1.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
Redruth
–
Redruth is a town and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The population of Redruth was 14,018 at the 2011 census, Camborne and Redruth together form the largest urban area in Cornwall and before local government reorganisation were an urban district. The name Redruth derives from its older Cornish name, Rhyd-ruth and it is the -ruth which means the colour red. Traditionally in the Penwith Hundred, the town has developed away from the original settlement and this location is a steeply wooded valley, with Carn Brea on one side and the now-called Bullers Hill on the other. The presence of shallow lodes of tin and copper lying east to west made it a site for extracting metals, including, tin, lead. The first settlers stayed by a crossing in the river and started extracting metal ores, historically, Redruth was a small market town overshadowed by its neighbours until a boom in the demand for copper ore during the 18th century. Copper ore had mostly been discarded by the Cornish tin-mining industry but was now needed to make brass, surrounded by copper ore deposits, Redruth quickly became one of the largest and richest mining areas in Britain and the towns population grew markedly, although most miners families remained poor. The Mining Exchange was built in 1880 as a place for the trading of mineral stock, Redruth was making its transition from a market town dominated by mines and industry to a residential centre. By the end of the 19th century, the Cornish mining industry was in decline, to find employment, many miners emigrated to the newer mining industries in the Americas, Australasia and South Africa. Cornwalls last fully operational mine, South Crofty at Pool between Redruth and Camborne, closed in March 1998, Redruth School, a Technology College, is a secondary school and sixth form college, for ages 11–18. Primary schools within the town include Pennoweth School, Treleigh School, Treloweth Community Primary School, Trewirgie Infant School, the Curnow Community Special School caters for students with special needs. The Parish Church of St Uny, which is distance from the town centre, is of Norman foundation but was rebuilt in 1756. The patron saint is also honoured at Lelant, the tower is two centuries earlier and the whole church is built of granite. A chapel of ease was built in the town in 1828, other places of worship include the Wesleyan Church of 1826, the Free Methodist Church of 1864 and the Quaker Meeting House of 1833. The former post office in Alma Place is now known as the Cornish Studies Centre, the Mining Exchange building is now used as a housing advice centre. The house now called Murdoch House in the middle of Cross Street was erected in the 1660s as a chapel, william Murdoch lived in it from 1782 to 1798. During this time, he worked on local tin and copper mines, erecting engines on behalf of Boulton and he fitted the house out with gas lighting from coal gas – this was the first house in the world with this type of lighting. In the 19th century, the house was used as a tea room, in 1931 Mr A. Pearce Jenkin, a leading citizen of Redruth purchased the house and gave it as a gift to the Society of Friends
3.
Cornwall
–
Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues
4.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
5.
British people
–
British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
6.
British Academy Film Awards
–
The British Academy Film Awards are presented in an annual award show hosted by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts to honour the best British and international contributions to film. Between 2008 and 2016, the ceremony was held in central London at the Royal Opera House, the 70th British Academy Film Awards were held on 12 February 2017 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. British Academy of Film and Television Arts was founded in 1947 as The British Film Academy, by David Lean, Alexander Korda, Carol Reed, Charles Laughton, Roger Manvell and others. BAFTA stated charitable purpose is to support, develop and promote the art forms of the image, by identifying and rewarding excellence, inspiring practitioners. In addition to awards ceremonies BAFTA runs a year-round programme of educational events including film screenings. BAFTA is supported by a membership of about 6,000 people from the film, television, the Academys awards are in the form of a theatrical mask designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe, which was commissioned by the Guild of Television Producers in 1955. The ceremony previously took place in April or May and since 2002 it takes place in February in order to precede the Oscars. The awards are open to all nationalities, though there is an award for Outstanding British Film. Only UK films are eligible for the categories of The British Short Film, the Awards ceremony is delayed broadcast on British television the same evening, and across the world for example its shown on BBC America in the United States. It has been broadcast in colour since 1970, the award ceremony is held in London. From 2000 to 2007 the ceremonies took place at the flagship Odeon cinema in Leicester Square, between 2008 and 2016, the ceremonies took place at the Royal Opera House. The 70th Awards in 2017 were held at the Royal Albert Hall, until 2012, the mobile network Orange sponsored the awards and starting in 2013 Oranges parent company, EE, began sponsorship. British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Academy Television Awards Official website BAFTA Awards database Museum of Broadcast Communications, BAFTA IMDB, BAFTA
7.
Four Weddings and a Funeral
–
Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy film directed by Mike Newell. The first wedding is that of Angus and Laura, at which Charles is the best man, Charles and his single friends wonder whether they will ever get married. Charles meets Carrie and spends the night with her, Carrie pretends that, now they have slept together, they will have to get married, to which Charles endeavours to respond before realising she is joking. Carrie observes that they may have missed an opportunity and then returns to America, the second wedding is that of Bernard and Lydia, a couple who became romantically involved at the previous wedding. Charles encounters Carrie again, but she introduces him to her fiancé, Sir Hamish Banks, Charles retreats to an empty hotel suite, seeing Carrie and Hamish leave in a taxicab, only to be trapped in a cupboard after the newlyweds stumble into the room to have sex. After Charles awkwardly exits the room, Henrietta confronts him about his habit of serial monogamy, Charles then runs into Carrie, and they end up spending another night together. A month later, Charles receives an invitation to Carries wedding, while shopping for a present, he coincidentally encounters Carrie and ends up helping her select her wedding dress. Carrie lists her more than thirty sexual partners, Charles later awkwardly tries confessing his love to her and hinting that he would like to have a relationship with her, to no avail. The third wedding is that of Carrie and Hamish, Charles attends, depressed at the prospect of Carrie marrying Hamish. As Charles watches Carrie and Hamish dance, Fiona deduces his feelings about Carrie, when Charles asks why Fiona is not married, she confesses that she has loved Charles since they first met years earlier. Charles is appreciative and empathetic but does not requite her love, during the grooms toast, Gareth dies of a heart attack. At Gareths funeral, his partner Matthew recites the poem Funeral Blues by W. H. Auden, the fourth wedding is ten months later. Charles has decided to marry Henrietta, however, shortly before the ceremony, Carrie arrives, revealing to Charles that she and Hamish are separated. Charles has a crisis of confidence, which he reveals to his deaf brother David, the vicar asks whether Charles does love someone else, and Charles replies, I do. Henrietta punches Charles and the wedding is halted, Carrie visits Charles to apologise for attending the wedding. Charles confesses that, while standing at the altar, he realised that for the first time in his life he totally and utterly loved one person, Charles makes a proposal of lifelong commitment without marriage to Carrie, who accepts. The original score was composed by British composer Richard Rodney Bennett and this song would later be adapted into Christmas Is All Around and sung by the character of Billy Mack in Richard Curtis 2003 film Love Actually, in which Grant also stars. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it delightful and sly and he praised Grants performance, describing it as a kind of endearing awkwardness
8.
Royal Court Theatre
–
The Royal Court Theatre is a non-commercial theatre on Sloane Square, in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England. It is noted for its contributions to modern theatre, in 1956 it was acquired by and is home to a resident company, the English Stage Company. The first theatre on Lower George Street, off Sloane Square, was the converted Nonconformist Ranelagh Chapel, marie Litton became its manager in 1871, hiring Walter Emden to remodel the interior, and it was renamed the Court Theatre. By 1878, management of the theatre was shared by John Hare, further alterations were made in 1882 by Alexander Peebles, after which its capacity was 728. After that, Arthur Cecil was co-manager of the theatre with John Clayton, among other works, they produced a series of Arthur Wing Pineros farces, including The Rector, The Magistrate, The Schoolmistress, and Dandy Dick, among others. The theatre closed on 22 July 1887 and was demolished, the present building was built on the east side of Sloane Square, replacing the earlier building, and opened on 24 September 1888 as the New Court Theatre. Designed by Walter Emden and Bertie Crewe, it is constructed of red brick, moulded brick. Originally the theatre had a capacity of 841 in the stalls, dress circle, amphitheatre, Cecil and Clayton yielded management of the theatre to Mrs. John Wood and Arthur Chudleigh in 1887, although Cecil continued acting in their company until 1895. The first production in the new building was a play by Sydney Grundy titled Mamma, starring Mrs. John Wood and John Hare, with Arthur Cecil and Eric Lewis. Harley Granville-Barker managed the theatre for the first few years of the 20th century and it ceased to be used as a theatre in 1932 but was used as a cinema from 1935 to 1940, until World War II bomb damage closed it. The interior was reconstructed by Robert Cromie, and the number of seats was reduced to under 500, George Devine was appointed artistic director at the suggestion of Oscar Lewenstein, one of the other two co-founders of the English Stage Company. The ESC opened at the Royal Court in 1956 as a subsidised theatre producing new British and foreign plays, Devine aimed to create a writers theatre, seeking to discover new writers and produce serious contemporary works. Devine produced the new companys production in 1956, John Osbornes Look Back in Anger. Osborne followed Look Back In Anger with The Entertainer, with Laurence Olivier in the lead as Archie Rice, significantly, although it was quickly reversed, the artistic board of the ESC initially rejected the play. Two members of the board were in agreement in opposing The Entertainer, in the mid-1960s, the ESC became involved in issues of censorship. The succès de scandale of the two helped to bring about the abolition of theatre censorship in the UK. During the period of Devines directorship, besides Osborne and Bond, early seasons included new international plays by Bertolt Brecht, Eugène Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Marguerite Duras. In addition to the 400-seat proscenium arch Theatre Downstairs, the smaller studio Theatre Upstairs was opened in 1969
9.
