1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
3.
Nippon TV
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Broadcasting terrestrially across Japan, the network is commonly known as Nihon Terebi, contracted to Nittere, and abbreviated as NTV or AX. July 1952, Nippon TV is granted the first TV broadcasting license in Japan, october 28,1952, Nippon Television Network Corporation is established. August 28,1953, Nippon Television signs on as Asia’s first commercial TV station with a dove spreading its wings. Japan’s first television commercial is also aired, december 1958, NTV introduces videotape recording in a one-off drama series using RCA 2-inch quad tape. December 3,1959, NTV airs Japan’s first color VTR broadcast, September 10,1960, NTV is given the right to broadcast color television. April 1,1966, Nippon News Network is formed, july 1,1966, The Beatles’ concert at the Nippon Budokan, part of their Japanese tour, was shown in color on NTV, with the viewing rate reaching 56 percent. 1967, NTV’s New York City bureau is opened, overseas news is broadcast via satellite relay from a special studio set up within NBC. October 9,1969, Matsutaro Shoriki, the founder of NTV,1972, Nippon Television Network System is formed. January 14,1973, NTV airs the live satellite relay in Japan for Elvis Presley’s show in Hawaii,1973, NTV enters into an agreement with ABC News in the U. S. for newscasts and satellite relays. 1974, NTVs London News Bureau opens, october 8 &15,1975, The classic film Gone with the Wind makes its world television premiere on NTV, about 13 months before NBC airs the film in the U. S. March 5,1979, Zoom. December 1982, Multichannel television sound broadcasting begins,1985, NTV completes its own television studio in New York City, which is later sold to CBS. October 1987, A recording of Michael Jackson’s concert at Yokohama Stadium is broadcast in Japan,1987, NTVs cable news channel, NCN, is launched. August 24,1989, Broadcasting in enhanced definition begins,1989, Completion of the Ikuta Studio). 1993, Hayao Miyazaki of Studio Ghibli, Inc. designs Nippon Televisions mascot character Nandarō to commemorate the channels 40th Anniversary, july 13,1995, Broadcasting in widescreen EDTV begins. April 1998 NCN relaunches as 24-hour news channel, NNN24, available via cable, july 2003, The internal network name changes, however NTV is still used for overseas as the same font as 日テレ. February 29,2004, Nippon TV moves its headquarters from Kojimachi to Shiodome,2011, Nittele becomes the top broadcaster in Japan, beating the previous record-holder Fuji Television. NTVs victory was propelled by high ratings of its Wednesday nightly drama Kaseifu no Mita, April 26,2012, Nippon Television Network Preparatory Corporation is founded. February 1–2,2013, NTV and NHK General TV collaborate for a two-day TV special, January 2014, English name changed from Nippon Television to Nippon TV
4.
Arena
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An arena is an enclosed area, often circular or oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or sporting events. The word derives from Latin harena, a particularly fine/smooth sand used to absorb blood in ancient arenas such as the Colosseum in Rome and it is composed of a large open space surrounded on most or all sides by tiered seating for spectators. The key feature of an arena is that the event space is the lowest point, arenas are usually designed to accommodate a large number of spectators. The term arena is used as a synonym for a very large venue such as Pasadenas Rose Bowl. The use of one term over the other has mostly to do with the type of event, the home of the Duke University mens and womens basketball teams would qualify as an arena, but the facility is called Cameron Indoor Stadium. Domed stadiums, which, like arenas, are enclosed but have the larger playing surfaces, such examples of these would be terms such as the arena of war or the arena of love or the political arena. In many fighting games, the stage that opponents are fought in is called an arena. Ice hockey arena Amphitheatre List of indoor arenas by capacity List of stadiums by capacity
5.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
6.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
7.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury
8.
Lethwei
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Lethwei is a full contact Burmese martial art. Lethwei is the traditional art of Myanmar also known as Burmese bareknuckle boxing, because the fighters only use tape. This discipline is considered to be one of the most aggressive, the use of fists, elbows, knees, feet but more suprisingly, the head makes it a very unusual martial art. This is the reason it also known as the art of 9 limbs, in ancient times, matches were held for entertainment and were popular with every strata of society. Participation was opened to any male, whether king or commoner, at that time, matches took place in sandpits instead of rings. Boxers fought without protective equipment, only wrapping their hands in hemp or gauze, there were no draws and no point system—the fight went on until one of the participants was knocked out or could no longer continue. Back then, Burmese boxing champions would enter the ring and call for open challenges, kyar Ba Nyein, who participated in boxing at the 1952 Summer Olympics, pioneered modern Lethwei by setting in place modern rules and regulations. He travelled around Myanmar, especially the Mon and Karen states, kyar Ba Nyein brought them back to Mandalay and Yangon and, after training with them, encouraged them to compete in the matches he organized. The Myanmar government made some changes to make Burmese boxing more marketable internationally. The first international Lethwei event was held in June 2001, when three kickboxers from the USA competed against lethwei practitioners and they were Shannon Ritch, Albert Ramirez and Doug Evans. All three Americans were knocked out in the first round, on July 10 &112004, the second event headlining foreigners took place with four Japanese fighters fighting against Burmese boxers. They were Akitoshi Tamura, Yoshitaro Niimi, Takeharu Yamamoto and Naruji Wakasugi, MMA fighter Tamura, knocked out Aya Bo Sein in the second round and became the first foreigner to beat a lethwei practitioner in an official match. On December 16,2016, the anticipated rematch of Dave Leduc and Tun Tun Min took place at the Air KBZ Aung Lan Championship in Yangon. The two previously fought in October to a draw, but the rematch was sweetened by an added bonus. Leduc became the first non-Burmese fighter to win the Lethwei world title by defeating Tun Tun Min in the second round, unlike Thailands Muay Thai, Myanmars traditional Lethwei is more underground, due to travel restrictions and international sanctions on Myanmar. The sport has kept a low profile for years. Since his win, Dave Leduc took the position of ambassador of the sport, aside from punches, kicks, elbows and knee attacks, Burmese fighterss also make use of head-butts, raking knuckle strikes and take downs. Lekkha moun is the traditional Myanmar dance performed challenge your opponent with courage and it is inspired from the birds of prey like the eagle, as they flap their wings when flying and hunting
9.
Professional wrestling
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Professional wrestling is a dramatized athletic performance that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
10.
