1.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
2.
Brewing company
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A brewery or brewing company is a business that makes and sells beer. The place at which beer is made is either called a brewery or a beerhouse. The commercial brewing of beer has taken place since at least 2500 BC, in ancient Mesopotamia, brewers derived social sanction, the diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. A brewery is typically divided into sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process. Beer may have known in Neolithic Europe and was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. In some form, it can be traced back almost 5000 years to Mesopotamian writings describing daily rations of beer and bread to workers. Before the rise of production breweries, the production of beer took place at home and was the domain of women and this industrialization of brewing shifted the responsibility of making beer to men. The oldest, still functional, brewery in the world is believed to be the German state-owned Weihenstephan brewery in the city of Freising and it can trace its history back to 1040 AD. The nearby Weltenburg Abbey brewery, can trace back its beer-brewing tradition to at least 1050 AD, the Žatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove that it paid a beer tax in 1004 AD. This layout often is preserved in breweries today, but mechanical pumps allow more flexibility in brewery design, early breweries typically used large copper vats in the brewhouse, and fermentation and packaging took place in lined wooden containers. Such breweries were common until the Industrial Revolution, when better materials became available, today, almost all brewery equipment is made of stainless steel. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, a handful of major breakthroughs have led to the modern brewery and its ability to produce the same beer consistently. The steam engine, vastly improved in 1775 by James Watt, brought automatic stirring mechanisms and it gave brewers the ability to mix liquids more reliably while heating, particularly the mash, to prevent scorching, and a quick way to transfer liquid from one container to another. Almost all breweries now use electric-powered stirring mechanisms and pumps, the steam engine also allowed the brewer to make greater quantities of beer, as human power was no longer a limiting factor in moving and stirring. Carl von Linde, along with others, is credited with developing the machine in 1871. Refrigeration allowed beer to be produced year-round, and always at the same temperature, yeast is very sensitive to temperature, and, if a beer were produced during summer, the yeast would impart unpleasant flavours onto the beer. Most brewers would produce enough beer during winter to last through the summer, the discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur was instrumental in the control of fermentation. The idea that yeast was a microorganism that worked on wort to produce led to the isolation of a single yeast cell by Emil Christian Hansen
3.
Asahi Breweries
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Asahi Breweries, Ltd. is a leading brewery and soft drink company based in Tokyo, Japan. As of January 2014, Asahi, with a 38% market share, was the largest of the four major producers in Japan followed by Kirin Beer with 35%. The deal closed on December 21,2016 and included popular beer brands such as Pilsner Urquell, Tyskie, Lech, Dreher, Anheuser-Busch InBev had also agreed to sell Grolsch Brewery, Peroni Brewery and Englands Meantime Brewery to Asahi, these deals closed on October 12,2016. Asahi was founded in Osaka in 1889 as the Osaka Beer Company, during the First World War German prisoners worked in the brewery. In 1990, Asahi acquired a 19. 9% stake in Australian brewery giant Elders IXL which has become the Fosters Group. In 2009, Asahi acquired the Australian beverages unit Schweppes Australia, in early 2009, Asahi acquired 19. 9% of Tsingtao Brewery from Anheuser-Busch InBev for $667 million. The sale made Asahi Breweries, Ltd. the second largest shareholder in Tsingtao behind only the Tsingtao Brewery Group, in July 2011, Asahi acquired New Zealand juice maker Charlies and the water and juice divisions of Australian beverage company P&N Beverages. In August 2011, Asahi acquired New Zealands Independent Liquor, maker of Vodka Cruiser and other alcoholic beverages, in May 2013 its New Zealand operations expanded with the purchase of retail chain Mill Liquorsave. Also, Asahi acquired the Australian brands and assets of Cricketers Arms and Mountain Goat Brewery in 2013 and 2015, in 2016, the company bought a number of breweries in Europe as a result of regulators demands before SABMiller was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev. The companys primary beer, from 1957 through the late 1980s, was Asahi Gold, in 1987 Asahi introduced Asahi Super Dry a product that transformed the modern beer industry in Japan. Asahi Super Dry is described as a highly attenuated lager without the heavier malt flavors of competitors products, with a crisp, by early 2017, the Super Dry brand was Japan’s best-selling beer. The Beer Hall is considered one of Tokyos most recognizable modern structures, Beer in Japan Asahi Soft Drinks Official website Company history books. Wiki collection of works on Asahi Breweries
4.