The Seagull
–
The Seagull is a play by Russian dramatist Anton Chekhov, written in 1895 and first produced in 1896. The Seagull is generally considered to be the first of his four major plays, though the character of Trigorin is considered Chekhovs greatest male role like Chekhovs other full-length plays, The Seagull relies upon an ensemble cast of diverse, fully developed characters. In contrast to the melodrama of mainstream 19th-century theatre, lurid actions are not shown onstage, characters tend to speak in ways that skirt around issues rather than addressing them directly, in other words, their lines are full of what is known in dramatic practice as subtext. The opening night of the first production was a famous failure, Vera Komissarzhevskaya, playing Nina, was so intimidated by the hostility of the audience that she lost her voice. Chekhov left the audience and spent the last two acts behind the scenes, when supporters wrote to him that the production later became a success, he assumed that they were merely trying to be kind. When Konstantin Stanislavsky, the seminal Russian theatre practitioner of the time, directed it in 1898 for his Moscow Art Theatre, the play was a triumph. Stanislavskis production of The Seagull became one of the greatest events in the history of Russian theatre and one of the greatest new developments in the history of world drama. After purchasing the Melikhovo farm in 1892, Chekhov had built in the middle of a cherry orchard a lodge consisting of three rooms, one containing a bed and another a writing table. In spring, when the cherries were in blossom, it was pleasant to live in this lodge, Chekhov eventually moved in and in a letter written in October 1895 wrote, I am writing a play which I shall probably not finish before the end of November. I am writing it not without pleasure, though I swear fearfully at the conventions of the stage and its a comedy, there are three womens parts, six mens, four acts, landscapes, a great deal of conversation about literature, little action, tons of love. Thus he acknowledged a departure from traditional dramatic action and this departure would become a critical hallmark of the Chekhovian theater. Chekhovs statement also reflects his view of the play as comedy, after the plays disastrous opening night his friend Aleksey Suvorin chided him as being womanish and accused him of being in a funk. Chekhov vigorously denied this, stating, Why this libel, after the performance I had supper at Romanovs. Then I went to bed, slept soundly, and next day went home without uttering a sound of complaint, I acted as coldly and reasonably as a man who has made an offer, received a refusal, and has nothing left but to go. Yes, my vanity was stung, but you know it was not a bolt from the blue, I was expecting a failure, and was prepared for it, as I warned you with perfect sincerity beforehand. He is the brother of the famous actress Arkadina, who has just arrived at the estate for a vacation with her lover. Sorin and his guests gather at a stage to see an unconventional play that Arkadinas son, Konstantin Treplyov, has written. The play-within-a-play features Nina, a woman who lives on a neighboring estate
10.
Academy Award for Best Actress
–
The Academy Award for Best Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Janet Gaynor receiving the award for her roles in 7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actresses were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actress is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, one actress has been nominated posthumously, Jeanne Eagels. Only three film characters have been nominated more than once in this category, elizabeth I of England, Leslie Crosbie in The Letter, and Esther Blodgett in A Star is Born. Six women on the list have received an Honorary Academy Award for their acting, they are Greta Garbo, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Pickford, Deborah Kerr, Gena Rowlands, since its inception, the award has been given to 74 actresses. Katharine Hepburn has won the most awards in this category, with four Oscars, meryl Streep, who has a total of 20 Oscar nominations, has been nominated in this category on 16 occasions, resulting in two awards. As of the 2017 ceremony, Emma Stone is the most recent winner in category for her role as Mia Dolan in La La Land. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
11.
The English Patient (film)
–
He questions the patient, who gradually reveals his past. The patient tells Hana and Caravaggio that, in the late 1930s and their expedition is joined by a British couple, Geoffrey and Katharine Clifton. Katharine and Almásy have an affair, which she abruptly ends, the explorers find and document the Cave of Swimmers and the surrounding area until they are stopped due to the onset of the war. Madox leaves his Tiger Moth plane at Kufra oasis before returning to England, while Almásy is packing up their base camp, Geoffrey, in attempted murder-suicide, deliberately crashes his plane, narrowly missing Almásy. Geoffrey is killed instantly, Katharine is seriously injured, Almásy carries her to the cave, leaving her with provisions, and begins a three-day walk to get help. At British-held El Tag he attempts to explain the situation, but is detained as a possible German spy and he escapes from the train and trades the Geographical Society maps to the Germans for gasoline. He finds Madoxs Tiger Moth and flies back to the cave, as he flies himself and Katharines body away, they are shot down by German anti-aircraft guns. Katharines body is not recovered, Almásy is badly burned but is rescued by a Bedouin, after he has related the story, Almásy asks Hana for a lethal dose of morphine, she complies and reads Katharines final journal entries to him as he dies. She and Caravaggio leave the monastery for Florence, saul Zaentz was interested in working with Anthony Minghella after he saw the directors film Truly, Madly, Deeply, Minghella brought this project to the producers attention. Michael Ondaatje, the Sri Lankan-born Canadian author of the novel, during the development of the project with 20th Century Fox, according to Minghella, the studio wanted the insurance policy of so-called bigger actors. Zaentz recalled, they’d look at you and say, ‘Could we cast Demi Moore in the role, not until Miramax Films took over was the directors preference for Scott Thomas accepted. The film was shot on location in Tunisia and Italy, with a production budget of $31 million. The Conversations, Walter Murch and the Art of Editing Film by Michael Ondaatje is based on the conversations between the author and film editor, once he began, the possibilities became apparent, some of which took him away from the order of the original script. A reel without sound was made so scene change visuals would be consistent with the quality of the aural aspect between the two, the final cut features over 40 temporal transitions. It was during this time that Murch met Ondaatje and they were able to exchange thoughts about editing the film, two types of aircraft are used in the film, a De Havilland D. H.82 Tiger Moth and a Boeing-Stearman Model 75. The camp crash scene was made with a scale model. The film has a Certified Fresh rating of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 75 reviews, though it suffers from excessive length and ambition, director Minghellas adaptation of the Michael Ondaatje novel is complex, powerful, and moving. The film also has a rating of 87% on Metacritic, indicating universal acclaim, chicago Sun Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film a 4/4 rating, saying its the kind of movie you can see twice – first for the questions, the second time for the answers
12.
Prince (musician)
–
Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
13.
Under the Cherry Moon
–
Under the Cherry Moon is a 1986 American musical drama film directed by and starring Prince in his directorial debut. The film also stars former The Time member Jerome Benton, Steven Berkoff, Kristin Scott Thomas, the film was a critical and commercial failure, winning five Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture, tying with Howard the Duck. Gigolos Christopher Tracy and his brother, Tricky, swindle wealthy French women, the situation gets complicated when Christopher falls in love with heiress Mary Sharon after planning to swindle her when he finds out that she receives a $50 million trust fund on her 21st birthday. Marys father Isaac disapproves of the romance and provides an excellent adversary for Christopher, Christopher rivals his brother Tricky for the affection of Mary. The cast was changed during pre-production. Prince originally had planned to have Susannah Melvoin play Mary Sharon, appearing in the credits as Orchestra Composed and Arranged by. It was held there after a fan won a contest to have the film shown in her hometown, the film earned $3,150,924 in its opening weekend from 976 venues, ranking #2 at the domestic box office, and the highest among the weekends new releases. At the end of its run, the final domestic gross was $10,090,429. The film received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a 33% score based on 33 reviews. The sites consensus states, Under the Cherry Moon may satisfy the most rabid Prince fans, the film was a multiple winner at the 7th Golden Raspberry Awards, winning five awards. The categories were, Worst Picture, Worst Actor and Worst Director, Worst Supporting Actor and it was also nominated for Worst Supporting Actress and Worst New Star, and Worst Screenplay. The film was nominated for a Stinkers Bad Movie Award for Worst Picture. Under the Cherry Moon was first released on DVD on February 8,2005, the film was released on Blu-ray for the first time on October 4,2016 separately in a purple case and as part of the Prince Movie Collection. Under the Cherry Moon at the Internet Movie Database Under the Cherry Moon at Box Office Mojo Under the Cherry Moon at Rotten Tomatoes
14.
