1.
List of cities in Serbia
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Also villages with the municipal rights have been added to the list. Cities Cities in administrative sense are defined by the Law on Territorial Organization, the territory with the city status usually has more than 100,000 inhabitants, but is otherwise very similar to municipality. Also, the presidents of the municipalities are referred to as mayors in everyday usage. There are 27 cities, each having an assembly and budget of its own, as with a municipality, the territory of a city is composed of a city proper and surrounding villages. The capital Belgrade is the city on the level of a district. All other cities are on the municipality level and are part of a district, City municipalities The city may or may not be divided into city municipalities. Six cities, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Požarevac, Vranje, competences of cities and city municipalities are divided. The city municipalities of these six cities also have their assemblies, the two largest city municipalities by number of residents are the city municipality of Novi Sad and New Belgrade. The city of Kragujevac had its own city municipalities from 2002 until 2008, in 2013, the city municipality of Sevojno within the city of Užice was established. It does not include municipalities in Kosovo created by UNMIK after 1999, the census was not conducted in Kosovo, which is under administration of UNMIK, so the population numbers are not given for the municipalities in Kosovo. According to the criteria, the settlements in the table are classified as urban. These criteria are not limited to the settlement size, but also include the percentage of residents engaged in agriculture, thus, not all towns in statistical sense are greater than villages, and they are not always municipality centers. Note that the population of the city municipalities of some cities were not presented as unique, ^ The city of Novi Sad is consisted of two city municipalities, City municipality of Novi Sad and Petrovaradin. ^ The city of Niž is consisted of five city municipalities, Medijana, Palilula, Pantelej, Crveni Krst, ^ The city of Vranje is consisted of two city municipalities, City municipality of Vranje and Vranjska Banja. ^ The city of Požarevac is consisted of two city municipalities, City municipality of Požarevac and Kostolac, ^ Priština is an administrative city according to the Law, but Serbia does not exercise its laws on Kosovo. ^ The seat of the municipality is Dragaš
List of cities in Serbia
List of cities in Serbia
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Novi Sad
List of cities in Serbia
–
Niš
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
Serbia
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Clay figure from
Vinča culture, 4000–4500 BC, British Museum
Serbia
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Flag
Serbia
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Felix Romuliana,
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Serbia
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Temnić inscription, is one of the oldest records of
Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic script from the territory of Serbia.
4.
Subdivisions of Serbia
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Autonomous provinces Serbia has two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina in the north and Kosovo and Metohija in the south. The province of Vojvodina has its own Assembly and Government of Vojvodina and it enjoys autonomy on certain matters, such as infrastructure, science, education and culture. The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been transferred to the administration of UNMIK since June 1999, Central Serbia The Central Serbia is the area that lies between the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija and it was known under that name until 2009. It was not a division, and it did not have any regional authority of its own. In 2009, the National Assembly of Serbia adopted the Law on Equal Territorial Development that formed 7 statistical regions in the territory of Serbia, the Law was amended on 7 April 2010, reducing the number of regions from seven to five. The previously formed region of Eastern Serbia was merged with Southern Serbia, districts are not defined by the Law on Territorial Organisation, but are organised under the Governments Enactment of 29 January 1992. Serbia is divided into 29 districts, while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own, municipalities Serbia is divided into 147 municipalities and 27 cities, which form the basic units of local government. Each municipality has its own assembly, a president, public service property. Municipalities usually have more than 10,000 inhabitants, municipalities comprise local communities, which mostly correspond to settlements in the rural areas. Urban areas are divided into local communities. Their roles include communication of elected representatives with citizens, organization of citizen initiatives related with public service. They are presided over by councils, elected in semi-formal elections, the role of local communities is far more important in rural areas, due to proximity to municipal centers, many urban local communities are defunct. Cities Cities are another type of local self-government, territories with the status of city usually have more than 100,000 inhabitants, but are otherwise very similar to municipalities. There are 27 cities, each having an assembly and budget of its own, only cities have mayors, although the presidents of the municipalities are often referred to as mayors in everyday usage. The city may or may not be divided into city municipalities, five cities, Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Požarevac and Vranje comprise several municipalities, divided into urban and suburban areas. Competences of cities and their municipalities are divided and this move is not recognized by Serbia, but is recognized by the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. According to the new subdivision, Kosovo is divided into 7 districts and 37 municipalities
Subdivisions of Serbia
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The five statistical regions of Serbia
5.
