Rockne at Notre Dame in 1919. He went west to Spokane in 1920 to become coach at Gonzaga University for five years. He also was the coach of the basketball and baseball teams through their 1925 seasons. Dorais earned $4,000 per year at Gonzaga and was kept for a season in 1924 when boosters helped raise his salary to $7,000 to prevent him from leaving for Detroit
20.
Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
21.
Peggy Parratt
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George Watson Peggy Parratt was a professional football player who played in the Ohio League prior to it becoming a part of the National Football League. Parratt threw the first legal pass in professional football history while playing for the Massillon Tigers on October 25,1906. Parratt played college football at Case School of Applied Science, now known as Case Western Reserve University, during his time at Case, he became a 3-time All-Ohio college star. However, in 1905, he risked his amateur standing by playing ball on Sundays for the Shelby Blues. To hide his identity from the media and school officials, Parratt played under the name Jimmy Murphy, however just weeks after his first game for Shelby, the Cleveland newspapers revealed that Murphy was really Peggy Parratt, in disguise. Soon afterwards Parratt was called in for questioning by the chairman of the Case University Athletic Board, during the interview, Parratt openly admitted to breaking the amateur code. He was then barred from all further intercollegiate play at Case, at this time, Parratt was also a star basketball and baseball player for Case and was removed from those teams as well. By admitting openly to playing for Shelby, Parratt thus became the first college football star to be disciplined by his school for moonlighting as a football player. Several other college players had played professional football, but they always denied the charges when questioned. However Case still awarded Peggy his varsity letter, citing his leadership on. He also made All-Ohio Honors for 1905 and was allowed to coach the baseball team. After graduating from Case in 1906, Parratt was offered the head coaching job at Marietta College. In 1909, however, Peggy was an assistant football coach at Case, after losing his amateur status, Parratt played football for the Lorain Pros for the remainder of the 1905 season. In 1906, Peggy was signed by the Massillon Tigers, in part because of his mastery of the forward pass and he immediately earned the role of starting quarterback. Peterson in his book Pigskin The Early Years of Pro Football, during the second game of the 1906 Ohio League championship, which would later result in a betting scandal on November 24,1906, Wood reportedly caught a couple of the new forward passes. March somehow stated that those catches in a game, at the end of the season, were very first catches in professional football. It was later discovered that Parratt threw an earlier recorded pass to Bullet Riley on October 25, a second recorded pass was thrown to Clark Schrontz two days later. During the Tigers season-ending series with the Canton Bulldogs, to determine the Ohio League champions, however rumors of a betting fix tainted the championship and turned the public off to pro football in Ohio for the next several years
22.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
23.
Massillon, Ohio
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Massillon is a city in Stark County in the U. S. state of Ohio, approximately 8 miles west of Canton,20 miles south of Akron, and 50 miles south of Cleveland. The population was 32,149 at the 2010 census, which makes it the 44th largest city in Ohio, Massillon is the second largest incorporated area within the Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, the area had a population of 404,422 and includes all of Stark. The village of Navarre borders the city to the south, the original settlement of Kendal was founded in 1812 by Thomas Rotch, a Quaker originally of New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut. James Duncan of New Hampshire first settled in Kendal before recording the plot for Massillon on December 6,1826, Duncan, known as the citys founder, named the town after Jean Baptiste Massillon, a French Catholic bishop, at the request of his wife. The town plat was established along the east bank of the Tuscarawas River, the canal section spanning from Cleveland to Massillon was completed in 1828. Massillon quickly became a port town along the canal route, known as the Port of Massillon. The first telegraph lines would reach Massillon in 1847, and the Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad would extend its rails to Massillon in 1852, Massillon incorporated as a village in 1853. In 1868, Massillon incorporated as a city when the populated reached 5,000, the C. M. Russell & Company, formed in 1842 by Charles. M. Russell and his brothers, Nahum Russell and Clement Russell, manufactured threshing machines, the company began producing train cars in 1852 and incorporated in 1864 as Russell & Company Inc. In 1884, Russell & Company begain producing its famed steam traction engines, a merger with the Griscom-Spencer company in 1912 created the Griscom-Russell Company. Griscom-Russell produced heat exchangers for the United States Navy during World War II, the Massillon Iron Bridge Company was founded by Joseph Davenport in 1869 after moving to Massillon from Boston to work at the C. M. Russell & Company. Davenport also invented and built the first locomotive cowcatcher and cab in Massillon, the company incorporated in 1887 as The Massillon Bridge Company. The Massillon Bridge Company designed and built steel truss bridges up through the mid-1900s, the Massillon State Hospital for the Insane opened in 1898 on 240 acres of land given to the state of Ohio for the purpose of constructing the hospital. The hospital was established by Ohio governor William McKinley, by 1950 there were 3,100 patients in the hospital. Today it is known as Heartland Behavioral Healthcare, the Forest City Motor Company was founded in Cleveland in 1906 but relocated to Massillon that same year. Forest City produced approximately 1,000 of their Jewel automobiles in Massillon between 1906 and 1909, the name of the company was changed to the Jewel Motor Car Company but the company eventually ceased production in 1909. Massillon Rolling merged into the Central Steel Company in 1914, Central Steel eventually became known as the Central Alloy Steel Company
24.