Kickboxing
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Kickboxing is a group of stand-up combat sports based on kicking and punching, historically developed from Karate, Muay Thai, Kun Khmer, and Boxing. Kickboxing is practiced for self-defense, general fitness, or as a contact sport, Japanese kickboxing originated in the 1960s, with competitions held since then. American kickboxing originated in the 1970s and was brought to prominence in September 1974, historically, kickboxing can be considered a hybrid martial art formed from the combination of elements of various traditional styles. There is no international governing body. Consequently, there is no single kickboxing world championship, and champion titles are issued by individual promotions, such as K-1, Glory, SUPERKOMBAT, Lumpinee Boxing Stadium, among others. Bouts organized under different governing bodies apply different rules, such as allowing the use of knees or clinching, the term kickboxing can be used in a narrow and in a wide sense. The narrow use is restricted to the styles that self-identify as kickboxing, i. e. Japanese Kickboxing, Dutch Kickboxing, and American Kickboxing. In the wider sense, it includes all combat sports that allow both punching and kicking, including Muay Thai, Kun Khmer, Savate, Adithada, Lethwei, Sanda. The term was also adopted by the American variant. Arts labeled as kickboxing in the general sense include, The Indochinese family of kickboxing sports including, Thai Muay Boran – Predecessor of Muay Thai, allows the use of headbutts. Thai kickboxing or Muay Thai – the modern Thai martial art with emphasis on knee. Burmese Lethwei, a traditional Burmese martial art of which has now grown into a popular kickboxing event with strong emphasis on knee, elbow strikes, any part of the body may be used to strike and be struck. It is also known as Bando kickboxing, Laotian Muay Lao – Laotian boxing which is similar to Muay Thai Filipino Yaw-Yan – Sayaw ng Kamatayan is the proper name for Yaw-Yan, a Filipino martial art developed by Napoleon Fernandez. The art resembles Muay Thai in a sense, but differs in the hip torquing motion as well as downward-cutting nature of its kicks, indian Musti yuddha and Adithada, a form of kickboxing that uses knee, elbow and forehead strikes in Southern kalaripayattu. French Savate, a sport which developed in the 19th century. Any style of Full contact Karate Sanda – The applicable component of wushu/kung fu of which takedowns, shoot boxing – A Japanese form of kickboxing which allows throwing and submission while standing, similar to Sanda. Since kickboxing is a term that can be used both in a wide and narrow sense, this can make understanding the history somewhat difficult. Some of the earliest forms of kickboxing included the various Indochinese martial arts especially muay boran, however, in terms of modern competition, it was during the 1950s that a Japanese karateka named Tatsuo Yamada first established an outline of a new sport that combined karate and muay thai
11.
Mixed martial arts
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Mixed martial arts is a full-contact combat sport that allows both striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts. The first documented use of the mixed martial arts was in a review of UFC1 by television critic Howard Rosenberg in 1993. The term gained popularity when newfullcontact. com, then one of the largest websites covering the sport, the question of who actually coined the term is subject to debate. During the early 20th century, various mixed-style contests took place throughout Japan, in 1980 CV Productions, Inc. created the first regulated MMA league in the United States, named Tough Guy Contest, later renamed Battle of the Superfighters. The company sanctioned ten tournaments in Pennsylvania, however, in 1983 the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill prohibiting the sport. In 1993, the Gracie family brought vale tudo, developed in Brazil from the 1920s, later, individual fighters employed multiple martial arts into their style. MMA promoters were pressured to adopt additional rules to increase safety, to comply with sport regulations. Following these changes, the sport has increased popularity with a pay-per-view business that rivals boxing. In Ancient Greece there was a sport called pankration, which featured a combination of grappling and striking skills similar to found in modern MMA. Pankration was formed by a combination of the already established wrestling and boxing traditions and, in Olympic terms, All strikes and holds were allowed with the exception of biting and gouging, which were banned. Fighters, also known as pankratists, fought until a fighter submitted, according to E. Norman Gardiner, No branch of athletics was more popular than the pankration. From its origins in Ancient Greece, pankration was later passed on to the Romans, the mid nineteenth century saw the prominence of the new sport savate in the combat sports circle. At that time, French fighters wanted to test out the sport against the traditional styles of its time. However, the English team still won the four other match-ups during the contest, since then other similar contest also occurred by the late 19th to mid-20th century between French Savateurs and other combat styles. The next publicized encounter occurred in the late 1890s when future heavyweight boxing champion Bob Fitzsimmons took on European Greco-Roman Wrestling champion Ernest Roeber. In September 1901, Frank Paddy Slavin, who had been a contender for Sullivans boxing title, knocked out future world wrestling champion Frank Gotch in Dawson City, Canada. The judo-practitioner Ren-nierand who gained fame after defeating George Dubois, would again in another similar contest against Ukrainian wrestler Ivan Poddubny. Another early example of mixed martial arts was Bartitsu, which Edward William Barton-Wright founded in London in 1899, merikan contests were fought under a variety of rules, including points decision, best of three throws or knockdowns, and victory via knockout or submission
12.
Tokyo Dome City
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Tokyo Dome City, referred to as Big Egg City before January 1,2000, is an entertainment complex in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. It includes the worlds largest roofed baseball stadium known as Tokyo Dome, an amusement park known as Tokyo Dome City Attractions, in May 2003, a spa resort known as LaQua opened for business near Tokyo Dome City Attractions. It also hosts shows for Toei Companys Toei Superheroes, including the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai series. The Tokyo Dome City contains the Tokyo Dome Hotel, a 43-story hotel that is visible from the street and from the Tokyo Subway Suidobashi Station
13.
1964 Summer Olympics
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The 1964 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Tokyo, Japan, from October 10 to 24,1964. The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia, Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany, on May 26,1959. These games were also the first to be telecast internationally without the need for tapes to be overseas, as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite and these were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts, albeit partially. Certain events like the sumo wrestling and judo matches, sports huge in Japan, were tried out using Toshibas new color transmission system, history surrounding the 1964 Olympics was chronicled in the 1965 documentary film Tokyo Olympiad, directed by Kon Ichikawa. The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the citys midsummer heat and humidity, the previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather. The following games in 1968 in Mexico City also began in October, the 1964 Olympics were also the last to use a traditional cinder track for the track events. A smooth synthetic all-weather track was used for the first time at the 1968 Olympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo. Tokyo won the rights to the Games on May 26,1959, at the 55th IOC Session in Munich, West Germany, over bids from Detroit, Brussels and Vienna. Toronto was an early bidder again in 1964 after the attempt for 1960. Yūji Koseki composed the song of the opening ceremony. Yoshinori Sakai, who lit the Olympic Flame, was born in Hiroshima on August 6,1945, kumi-daiko was first exhibited to a world-wide audience at the Festival of Arts presentation. Judo and womens volleyball, both sports in Japan, were introduced to the Olympics. Japan won gold medals in three events, but Dutchman Anton Geesink won the Open category. The Japanese womens volleyball won the gold medal, with the final being broadcast live. The womens pentathlon was introduced to the athletics events, soviet gymnast Larisa Latynina won two gold medals, a silver medal and two bronze medals. She held the record for most Olympic medals at 18 which stood until broken by American swimmer Michael Phelps in 2012, czechoslovakian gymnast Věra Čáslavská wins 3 gold medals, including the individual all-around competition, crowning her the new queen over the reigning champion Larisa Latynina. Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser won the 100 m freestyle event for the time in a row
14.