Districts of Serbia
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The districts of Serbia, officially called administrative districts are the first level administrative subdivisions of the country. Districts are the units of Serbia, comprising several municipalities and cities each. They are defined by the Government of Serbias Enactment of 29 January 1992, Districts are regional centers of state authority and they do not have any form of self-government. They run affairs in the name of the Government, there are 29 districts in Serbia. The only part of Serbia that is not part of any district is the territory of the City of Belgrade which has a special status, every districts has its seat in the largest city of the district. The Slavic word okrug denotes administrative subdivision in some states and its etymology is similar to the German Kreis, circle, okrug is literally something encircling. In the subdivisions of Serbia, the term is translated as district, the territorial organisation of Serbia is regulated by the Law on Territorial Organization, adopted by the National Assembly on 29 December 2007. According to the Law, the organization of the republic comprises municipalities and cities, the City of Belgrade with special status. Districts are not mentioned in law but are defined by the Government of Serbias Enactment of 29 January 1992. They are defined as the districts as regional centers of state authority, Serbia is divided into 29 districts, plus the City of Belgrade. The City of Belgrade is not part of any district, but has a status very similar to that of a district. Serbian laws treat Kosovo and Metohija as integral part of Serbia, the Enactment defines five districts on the territory of Kosovo. But, since 1999, following the Kosovo War Kosovo is under United Nations administration of UNMIK, in 2000, the UNMIK administration changed territorial organisation on the territory of Kosovo. All five districts were abolished, and seven new districts were created, Serbian government does not recognize this move, and accepts only five pre-2000 districts. Five of Serbian Districts are on the territory of Kosovo, comprising 28 municipalities and 1 city, in 2000, UNMIK created 7 new districts and 30 municipalities. Serbia does not exercise sovereignty over this polity, for the UNMIK districts and the districts of Kosovo, see Districts of Kosovo. Because the Serbian government has no control over Kosovo since it declared independence, for current demographic information about Kosovo, see Kosovos 2011 census. Administrative divisions of Serbia Municipalities and cities of Serbia Cities and towns of Serbia Cities, towns and villages of Vojvodina Populated places of Serbia ISO 3166-2, RS Notes References
Districts of Serbia
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Serbian Districts Сербиан четврти (
Serbian) Serbian četvrti
6.
Rasina District
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The Rasina District is one of eight administrative districts of Šumadija and Western Serbia. It expands to the parts of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, it has a population of 241,999 inhabitants, the administrative center of the Rasina district is Kruševac. The district encompasses the municipalities of, Varvarin Trstenik Ćićevac Kruševac Aleksandrovac Brus According to the last official census done in 2011,53. 8% of the population lives in the urban areas. The Lazarica Church, built in 1376 on the occasion of Stephans son birth, a Donjon Tower, the military fortification of the medieval castle, bears witness of the great cultural and historic heritage of the Serb people. From its first days the Ljubostinja played an important part in culture, distinguished chroniclers, engrossers, book design masters, and painters were asked to come here. In the economy of this region prevails chemical industry, Merima, Miloje Zakić, also prominent are the 14 oktobar a giant company from Kruševac in the sector of metal industry, and the Crvena zastava in the sector of timber and wood industry. Administrative divisions of Serbia Districts of Serbia Note, All official material made by Government of Serbia is public by law, www. rasinskiokrug. org. rs - Official web address of Rasina District
Rasina District
–
Location of Rasina District in Serbia
7.