A Handful of Dust (film)
–
A Handful of Dust is a 1988 film directed by Charles Sturridge, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Evelyn Waugh. It stars James Wilby and Kristin Scott Thomas and it was nominated at the 61st Academy Awards for Best Costume, losing to Dangerous Liaisons. Judi Dench won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress, the marriage of English country gentleman Tony Last and his wife Brenda is falling apart as Brenda begins an affair with social climber John Beaver. When the Lasts eight-year-old son John Andrew is killed in an accident, Brenda informs Tony of her affair. Tony is shattered, but initially agrees and intends to provide her with £500 a year, Beaver and his mother have pressed Brenda to demand £2,000 a year. This amount would require Tony to give up Hetton Abbey, his beloved Victorian/Gothic style house, on his return, he says, Brenda may have her divorce, but without any financial settlement. Without the divorce settlement, Beaver loses interest in Brenda and she is reduced to poverty and Beaver leaves with his mother for California. Tony joins an explorer on an expedition in search of a supposed lost city in the Brazilian forest, the expedition fails and Tony is the last survivor. He is rescued by Mr Todd, a settler who rules over a community in an inaccessible part of the jungle. The illiterate Mr Todd has a collection of the novels of Charles Dickens which Tony reads to him, when Mr Todd continues to demur in helping Tony return to civilization, Tony realises he is being held against his will. A search party finally reaches the settlement, but Todd has arranged for Tony to be drugged and hidden, he tells the party that Tony has died, and gives them his watch to take home. When Tony awakes he learns that his hopes of rescue have gone, back in England, Tonys death is accepted, Hetton passes to his cousins, who erect a memorial to his memory, while Brenda resolves her situation by marrying Tonys friend Jock Grant-Menzies. The performances imply more than the dialogue explains, and there are passages where we cannot quite believe how monstrously the characters are behaving, a Handful of Dust has more cruelty in it than a dozen violent Hollywood thrillers, and it is all expressed so quietly, almost politely. Vincent Canby of the New York Times praised Anjelica Hustons portrayal of Mrs Rattery as the single most stunning performance, a Handful of Dust at the Internet Movie Database
15.
Cinema of France
–
Cinema of France refers to the film industry based in France. The French cinema comprises the art of film and creative movies made within the nation of France or by French filmmakers abroad, France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film-making process itself. Several important cinematic movements, including the Nouvelle Vague, began in the country and it is noted for having a particularly strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the French government. Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a spot for artists from across Europe. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations, Directors from nations such as Poland, Argentina, Russia, Austria, and Georgia are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris. With 205.34 million tickets sold in 2015 and 212.71 million in 2016 and it is the most successful film industry in Europe in terms of number of films produced per annum, with a record-breaking 300 feature-length films produced in 2015. France is also one of the few countries where non-American productions have the biggest share and this is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions, which accounted for 44, 5% of admissions in 2014. Also, the French film industry is closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any country in Europe. In 2013, France was the 2nd largest exporter of films in the world after the United States, a study made in April 2014 shows the excellent image which French cinema maintains around the world, being the most appreciated cinema after American cinema. Les frères Lumière realized the first projection with the Cinematograph, in Paris on 28 December 1895, the French film industry in the late 19th century and early 20th century was among the worlds most important. Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinématographe and their LArrivée dun train en gare de La Ciotat in Paris in 1895 is considered by historians as the official birth of cinematography. The early days of the industry, from 1896 to 1902, saw the dominance of four firms, Pathé Frères, the Gaumont Film Company, the Georges Méliès company, and the Lumières. Méliès invented many of the techniques of cinematic grammar, and among his fantastic, in 1902 the Lumières abandoned everything but the production of film stock, leaving Méliès as the weakest player of the remaining three. From 1904 to 1911 the Pathé Frères company led the world in production and distribution. At Gaumont, pioneer Alice Guy-Blaché was made head of production and oversaw about 400 films, from her first, La Fée aux Choux, in 1896 and she then continued her career in the United States, as did Maurice Tourneur and Léonce Perret after World War I. After World War I, the French film industry suffered because of a lack of capital, when film studios in Europe began to fail, many European countries began to set import barriers
16.
The Valet
–
The Valet is a 2006 French comedy film written and directed by Francis Veber and starring Gad Elmaleh, Alice Taglioni, Daniel Auteuil, and Kristin Scott Thomas. The screenplay focuses on a valet who is enlisted to pretend to be the lover of a famous fashion model in order to deflect attention from her relationship with a married businessman. Pierre Levasseur is a wealthy married Parisian executive involved in an affair with top model Elena Simonsen, when a paparazzo catches the two of them departing their secret hideaway and their photograph is published on the front page of the local newspaper, Pierres wife Christine confronts him. He claims he has no idea who the woman is, fully aware of Pierres difficult situation, Elena gives him an ultimatum, he must choose between her and his wife. Because Christine is the majority shareholder of his business, Pierre is in danger of losing his fortune if he divorces her. His lawyer Maître Foix advises him the way to resolve the issue is to find the anonymous man in the photo and have him pose as Elenas lover. The anonymous man is the hapless François Pignon, a valet who is in love with bookstore owner Émilie. Deep in debt and worried about her business, she has turned down his proposal because she believes she has too much on her plate. Meanwhile, Maître Foix locates François and offers him money to let Elena move in with him, François agrees and asks for 32,450 euros, the exact amount of money that will pay off Émilies debts. Meanwhile, Elena demands 20 million euros to participate in the sham relationship, dislodging his friend and roommate Richard, Elena moves in with François, who is overwhelmed by the situation, but the two quickly become friends. Christine is not fooled and plays the situation for all it is worth, making her jealous of François. Émilie, too, is confused and upset to see François, eventually, Elena explains the situation to Émilie, who is grateful for the funding François requested for her, and she acquires a newfound respect for him and eventually accepts François proposal. In the meantime, Christine secretly tape records Pierre saying he has no intention of leaving her for Elena, when she sends the tape to Elena, Elena decides to leave Pierre. She notifies Pierre of her leaving by sending François to meet him in her car at a rendezvous point. François conveys the news to Pierre who angrily responds that he has voided the 20 million euro transfer, François then tells Pierre that Elena anticipated this of him and indicates that she never wanted the money implying that Elena leaves the relationship with a clean split. François then walks away from the limo as a cross-dressing prostitute approaches Pierre, Daniel Auteuil as Pierre Levasseur, an unfaithful billionaire. Richard Berry as Maître Foix, Levasseurs lawyer Gad Elmaleh as François Pignon, a restaurant valet Alice Taglioni as Elena Simonsen, Kristin Scott Thomas as Christine Levasseur, Levasseurs wife and owner of most of his company. Virginie Ledoyen as Émilie, a bookseller, dany Boon as Richard, Pignons housemate and workmate
17.
Tell No One
–
Tell No One is a 2006 French thriller film directed by Guillaume Canet and based on the novel of the same name by Harlan Coben. Alexandre Beck is a doctor who has slowly been putting his back together after his wife Margot was murdered by a serial killer. Eight years on, Alex is doing well, until he finds himself implicated in a double homicide, which has plenty of evidence pointing to him as the killer – though he knows nothing of the crimes. The same day, Alex receives an email that appears to be from Margot, the message warns Alex that they are both being watched. He struggles to stay one step ahead of the law, while henchmen intimidate Alexs friends into telling them whatever they might know about him – the henchmen eventually kill one of them, Charlotte. In the meantime, Alexs sister Anne persuades her well-off wife Hélène to hire an attorney, Élisabeth Feldman. It is gradually revealed that Margot is apparently still alive and she attempts to arrange a meeting with Alex by sending him an email which he must read in an internet cafe to avoid being spied on. Before this meeting, a warrant is issued for Alexs arrest for the murder of Charlotte and he goes on the run whilst his friends and lawyers struggle to find out the truth about the murder, as well as Margots reappearance. Alex, chased by police officers, is rescued by Bruno, the mysterious henchmen reappear to prevent Alexs meeting with his wife, but he is rescued once again by Bruno. Margot is seen almost escaping on a flight to Buenos Aires, elizabeth, the lawyer, proves that Alex has an alibi for the murder of Charlotte, thanks to eyewitness accounts at the internet cafe. Alex noted the numerous mysteries about his wifes death – mysterious photos of her covered in bruises and traces of heroin in her body and he soon discovers the truth that Margots father faked his daughters death. Her father explains that he walked in on the beating and shot Philippe, the elder Neuville hired thugs to kill Margot. Margots father knew this because he tapped the phone call, so he doubled the payout for one of the thugs to fake Margots murder instead, kill the other thug, and knock out Alex in the process. Margots father then shot the second thug and buried both, then used the body of a heroin addict to stand in for Margots. Police, listening in on the confession, attempt to arrest him. Margots father shoots himself dead before he can be arrested and his actions have ensured that she will never be suspected. Finally, Philippes father is arrested, and Alex and Margot reunite at the lake where they fell in love as children. The script made several alterations to the book, a torture expert changed from an Asian male to a female
18.