Madison Square Garden
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Madison Square Garden, often called MSG or simply The Garden, is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Located in Midtown Manhattan between 7th and 8th Avenues from 31st to 33rd Streets, it is situated atop Pennsylvania Station. The Garden is used for basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, professional wrestling and other forms of sports. It is close to other midtown Manhattan landmarks, including the Empire State Building, Koreatown and it is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter Billy Joel. The Garden opened on February 11,1968, and is the oldest major sporting facility in the New York metropolitan area and it is the oldest arena in the National Hockey League and the second-oldest arena in the National Basketball Association. MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of sales, behind The O2 Arena. At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion and it is part of the Pennsylvania Plaza office and retail complex. Several other operating entities related to the Garden share its name, Madison Square is formed by the intersection of 5th Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street in Manhattan. It was named after James Madison, fourth President of the United States, two venues called Madison Square Garden were located just northeast of the square, the first from 1879 to 1890, and the second from 1890 to 1925. The first Garden, leased to P. T. Barnum, had no roof and was inconvenient to use during inclement weather, Madison Square Garden II was designed by noted architect Stanford White. The new building was built by a syndicate which included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, P. T. Barnum, Darius Mills, James Stillman and W. W. Astor. It was 200 feet by 485 feet, and the main hall and it had a 1, 200-seat theatre, a concert hall with a capacity of 1,500, the largest restaurant in the city and a roof garden cabaret. A third Madison Square Garden opened in a new location, on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, from 1925 to 1968, groundbreaking on the third Madison Square Garden took place on January 9,1925. Designed by the theater architect Thomas W. Lamb, it was built at the cost of $4.75 million in 249 days by boxing promoter Tex Rickard. The arena was 200 feet by 375 feet, with seating on three levels, and a capacity of 18,496 spectators for boxing. Demolition commenced in 1968 after the opening of the current Garden and it finished up in early 1969, and the site is now where One Worldwide Plaza is located. The new structure was one of the first of its kind to be built above the platforms of a railroad station. It was an engineering feat constructed by Robert E. McKee of El Paso, public outcry over the demolition of the Pennsylvania Station structure—an outstanding example of Beaux-Arts architecture—led to the creation of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
15.
Puroresu
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Puroresu is the popular term for the predominant style or genre of professional wrestling that has developed in Japan. The term comes from the Japanese pronunciation of professional wrestling, which is shortened to puroresu, in this sense, puroresu could be transliterated as pro-wres. The term became popular among English-speaking fans due to Hisaharu Tanabes activities in the online Usenet community, growing out of origins in the traditional US style of wrestling, it has become an entity in itself. Japanese pro wrestling is distinct in its psychology and presentation of the sport and it is treated as a legitimate fight, with fewer theatrics, the stories told in Japanese matches are about a fighters spirit and perseverance. In strong style, the style most typically associated with puroresu, full contact martial arts strikes, the first Japanese to involve himself in catch wrestling, the basis of traditional professional wrestling, was former sumo wrestler Sorakichi Matsuda. Rikidōzan brought the sport to tremendous popularity with his Japanese Wrestling Association until his murder in 1963, following his death, Puroresu thrived, creating a variety of personalities, promotions and styles. Despite some similarities to the more popular style of professional wrestling in the United States. Puroresu is known for its spirit and the wrestlers are known for their full contact strikes. Most matches have clean finishes and many of the promotions dont use any angles or gimmicks, Japanese wrestling is also known for its relationship with fellow mixed martial arts promotions. Wrestling and martial arts icon Antonio Inoki usually organizes wrestling matches, Puroresu still remains popular and it draws huge crowds from the major promotions. With this and its relationship with martial arts disciplines, the audiences. It should be noted that the term Puroresu in Japan refers to all professional wrestling. For example, American promotions WWE and TNA are referred to as Puroresu in Japan, Puroresu has a variety of different rules, which can differ completely from wrestling in other countries. While there is no governing authority for puroresu, there is a standard which has developed. Each promotion has their own variation, but all are similar enough to avoid confusion, any convention described here is simply a standard, and may or may not correspond exactly with any given promotions codified rules. Matches are held two or more sides. Each corner may consist of one wrestler, or a team of two or more, most team matches are governed by tag team rules. One notable difference from North American and, in recent years, the match is won by scoring a fall, which is generally consistent with standard professional wrestling, Pinning an opponents shoulders to the mat for the referees count of three
16.
World Boxing Council
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All four organizations however recognise the legitimacy of each other, and each have interwoven histories dating back several decades. It was initially established by 11 countries, the United States, Puerto Rico, Argentina, United Kingdom, France, Mexico, Philippines, Panama, Chile, Peru, Venezuela, today, it has 161 member countries. The current WBC president is Mauricio Sulaiman, former presidents include Luis Spota and Ramon G. Velázquez of Mexico, Justiniano N. Montano, Jr. of the Philippines, and José Sulaimán of Mexico from 1975 until Sulaimáns death in 2014. The WBCs green championship belt portrays the flags of all of the 161 member countries of the organization, all WBC world-title belts look identical regardless of weight class, however, there are minor variations on the design for secondary and regionally themed titles within the same weight class. Although rivals, the WBCs relationship with other sanctioning bodies has improved over time, unification bouts between WBC and other organizations champions are becoming more common in recent years. For many years, it prevented its champions from holding the WBO belt. When a WBO-recognized champion wished to fight for a WBC championship, he had to abandon his WBO title first and this, however, is no longer the case. Among those to have been recognized by the WBC as world champions were the undefeated and undisputed champion Joe Calzaghe, Rocky Marciano, Floyd Mayweather Jr, Roy Jones, Jr. In its discretion, the WBC may designate and recognize, upon a majority vote of their Board of Governors. Such a recognition is for life and is bestowed upon present or past WBC world champions. During the WBCs 51st Convention in Bangkok, Thailand, Floyd Mayweather was named Supreme Champion, the WBC bolstered the legitimacy of womens boxing by recognizing fighters such as Christy Martin and Lucia Rijker as contenders for World Female titles in 16 weight divisions. The first WBC World Female Champion was the super-bantamweight Jackie Nava from Mexico, with her former-champion father at ringside, Laila Ali won the super-middleweight title on 11 June 2005. The WBC has also created a Silver world title in 2010, justin Savi was the first to win it on 16 April 2010, fighting against Cyril Thomas in France. The Silver title was created as a replacement to the interim title, but unlike its predecessor, a boxer holding the Silver title cannot inherit the full title vacated by the champion. The WBC continues to recognize Interim and Silver champions, as well as Interim Silver champions, a year later, the WBC brought Silver belts to the International title ranks. In September 2009, the WBC created its new Diamond Championship belt and this belt was created as an honorary championship exclusively to award the winner of a historic fight between two high-profile and elite boxers. Other holders of this title have included Bernard Hopkins, Sergio Martínez and Saúl Álvarez, Floyd Mayweather, Jr. Nonito Donaire, Léo Santa Cruz, Jean Pascal, Sergey Kovalev, although this title can be defended, it is not a mandatory requirement. The title can also be vacated in the case of a fighters long-term absence or retirement from boxing, many in the boxing community have accused the WBC of bending its rules to suit the powerful boxing promoter Don King
17.