Lazar of Serbia
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Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire. Lazars state, referred to by historians as Moravian Serbia, comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, Lazar ruled Moravian Serbia from 1373 until his death in 1389. Lazars programme had the support of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Lazar was killed at the Battle of Kosovo in June 1389 while leading an army assembled to confront the invading Ottoman Empire. The battle ended without a victor, though both sides endured heavy losses, which were more devastating for the less numerous Serbs and their Christian allies. Lazars widow, Milica, who ruled as regent for their adolescent son Stefan Lazarević, Lazars successor, Lazar is venerated in the Orthodox Christian Church as a martyr and saint, and is highly regarded in Serbian history, culture and tradition. In Serbian epic poetry, he is referred to as Tsar Lazar, Lazar was born around 1329 in the Prilepac Fortress,13 kilometres southeast of Novo Brdo, then an important mining town. His family were the lords of Prilepac, which together with the nearby fortress of Prizrenac protected the mines. Lazars father, Pribac, was a logothete in the court of Stefan Dušan, a member of the Nemanjić dynasty, who ruled as the King of Serbia from 1331 to 1346, the rank of logothete was relatively modest in the hierarchy of the Serbian court. Lazars father was among these nobles and was elevated to the position of logothete by pledging loyalty to Dušan, according to Mavro Orbin, a 16th-century Ragusan historian, Pribac and Lazars surname was Hrebeljanović. Though Orbin did not provide a source for this claim, it has widely accepted in historiography. Pribac was awarded by Dušan in yet another way, his son Lazar was granted the position of stavilac at the rulers court. The stavilac had a role in the ceremony at the royal table, the title of stavilac ranked as the last in the hierarchy of the Serbian court. It was, nevertheless, quite prestigious as it enabled its holder to be close to the ruler. Stavilac Lazar married Milica, according to subsequent genealogies, created in the first half of the 15th century, Milica was the daughter of Prince Vratko, a great-grandson of Vukan. The latter was the son of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty, vukans descendents are not mentioned in any known source that predates the 15th-century genealogies. Tsar Dušan died suddenly in 1355 at the age of about 47, dušans death was followed by the stirring of separatist activity in the Serbian Empire. Epirus and Thessaly in its southwest broke away by 1359, the same happened with Braničevo and Kučevo, the empires north-eastern regions controlled by the Rastislalić family, who recognized the suzerainty of King Louis of Hungary
Lazar of Serbia
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Portrait of Prince Lazar in the
Ravanica Monastery (1380s)
Lazar of Serbia
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Painting of Lazar by
Vladislav Titelbah (ca. 1900).
Lazar of Serbia
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Coat of arms of Prince Lazar painted on a wall of the
Hilandar Monastery (14th century)
Lazar of Serbia
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Remains of the donjon of Lazar's fortress in
Kruševac, the capital of Lazar's state.
8.
Serbian Progressive Party
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The Serbian Progressive Party is a populist conservative political party in Serbia. The Serbian Progressive Party was formed by a group of 21 former Serbian Radical Party MPs led by Tomislav Nikolić, disenchanted with the direction of the party, the pro-EU members left and formed the Forward Serbia parliamentary group. The SNS was founded and held its first congress meeting on 21 October 2008, of the Serbian Radical Partys representatives elected in the 2008 parliamentary election,21 moved to the Serbian Progressive Party, while 57 remained in the SRS. In 2011, the SNS formed a coalition with New Serbia, the Strength of Serbia Movement. In the 2012 parliamentary election, the party led the Lets Get Serbia Moving coalition, Party leader Tomislav Nikolić defeated Boris Tadić of the Democratic Party in the second round of the 2012 presidential election. Following his election as President of Serbia, Nikolić stepped down as leader of the party on 24 May 2012, Vučić was the only candidate who ran for the party leadership, and was elected on 29 September 2012, with Jorgovanka Tabaković as his deputy. In December 2012, the Peoples Party led by ex-Mayor of Novi Sad Maja Gojković, the Serbian Progressive Party maintains cooperation with the Freedom Party of Austria and United Russia party. On 24 April 2013 the SNS representatives in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe joined the Group of the European Peoples Party, major positions held by Serbian Progressive Party members, Politics of Serbia List of political parties in Serbia List of Presidents of Serbia Official website
Serbian Progressive Party
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Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić at the SNS founding convention on 21 October 2008.
Serbian Progressive Party
Serbian Progressive Party
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
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Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
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G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
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Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
Central European Summer Time
–
light blue
11.
Telephone numbers in Serbia
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Regulation of the telephone numbers in Serbia is under the responsibility of the Regulatory Agency of Electronic Communication and Mail Services, independent from the government. The country calling code of Serbia is +381, the country has an open telephone numbering plan, with most numbers consisting of a 2- or 3-digit calling code and a 6-7 digits of customer number. The country calling code of Serbia is +381, Serbia and Montenegro received the code of +381 following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992. Montenegro switched to +382 after its independence in 2006, so +381 is now used only by Serbia, for domestic calls,0 must be dialed before the area code. For calls from Serbia, the prefix for international calls was 99, Calling code areas in Serbia have been largely unchanged since the time of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. As Socialist Republic of Serbia had been assigned codes starting with 1,2 and 3, Calling code areas, Until 2013, Telekom Srbija had a monopoly on fixed telephony services. The calling codes are assigned to the using the following scheme. However, since 2011 customers can change the operator and retain the old calling code, thus, calling codes do not necessary reflect the operator. It is not possible, however, to transfer a number to a land-based operator. The following special telephone numbers are valid across the country, On 21 May 2012 and this also applied to 976,985,987 and 9860. 112 redirects to 192 on mobile phones, the dialing code for Kosovo is +383. Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008, but retained the +381 calling code for fixed telephony until 2016, dialing code +383 started to be allocated on 15 December 2016. Republic Telecommunication Agency Telephone services in Serbia Telecommunications in Serbia
Telephone numbers in Serbia
–
Location of Serbia
12.