Notre Dame Box
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Green Bays coach, Curly Lambeau, learned the Notre Dame Box while playing for Knute Rockne in the late 1910s. Rockne learned it from Jesse Harper, who learned it from coach Amos Alonzo Stagg and it contained two tight ends, and 4 backs. The formation often featured a line where the center was not strictly in the center of the line. Players line up in T formation then shift to a box formation and these two changes made the backs formation resemble a square and made the formation less predictable, allowing offenses to run more easily to the weak side. The Notre Dame Box relied on a deal of deception, caused by backs shifting frequently. Teams would often adopt the Notre Dame Box if they lacked a true triple threat tailback, rocknes innovations with this formation involved using complicated backfield shifts and motion to confuse defenses, and adapting it as a passing formation. The formation was designed as a brute-force running formation, since it had 7 players to one side of the center. The Packers, using the Notre Dame Box almost exclusively, won three straight NFL titles from 1929–1931, from 1936 through 1945, Green Bay made use of the Notre Dame Box to exploit Don Hutsons receiving ability. Bringing the halfback in tight allowed Hutson to split out from the line, Hutson, impossible to cover one-on-one by any defensive back of his day, averaged a touchdown every five times he caught the ball, a mark that no receiver has rivaled in NFL history. Green Bay tailbacks of those years were among the first NFL passers to post modern numbers, arnie Herber was the first NFL player to pass for over 1,000 yards in 1936, throwing for 1239 yards and 11 touchdowns. Of that,526 yards and 8 TDs were to Hutson, in 1939, Herber and Cecil Isbell combined for 1856 yards passing and 14 touchdowns. The Packers finally switched to the T-formation, after Don Hutson had retired, no major NCAA or NFL team has used this formation since and much of the knowledge associated with this formation is no longer available. Use of the Notre Dame Box in modern times has been limited in part due to changes in football rulebooks regarding motion and this motion player must be moving backward or laterally. Canadian football never adopted these changes, and the version of the system is still legal. The head coach of team, Travis Conner, later moved on to Jacksonville High School in nearby Jacksonville, North Carolina and installed the Notre Dame Box there. In 2010, Keith Kenyon took over the coaching duties of the Varsity Football team at Nauset Regional High School in Massachusetts. His single wing offense is largely based on the Notre Dame Box formation, since his arrival, he has taken a downtrodden Nauset team to a playoff contender in his first 2 years. Nauset went 6-5 in 2010, 8-3 in 2011, and 9-2 in 2012 due to the success of the Notre Dame Box, in 2012, Nauset once again played for the Atlantic Coast League Championship against Plymouth South
25.
Jump shift
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The jump shift or Heisman shift, was an American football shift maneuver in the backfield utilized by John Heisman. In this system, the quarterback, both halfbacks, and fullback would be in a line, as one would in an I-formation with a halfback at the hind end. Then the three players which were not to receive the ball from center would shift all to one side, a split second elapsed, then the ball was snapped and the wall of three blockers charged on. If needed, the center could also snap it to one of the other backs, the phalanx of blockers resembled the yet-to-be developed single wing. The Heisman shift was considered more complicated than its predecessors
26.