Tokyo Dome City Hall
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Tokyo Dome City Hall is a sport, fashion show, circus, and live music hall located in Tokyo, inside of Tokyo Dome City. It is on the corner of the Tokyo Dome, and has a variety of events at any given time, including Boxing. The hall was purchased by the Japan Credit Bureau, a Credit Card Company, the building, also known as Mitsupoto hall, is a commercial arts facility. JCB Hall is the portion of the Mitsupoto complex. It is host to the Animax Anison Grand Prix anime song music competition, TDCH hosted Tougeki – Super Battle Opera several times. It also is going to be the site of most small scale circuses. There are also a variety of choices available on multiple floors of the complex. Also arena will host Miss International 2016 on October 27,2016, standing, JCB Hall can fit approximately 3,100 people, though this number varies depending on the seating charts for the different events. For example, the stage is set in such a way that during fashion shows it less than 1600. Since the complex is new, JCB Hall has a state-of-the-art sound system. The seats in the complex are designed for comfort as well, the stage is set up in such a way that it is extremely versatile, and can be switched out depending on the event. For example, when the circus is playing they tend to use a circle stage, when a boxing match is taking place, the back of the stage can be removed in order to seat extra chairs. Official Homepage, Tokyo Dome City Hall Official Homepage, Tokyo Dome City
18.
Tokyo Dome
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Tokyo Dome is a stadium in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. Construction on the stadium began on May 16,1985, and it was built on the site of the Velodrome, adjacent to the predecessor ballpark, Kōrakuen Stadium. It has a total capacity of 55,000 depending on configuration. Tokyo Domes original nickname was The Big Egg, with calling it the Tokyo Big Egg. Its dome-shaped roof is a structure, a flexible membrane held up by slightly pressurizing the inside of the stadium. It became the first Japanese venue with an American football attendance above 50,000 and it is also the location of the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame which chronicles the history of baseball in Japan. The Tokyo Dome was developed by Nikken Sekkei and Takenaka Corporation, Tokyo Dome is part of a greater entertainment complex known as Tokyo Dome City, built of the grounds of the former Tokyo Koishikawa arsenal. Tokyo Dome City includes an amusement park and Tokyo Dome City Attractions and this amusement park occupies the former Korakuen Stadium site and includes a roller coaster named Thunder Dolphin and a hubless Ferris wheel. Mariah Careys three sold out shows at the Dome during her 1996 Daydream World Tour on March 7,10 and 14 set records when all 150,000 tickets sold in under 3 hours. She later performed at the Dome for 4 nights during her 1998 Butterfly World Tour on January 11,14,17,20 and 2 nights during her 2000 Rainbow World Tour on March 7 and 9. Overall, Carey performed at the Tokyo Dome 9 sold out concerts to date and she holds the record for the most number of shows performed at the venue for a female solo artist, both in her country of origin and international. The second is Janet Jackson with a total of 8 shows, mick Jagger was the first international act to play in the Tokyo Dome on March 22 and 23,1988. Bon Jovi followed suit and played at the Tokyo Dome on 31 December 1988, the band has since performed total of 19 concerts at Tokyo Dome, most recently in 2010 as part of The Circle Tour. American singer Janet Jackson performed at the Dome in 1990, selling out four shows in 7 minutes and this record was later surpassed by Japanese rock band LArc~en~Ciel. The stadium played host to Amnesty Internationals Human Rights Now, benefit Concert on September 27,1988. After an 11-year absence in Japan, he performed again in the Tokyo Dome for three nights in November 2013 and another 3 nights in April 2015 during the Out There, Tour, for a total of 18 performances at the venue. The Rolling Stones performed 10 concerts at the stadium during Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour, later they performed seven concerts during the Voodoo Lounge Tour in 1995. The band returned to Japan in 1998 to play four more concerts, part of the Bridges to Babylon Tour then again in 2003, after three years, the band returned in 2006 to perform two more shows at the venue as part of their A Bigger Bang Tour
19.
Pro Wrestling Zero1
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Pro Wrestling Zero1, formerly known as Pro Wrestling Zero-One and Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max, is a Japanese professional wrestling promotion founded in 2001. It was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance from 2001 until late 2004, the promotion was founded by former New Japan Pro Wrestling stars Shinya Hashimoto and Shinjiro Otani. In 2000, Hashimoto proposed an independent promotion within NJPW called New Japan Pro Wrestling Zero, when Hashimoto was fired by NJPW in November 2000, he registered the Pro Wrestling Zero-One name. On November 30,2004 Hashimoto gave up ownership of the promotion, a new parent company First On Stage was formed consisting of President Yoshiyuki Nakamura, Ring Announcer Oki Okidata, Shinjiro Otani and a company named Baltic Curry. The promotion was renamed Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max with Otani and Nakamura taking over the general operations, among the major changes to the federations structure was joining the AWA Superstars of Wrestling as the only Japanese member. At the same time the owner of the companys National Wrestling Alliance promoting license, New Japan Pro Wrestling, the alliance also occasionally puts on Super Shows where all the promotions send fighters to compete representing their own companies under the GPWA banner. Pro Wrestling Noahs CEO Mitsuharu Misawa was inaugurated as the first Chairman of the new alliance, in 2008, the promotion shortened the name to Pro Wrestling Zero1. In 2011, the returned to the NWA as their Japanese territory. In March 2011, NWA presented Zero1 with the NWA Pan-Pacific Premium Heavyweight Championship in celebration of the promotions 10th anniversary, in July, Daisuke Sekimoto won the Fire Festival to become the first champion. In 2012, an Australian division of Zero1 known as Zero1 Pro Wrestling Australia opened in Adelaide taking over what was known as NWA Pro Wrestling, at the beginning of 2014 the relationship ended and the promotion is now known as Wrestle Rampage. Zero1 Hong Kong branch opened in June 2012 after Jason New returned to Hong Kong from Zero1 earlier that year, Pro Wrestling Zero1 Mexico opened its branch in September 2012 after International Pro Wrestling Alliance united with Zero1 Japan. In 2013, Yoshiyuki Nakamura opened a new division of Zero1 in Belarus, on December 17,2013, Zero1 announced a corporate restructuring taking place at the start of the new year. On September 16,2016, Dream On Stage was announced as Zero1s new parent company, also announced was a partnership between Zero1 and Akebonos Ōdō company. Zero1 holds a tournament every summer in the last week of July called the Fire Festival where the winner holds the Fire Sword for a whole year until the next summers tournament. They also hold a Yasukuni Shrine show every April and a junior tournament called the Tenkaichi Jr
20.