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
–
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia are issued using a two-letter region code, followed by three or four-digit numeric and a two-letter alpha license code, separated by a hyphen. The region code and the code are separated by the shield of Serbia. A blue field is placed along the side edge, as in European Union countries. License numeric code contains combination of three digits, while two letter code is made of combination of letters using Serbian Latin alphabet order, with addition of letters X, Y and W. The standard dimensions of a Serbian license plates are 520.5 ×112.9 mm, issuance of current license plates started on January 1,2011 and they will be used alongside the old ones during the transitional period until the end of 2011. g. The letter in the middle is denoting the status of the owner and these are issued for agricultural vehicles, e. g. tractors, or construction vehicles. These plates consists of two-letter region code, coat of arms of Serbia and these plates had green background and black letters. Slow traffic vehicles use yellow background plates, the format is like older format of Serbia, it is two-letter regional code, then numbers. Older plates for slow traffic vehicles had white background and almost exactly like agriculture plates, it is regional letters at top on the plates, trailer plates is reversed format of the civilian license plates. It is serial letter, then numbers and then regional code, older trailers had up to six characters then regional code. Military plates had just one letters, then coat of arms, older military plates had a code indicating the branch was on, then one letters and then four numbers. Police plates had the letters П and then six numbers, older plates had letters M Mopeds use plates exactly like an older Serbian plates before 2011. Temporary plates had the letters RPE then regional code then numbers, older plates had the letters RP, then numbers, year of expiration and then number denoting the region. UNHCR plates use blue font then had the letters UNHCR and then numbers and this plate has been replaced by diplomatic plates. Exceptional vehicles had a red background and white letters, UNPF plates had the letters UNPF and then numbers. This plate is no longer issued, dealer plates had the regional letters on the top and then numbers. Military reserve plates had military branch was on and then 5 numbers, portal posvećen registraciji vozila Registracija vozila Nove tablice od 2011, cena 40 evra. Pravilnik o registraciji motornih i priključnih vozila Car Transport in Serbia
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
–
Serbian registration plate, issued since 2011
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
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Geographical distribution of license plate codes in Serbia
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
–
Vehicle registration plate from the town of Vrbas
Vehicle registration plates of Serbia
–
Old registration plate, issued until 2011
13.
Serbian Cyrillic language
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The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script for the Serbian language, developed in 1818 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić. It is one of the two used to write standard modern Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, the other being Latin. During the same period, Croatian linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Cyrillic and Latin alphabets for Serbo-Croatian have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. Vuks Cyrillic alphabet was adopted in Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the inter-war period. Both alphabets were co-official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, in Serbia, Cyrillic is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status. It is also a script in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro, along with Latin. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov, Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language, however, Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to a 2014 survey, Glagolitic appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. Cyrillic was created by the orders of Boris I of Bulgaria by Cyrils disciples, the earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav, based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters, the literary Slavic language was based on the Bulgarian dialect of Thessaloniki. Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Vukan Gospels, St. Savas Nomocanon, Dušans Code, Munich Serbian Psalter, the first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, there he met Jernej Kopitar, a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform the Serbian language and he finalized the alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which was published in 1868 and he wrote several books, Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815-1818 he used, Ю, я, Ы and Ѳ, in his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was adopted in 1868, four years after his death
Serbian Cyrillic language
–
Serbian Cyrillic, from Comparative orthography of European languages. Source:
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić "Srpske narodne pjesme" (Serbian folk poems),
Vienna, 1841
Serbian Cyrillic language
–
Serbian Cyrillic
Serbian Cyrillic language
–
Vuk Karadžić
Serbian Cyrillic language
–
Vuk's dictionary
14.