T formation
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In American football, a T formation is a formation used by the offensive team in which three running backs line up in a row about five yards behind the quarterback, forming the shape of a T. The T formation is said to be the oldest offensive formation in American football and is claimed to have been invented by Walter Camp in 1882. However, as the pass was legalized, the original T became obsolete in favor of formations such as the single wing. Innovations, such as a smaller, more throwing-friendly ball, along with the invention of the snap in the 1930s. The original T formation is used today, but it was successful in the first half of the 20th century. The formation led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game, Shaughnessy helped the Bears prepare for the game against the Redskins. He has been called The father of the T formation, the T-formation was viewed as a complicated gadget offense by early football coaches. Shaughnessy was as an advisor to Halas in the 1930s athehead coach at the University of Chicago, the T became much more viable in 1933 when passing was legalized anywhere behind the line of scrimmage. Halas recruited Solly Sherman, the Quarterback for the University of Chicago because of his experience with the T-Formation under Clark Shaughnessy, Solly then taught Sid Luckman the system. Sherman, a half back, had torn his meniscus in college. Eventually he played backup to Sid Luckman with the Bears in 1939 and 1940, Sid Luckman went on to win four NFL championships in the 1940s. The last team to run the single-wing in the NFL, the Pittsburgh Steelers, since that time, the T, and all its variants, have dominated offensive football and created the American football now employed throughout the NCAA and NFL. The T is referenced in the Chicago Bears fight song, Bear Down, Chicago Bears, well never forget the way you thrilled the nation, with your T formation. Additionally, two books detail the development of the T with the Bears, the Chicago Bears by Howard Roberts written in 1947, credits several coaches including Ralph Jones and Clark Shaughnessy for upgrading the T and teaching it to a succession of Bears QBs. The Wow Boys by James W. Johnson written in 2006 tells the story of the Stanford University football season of 1940, the arrival of Shaughnessy and his T offense led to a 10-0 season and a victory in the Rose Bowl over heavily favored University of Nebraska. The Bears thumping of the Washington Redskins 73-0 a few weeks later caused a sensation, the T swept college and pro football. The brain trust that created the T was always anchored by Coach Halas, who had the savvy for what worked, while unpopular today, the key innovations of the T still dominate offensive football. The T was the first offense in which the quarterback took the snap from under center, other offenses used the QB primarily as a blocker and the snap usually went to a halfback or tailback
27.
South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
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Studebaker
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Studebaker /ˈstjuːdəbeɪkər/ STEW-də-bay-kər) was an American wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868 under the name of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the company was originally a producer of wagons for farmers, miners, and the military. Studebaker entered the business in 1902 with electric vehicles and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles. Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the Garford Company of Elyria, Ohio, the first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the established a reputation for quality and reliability. After years of problems, in 1954 the company merged with luxury carmaker Packard to form Studebaker-Packard Corporation. However, Studebakers financial problems were worse than the Packard executives thought, the Packard marque was phased out, and the company returned to the Studebaker Corporation name in 1962. The South Bend plant ceased production on December 20,1963, according to the official Studebaker history written by Albert R. The last part of the name, becker, was changed to baker. In Albert Russel Erskines official history, John Studebaker, father of the five brothers, born in Adams County, in any event, John Studebaker moved to Ashland, Ohio in 1835 with his wife Rebecca and taught his five sons to make wagons. They all went into business as it grew to gigantic proportions with the country. The five sons were, in order of birth, Henry, Clement, John Mohler, Peter Everst, Clement and Henry Studebaker, Jr. became blacksmiths and foundrymen in South Bend, Indiana, in February 1852. They first made metal parts for wagons and later expanded into the manufacture of complete wagons. At this time, John M. was making wheelbarrows in Placerville, the site of his business is California Historic Landmark #142. The first major expansion in Henry and Clems South Bend business came from their being in the place to meet the needs of the California Gold Rush that began in 1849. From his wheelbarrow enterprise at Placerville, John M. had amassed $8,000. In April 1858, he quit and moved out to apply this to financing the vehicle manufacturing of H & C Studebaker, which was already booming because of a big order to build wagons for the US Army. In 1857, they had built their first carriage—Fancy, hand-worked iron trim
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Jesse Harper
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Jesse Claire Harper was an American football and baseball player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He served as the football coach at Alma College, Wabash College. Harper was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1971, Harper was the head football coach at Alma College in Alma, Michigan. He held that position for the 1906 and 1907 seasons and his coaching record at Alma was 8–3–4. Harper was the 18th head football coach at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana and his coaching record at Wabash was 15–9–2. Harper is most known for his coaching at the University of Notre Dame and his 1913 football squad posted a 35–13 win over Army, one that is regarded by most football historians as the game that put Notre Dame on the football map. Harper stepped down as football coach after the 1917 season. His ranch was not far from where Knute Rockne was killed in a 1931 plane crash, Harper accompanied Rocknes body on the train from Kansas back to South Bend, Indiana, for the funeral and burial. Harper was married and had two sons and one daughter, Notre Dame profile Jesse Harper at the College Football Hall of Fame Jesse Harper at the College Football Data Warehouse Jesse Harper at College Basketball at Sports-Reference. com
30.