Leaving (2009 film)
–
Leaving is a 2009 French film directed by Catherine Corsini, written by Corsini and Gaeelle Mace, and starring Sergi López and Kristin Scott Thomas. Suzanne, is a married woman and mother of two in the south of France. Her idle bourgeois lifestyle begins to depress her, and she decides to go back to work as a physiotherapist and her husband, Samuel, agrees to fix up a consulting room for her in their backyard. When Suzanne and Ivan, a Spanish ex-con hired to do the building, meet, their attraction is sudden. After multiple trysts with Ivan, she confesses the affair to her husband, and she promises to give it up, but finds she cannot. The new couple soon face severe problems, some of them caused by Samuel. In their extreme need, Suzanne and Ivan rob Samuels house of its paintings and valuables, Suzanne tries to convince her husband that she was solely responsible for the burglary, and that she only took what was hers. She offers to do anything to keep Ivan out of jail, back in their home, Suzanne is distant with her family, yet tolerant of her husbands sexual advances. Soon, though, she takes a rifle and shells from a closet, driving through the night, she is eventually reunited with Ivan at the ruined house in the hills they had once dreamed of restoring. They embrace and she sobs hysterically, in the distance, a police siren can be heard. Notes Leaving at the TCM Movie Database Leaving at AllMovie Leaving at Box Office Mojo Leaving at the Internet Movie Database Leaving at Metacritic Leaving at Rotten Tomatoes
19.
Love Crime
–
Love Crime is a 2010 French psychological suspense thriller starring Ludivine Sagnier and Kristin Scott Thomas. It is the last film directed by Alain Corneau, and was released posthumously after the death from cancer. Isabelle is a young, ambitious and talented executive working in the Paris office of an unnamed multi-national corporation and her immediate boss is Christine, equally ambitious, who presents Isabelles work as her own to win a promotion to the firms New York office. Tired of being upstaged, and with the aid of a colleague, Daniel, christines New York promotion is subsequently withdrawn. Enraged by what she considers an act of disloyalty, Christine begins to psychologically torment Isabelle, christines lover, Philippe, works with the firm and is suspected of embezzling funds. Using this information against him, she blackmails Philippe into standing up Isabelle, with whom he is having an affair, Isabelle is then humiliated at a staff party in which security camera footage of her meltdown is presented to her colleagues. Relaxing at home after hosting another soiree, Christine is stabbed to death by Isabelle, awaiting sentencing in prison, Isabelle withdraws her confession, claiming it was made under duress and while heavily medicated. The last piece of evidence is a strip of a scarf found at the murder scene. When Isabelle is able to produce an identical scarf, completely intact, at her home, she is cleared of the charges, Isabelle, now free of both her nemeses, returns triumphantly to her company. The film opened in the U. S. in September 2011 in limited release, the dialogue is in both French and English, English being spoken only when the characters of Christine and Isabelle have to interact or deal with foreign clients who do not speak French. The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, love Crime at the Internet Movie Database
20.
Sarah's Key
–
Sarahs Key is a 2010 French drama directed and co-written by Gilles Paquet-Brenner and an adaptation of the novel with the same title by Tatiana de Rosnay. Sarahs Key follows a journalists investigation into the Vel dHiv Roundup of Jews in German-occupied Paris in 1942. The film alternates between Sarahs life in 1942 and the journalist researching the story in 2009, in 1942, 10-year-old Sarah Starzynski hides her younger brother from French police by locking him in a secret closet and telling him to stay there until she returns. She takes the key with her when she and her parents are transported to the Vélodrome dHiver, the deportees are transferred to the French-run Beaune-la-Rolande internment camp. The adults are deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, leaving the children in the camp, when Sarah tries to escape with a friend, Rachel, a sympathetic Paris police guard spots them. When Sarah begs him to let them go so she can save her brother, Sarah and Rachel fall asleep in a dog house at a farm where they are discovered by the farmers, Jules and Genevieve Dufaure. Despite knowing what they are and the danger, the Dufaures decide to help the girls. Rachel is dying, and when they call attention to themselves by calling in a doctor, the officer begins a search for the second child, only to be interrupted when the French physician carries out the dead body of Rachel. Days later, the Dufaures take Sarah back to her familys apartment building in Paris, Sarah runs up to her apartment, knocking on the door furiously. A boy,12 years old, answers and she rushes in to her old room and unlocks the cupboard. Horrified by what she finds, she starts screaming hysterically, after the war, Sarah continues to live as a family member with the Dufaures and their two grandsons. When she turns 18, she moves to the United States and she stops corresponding with the Dufaures when she gets married and has a son, William. When her son is nine, Sarah – still despondent and blaming herself for her brothers death - drives her car into the path of an oncoming truck and its explained to her son that her death was an accident. In the present, the French husband of journalist Julia inherits the apartment of his grandparents and her father-in-law tells Julia what he knows so she will quit prying. Julia begins an obsessive quest to find any trace of Sarah, eventually learning of her life in Brooklyn, listening in amazement, William rejects the story and dismisses Julia. Later, everything is confirmed to William by his father, Richard. The key to the cupboard is among the items handed to him by his father, Julia, having given up hope of having another child after years of unsuccessful attempts to conceive, discovers shes pregnant. Her husband loves their life with their 12-year-old daughter, Zoe, as it is, Julia ultimately decides against an abortion, has another daughter, divorces her husband and eventually moves with her new baby daughter to New York City
21.
Philippe Claudel
–
Philippe Claudel is a French writer and film director. Claudel was born in Dombasle-sur-Meurthe, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in addition to his writing, Claudel is a Professor of Literature at the University of Nancy. He directed the 2008 film Ive Loved You So Long, much admired, it won the 2009 BAFTA for the best film not in English. After studying in Nancy, he remained there and for years worked as a teacher in prisons. Contact with his students inspired short stories, novels, and then screenplays and he has said that the experience made him give up his simple opinions about people, about guilt, about the necessity to judge others. Its clear to me now that it would have impossible for me to write a novel like Brodecks Report or Grey Souls, to make a movie like Ive Loved You So Long. His best-known work to date is the novel Les Âmes grises, which won the Prix Renaudot in France, was shortlisted for the American Gumshoe Award, and won Swedens Martin Beck Award. Quelques-uns des cent regrets, roman, Balland,1999 Le Bruit des trousseaux Grey souls, Librairie générale française,2006, grand prix des lectrices de Elle, Translator Adriana Hunter, Weidenfeld & Nicolson/Phoenix House,2005, ISBN 978-0-297-84779-3. Random House Digital,2007, ISBN 978-1-4000-7801-1 Monsieur Linh and His Child, Stock,2005, ISBN 978-2-234-05774-6, Quercus,2011, ISBN 978-1-906694-99-9 Brodecks Report 2007. The Investigator, Paris, Stock,2010,278 p. ISBN 978-2234065154, Doubleday,2012, Translator John Cullen, ISBN 978-0-385-53534-2 Parfums,2012, Paris, Philippe Claudel at the Internet Movie Database TERRENCE RAFFERTY. Double vision, Philippe Claudel is flying high in both fiction and film
22.