Lazarica (church)
–
Church of the Holy First Martyr Stephen, better known as the Lazarica Church, is a Serbian Orthodox church in Kruševac, Serbia. It was built in 1375-1378 as an endowment of prince Lazar of Serbia, Lazarica, as an outstanding achievement of the Serbian medieval architecture, was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia. Lazarica was built as a prototype of the Morava school of architecture, as a palace church associated with the Kruševac Fortress, today, only Lazarica and parts of the keep remain from the vast fortress complex. Informations about the founding of the church can be found in the Žitije despota Stefana Lazarevića by Constantine of Kostenets, Lazar of Serbia built the church at the same time as the fortifications for the capital Kruševac. In 1455, Kruševac fell under Ottoman Empire rule, and the church was abandoned and desecrated, Lazarica was used as a stable for horses, and the roof was torn down for use elsewhere. During the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War, from 1736 to 1739, Lazarica was partially reconstructed, after that, Kruševac fell under Ottoman rule again. The first major reconstruction of Lazarica occurred after the establishment of the independent Principality of Serbia, with numerous modifications over the next hundred years. The church is in the form of a trefoil, a variant of the cruciform plan and it has a semicircular apse on the inside, which is five-sided on the outside, with attached colonettes. The church is oriented five degrees from a perfect west–east orientation, the foundation of Lazarica is at an elevation of 159 metres. Internal length, from the top of the apse to the west wall of the narthex, is 15.65 feet. The western width of the nave is from 5.15 to 5.20 metres, internal height to the apex of the semicalotte main dome is 17.25 metres. Wall thickness ranges from 1 to 1.75 metres, the foundations were laid at a depth of 0.60 metres. A peculiar process was used to draw thick mortar joints out from the wall, ravanica monastery Tourism in Serbia Official website ЛАЗАРИЦА Lazarica at TO Kruševac
Lazarica (church)
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Lazarica Church
Lazarica (church)
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Front of the palace church with details of the
rosettes (1375-1378).
15.
Morava school
–
The churches and monasteries were built by the rulers Lazar Hrebeljanović, Stefan Lazarević and Đurađ Branković and their nobility. The first endowment was the tomb of Ravanica. The main achievement of the Morava School is the splendor of the sculptural elements, the decorative stone plastic of the Moravska School represents one of the most original artistic achievements of medieval Serbian art. Decorative elements characteristic of this artistic school typically consist of geometric arabesque with stylized floral ornaments, as fragments of the plastic decoration from the almost completely destroyed Church of Saint Steven in village Milentija testify, this sculpture was usually painted, and thus, very vivid in effect. The architecture in Serbia, from about 1370 until its fall to the Ottomans in 1459, was very experimental, during this time of adverse political circumstances, a remarkable flurry of building activity took place. Labeled the Morava School and declared a national style by Gabriel Millet, it awaits a proper assessment from aesthetic, the appearance of lateral apses along the flanks of the Ravanica church clearly suggests the growing importance of the Athonite monastic formula, juxtaposed here with the five-domed church scheme. The most perplexing aspect of this architecture however are its sculptural laments, whose sheer quantity, exuberance, in the waning years of Serbias independence, the imminent threat of Ottoman forces prompted major efforts in fortification architecture. Nor did this security-related phenomenon bypass religious settings, the Manasija Monastery in Serbia, for example, incorporates a system of massive walls, ten towers, and a huge dungeon, all built in 1407-1418. Architecture of Serbia Serbian Orthodox Church List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries Vojislav J. Đurić, Моравска школа и њено доба, Научни скуп у Ресави1968. Filozofski fakultet, Odeljenje za istoriju umetnosti, velmans, Tania, Infiltrations occidentales dans la peinture murale byzantine au XIVe et au début du XVe siècle, Моравска школа и њено доба, Научни скуп у Ресави1968, pp. 37–48 Đurić, Vojislav J. In, Byzantine East, Latin West, Art-Historical Studies in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann, edited by Christopher Moss and Katherine Kiefer, slobodan Curcic, Religious Settings of the Late Byzantine Sphere. In, Byzantium, Faith and Power, edited by Helen Evans, Evans, ed. Byzantium, Faith and Power, exh. cat. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Haven, Yale University Press,2004, nadežda Katanić, Dekorativna kamena plastika Moravske škole. Prosveta, Republički zavod za zaštitu spomenika kulture, Beograd,1988
Morava school
–
Kalenić Monastery, late Byzantine trikonchonos, after 1407.
Morava school
–
Royal chappel
Lazarica, build by
Prince Lazar in
Kruševac.
Morava school
–
Monastery
Ravanica.
Morava school
–
Monastery
Ljubostinja.
16.