1918 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team
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The 1918 Michigan Agricultural Aggies football team represented Michigan Agricultural College in the 1918 college football season. In their first year head coach George Gauthier, the Aggies compiled a 4–3 record. On November 23,1918, the Aggies played Michigan at Ferry Field in front of the largest crowd of the season estimated at between 10,000 and 20,000. Followers of both schools attended in numbers, the maize and blue of Michigan and the green. Decorating the stands the length and breadth of them, the Aggies in 1918 had a new head coach, George Gauthier, and a highly touted African-American running back, Harry Graves. The Aggies had defeated Knute Rocknes Notre Dame the previous week in East Lansing, after a scoreless first quarter, Michigan scored two touchdowns in the second quarter. Right halfback Abe Cohn scored Michigans first touchdown on a two-yard run, left tackle Angus Goetz scored the second touchdown after Graves fumbled a forward pass. Goetz recovered the fumble and ran it back for a touchdown, quarterback Knode scored Michigans final touchdown in the third quarter on a 30-yard run after faking a pass. Steketee converted all three extra points, Michigans line was given credit for stopping the Aggies running attack. The Detroit Free Press reported that M. A. C. s vaunted stars, superiority of the Michigan line was the rock upon which the Aggies split. M. A. C. showed a fast backfield that might have created endless trouble, but it got little support from the forwards, who were cracked open to let the Wolverines surge through and flatten the runner. The start of the game was delayed by lengthy pre-game ceremonies featuring the French Blue Devils, performances by the U. of M. army and navy bands and the M. A. C. Bands, parades by the Students Army Training Corps and Naval Units, because of the delay, the game was concluded in darkness. The Aggies took advantage of the late in the game by unleashing a passing attack. The Aggies scored late in the game, as the darkness already had begun to enshroud the playing field, the Detroit Free Press reported, But for the review of the service corps and the ceremonies attending there hardly would have been an Aggie score. After the game, sports writer Harry Bullion wrote in the Detroit Free Press, M. A. C. s defeat is nothing for her to be ashamed of
31.
Case Western Reserve Spartans football
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The Case Western Reserve Spartans football team is the varsity intercollegiate football team representing the Case Western Reserve University, located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division III level and they are coached by Greg Debeljak. Home games are played at DiSanto Field, the team in its current form was created in 1970 after the federation of Western Reserve University and Case Institute of Technology. Case, originally known as Case School of Applied Science, carried the name Scientists from 1918–1939, in 1940, the mascot was changed to the Rough Riders, in honor of their head coach Ray A. Ride. Case formally updated their name in 1947 to Case Institute of Technology. Western Reserve originally used the mascot Pioneers from 1921–1927, until being forced to change by Marietta College, the famous Red Cats mascot was then used beginning in 1928. Upon the merger of the two schools, the Spartans name was adopted in 1970, as the team is now presently known, Western Reserve played its first season in 1890 and Case began the following year in 1891. Physically bordering each other, the two became instant rivals. From 1894–1953, the game was played mostly on Thanksgiving Day. Due to high civic interest and large crowds, the games were held at larger Cleveland city venues, such as League Park. Western Reserve led the all-time series 49–20–5, in 1892, Western Reserve declined Clevelander John Heismans offer to be their head coach, and then ironically faced him and his Oberlin Yeomen during the season opener, getting destroyed 38–8. Western Reserve would have their two years later in 1894, finally defeating Heisman while at home in Cleveland, ending the season with a 7–0 undefeated record. In fact, the team outscored opponents a combined 232–8, only Oberlin and Ohio State scored on Western Reserve that year. The 1902 team scored the first touchdown against Michigans legendary coach Fielding H. Yost, in fact, the headline in the Detroit Free Press referred not to Michigans victory but instead read, MICHIGANS GOAL LINE CROSSED. Western Reserve emerged to win titles in both 1907 and 1908, and again in 1915. Western Reserve is the only Ohio team with a record, 6–5–1, against the Ohio State Buckeyes. Ohio State Universitys only death of a player from game-related injuries, team captain John Sigrist, Case Tech holds a 10–11–2 all-time record against the Ohio State Buckeyes, with Coach Joe Fogg posting a perfect 4–0 record during his tenure. Famed Notre Dame coach, Knute Rockne, made his coaching debut on September 28,1918 against Case held at University Circles Van Horn Field
32.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
33.