I've Loved You So Long
–
Ive Loved You So Long is a 2008 French-Canadian drama film written and directed by Philippe Claudel. It tells the story of a woman struggling to interact with her family, Léa, a college professor of literature, is considerably younger than Juliette. Because of the nature of Juliettes crime, their parents denied Juliettes existence, in addition, Juliette had refused to speak throughout her trial. As a result, Léa knows nothing about the surrounding the crime and. Gradually, Juliette begins to fit in with Léa and her family, makes friends and she also develops a close relationship with her young nieces, much to the distress of their father, who is concerned about their safety while in their aunts presence. Slowly, after seeing how she interacts with the family, he begins to accept her, Juliette agrees to accompany Léa on a visit to their mother, who is confined to a nursing home with Alzheimers disease. For a brief moment the woman recognizes and embraces her, remembering her as a girl rather than the estranged daughter who murdered her grandson. Léa accidentally discovers a clue to why Juliette killed Pierre, Juliette diagnosed her son as suffering from a fatal and painful disease. At the trial she spoke no word of defense or explanation, feeling that she deserved punishment for bringing her son into the world, after a cathartic, emotional scene between the two sisters, Léa looks at a window and comments on how beautiful the rain is. Juliette agrees, and the ends with Juliette saying, I am here. Kristin Scott Thomas as Juliette Fontaine Elsa Zylberstein as Léa Serge Hazanavicius as Luc Laurent Grévill as Michel Frédéric Pierrot as Capt. It eventually grossed US$3,110,292 in the US, reviews for Ive Loved You So Long were generally positive, earning a 88% freshness rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 123 reviews. The consensus stated that Ive Loved You So Long is a sublimely acted family drama as well as a directorial debut from Phillipe Claudel. The film fared 79% worth of 28 generally favorable reviews amongst critics at Metacritic, critics noted the films potentially problematic mixture of tones, as it veers between foreboding and sentimentality. A. O. Scott of the New York Times said, if I’ve Loved You So Long is not exactly a horror movie, it is nonetheless filled with fear and foreboding. This kind of narrative is familiar enough, and so are the risks of sentimental talk-show piety associated with it and he concluded, however, that the film has a tough-minded resistance to the temptations of melodrama. Scott was not entirely convinced by the films ending and he wrote, A revelation comes near the end that is both tremendously moving and a bit disappointing, in the way that the solutions to great mysteries frequently are. Which is a relief, I suppose, but also a bit of a letdown, critics praised the acting, especially that of Kristin Scott Thomas
23.
Bitter Moon
–
Bitter Moon is a 1992 Franco-British-American erotic romantic thriller film directed by Roman Polanski and starring Hugh Grant, Kristin Scott Thomas, Emmanuelle Seigner and Peter Coyote. The film is known in France as Lunes de fiel, the script is inspired by the novel Lunes de fiel, written by the French author Pascal Bruckner. The score was composed by Vangelis, british couple Nigel and Fiona Dobson are on a Mediterranean cruise ship to Istanbul en route to India. They encounter a beautiful French woman, Mimi, and that night Nigel meets her while dancing alone in the ships bar, later Nigel meets her much older and crippled American husband Oscar, who is acerbic and cynical, having been jaded and a failure as a writer. Oscar invites Nigel to his cabin where he tells Nigel in great detail how he and Mimi first met on a bus in Paris, both are appalled by Oscars exhibitionism, but Nigel is also fascinated by Mimi, who provokes him. Later, Oscar narrates how they explored bondage, sadomasochism, as a contrast to their sexual adventurousness, we see Nigel and Fiona meeting a distinguished Indian gentleman, Mr. Singh, who is traveling with his little daughter Amrita. Invited by Mimi, Nigel, escaping from a game, goes to meet her in her cabin. Nigel wants to leave, but another session unfolds, with Oscar describing how their relationship developed. Bored, he tried to break up, but Mimi begged him to let her live with him under any conditions and he complied, but started to explore sadistic fantasies at her expense, humiliating her in public. When Mimi became pregnant, he made her have an abortion, when he visited her in hospital, he was shocked by her condition and almost relented in his attempts to drive her away. He promised her a holiday in the Caribbean, but he managed to get off the plane just before take off, leaving Oscars cabin, Nigel meets Mimi and they kiss. Afterwards, he finds Fiona in the bar flirting with a young man and she warns Nigel not to stray too far, and that anything he can do, she can do better. Nigel goes to Oscar, who continues his narration, after two years of parties and one-night stands, he drunkenly stepped in front of a vehicle. To his surprise, Mimi came to him in the hospital where he was recovering from minor injuries. Mimi shook hands with him, then pulled him out of his bed, having become paraplegic this way, Oscar had no choice but to let Mimi move in with him again and take care of him. She reveled in dominating and humiliating him, seducing men in front of him, when Oscar was desperate and wanted to die, she gave him a gun as a birthday present. Having experienced highs and lows together, they realized they needed each other, Nigel clumsily tries to woo Mimi, encouraged and coached by Oscar. Things come to a head at the New Years Eve party, Fiona tells him that Oscar had made her come to the party
24.
Mission: Impossible (film)
–
Mission, Impossible is a 1996 American action spy film directed by Brian De Palma, produced by and starring Tom Cruise. Based on the series of the same name, the plot follows Ethan Hunt. Work on the script had begun early with filmmaker Sydney Pollack on board, before De Palma, Steven Zaillian, David Koepp, Mission, Impossible went into pre-production without a shooting script. De Palma came up with action sequences, but Koepp. U2 band members Larry Mullen, Jr. and Adam Clayton produced a dance version of the original theme music. The tune went into the lists of music charts around the world and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The film was a critical and commercial success, eventually becoming the third highest-grossing film of 1996, the films success spawned four sequels, Mission, Impossible II, Mission, Impossible III, Mission, Impossible – Ghost Protocol, and Mission, Impossible – Rogue Nation. Years after the events of the series, Jim Phelps and his team and their mission fails, Phelps is shot, his wife Claire dies in a car bombing, and the rest of the team except Ethan Hunt are eliminated by unknown assassins. As Hunt is the only left, Kittridge suspects him of being the mole. Returning to the Prague safe house, Hunt realizes Job 314 refers to Bible verse Job 3,14, Claire arrives at the safe house, explaining she escaped the bomb after Phelps aborted the mission. Hunt arranges a meeting with Max, and warns her that the list she possesses has a tracking device and he promises to deliver the real list in return for $10 million and Jobs identity. Hunt, Max, and her agents escape just as a CIA team arrives, Hunt recruits two disavowed IMF agents, computer expert Luther Stickell and pilot Franz Krieger. They infiltrate CIA headquarters in Langley, steal the real list, Kittridge, detecting the theft, has Hunts mother and uncle falsely arrested for drug trafficking. He provides media coverage of the arrest, forcing Hunt to contact him from Liverpool Street Station, Hunt allows the CIA to trace him to London before hanging up, but is surprised to find Phelps nearby. Phelps recounts surviving the shooting, naming Kittridge as the mole, Hunt realizes Phelps is the mole, having discovered that Phelps stole a Bible from a Chicago hotel. He also suspects Krieger as the one who killed the other IMF members on the Prague job, Hunt arranges with Max to exchange the list aboard the TGV train to Paris the next day. On the train, Hunt remotely directs Max to the list, Max verifies it and gives Hunt the code to a briefcase containing the payment along with Job in the baggage car. Ethan calls Claire and tells her to him there
25.
The Horse Whisperer (film)
–
The Horse Whisperer is a 1998 American drama film directed by and starring Robert Redford, based on the 1995 novel The Horse Whisperer by Nicholas Evans. Redford plays the role, a talented trainer with a remarkable gift for understanding horses. Teenager Grace MacLean and her best friend Judith go out early one morning to ride their horses, Pilgrim. As they ride up an icy slope, Gulliver slips and hits Pilgrim, both horses fall, dragging the girls onto a road and colliding with a truck. Judith and Gulliver are killed, while Grace and Pilgrim are both severely injured, Grace, left with a partially amputated right leg, is bitter and withdrawn after the accident. Meanwhile, Pilgrim is traumatized and uncontrollable to the extent that it is suggested he be put down, Graces mother, Annie, a strong-minded and workaholic magazine editor, refuses to allow Pilgrim to be put down, sensing that somehow Graces recovery is linked with Pilgrims. Desperate for a way to heal both Grace and Pilgrim, Annie tracks down a horse whisperer, Tom Booker, in the remote Montana mountains, Tom agrees to help, but only if Grace also takes part in the process. Grace reluctantly agrees, and she and Annie go to stay at the Booker ranch where Tom lives with his brother, as Pilgrim and Grace slowly overcome their trauma, Annie and Tom begin to develop a mutual attraction. However, they are reluctant to act on these feelings – Annie is married and Tom had his heart broken before. Tom also asks Grace to tell him about what happened with her, at first, Grace is reluctant, but eventually gathers up her courage, and tearfully tells him about the accident. The status quo between Annie and Tom is broken when Robert MacLean, Graces father and Annies husband, unexpectedly shows up at the ranch, Annie is increasingly torn by her feelings for Tom and her love for her family. Soon, with Toms help, Grace finally takes the last step to heal herself, although Annie wishes she could stay with Tom on the ranch, she also knows that she belongs to the city, just like Toms wife. Annie departs, driving away from the ranch, while Tom watches her go from the top of a hill, although he had already directed several films, this was the first time Robert Redford directed a film that he also starred in. The main character, according to writer Nicholas Evans, is modeled after horse whisperers Tom Dorrance, Ray Hunt and, in particular, Brannaman also doubled for Robert Redford in the film and served as the consultant. Evans himself said, Others have claimed to be the inspiration for Tom Booker in The Horse Whisperer, the one who truly inspired me was Buck Brannaman. His skill, understanding and his gentle, loving heart have parted the clouds for countless troubled creatures, Buck is the Zen master of the horse world. Nicholas Evans writes, I spent many weeks traveling across the West, Tom Dorrance and Ray Hunt were quite elderly at the time Evans met them, Brannaman is still a relatively young man. The horse training methods shown are not entirely without controversy, while Brannaman was the on-site technical consultant, he did not have creative control
26.