Republic of Venice
–
It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice. It was a leading European economic and trading power during the Middle Ages, the Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. In its early years, it prospered on the salt trade, in subsequent centuries, the city state established a thalassocracy. It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea, including commerce between Asia, Europe and North Africa, the Venetian navy was used in the Crusades. Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea, the city became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who patronized renowned art and architecture along the citys lagoons. Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe, the city was also the birthplace of great European explorers, including Marco Polo, as well as the classical music composer Vivaldi. The republic was ruled by the Doge, who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice, the ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats. Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism, Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance. The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons, the opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venices decline as a maritime republic. The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire, in 1797, the country was colonized by Austria and France, following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte. Venice became a part of a unified Italy in the 19th century and it was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in reference to its title as one of the Most Serene Republics. He was the first historical Doge of Venice, whichever the case, the first doges had their power base in Heraclea. Ursuss successor, Deusdedit, moved his seat from Heraclea to Malamocco in the 740s and he was the son of Ursus and represented the attempt of his father to establish a dynasty. Such attempts were more commonplace among the doges of the first few centuries of Venetian history. They desired to remain well-connected to the Empire, another faction, republican in nature, believed in continuing along a course towards practical independence. The other main faction was pro-Frankish, supported mostly by clergy, they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. A minor, pro-Lombard faction was opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers, the successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori, the two emperors had recognised that Venice belonged to the Byzantine sphere of influence, many centuries later, the Venetians claimed that the treaty had recognised Venetian de facto independence, but the truth of this claim is doubted by modern scholars
Republic of Venice
–
Sack of Constantinople
Republic of Venice
–
Flag
Republic of Venice
–
Voyage of
Marco Polo into the Far East during the
Pax Mongolica
Republic of Venice
–
The
Piraeus Lion in
Venice - a spoil from Constantinople
17.
Battle of Kosovo
–
The army under Prince Lazar consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by Serbian nobleman Vuk Branković, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko Vuković. The battle was fought on the Kosovo Field, in the territory ruled by Branković and its site is about 5 kilometers northwest of the modern city of Prishtina. Reliable historical accounts of the battle are scarce, the bulk of both armies were wiped out in the battle, both Lazar and Murad lost their lives in it. Although Ottomans managed to annihilate the Serbian army, they suffered high casualties which delayed their progress. The Serbs were left too few men to effectively defend their lands. Consequently, one after the other, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals became so in the following years. Prince Lazar, ruler of the part of the former empire, aware of the Ottoman threat, began diplomatic. After the defeat of the Ottomans at Pločnik and Bileća, Murad I, from there, the party traveled across Velbužd and Kratovo. Though longer than the route through Sofia and the Nišava Valley. From Kosovo, Murads party could attack the lands of either Prince Lazar or Vuk Branković, having stayed in Kratovo for a time, Murad and his troops marched through Kumanovo, Preševo and Gjilan to Pristina, where he arrived on June 14. While there is information about Lazars preparations, he gathered his troops near Niš. His party likely remained there until he learned that Murad had moved to Velbužd and this was the best place Lazar could choose as a battlefield, as it gave him control of all the routes that Murad could take. Reliable historical accounts of the battle are scarce, however, a comparison with historically contemporaneous battles enables reliable reconstruction. Murads army numbered from 27,000 to 40,000 fighters. These 40,000 included no more than 2,000 Janissaries,2,500 of Murads cavalry guard,6,000 sipahis,20,000 azaps and akincis, marko and Dragaš, although Ottoman vassals, did not participate in the battle. The Ottoman army was supported by the forces of the Anatolian Turkoman Beylik of Isfendiyar, Lazars army numbered from 12,000 to 30,000. Also present were Knights Hospitaller led by the Croatian knight John of Palisna, the armies met at the Kosovo Field. Murad headed the Ottoman army, with his sons Bayezid on his right, one of the Ottoman commanders was Pasha Yiğit Bey
Battle of Kosovo
–
Sultan
Murad Hüdavendigâr
Battle of Kosovo
–
Troop disposition
Battle of Kosovo
–
Prince
Lazar Hrebeljanović
Battle of Kosovo
–
Battle of Kosovo, by
Adam Stefanović (1870)
18.
Ottoman Empire
–
After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
Ottoman Empire
–
Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. Painting from 1523.
Ottoman Empire
–
Flag (1844–1923)
Ottoman Empire
–
Battle of Mohács in 1526
Ottoman Empire
–
Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the
Holy League of
Charles V under the command of
Andrea Doria at the
Battle of Preveza in 1538.
19.