George Gipp
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George Gipp, nicknamed The Gipper, was a college football player who played for the University of Notre Dame. Gipp was selected as Notre Dames first Walter Camp All-American, Gipp played several positions, particularly halfback, quarterback, and punter. In the 1940 film Knute Rockne, All American he was portrayed by Ronald Reagan, during his Notre Dame career, Gipp led the Irish in rushing and passing each of his last three seasons. His career mark of 2,341 rushing yards lasted more than 50 years until Jerome Heavens broke it in 1978, Gipp was also an ideal handler of the forward pass, and threw for 1,789 yards. Gipp is still Notre Dames all-time leader in yards per rush for a season, career average yards per play of total offense. In 2002, the NCAA published NCAA Footballs Finest, researched and compiled by the NCAA Statistics Service, for Gipp they published the following statistics, Gipp died December 14,1920, two weeks after being elected Notre Dames first All-American by Walter Camp and second consensus All-American overall. A frequently told but probably apocryphal story of Gipps death begins when he returned to Notre Dames campus after curfew from a night out, unable to gain entrance to his residence, Gipp went to the rear door of Washington Hall, the campus theatre building. He was a steward for the building and knew the rear door was often unlocked and he usually spent such nights in the hall. On that night, however, the door was locked, by the morning, he had contracted pneumonia and eventually died from a related infection. It is more likely that Gipp contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game, since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s, treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to young, healthy individuals. Gipps hometown, Laurium, built a memorial in his honor, he is buried in nearby Lake View Cemetery in Calumet and it was on his hospital bed that he is purported to have delivered the famous, win just one for the Gipper line. He apparently said this line to Knute Rockne, the coach of Notre Dame. The full quotation from which the line is derived is, Ive got to go, Rock. Some time, Rock, when the team is up against it, when things are wrong, I dont know where Ill be then, Rock. But Ill know about it, and Ill be happy, chevigny was later killed in action in World War II at Iwo Jima. The phrase Win one for the Gipper was later used as a slogan by Ronald Reagan. His most famous use of the phrase was at the 1988 Republican National Convention when he told Vice President George H. W. Bush, George, go out there and win one for the Gipper. The term was used by President George W. Bush at the 2004 Republican Convention when he honored the recently deceased President Reagan by stating
34.
Curly Lambeau
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Earl Louis Curly Lambeau was a professional American football player and coach in the National Football League. Lambeau was a founder, player, and first coach of the Green Bay Packers professional football team and he shares the distinction with rival George Halas of the Chicago Bears of coaching his team to the most NFL championships, with six. He was an inductee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963. Lambeau was born April 9,1898 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Marcelin Lambeau and Mary Sara La Tour, Lambeau was a standout multi-sport athlete at Green Bay East High School, and captain of its football team as a senior in 1917. Lambeau enrolled at the University of Wisconsin but then quit after freshmen football was cancelled that year. After returning to Green Bay, Lambeau went to work as a clerk at the Indian Packing Company. Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun founded the Green Bay Packers on August 11,1919 and that fall, the founders secured Willard Big Bill Ryan, former coach of Green Bay West High School, to coach the team. The teams naming rights were sold to the Acme Packing Company, the Packers initially played teams from Wisconsin and Michigans Upper Peninsula. However, the success of the team in 1919-20 quickly led to its joining of the American Professional Football Association in 1921, during that season the team was owned by the Acme Packing Company and John and Emmet Clair of Chicago. Following Willard Ryans initial year with the Packers, Lambeau was the coach of the Packers from 1920 to 1949,1921. For the better part of time, he had almost complete control over the teams day-to-day operations. Lambeau was a player-captain at first, playing halfback in the then-popular single wing offensive formation, he was both the primary runner and passer. Lambeau threw 24 touchdown passes, rushed for eight touchdowns, Lambeau was the first Packer to throw a pass, throw a touchdown pass, and make a field goal in Green Bay Packer franchise history. He won his only National Football League championship as a player-coach in 1929, in 1921, he was the teams kicker. He also kicked 1 field goal each in 1922,1924, before joining the NFL, the Packers achieved an overall 19–2–1 record in 1919 and 1920. Under Lambeau in the NFL, the Packers won six championships and he compiled an NFL regular-season record of 209–104–21 with a playoff record of 3–2, 212–106–21 overall. Lambeau is still far and away the winningest coach in Packers history, his 209 wins are nearly twice as many of runner-up Mike McCarthy and his 104 losses will likely never be matched as well. The Packers most successful period came in the 1930s, thanks to the addition of receiver Don Hutson, Lambeau and Hutson pioneered the passing game, which allowed the Packers to dominate their competitors throughout the 1930s
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