Pro Wrestling Noah
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Pro Wrestling Noah is a major Japanese professional wrestling promotion, founded in 2000 by former All Japan Pro Wrestling legend Mitsuharu Misawa. In January 1999, All Japan founder and promoter Giant Baba died, leaving the company in the hands of his widow Motoko Baba as owner and Misawa as president. However, disheartened with Motoko Babas proposed direction for the company, All but two native stars and two gaijin followed Misawa. Noahs promotional symbol, an ark with a dove holding an olive branch, Noah also features a strong junior heavyweight division, which was something that All Japan had been relatively lacking in the 1990s due to lack of pushes for the younger stars. The Wrestling Observer named Noah as the best promotion in 2004 and 2005, a spinoff league called Pro Wrestling Sem was launched in 2006. Similar to New Japan Pro Wrestlings Young Lions system, it will function as a facility for rookies, with Naomichi Marufuji. Pro Wrestling Sem is also a reference to the Biblical story of Noah, on June 13,2009, Misawa teamed with Go Shiozaki against Akitoshi Saito and Bison Smith at Hiroshima Green Arena. After taking a belly to back suplex from Saito, Misawa lost consciousness and was taken to a hospital and he was pronounced dead in the hospital at 10,10 p. m. JST due to spinal damage. On June 27,2009, Akira Taue was named as Misawas successor, also in 2009, Noah lost their weekly television show on Nippon TV. In 2010, Pro Wrestling Noah announced a new Global League Tournament comprising twelve of Noahs top heavyweight stars, the promotion celebrated its 10th anniversary in summer 2010. They had a series of events planned to commemorate the milestone. On December 19, Noah confirmed that the five men had indeed refused to re-sign with the promotion, the following month, all five men joined All Japan. Kobashi returned to wrestle his retirement match in a Noah ring on May 11,2013, on April 30,2014, Noahs arguably biggest star and ace Kenta announced his resignation from the promotion. In early 2015, NJPW wrestler Jado took over as the new booker of Noah. On April 21, one of Noahs bigger stars, Takeshi Morishima, was forced to retire from wrestling due to issues with his blood. On December 24,2015, Noah announced the signing of freelancer Katsuhiko Nakajima, four days later, Noah announced the departures of Mikey Nicholls, Shane Haste and Takeshi Morishima, following their contracts with the promotion expiring at the end of the year. On June 13,2016, freelancer Go Shiozaki officially re-signed with Noah, on November 1,2016, it was announced that Noah had been sold to IT development company Estbee, Co, Ltd. As a result, former All Japan president Masayuki Uchida took over as the new Noah president, on November 7, Estbee officially changed its name to Noah Global Entertainment kabushiki gaisha
21.
Ashita no Joe
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Ashita no Joe is a critically acclaimed boxing manga written by Ikki Kajiwara and illustrated by Tetsuya Chiba in 1968 that was later adapted into an anime series and movie. The title means Joe of tomorrow or Tomorrows Joe, outside Japan it is also referred to as Champion Joe, Rocky Joe or Joe. Joe Yabuki is a young man who runs away from an orphanage. Wandering through the Tokyo slums, he meets former boxing trainer Danpei, Joe is later arrested and goes to a temporary jail where he fights Nishi, leader of a group of hooligans. He and Nishi then go to a juvenile prison miles away from Tokyo, there Joe meets Rikiishi, a former boxing prodigy, and a rivalry develops between them. They face each other in a match in which Rikiishi dominates Joe until the latter hits him with a cross-counter, Joe and Rikiishi vow to fight again. As Rikiishi learns he is scheduled to leave the prison, he challenges Joe to a right the two promise to meet each other again, this time as professional boxers. Upon his release from prison, Joe manages to go up to Bantamweight, Joe quickly raises up and gains popularity for his brawling style, and trademark cross-counter KO wins. Joe manages to perform a counter on Wolf. Joe then earns the right to fight Rikiishi in the professional ring, although Rikiishi is assured a promising career, he is intent in settling his score with Joe, whom he feels stands in his path. Because Rikiishi is three weight classes above Joe, he has to cut down on lots of weight and go under a weight loss program. Rikiishi defeats Joe in the 8th round with but collapses as he is about to shake Joes hand due to a hard blow to the temple two rounds before and him landing his head on the ropes. Rikiishi dies from the effects of the extreme weight loss on his body. Joe is still shaken up from that match, both mentally and physically, soon after, during matches, his trainer Danpei realises that Joe is having a serious problem with boxing, he is not giving shots to the face. It takes Joe quite some time to get over it and costs him three straight losses, but then he finally conquers his fears when he faces the globally #6 ranked Carlos Rivera. The fight ends with a draw, yet it gives Joe tremendous fame and respect around the world, Joe starts to climb up the boxing ladder, but considering he grew a few inches taller, he had to cut weight which proved to be extremely difficult. He defeats the Asian–Pacific Champion, Yongpi Kim, a Korean boxer, after winning the title match, Joe defends his title. He wins all defenses, ultimately defending it against the Malaysian fighter Harimau and his unorthodox fighting style is unpredictable but Joe manages to successfully defend his title
22.
Hajime no Ippo
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Hajime no Ippo is a Japanese boxing manga series written and illustrated by George Morikawa. It has been serialized by Kodansha in Weekly Shōnen Magazine since 1989 and it follows the story of high school student Makunouchi Ippo, as he begins his career in boxing and over time obtains many titles and defeats various opponents. A 76-episode anime adaptation titled Hajime no Ippo, The Fighting, was produced by Madhouse, Nippon Television and VAP, directed by Satoshi Nishimura and ran on the Nippon Television Network from October 2000 to March 2002. A TV film and an OVA were also produced, on September 15,2008 it was announced in Weekly Shōnen Magazine that a second season of Hajime no Ippo would begin airing on January 6,2009. The second season is called Hajime no Ippo, New Challenger, at the end of 2003, the first season of anime was licensed in North America by Geneon, which released it under the name Fighting Spirit. Ippo Makunouchi was a shy high school student who never had the time to make friends because he was always busy helping his mother run their family fishing charter business. Because he kept to himself, a group of bullies led by Umezawa got into the habit of picking on him, one day, these bullies gave him a rather serious beating. A middleweight professional boxer who was passing by stopped the bullies and took the injured Ippo to the Kamogawa Gym, owned by retired boxer Genji Kamogawa, to treat his wounds. After Ippo awoke to the sounds of boxers training, the boxer who saved him, Mamoru Takamura and it was then that they had their first glimpse into Ippos talent for boxing. After that incident, Ippo gave the situation a lot of thought, when he conveys this message to Mamoru Takamura, he gets verbally reprimanded, Takamura thought Ippo was taking professional boxing too lightly. However, Takamura felt that he couldnt outright refuse Ippo, especially since his feat of punching the sandbag much harder than anybody else in the gym. Therefore, he challenges Ippo to catch 10 falling leaves from a tree simultaneously after a week of training, fully convinced that Ippo would fail, however, after a week of tough training, involving nightly hours, Ippo manages the technique in the nick of time. He waits for the jogging Takamura to come by his usual path and surprises him by catching all 10 of the falling leaves and this impresses Takamura greatly, and he informs Ippo that the action required to catch all 10 leaves is called a boxing jab. Takamura invites Ippo back to the gym for introductions. However, Kamogawa decides to give Ippo a severe challenge and tells him to spar with Miyata, who is 16, Miyata is known as a boxing prodigy and is one of Kamogawa gyms future hopes. Takamura gets extremely worried with this prospect, as Miyata skill is way above the pro boxer. As expected, Ippo loses by KO, but not until Miyata struggles dodging his punches and finally ends the match with his trump card, The Counter. Coach Kamogawa decides that he has great fighting sense and spirit, both are expected to hit high in the rankings and, eventually, fight each other for the world champions belt
23.