Princess Milica of Serbia
–
Princess Milica Hrebeljanović née Nemanjić also known as Empress Milica, was a royal consort of Serbia. Her husband was Serbian Prince Lazar and her children included despot Stefan Lazarević and she is the author of A Mothers Prayer and a famously moving poem of mourning for her husband, My Widowhoods Bridegroom. She was the daughter of Prince Vratko Nemanjić, who as a great-grandson of Vukan Nemanjić was part of a branch of the Nemanjić dynasty. Her husband was Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and she was the fourth cousin once removed of Emperor Dušan of Serbia. After the death of her husband at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Milica ruled Serbia until 1393 when her son, Stefan Lazarević Hrebeljanović, came of age to take the throne. At that time, much wisdom and personal courage was needed to reign in a country which was free but always under threat of invading forces, from the East. It was difficult to maintain a spirit without provoking neighbouring kingdoms or pashaluks to raid or plunder. Milica proved herself an able ruler of the country at a trying time. Her personal tragedy did not interfere with her carrying out her duties and she founded the Ljubostinja monastery around 1390 and later took monastic vows at her monastery and became the nun Eugenia around 1393. In 1397 she issued the A Mothers Prayer together with her sons at the Dečani monastery and she commissioned the repairing of the bronze horos of Dečani. In later diplomatic negotiations with Sultan Bayezid I, Eugenia and Euphemia, in 1403, Eugenia went to the Sultan at Serres, arguing in favour of her son Stefan Lazarević in a complicated dispute that had emerged between her two sons and Branković. She was buried in Ljubostinja, her monastery and she was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Princess Milica was also a writer and she wrote several prayers and religious poems. It appears that her grief and loneliness were captured in her highly lyrical, although conceived as a church hymn, it contains a personal note and lyrical tones unusual for solemn and somber church hymnody. Lazarević dynasty Battle of Kosovo Stevanović, Miladin, Генеалогије између историје и идеологије, пример порекла кнегиње Милице
Princess Milica of Serbia
–
Fresco from the
Ljubostinje monastery (1402–1405)
20.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
21.
Chetniks
–
They also engaged in tactical or selective collaboration with the occupying forces for almost all of the war. The Mihailović Chetniks were not a homogeneous movement, while Chetnik collaboration reached extensive and systematic proportions, the Chetniks themselves referred to their policy of collaboration as using the enemy. However, David Bruce MacDonald posits that it is misleading to suggest that throughout the war collaborated with the Germans and Italians to carry out genocide of Croats. The Chetniks were a partner in the pattern of terrorism and counter-terror that developed in Yugoslavia during World War II and these terror tactics took various forms, including killing of the civilian population, burning of villages, assassinations and destruction of property. These tactics exacerbated existing tensions between Croats and Serbs. The terror against the socialist Partisans and their supporters was ideologically driven, the organization was later renamed the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, although the original name was more commonly used. The suffix -nik is a Slavic personal suffix meaning person or thing associated with or involved in, the Chetnik movement had its roots in the 19th-century Balkan liberation struggle against the Turks. Soon, hostility between IMRO and the Serbian Chetnik Organization began, the Serbian government soon took over the activities of the organization. The Chetniks engaged the Ottomans, and Bulgarian and Albanian irregular bands, activities were temporarily stopped after the Young Turk Revolution. The Chetniks were active in the Balkan Wars, and as they had proven valuable during that war, in the Second Balkan War the Chetniks engaged the Bulgarians. In World War I the Chetniks were used in the same manner, the Chetniks withdrew with the army in 1915 and were later dispatched on the Salonika Front. In Bulgarian-occupied southeastern Serbia in late 1916, the Serbian Supreme Command organized for Chetnik detachments to lead an uprising in support of a planned Allied offensive. In early 1917, the uprising, successful at first, was put down with Austro-Hungarian reinforcement, pećanacs Chetniks were then used for sabotage and raids against the Bulgarian occupation, then infiltrated the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone. Hundreds of Bulgarian activists were murdered and thousands arrested in the immediately following the war. This organisation quickly garnered a reputation for indiscriminate terrorisation of the Macedonian populace, Pećanac and his Chetniks were also active in fighting those resisting the Serb and Montenegrin colonisation of Kosovo. The aims of the organisation were to foster Chetnik history, spread Chetnik ideas, and to care for disabled Chetniks, initially the organisation was aligned with the Democratic Party, but the increasing influence of the Serbian Radical Party resulted in a split of the organisation in 1924. In 1932 the Chetnik organisation established chapters in Dalmatia and Slavonia and this expansion of what remained a nationalist-chauvinist movement outside Serbia proper was a worrying development. During this period, Pećanac formed close ties with the far-right Yugoslav Radical Union government of Milan Stojadinović, in April 1941 the Germans, Italians and Hungarians invaded Yugoslavia leading to the swift collapse of the Yugoslav state and the surrender of the Yugoslav army
Chetniks
–
Chetnik commanders in Macedonia, July 1908.