Gosford Park
–
Gosford Park is a 2001 British mystery film directed by Robert Altman and written by Julian Fellowes. The story follows a party of wealthy Britons and an American, and their servants, who gather for a weekend at Gosford Park. A murder occurs after a party, and the film goes on to present the subsequent investigation from the servants and guests perspectives. Development on Gosford Park began in 1999, when Bob Balaban asked Altman if they could develop a film together, Balaban suggested an Agatha Christie-style whodunit and introduced Altman to Julian Fellowes, with whom Balaban had been working on a different project. The film went into production in March 2001, and began filming at Shepperton Studios with a budget of $19.8 million. Gosford Park premiered on 7 November 2001 at the London Film Festival and it received a limited release across cinemas in the United States in December 2001, before being widely released in January 2002 by USA Films. It was released in February 2002 in the United Kingdom, the film was successful at the box office, grossing over $87 million in cinemas worldwide, making it Altmans second most successful film after MASH. Widely acclaimed by critics, it received awards and nominations, including seven Academy Award nominations. In November 1932, Constance, Countess of Trentham, and her ladys maid, on the way, they encounter actor Ivor Novello, American film producer Morris Weissman and Weissmans valet, Henry Denton, who are also attending the hunting party. At the house, they are greeted by Lady Trenthams niece, Lady Sylvia McCordle, her husband Sir William McCordle, the other guests include Lady Sylvias sisters, Louisa, Lady Stockbridge and Lady Lavinia Meredith and their husbands, Raymond, Lord Stockbridge and Commander Anthony Meredith. Also in attendance are the Honourable Freddie Nesbitt and his wife, Mabel, Isobels suitor, Lord Rupert Standish, the servants hall is divided by a strict social hierarchy, dominated by the head housekeeper, Mrs. Wilson. She maintains a relationship with the head cook, Mrs. Croft. The head housemaid, Elsie, takes a kindly interest in the naive Mary, Sir William is an extremely rich industrialist, and much of the company are dependent on him in one way or another. Commander Meredith is in on the verge of bankruptcy and is outraged when Sir William announces he intends to withdraw his investment in Merediths latest business venture, Lady Sylvia reveals to her aunt that William may stop paying Lady Trenthams allowance. Freddie Nesbitt was having an affair with Sir Williams daughter Isobel, likewise, Rupert Standish is trying to romance Isobel for her money. Lady Sylvia makes an assignation with Mr Weissmans valet, Henry Denton, for 1am that night, the next morning the men go out early on a pheasant shoot, and Sir William is slightly injured by a stray birdshot. Later, the join the gentlemen for an outdoor luncheon on the estate grounds. Dinner that evening is tense and sombre, as the conversation progresses, tempers flare and Lady Sylvia attacks Sir William, implying that he was a First World War profiteer
27.
Nowhere Boy
–
The film is based on a biography written by Lennons half-sister Julia Baird. The film received its US release on 8 October 2010, coinciding with that weekends celebrations of the 70th anniversary of Lennons birth, the drama tells the story of John Lennons teenage years from 1955 to 1960. John was separated from his mother, Julia Lennon, when he was five and he was brought up by his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, as their own son. He learns the truth at Georges funeral, becomes curious and seeks out his mother, John becomes obsessed with rock n roll music during a visit to Blackpool with Julia. When John is suspended from school, Julia offers to let him stay at her house during school hours so that Mimi wont discover his suspension, Julia teaches John how to play the banjo. Mimi discovers their arrangement and demands that it stop, but John refuses and moves in with Julia, a week later, John overhears an argument between Julia and her husband, and he decides to return to Mimi. John tells Mimi that he wants to start a rock n roll band, John organizes some of his friends into a band which he names the Quarrymen. They play their first gig at a village fete, after the show, John meets Paul McCartney, who auditions for the band with the song Twenty Flight Rock. Paul is accepted into the band and he and John begin writing songs together, the Quarrymen soon become very popular. John meets Pauls friend, George Harrison, who also auditions, George is accepted into the band as lead guitarist. Julia holds a party for John at her home. After the party, John confronts her about his father, Alf Lennon. He also confronts Mimi, who tells him that Julia cheated on Alf, Alf allowed 5-year-old John to decide whom he wanted to live with, and John chose his father. Alf planned to move with John to New Zealand, but when Julia abandoned the family John was torn by his devotion to his mother, without the time or money to legally determine custody, Mimi assumed custodianship of John and raised him as her son. John is upset by this revelation, and leaves in anger, John moves out to live on his own. Over time, John accepts his past and Julia and Mimi become friendly, Mimi asks John to call her as soon as he arrives in Hamburg. The film ends with the caption, John phoned Mimi as soon as he arrived in Hamburg. the film was the directorial debut of conceptual artist/photographer Sam Taylor-Johnson. The screenplay was written by Matt Greenhalgh, who wrote the Joy Division film Control
28.
Lieutenant commander
–
Lieutenant commander is a commissioned officer rank in many navies. The rank is superior to a lieutenant and subordinate to a commander, the corresponding rank in most armies and air forces is major, and in the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces is squadron leader. The NATO rank code is mostly OF-3, a lieutenant commander is a senior department officer or the executive officer on many warships and smaller shore installation, or the commanding officer of a smaller ship/installation. They are also senior department officers in naval aviation squadrons, most Commonwealth and other navies address lieutenant commanders by their full rank or the positions they occupy. The United States Navy, however, addresses officers by their rank or the higher grade of the rank. For example, oral communications in formal and informal situations, a Lieutenant is abbreviated as Lieutenant, Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain. Such a lieutenant was called a lieutenant commanding or lieutenant commandant in the United States Navy, the USN settled on lieutenant commander in 1862 and made it a distinct rank. The RN followed suit in March 1914, the insignia worn by a Royal Navy lieutenant commander is two medium gold braid stripes with one thin gold stripe running in between, placed upon a navy blue/black background. The top stripe has the ubiquitous loop used in all RN officer rank insignia, the RAF follows this pattern with its equivalent rank of squadron leader. This distinction was abolished when the rank of lieutenant commander was introduced, throughout much of its existence, the British Royal Observer Corps maintained a rank of observer lieutenant commander. The ROC wore a Royal Air Force uniform and their rank insignia appeared similar to that of an RAF squadron leader except that the stripes were shown entirely in black, prior to the renaming, the rank had been known as observer lieutenant. In the Royal Canadian Navy, the rank is the naval rank equal to Major in the army or air force and is the first senior officer rank, Lieutenant Commanders are senior to Lieutenants and to army and air force Captains, and are junior to Commanders and Lieutenant Colonels. There are two insignia used by USN and USCG Lieutenant Commanders, in all dress uniforms, they wear sleeve braid or shoulder boards bearing a single gold quarter-inch stripe between two gold half-inch strips. Above or inboard of the stripes, they wear their speciality insignia and this rank is also used on in Pakistan Navy. The rank of lieutenant commander is used in the Irish Naval Service. The majority of commanders in the Irish Naval Service hold the rank of lieutenant commander, with a commander being a senior. The corresponding rank in the German Navy, Italian Navy, Argentine Navy, Brazilian Navy, French Navy, Spanish Navy and most other French and Spanish-speaking countries is corvette captain. The insignia of kapteeniluutnantti, the rank immediately below the former, is one thin stripe between two wider ones, which could cause confusion among the naval personnel of other nations
29.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
30.