Lech Browary Wielkopolski
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Lech Browary Wielkopolski is a big industrial brewery in Poznań, with a production capacity of 7.5 million hl. The plant is owned by Kompania Piwowarska SA, the modern brewing plant in Poznań was built between 1975-1980. In 1984 a malthouse was added, by 1992, along with other brewers, it was part of Wielkopolskie Zakłady Piwowarsko-Słodownicze SA, but after 1992 it became the companys main production facility - Lech Browary SA. In 1993, the ministry has decided to privatize the ownership of the brewery, as a result of the tender a majority shareholder in the company was Euro Agro Centrum Poznań, owned by entrepreneur Jan Kulczyk. In 1996, the brewery was taken over by South African Breweries, three years later, the two breweries were combined to form Kompania Piwowarska. The establishment of the record was attended by 10,625 people, on July 31,2010, an advertisement containing words Zimny Lech was placed near Wawel. The controversy was that in Polish, zimny Lech means both cold Lech, as well as cold Lech, the president of Poland, whose corpse was buried in Wawel on April 18,2010. On August 2,2010, it was announced that that advertisement was going to be removed from near Wawel, as well as from other cities
5.
Tyskie
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Tyskie /ˈtɪskjə/ is a Polish brand of beer, its name comes from the brewery located in the Upper Silesia town of Tychy. Asahi Group Holdings acquired the brand from Anheuser-Busch InBev in December,2016, the main brands are Tyskie Gronie and Książęce Tyskie premium beers. The brewery is one of the oldest in Europe and at their location in Tychy withstood numerous historical border partitions of Poland, Beer has been produced in Tychy continuously for almost 400 years. From 1629, the brewery, then known in German as the Fürstliche Brauerei Tichau, was in the ownership of the German noble House of Promnitz. From 1861, the became known as the Fürstliche Brauerei in Tichau. Between 1918 and 1939, the merged with neighbouring competing companies. During World War II, the brewery was put under the management of the occupying authorities, in its beginnings, the brewery produced three kinds of beer, mailings, yeast and tableware. Only the high quality beer was intended for sale, and the two were a beer allowance drunk mainly by brewers and their families. In the early nineteenth century the brewery produced only two beverages, beer and Bavarian malt, both top-fermenting, Bavarian malt with a classical composition, saturated color was brown, sweet, calorie and low-hopped. The standard favorite was the dark niskoekstraktowe, weak and only for immediate consumption, after the expansion of the brewery in the nineteenth century and the introduction of bottom-fermenting, they started to produce beer in March, called Tyskie lager, a relatively short Bavarian beer. The first beers were light and were sold under the Książęce brand, in the interwar period, popular brands from Tyskie were the Książęce Tyskie Pilsen, the Książęce Tyskie Export, the Książęce Tyskie Beer full, and Tyskie Porter. Tyskie is one of the brands of beer in Poland. Tyskie also has a large export distribution through its parent SABMiller company, the main export brands are Tyskie Gronie, a 5. 5% full-flavored pale lager, and Książęce Tyskie, a 5. 7% classic lager. Tyskie bottles are known for their distinctive white packaging, the label depicts a royal crown to commemorate John III Sobieski king of Poland, who was born in 1629, the same year the family von Promnitz established a brewery in the town of Tychy. Since 2004, the Tyskie Brewing Museum was founded on the premises in Tychy. The Tyskie Brewing Museum represents an important anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage in Poland, in 2002, Tyskie Gronie won The Brewing Industry International Awards, receiving the two most prestigious awards - Gold Medal and Grand Prix
6.
Tychy
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Tychy is a city in Silesia, Poland, approximately 20 kilometres south of Katowice. Situated on the edge of the Upper Silesian industrial district. The Gostynia river, a tributary of the Vistula, flows through Tychy, since 1999 Tychy has been located within the Silesian Voivodeship, a province consisting of 71 regional towns and cities. Tychy is well known for its industry and its international developed brand Tyskie. Since 1950 Tychy has grown rapidly, mainly as a result of post-war socialist planning policies enacted to disperse the population of industrial Upper Silesia, although appropriate for most of Tychys history, the name is now somewhat ironic considering the growth of the city from 1950 onwards. Originally established as an agricultural settlement on the medieval trade route between Oświęcim and Mikołów, Tychy was first documented in 1467. In 1629 the first trace of serious economic activity was recorded in the shape of the Książęcy Brewery, from 1526 onwards the area on which Tychy is built was part of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy. This situation came to an end when Prussia forcibly took the land in 1742 and its population also grew between World War I and World War II, reaching a population of 11,000 at its highest point during this time. Fortunately the city received minimal damage during the invasion, thanks largely to the fact that most of the fighting took place in the Mikołów-Wyry area. The New City was designated by the Polish government in 1950, Tychy is the largest of the so-called new towns in Poland and was built from 1950 to 1985, to allow for urban expansion in the southeast of the Upper Silesian industrial region. By 2006, the population had reached 132,500, the design and planning of New Tychy was entrusted to Kazimierz Wejchert and his wife Hanna Adamczewska-Wejchert. In the administrative reforms which came into effect in 1999, Tychy was made a city with the status of a powiat, between 1999 and 2002, it was also the administrative seat of an entity called Tychy County, which is now known as the Bieruń-Lędziny County. Tychy is twinned with the town of Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, a large Fiat car factory is located in Tychy, that was opened in 1975, and is owned by the Italian manufacturer since 1992. In 2008, the factory had a production of half a million cars. It produces the new Fiat 500, the Ford Ka, and it was the exclusive manufacturing site for the second generation Fiat Panda until 2012, when it ended production. Also in Tychy is located the GM Powertrain Poland factory producing automobile engines for General Motors cars and this plant was opened by Isuzu as Isuzu Motors Polska in 1996,2002 GM took over 60% interest of that company, and in 2013 the remaining 40%. The Tyskie beer is produced in Tychy, by Kompania Piwowarska and it is reportedly one of the best selling brands of beer in Poland, with around 18% share of the Polish market as of 2009. In Tychy operates one of three remaining systems in Poland
7.