Kinnikuman
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Kinnikuman is a manga series created by the duo Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada, known as Yudetamago. It follows Suguru Kinniku, a superhero who must win a tournament to retain the title of prince of Planet Kinniku. Nakai and Takashi planned the series when they were attending high school originally as a parody to Ultraman and it restarted publication in 2011, and has spawned spin-off manga and anime series, video games, anime films, and several Kinnikuman-related merchandise. Among the several spin-offs, there is Kinnikuman the 2nd manga series that was serialized in Weekly Playboy between 1998 and 2004 and it was published in North America by Viz Media under the title of Ultimate Muscle. It was also adapted into three different television series, all of which were broadcast by TV Tokyo in Japan and released in North America by 4Kids Entertainment, the manga series has been popular in Japan, selling over 70 million copies by 2015. As popular as was the series and its merchandise, such as Kinkeshi. Although it received the Shogakukan Manga Award for childrens manga in 1985, the story involves Kinnikuman, a clumsy, foolish superhero who discovers that he is the missing prince of the planet Kinniku. Since he is a fool, however, he must prove himself worthy of the throne. Many of Kinnikumans allies begin as villains or arrogant heroes, the heroes and villains are collectively known as Chojin, which literally means supermen. Mantaro Muscle is the son of superhero wrestler King Muscle. After 28 years of peace, the Seigi Choujins old enemies regroup, the Muscle League has lost its edge and are overwhelmed by the young, well-trained fighters. Recognizing their weakness, the Seigi Chojin reopen the Hercules Factory, at first unwilling, Mantaro is one of the young heroes and defeats his father to prove his readiness to graduate. He and the other new Seigi Choujin defeat several members of the dMp and meet Kevin Mask and they also battle Sunshine and his pupils, who destroy the dMp after developing a renewed respect for the fighting spirit of the Seigi Choujins. Although the manga begins as a lighthearted, humorous story, later arcs have a darker tone. Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada, friends since fourth grade, decided to create a series in high school. Its serialization began in the May 1979 issue and concluded in March 1987, Shueisha collected its 387 chapters into 36 tankōbon, releasing them from February 15,1980 to April 15,1988. A one-shot, Muscle Returns, was published in Kadokawa Shotens Kakutō Ace in January 1996, despite the title, the series only began regular publication on November 28,2011 in Shū Play News, Shueishas web version of Weekly Playboy. The 37th tankōbon was released on January 29,2010, Kinnikuman was also published in the Shueisha Jump Remix bargain series from 2001 to 2013
24.
Korakuen Stadium
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Korakuen Stadium was a stadium in Tokyo, Japan. Completed in 1937, it was used for baseball and was home to the Yomiuri Giants until 1988 when they moved next door, to the Tokyo Dome. The ballpark had a capacity of 50,000 people, in 1942 Korakuen Stadium played host to a memorable 28 inning,311 pitch, complete game effort by Michio Nishizawa. It also hosted the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame, on August 16,1976, it hosted the first NFL game played outside of North America when the St. Louis Cardinals defeated the San Diego Chargers 20-10 in a preseason game before 38,000. It also hosted the Mirage Bowl, the stadium was also used as a concert venue for superstars. This included the all-day For Freedom show, on April 4,1978, which was the farewell performance by Candies. On March 31,1981, Pink Lady, another top Japanese girl group of the time, in June 1987, Madonna sold all of the 65,000 available tickets for 3 concerts on the Whos That Girl Tour in a few hours. The second night was shown on TV in Japan and was released on VHS. Michael Jackson kicked off the Bad World Tour, his first tour as a solo artist, Korakuen Stadium closed on November 8,1987 and demolition proceeded soon after, which was completed in February 1988. The former site of the field area is now occupied by a high-rise. The remainder of the former site is a plaza for the Tokyo Dome
25.
Asaka, Saitama
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Asaka is a city located in Saitama Prefecture, in the central Kantō region of Japan. As of 1 February 2016, the city had an population of 135,495. Its total area was 18.34 square kilometres, located in far southern Saitama Prefecture, Asaka is on the central reaches of the Arakawa River in the center of the Musashino Terrace. The village of Hizaori was created within Niikura District, Saitama with the establishment of the system on April 1,1889. Niikura District was abolished in 1894 and became part of Kitaadachi District and it was raised to town status on May 1,1921, and renamed Asaka after Prince Asaka who was an honorary chairman of the Tokyo Golf Club, which relocated to the area at that time. On April 1,1955, Asaka annexed the village of Uchimasa. At the 1964 Summer Olympics in neighboring Tokyo, the hosted the riding part of the modern pentathlon event at Asaka Nezu Park. Asaka was elevated to city status on March 15,1967, due to its location, Asaka is primarily a bedroom community with over 37% of its population commuting to the Tokyo metropolis for work. The area is also a hub for northern Tokyo. Asaka has ten schools, five middle schools and two high schools. Toyo University also has a campus in Asaka
26.
Enoshima
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Enoshima is a small offshore island, about 4 km in circumference, at the mouth of the Katase River which flows into the Sagami Bay of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Administratively, Enoshima is part of the city of Fujisawa. Home to some of the closest sandy beaches to Tokyo and Yokohama, benzaiten, the goddess of music and entertainment, is enshrined on the island. The island in its entirety is dedicated to the goddess, who is said to have caused it to rise from the bottom of the sea in the sixth century. The island is the scene of the Enoshima Engi, a history of shrines on Enoshima written by the Japanese Buddhist monk Kōkei in 1047 AD and he developed a power plant and extensive botanical gardens including a very large greenhouse. Although the original greenhouse was destroyed in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, Enoshima is now the center of Shōnan, a resort area along the coast of Sagami Bay. Enoshima was the Olympic harbor for the 1964 Summer Olympics, Enoshima will also be the sailing and surfing venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics. Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan, Enoshima travel guide from Wikivoyage Enoshima Shrine
27.