Fleet Air Arm
–
The Fleet Air Arm is the branch of the British Royal Navy responsible for the operation of naval aircraft. The Fleet Air Arm currently operates the AgustaWestland Merlin, Westland Sea King, and AgustaWestland Wildcat helicopters, helicopters such as the Lynx and Westland Wasp have been deployed on smaller vessels since 1964, taking over the roles once performed by biplanes such as the Fairey Swordfish. During the Second World War, the Fleet Air Arm operated aircraft on ships as well as land-based aircraft that defended the Royal Navys shore establishments, British naval flying started in 1909, with the construction of an airship for naval duties. The Naval Wing of the RFC lasted until July 1914 when the Royal Navy reformed its air branch, under the Air Department of the Admiralty, naming it the Royal Naval Air Service. By the outbreak of the First World War, in August 1914, the RNAS had more aircraft under its control than the remaining RFC. In April 1918 the RNAS, which at this time had 67,000 officers and men,2,949 aircraft,103 airships and 126 coastal stations, merged with the RFC to form the Royal Air Force. On 1 April 1924, the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Air Force was formed, encompassing those RAF units that normally embarked on aircraft carriers, over the following months RAF Fleet Air Arm Fairey IIID reconnaissance biplanes operated off Hermes, conducting flying trials. On 24 May 1939 the Fleet Air Arm was returned to Admiralty control under the Inskip Award, at the onset of the Second World War, the Fleet Air Arm consisted of 20 squadrons with only 232 aircraft. By the end of the war the strength of the Fleet Air Arm was 59 aircraft carriers,3,700 aircraft,72,000 officers and men. During the war, the FAA operated fighters, torpedo bombers, following the Dunkirk evacuation and the commencement of the Battle of Britain, the Royal Air Force soon found itself critically short of fighter pilots. In the summer of 1940, the RAF had little more than 800 fighter pilots, with this desperate situation the RAF was forced to call upon the Admiralty for Fleet Air Arm assistance. The aircraft carrier had replaced the battleship as the Fleets capital ship, the top scoring fighter ace with 17 victories was Commander Stanley Orr, the Royal Marine ace was Ronald Cuthbert Hay with 13 victories. A number of Royal Marines served as FAA pilots during the war, after the war the FAA needed to fly jet aircraft from their carriers. The jet aircraft of the era were considerably less effective at low speeds than propeller aircraft, the FAA took on its first jet, the Sea Vampire, in the late 1940s. The Sea Vampire was the first jet credited with taking off, the Air Arm continued with high-powered prop aircraft alongside the new jets resulting in the FAA being woefully outpowered during the Korean War. Nevertheless, jets were not yet wholly superior to propeller aircraft, as jets became larger, more powerful and faster they required more space to take off and land. The US Navy simply built much larger carriers, the Royal Navy had a few large carriers built and completed after the end of the war but another solution was sought. An associated British invention, intended to more precise optical guidance to aircraft on final approaching the deck, was the Fresnel lens optical landing aid
31.
Black Rod
–
The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, generally shortened to Black Rod, is an official in the parliaments of several Commonwealth countries. The position originates in the House of Lords of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, in the United Kingdom, Black Rod is responsible for maintaining the buildings, services, and security of the Palace of Westminster. The office was created in 1350 by royal patent, though the current title dates from 1522. The position was adopted by members of the Commonwealth when they adopted the British Westminster system. The title is derived from the staff of office, a staff topped with a golden lion. Black Rod is formally appointed by the Crown based on a recruitment search performed by the Clerk of the Parliaments, prior to 2002 the office rotated among retired senior officers from the Royal Navy, the British Army and the Royal Air Force. Black Rod is an officer of the English Order of the Garter and his deputy is the Yeoman Usher of the Black Rod. He is responsible, as the representative of the Administration and Works Committee, for maintaining the buildings, previous responsibilities for security have been passed to the Parliamentary Security Director. Black Rod also arrests any Lord guilty of breach of privilege or other Parliamentary offence, such as contempt or disorder and his equivalent in the House of Commons is the Serjeant at Arms. Black Rod, along with his deputy, is responsible for organizing ceremonial events within the Palace of Westminster, the mace was introduced in 1876. Black Rod is best known for his part in the surrounding the State Opening of Parliament. He summons the Commons to attend the speech and leads them to the Lords, as part of the ritual, as Black Rod approaches the doors to the chamber of the House of Commons to make his summons, they are slammed in his face. This is to symbolize the Commons independence of the Sovereign, Black Rod then strikes the door three times with his staff, and is then admitted and issues the summons of the monarch to attend. This ritual is derived from the attempt by King Charles I to arrest the Five Members in 1642 and this and prior actions of the King led to the Civil War. From 1783 the Irish Black Rod was also Usher of the Order of St Patrick, no-one was appointed to the office after the separation of the Irish Free State in 1922. 1707 Andrew Fountaine c. 1708–1709 Thomas Ellys 1711–17, brinsley Butler, 1st Viscount Lanesborough 1745–17. Robert Langrishe 1745–1747 Solomon Dayrolles 1747–17, William FitzWilliam 1757 James Gisborne 1761–1763 George Montagu 1763–1765 Sir Archibald Edmonstone 1772. This office is held by The Rt Rev. John Armes, Bishop of Edinburgh
32.
House of Lords
–
The House of Lords of the United Kingdom, referred to ceremonially as the House of Peers, is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Right Honourable the Lords Spiritual and Temporal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. Unlike the elected House of Commons, all members of the House of Lords are appointed, the membership of the House of Lords is drawn from the peerage and is made up of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal. The Lords Spiritual are 26 bishops in the established Church of England, of the Lords Temporal, the majority are life peers who are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister, or on the advice of the House of Lords Appointments Commission. However, they include some hereditary peers including four dukes. Very few of these are female since most hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, while the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 805 sitting Lords, the House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its respective lower house. The House of Lords scrutinises bills that have approved by the House of Commons. It regularly reviews and amends Bills from the Commons, while it is unable to prevent Bills passing into law, except in certain limited circumstances, it can delay Bills and force the Commons to reconsider their decisions. In this capacity, the House of Lords acts as a check on the House of Commons that is independent from the electoral process, Bills can be introduced into either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. Members of the Lords may also take on roles as government ministers, the House of Lords has its own support services, separate from the Commons, including the House of Lords Library. The Queens Speech is delivered in the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament, the House also has a Church of England role, in that Church Measures must be tabled within the House by the Lords Spiritual. This new parliament was, in effect, the continuation of the Parliament of England with the addition of 45 MPs and 16 Peers to represent Scotland, the Parliament of England developed from the Magnum Concilium, the Great Council that advised the King during medieval times. This royal council came to be composed of ecclesiastics, noblemen, the first English Parliament is often considered to be the Model Parliament, which included archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and representatives of the shires and boroughs of it. The power of Parliament grew slowly, fluctuating as the strength of the monarchy grew or declined, for example, during much of the reign of Edward II, the nobility was supreme, the Crown weak, and the shire and borough representatives entirely powerless. In 1569, the authority of Parliament was for the first time recognised not simply by custom or royal charter, further developments occurred during the reign of Edward IIs successor, Edward III. It was during this Kings reign that Parliament clearly separated into two chambers, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The authority of Parliament continued to grow, and, during the fifteenth century
33.
Robert Falcon Scott
–
On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Polar Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. During the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, on their return journey, Scotts party discovered plant fossils, proving Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents. Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the career of an officer in the Royal Navy. Having taken this step, his name became associated with the Antarctic. Following the news of his death, Scott became a celebrated hero, in the closing decades of the 20th century, Scott became a figure of controversy, with questions raised about his competence and character. Scott was born on 6 June 1868, the child out of six and elder son of John Edward and Hannah Scott of Stoke Damerel. Scotts father was a brewer and magistrate, there were also naval and military traditions in the family, Scotts grandfather and four uncles all having served in the army or navy. John Scotts prosperity came from the ownership of a small Plymouth brewery which he inherited from his father, Robert Falcon Scotts early childhood years were spent in comfort, but some years later, when he was establishing his naval career, the family would suffer serious financial misfortune. In accordance with the tradition, Robert and his younger brother Archie were predestined for careers in the armed services. Having passed these exams Scott began his career in 1881. In July 1883, Scott passed out of Britannia as a midshipman, by October, he was en route to South Africa to join HMS Boadicea, the flagship of the Cape squadron, the first of several ships on which he served during his midshipman years. On this occasion,1 March 1887, Markham observed Midshipman Scotts cutter winning that race across the bay. Markhams habit was to collect likely young naval officers with a view to their undertaking polar exploration work in the future and he was impressed by Scotts intelligence, enthusiasm and charm, and the 18-year-old midshipman was duly noted. In March 1888 Scott passed his examinations for sub-lieutenant, with four first class out of five. His career progressed smoothly, with service on ships and promotion to lieutenant in 1889. In 1891, after a spell in foreign waters, he applied for the two-year torpedo training course on HMS Vernon. He graduated with first class certificates in both the theory and practical examinations, a small blot occurred in the summer of 1893 when, while commanding a torpedo boat, Scott ran it aground, a mishap which earned him a mild rebuke. According to Huntford, Scott disappears from records for eight months
34.