Dojlidy Brewery
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Dojlidy Brewery /dɔɪˈliːdə/ is a brewery located in Białystok, Poland, and owned by Kompania Piwowarska SA, the Polish subsidiary of SABMiller. The brewery was modernized between 1997 and 1999, then in 2003 it was purchased by Kompania Piwowarska SA, the Dojlidy Brewery used to make many different brands of beer, after being bought by Kompania Piwowarska S. A. their main product is Żubr. Żubr is one of the most popular beers in Poland and is also on sale throughout Europe, a major difference between Polish beers and those of other major beer producing countries is that they have higher alcohol percentages. Żubr is now 6. 0% while Magnat is 7%, the first beer factory was built in Dojlidy in 1768 by the Dojlido family. After his death in 1771, together all of Białostock brewery inherits the widow of the deceased. The activities of the brewery stops, in 1891, the property was owned by the family of Count Rüdigerów. With their initiative, on the site of a former manor Krusensternów, was built in the neoclassical style mansion, near the palace was built steam brewery. The Doilidy Brewery was founded in 1891 and it was taken over by the Lubomirski family in 1920 and went through a huge modernization. The period of World War I, the complex has survived almost intact Dojlidy Brewery, unfortunately, in 1915 the Russians took all the equipment from the brewery. This order was never entered into force, and the property remained in the hands of the Baroness, in 1921, Baroness, sold the entire property for five million German marks Dyskontowemu Bank in Warsaw and the Polish-American Peoples Bank in Kraków. The entire property was sold Prince George Lubomirski Raphael, in possession of the beer company underwent a complete renovation. In the late twenties Dojlidy brewery occupied the place in terms of beer production in the country and was the biggest such facility on the east of Poland. Dojlidy beer was sold in Grodno, Brest, Vilnius, Slonim, Baranovichi, Warsaw, between the brewery dojlidzki reached an annual production volume of approximately 75000 hl of beer and employed about 150 workers. Good Dojlidy were in the possession of the Lubomirski,1939 During World War II the brewery brewed beer Dojlidy was exported to Germany, during the withdrawal of German troops from Bialystok in the year 1944, the brewery was destroyed. It was rebuilt between 1948 and 1954 as Białostockie Zakłady Piwowarsko-Słodownicze, after 12 February 1948, when it takes over the brewery dojlidzki state, shall be begun rebuilding. The plant was started only in 1954, the former brewery, beer bottling plant was placed initially, and then rebuilt production line and resumed production as Białostockie BEER-malting plants in Bialystok. In 1969 they were transformed with the running of breweries in Lomza, in 1969 it was turned along with annexed breweries in Łomża and Suwałki into Zakłady Piwowarskie. In December 1996, the majority shareholder of Plant Piwowarskie Sp, Bialystok was a German beer company Binding Brauerei from Frankfurt
8.
Litre
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The litre or liter is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre,1,000 cubic centimetres or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre occupies a volume of 10×10×10 centimetres and is equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI. The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is litre, the less common spelling of liter is more predominantly used in American English. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact, a litre is defined as a special name for a cubic decimetre or 10 centimetres ×10 centimetres ×10 centimetres. Hence 1 L ≡0.001 m3 ≡1000 cm3, from 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of a platinum/iridium cylinder held at Sèvres in France and was intended to be of the mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, additionally, the mass-volume relationship of water depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was abandoned in favour of the current one, although the litre is not an official SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols, a litre is equal in volume to the millistere, an obsolete non-SI metric unit customarily used for dry measure. The litre is often used in some calculated measurements, such as density. One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, similarly,1 millilitre of water has a mass of about 1 g,1,000 litres of water has a mass of about 1,000 kg. It is now known that density of water depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes, the most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name cubic centimetre. It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine and cooking, Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold
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