Setagaya
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Setagaya is a special ward in Tokyo, Japan. It is also the name of a neighborhood and administrative district within the ward, the ward calls itself Setagaya City in English. Its official bird is the magpie, its flower the fringed orchid. Setagaya has the largest population and second largest area of Tokyos 23 special wards. As of June 1,2016, the ward has an population of 890,927. Setagaya is located at the corner of the 23 special wards. Residential population is among the highest in Tokyo as there are many residential neighbourhoods within Setagaya, most rail lines run parallel from east to west and there are no north to south rail services within Setagaya, except for Setagaya Line light rail. The ward is divided into five districts and these are Setagaya, Kitazawa, Tamagawa, Kinuta and Karasuyama. The main ward office and municipal assembly is located in Setagaya District, each branch offices provide almost identical services as the main office, but does not provide the services related to municipal assembly. Most of the land is in the Musashino Tableland, the parts along the Tama River to the south are comparatively low-lying. The special ward of Setagaya was founded on March 15,1947, during the Edo period,42 villages occupied the area. With the establishment of Setagaya Ward in the old Tokyo City in 1932, during the 1964 Summer Olympics, the district of Karasuyama-machi in Setagaya was part of the athletics marathon and 50 km walk event. Prior to becoming mayor, Hosaka was also well-known his staunch opposition of the death penalty, cookie Jar Entertainment has its Japan offices in Setagaya. Game Freak has its Japan offices in Setagaya, ivan Ramen restaurant, a ramen shop owned by an American chef. OLM, Inc. has its studios in Setagaya, toho has studio facilities in Setagaya. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education operates public high schools, the following schools are nationally or privately operated. The following schools are operated by Setagaya, the following schools are nationally or privately operated. The following schools are privately operated
28.
Karuizawa, Nagano
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Karuizawa is a town located in Kitasaku District in south-central Nagano Prefecture, in the Chūbu region of Japan. As of 1 October 2016, the town had an population of 19,939. Its total area was 156.03 square kilometres, Karuizawa is a popular summer resort area for Tokyo. Karuizawa is located in eastern Nagano Prefecture, bordered by Gunma Prefecture to the north, east, the town is located on an elevated plain at the foot of Mount Asama, one of Japans most active volcanoes. The mountain is classed as a Category A active volcano, a small eruption was detected in June 2015, a more significant eruption spewing hot rocks and a plume of ash occurred in February 2015. Mt. Asamas most destructive eruption in recent recorded history took place in 1783, the volcano is actively monitored by scientists and climbing close to the summit is prohibited. Precipitation is much heavier in the summer than in the winter, the area of present-day Karuizawa was part of ancient Shinano Province, and developed as Karuizawa-shuku, a post station on the Nakasendō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto during the. August 2,1876, The villages of Kutsukake, Shiozawanitta, Karijuku, Narusawanitta, the village of Hatsuji in Saku District absorbed the village of Matorikaya. January 14,1879, Kitasaku District Government enforced, and the town of Usuitoge,1886, Canadian Anglican missionary Rev. Alexander Croft Shaw and Tokyo Imperial University English professor James Main Dixon introduced Karuizawa as a summer resort. 1910s, Begins to attract the attention of other expatriates and Japanese, august 1,1923, The village of Higashinagakura gains town status to become the town of Karuizawa. 1940s, Site of an internment camp for foreigners and diplomats during World War 2, may 8,1942, The village of Nishinagakura is merged into Karuizawa 1951, Selected as International Cultural and Tourism City. February 1,1957, Karuizawa absorbed Serizawa area from the village of Goga. April 1,1959, The Kajikazawa area of the village of Oiwake was split off. 1964,1964 Summer Olympics February 1972, Asama-Sanso incident Police besiege communist militants holed up in holiday resort after mass killing, October 1,1997, The Nagano Shinkansen opens, serving Karuizawa. 1998,1998 Winter Olympics 2004, Mount Asama erupts, hoshino Resorts has its headquarters in Karuizawa. Karuizawa has three elementary school and one public middle school operated by the town government, and one high school operated the Nagano Prefectural Board of Education. The International School of Asia, Karuizawa is also located in the town, convenient road and rail access from central Tokyo, has ensured Karuizawas popularity as a location for second homes and resort hotels since the Meiji era. The town is known for its historic shopping street known as Ginza dōri or Kyū-dō, Karuizawa hosted equestrian events in the 1964 Summer Olympics as well as curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics
29.
University of Tokyo
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The University of Tokyo, abbreviated as Todai, is a research university located in Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan. The university has 10 faculties with a total of around 30,000 students,2,100 of whom are foreign and its five campuses are in Hongō, Komaba, Kashiwa, Shirokane and Nakano. It is the first of Japans National Seven Universities, the university was chartered by the Meiji government in 1877 under its current name by amalgamating older government schools for medicine and Western learning. It was renamed the Imperial University in 1886, and then Tokyo Imperial University in 1897 when the Imperial University system was created, in September 1923, an earthquake and the following fires destroyed about 700,000 volumes of the Imperial University Library. The books lost included the Hoshino Library, a collection of about 10,000 books, the books were the former possessions of Hoshino Hisashi before becoming part of the library of the university and were mainly about Chinese philosophy and history. In 1947, after Japans defeat in World War II, it re-assumed its original name, although the university was founded during the Meiji period, it has earlier roots in the Astronomy Agency, Shoheizaka Study Office, and the Western Books Translation Agency. These institutions were government offices established by the 徳川幕府 Tokugawa shogunate, kikuchi Dairoku, an important figure in Japanese education, served as president of Tokyo Imperial University. For the 1964 Summer Olympics, the university hosted the running portion of the pentathlon event. On 20 January 2012, Todai announced that it would shift the beginning of its academic year from April to September to align its calendar with the international standard, the shift would be phased in over five years. But this unilateral announcement by the president was received badly and the university abandoned the plans, according to the Japan Times, the university had 1,282 professors in February 2012. In 2014, the School of Science at the University of Tokyo introduced an undergraduate transfer program called Global Science Course. Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo 1st in Asia, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the University of Tokyo 27th in the world in 2013 and 1st in the Asia University ranking in 2013. In 2015, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked the institution 23rd in the world and it ranks 12th in the world according to the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2016. QS World University Rankings in 2011 ranked the University of Tokyo 25th in the world, in the 2011 QS Asian University Rankings, which employs a different methodology, the University of Tokyo came 4th. Currently, University of Tokyo holds ranks 9th & 11th respectively for Natural Sciences & Engineering, Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings ranked the University of Tokyo 12th in the world also 1st in Asia in 2016. Global University Ranking ranked the University of Tokyo 3rd in the world, Human Resources & Labor Review, a human competitiveness index & analysis published in Chasecareer Network, ranked the university 21st internationally and 1st in Asia in 2010. Mines ParisTech, Professional Ranking World Universities ranked the University of Tokyo 2nd in the world on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies, nature Publishing Index ranked the University of Tokyo 5th in the world in 2011. The main Hongo campus occupies the estate of the Maeda family
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Komazawa Gymnasium
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Komazawa Gymnasium is an indoor sporting arena located in Komazawa Olympic Park, Tokyo, Japan. The capacity of the arena is 3,875 spectators, designed by Japanese architect Yoshinobu Ashihara, along with the landmark Control Tower, that features as a focal point of the park. The gymnasium venue hosted the events at the 1964 Summer Olympics
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Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium
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Komazawa Olympic Park Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan. The stadium is a feature of Komazawa Olympic Park and is currently used mostly for football matches as well as American football games. The stadium hosted some of the preliminaries for the 1964 Summer Olympics. Some J. League Division 1, J. League Division 2, J. League Cup,12 minutes walk from Komazawa-daigaku Station 1964 Summer Olympics official report
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Lake Sagami
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Lake Sagami is an artificial lake located in Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa in Japans Kantō region. Created in 1947 after the Sagami River was dammed, it serves as use for recreational, the lake also served as venue for canoeing events at the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, located 60 kilometres from the lake. Typical lake flows are 85 hydroelectric,10.34 domestic,4.16 irrigation, land usage is 87. 5% natural,4. 6% agricultural, and 7. 9% other. Eutrophication issues have been an issue of the lake that was first observed in 1967. The main issue was microcystis algae bloom and reached its highest cell count of 2,500,000 cells/mL in July–October 1979, most vegetation grown around the lake are grassland and weeds while most crops grown are rice and vegetables. Fertilizer application for crops near the lake is moderate, because of the lakes creation in 1947, it displaced the careers of many local fishermen in the area. In return for their livelihood being taken away, many of families were offered rental boats in the new lake. No private boats are allowed on the lake as a result, to compensate for the loss of the smelt, black bass from the United States was imported to the lake as was Prussian carp. Because of the bass, the lake is a recreational fishing area. The lake is used for couples dating for boat rides and families. Row boat standard daily rental rates are ¥3000 for one person, in 1984, there were 170 industrial and four municipal sewage treatment plants surrounding the lake
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Nippatsu Mitsuzawa Stadium
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The Nippatsu Mitsuzawa Stadium is a football stadium in Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan. It serves as a ground of Yokohama F. C. and, on occasion. Until 1999 it had been the home of Yokohama F. C. s spiritual predecessor, Yokohama Flügels and it is also used sometimes for Top League rugby games. During the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, it hosted some of the football preliminaries
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Yanmar Stadium Nagai
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Yanmar Stadium Nagai is an athletic stadium in Osaka, Japan. It is the ground of J. League club Cerezo Osaka. The stadium has a capacity of 47,000. When Nagai Stadium initially opened in 1964, its capacity was 23,000, the stadiums seating capacity was expanded to 50,000 in 1996 for the 52nd National Sports Festival of Japan in 1997. The stadium hosted three matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup and it takes 3 minutes on foot from Tsurugaoka Station on JR-West Hanwa Line. It takes 5 minutes on foot from Nagai Station on JR-West Hanwa Line and it takes 20 minutes on foot from Harinakano Station on Kintetsu Minami Osaka Line
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Yoyogi National Gymnasium
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Yoyogi National Gymnasium is an arena located at Yoyogi Park in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan, which is famous for its suspension roof design. It was designed by Kenzo Tange and built between 1961 and 1964 to house swimming and diving events in the 1964 Summer Olympics, a separate annex was used for the basketball competition at those same games. It will also host handball competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics, the design inspired Frei Ottos arena designs for the Olympic Stadium in Munich. The arena holds 13,291 people and is now used for ice hockey, futsal. Images of the arena are regularly featured at the end of NHK Newsline broadcasts because the NHK World studios are adjacent to the arena along the edge of Yoyogi Park, since 2007, Foundation of Japan Cheerleading Associations Cheerleading Asia International Open Championships. 2012 will host the 6th edition from 18 to 20 May,25 and 26 January 2011, SMTown Live 10 World Tour by SM Entertainment. 29 May 2014, Luna Sea performed their 25th anniversary concert, Official website in Japanese Official website in English Olympic Arena from Great Buildings Online Yoyogi National Gymnasium at the archINFORM database
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National Stadium (Tokyo)
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National Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Kasumigaoka, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. The stadium served as the stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as being the venue for track. The Japan national football teams matches and major football club cup finals were held at the stadium. The stadiums official capacity was 57,363, but the capacity was only 48,000 seats. Demolition was completed in May 2015, and the site will be redeveloped with a new larger-capacity National Olympic Stadium, the new stadium is set to be the main venue for the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games. The original plans for the new stadium were scrapped in July 2015 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, as a result, the new design will not be ready for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, as originally intended. A new design created by architect Kengo Kuma was chosen in December 2015 to replace the original design and is to be completed in November 2019, the stadium was completed in 1958 as the Japanese National Stadium on the site of the former Meiji Shrine Outer Park Stadium. Its first major event was the 1958 Asian Games, the venue was unscathed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Yasuhiro Nakamori, international director for the Japanese Olympic Committee. Official website Satellite photo of the stadium from Google Maps Stadiums in Japan, Tokyo National Stadium National Stadium National Stadium, Tokyo
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Nippon Budokan
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Nippon Budokan, often shortened to simply Budokan, is an indoor arena located in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. The Budokan was the location where many Live at the Budokan albums were recorded, including those of Bob Dylan, Cheap Trick, Dream Theater and Ozzy Osbourne. The Nippon Budokan, however, was built for the judo competition in the 1964 Summer Olympics, hence its name. The Nippon Budokan is located in Kitanomaru Park in the center of Tokyo and this 42 m high imposing octagonal structure holds 14,471 people. The building is modeled after Yumedono in Hōryū-ji in Nara, though it still functions as a venue for big musical events, its primary purpose is for Japanese martial arts. The national championships of the different branches of the arts are held annually at the Budokan. For wrestling fans the Budokan is associated with professional wrestlings big shows, typically from All Japan Pro Wrestling, however, due to declining business following the death of Mitsuharu Misawa and the retirement of Kenta Kobashi, professional wrestling promotions have ceased running regular shows in the Budokan. The Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki hybrid rules fight held at the Budokan in 1976 is seen as a forerunner to mixed martial arts, k-1, Shooto and Pride Fighting Championships have all held events at the arena. The Beatles were the first rock group to perform here, in a series of shows in June/July 1966 and their appearances were met with opposition from those who felt the appearance of a western pop group would defile the martial arts arena. In July 1973 Japanese television recorded the Santana performance at Budokan, however, the Budokan gained worldwide fame when American artists Cheap Trick and Bob Dylan used the arena to record their performances, Cheap Trick at Budokan and Bob Dylan at Budokan, respectively. Artists to release recordings from this venue include, Uriah Heep,1973, Deep Purple,1972. The Carpenters,1974, The Carpenter - Live At Budokan 1974 Rainbow, 12/16/1976, bay City Rollers,1977, Rollerworld, Live at the Budokan 1977, released as Rollerworld, Live at the Budokan 1977 in 2001. Cheap Trick,1978, Cheap Trick at Budokan Ian Gillan Band, 1977–1978, eric Clapton, December 1979, Just One Night. Diana Ross,1977, An Evening with Diana Ross concert was videotaped during her 1977 tour, Bob Dylan,1979, Bob Dylan at Budokan, recorded during his 1978 world tour. Yellow Magic Orchestra,1980, Live At Budokan 1980, recorded 1980, Quincy Jones,1981, Quincy Jones Live at the Budokan. Dave Grusin,1983, Dave Grusin and the NY-LA Dream Band, michael Schenker Group,1982, One Night at Budokan. Asia,1983, Live at Budokan, Asia in Asia. Frank Sinatra,1985, Live at the Budokan Hall, Tokyo Iron Maiden,1987, Somewhere on tour Tin Machine,1992, Skid Row Skid Row - Live at Budokan, Tokyo 1992