Trent, Dorset
–
Trent is a village and civil parish in northwest Dorset, England, situated in the Yeo valley 4 miles northwest of Sherborne and four miles northeast of Yeovil. In the 2011 census the parish—which includes the settlement of Adber to the north—had a population of 317. The parish was part of the Somerset hundred of Horethorne, charles II of England stayed at Trent House for several days during his escape to France in 1651. The Trent Estate is owned by the Ernest Cook Trust, purchased by Ernest Cook in 1935 as the first of a number of English estates he purchased for their protection. The village has architecture from the Medieval, Tudor, and later periods. The church of St Andrew is architecturally interesting and the tower is topped by one of the three ancient stone spires of Dorset. The church was built in the 13th century and enlarged in the 14th and 15th centuries, restoration and refitting was done about 1840 in a pre-Victorian way. Features of interest include the screen, the pulpit of continental origin, the 16th century bench ends. The actresses Kristin Scott Thomas and Serena Scott Thomas spent their childhoods in Trent, the Trent Estate and the Ernest Cook Trust
35.
Cheltenham Ladies' College
–
Cheltenham Ladies College is an independent boarding and day school for girls aged 11 to 18 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. In the Financial Times secondary school ranking, Cheltenham Ladies College was placed at no.34 in 2011, having introduced the International Baccalaureate in 2010, school rankings have yet to reflect this change. The college topped the UK rankings for the International Baccalaureate Diploma in 2012, the Tatlers School Guide 2012 noted that the school is a rigorous academic place. The Good Schools Guide described the school as a famous and strong traditional girls boarding school, on February 13,1854, the first 82 students began attending the school, with Annie Procter serving as the schools Principal. In 1858, upon Procter resigning from her position, the Principals post was taken by Dorothea Beale, the school crest depicts two doves, taken from the Cheltenham town shield, above three stars, which are in turn above a daisy, a school symbol. Girls in the Lower and Upper College wear a specially designed kilt, with blue shirt. Sixth formers wear a tweed jacket, choice of dark blue skirt or trousers. There are occasional days when girls are allowed to wear their own choice of clothes in return for a donation to charity, girls use their own bag or carry their school equipment in their arms. Until recently girls had to use a college rucksack, but this rule has now been changed, the school gives pupils a choice in what they study. A range of combinations is available to girls at GCSE. The school offers the International Baccalaureate Diploma at Sixth Form, tutors are full-time academic members of staff and advise girls on matters relating to their academic work and progress, including university advice and applications. Most students go on to higher education. An alumnae association of over 9,000 former pupils keep in contact and offer work placements, according to Vicky Tuck, the schools Principal in 2011, the schools students succeed in chemistry, physics, economics and maths. Students are supervised by a Housemistress, the House Staff and a Tutor, girls who board live in one of ten boarding houses. There are six houses for 11- to 16-year-olds, and five senior houses for sixth form girls. The junior houses are Farnley Lodge, Glenlee, Sidney Lodge, St. Austins, St. Helens, at Sixth Form, all girls move to a senior house. The senior houses are Beale, Cambray, Elizabeth, Roderic, each house is run by a housemistress and several resident staff. The housemistresses have a lighter teaching load with a full-time commitment supervising their boarders, junior day girls have their own base in Eversleigh, where the three junior houses, Bellairs, Glengar and St. Clare, are located
36.
Leweston School
–
Leweston School is an independent day and boarding school near Sherborne in Dorset, UK. Co-educational in the Nursery and Junior Departments and all-girls in the Senior School and Sixth Form, it consists of a Nursery, Junior Department, Senior School, leweston’s values are based upon a supportive Catholic ethos. It is the sister-school of St Teresas School in Surrey, Leweston School was founded as St Antonys school in 1891 by the Sisters of Christian Instruction. St Antonys School moved to the Leweston Manor estate in 1948, the school name was changed to Leweston School in 2007. The main school building is a Palladian manor house built in the eighteenth century. The school grounds occupy 46 acres, and include the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, the Trinity Chapel is the oldest building on the school site and is used regularly for smaller services. There is another chapel situated in the main school, official site Profile on the Independent Schools Council website Profile on MyDaughter
37.
Sherborne
–
Sherborne is a market town and civil parish in north west Dorset, in South West England. It is sited on the River Yeo, on the edge of the Blackmore Vale,6 miles east of Yeovil, the A30 road, which connects London to Penzance, runs through the town. In the 2011 census the population of Sherborne parish and the two wards was 9,523. 28. 7% of the population is aged 65 or older, much of the old town, including the abbey and many medieval and Georgian buildings, is built from distinctive ochre-coloured ham stone. The town is served by Sherborne railway station, the town was named scir burne by the Saxon inhabitants, a name meaning clear stream and is referred to as such in the Domesday book. Sherborne was made the capital of Wessex, one of the seven Saxon kingdoms of England, in 705 the diocese was split between Sherborne and Winchester, and King Ine founded an abbey for St Aldhelm, the first bishop of Sherborne. In 933, King Æthelstan granted land at Sherborne to the nuns of Shaftesbury Abbey under the condition that they would recite the Psalter once a year on All Saints day and say prayers for the king. The bishops seat was moved to Old Sarum in 1075 and the church at Sherborne became a Benedictine monastery, in the 15th century the church was burnt down during tensions between the town and the monastery, and rebuilt between 1425 and 1504 incorporating some of the Norman structure remains. In 1539 the monastery was bought by Sir John Horsey and became a conventional church, Sherborne was the centre of a hundred of the same name for many centuries. See the article Sherborne Abbey for more on the history of the abbey, in the 12th century Roger de Caen, Bishop of Salisbury and Chancellor of England, built a fortified palace in Sherborne. The palace was destroyed in 1645 by General Fairfax, and its ruins are owned by English Heritage, in 1594 Sir Walter Raleigh built an Elizabethan mansion in the grounds of the old palace, today known as Sherborne Castle. In the UK national parliament, Sherborne is within the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, in local government, Sherborne is administered by Dorset County Council at the highest tier, West Dorset District Council at the second tier, and Sherborne Town Council at the lowest tier. In national parliament and district elections, West Dorset is divided into 24 electoral wards. In county council elections, Dorset is divided into 42 electoral divisions, there has been a school in Sherborne since the time of King Alfred, who was educated there. The school was re-founded in 1550 as King Edwards grammar school, using some of the old abbey buildings, though it is now known simply as Sherborne School. The school remains one of the top independent schools in Britain, boasting numerous successful alumni, including Alan Turing, Jeremy Irons, Chris Martin, John le Carré, until 1992 there were also two grammar schools, Fosters School for Boys and Lord Digbys School for Girls. Both schools merged with local school to form The Gryphon School. Other well-established schools in the area include Sherborne Abbey Primary School, Sherborne Prep, Sherborne Girls, Sherborne International caters to international students
38.
Dorset
–
Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
39.
Hampstead
–
Hampstead, commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England,4 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath and it has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any area of the United Kingdom. The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the 17th century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the waters in 1700. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the 1800s due to competition with other fashionable London spas, the spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind. Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this remains to this day. The large Victorian Hampstead Library and Town Hall was recently converted and extended as a creative industries centre, on 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains, Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The borough town hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency, since May 2015 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillors Tom Currie, Oliver Cooper and Stephen Stark. The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, often referred to as Hampstead Liberalism, michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy. As applied to an individual, the term Hampstead Liberal is not synonymous with champagne socialist, the term is also rather misleading. As of 2016, all the component wards of Hampstead elect a full slate of Conservative councillors, the bridge pictured is known locally as The Red Arches or The Viaduct, built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, George Martins AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Hensons Creature Shop was before it relocated to California. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust, notable and longstanding are La Gaffe, Gaucho Grill, Jin Kichi, Tip Top Thai, Villa Bianca and, in May 2016, Patara. Hampsteads rural feel lends itself for use on film, an example being The Killing of Sister George starring Beryl Reid
_Ribbon.png){kind=small}