Chetniks
–
Chetnik flag inscription reads: "For king and fatherland; freedom or death"
Chetniks
–
Vojvoda Vuk with his commanders, 1912.
Chetniks
–
Chetniks' chieftains surrendering to the Bulgarian voivode
Tane Nikolov after the Toplica insurrection.
22.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
Covering an area of 255,804 km², the SFRY was bordered with Italy to the west, Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east and Albania and Greece to the south. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the SFRY traces back to 29 June 1943 when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II. On 29 November 1945, the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposal of King Peter II thus ending the monarchy. Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics. This led to the federation collapsing along the borders, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the federation on 27 April 1992. The term former Yugoslavia is now commonly used retrospectively, the name Yugoslavia, an Anglicised transcription of Jugoslavija, is a composite word made-up of jug and slavija. The Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian word jug means south, while slavija denotes a land of the Slavs, thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be South-Slavia or Land of the South Slavs. The term is intended to denote the lands occupied by the six South Slavic nations, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Slovenes, the full official name of the federation varied significantly between 1945 and 1992. Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the name deliberately left the republic-or-kingdom question open. In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced, the state is most commonly referred to by the latter name, which it held for the longest period of all. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though SFR Yugoslavia was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, by 17 April 1941, Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Partisan supreme commander was Josip Broz Tito, and under his command the movement soon began establishing liberated territories which attracted the attentions of the occupying forces. The coalition of parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the Peoples Liberation Front. The Front formed a political body, the Anti-Fascist Council for the Peoples Liberation of Yugoslavia. The AVNOJ, which met for the first time in Partisan-liberated Bihać on 26 November 1942, during 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations of Fall Weiss and Fall Schwartz, the Axis attempted to stamp-out the Yugoslav resistance once, on both occasions, despite heavy casualties, the Group succeeded in evading the trap and retreating to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before and now occupied a significant portion of Yugoslavia
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
U.S.-Yugoslavia summit, 1978
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
Flag
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
The parliament building of
Bosnia and Herzegovina burns amid the
Yugoslav wars.
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
–
Vukovar water tower during the
Siege of Vukovar. The tower came to symbolize the town's resistance to Serb forces.
23.
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
–
The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia was the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations military operation against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War. The air strikes lasted from March 24,1999 to June 10,1999, NATO claimed that the Albanian population in Kosovo were being persecuted by FRY forces, Serbian police, and Serb paramilitary forces, and that military action was needed to force the FRY to stop. NATO countries attempted to gain authorization from the United Nations Security Council for military action, NATO launched a campaign without UN authorization, which it described as a humanitarian intervention. The FRY described the NATO campaign as a war of aggression against a sovereign country that was in violation of international law because it did not have UN Security Council support. The bombing killed between 489 and 528 civilians, and destroyed bridges, industrial plants, public buildings, private businesses, as well as barracks, the NATO bombing marked the second major combat operation in its history, following the 1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was the first time that NATO had used military force without the approval of the UN Security Council, after its autonomy was quashed, Kosovo was faced with state organized oppression, from the early 1990s, Albanian language radio and television were restricted and newspapers shut down. Kosovar Albanians were fired in large numbers from public enterprises and institutions, including banks, hospitals, in June 1991 the University of Priština assembly and several faculty councils were dissolved and replaced by Serbs. Kosovar Albanian teachers were prevented from entering school premises for the new year beginning in September 1991. Later, Kosovar Albanians started an insurgency against Belgrade when the Kosovo Liberation Army was founded in 1996, armed clashes between two sides broke out in early 1998. A NATO-facilitated ceasefire was signed on 15 October, but both sides broke it two months later and fighting resumed, after the Rambouillet Accords broke down on 23 March with Yugoslav rejection of an external peacekeeping force, NATO prepared to install the peacekeepers by force. Operation Allied Force predominantly used an air campaign to destroy Yugoslav military infrastructure from high altitudes. After the third day of bombing, NATO had destroyed almost all of its strategic military targets in Yugoslavia. Despite this, the Yugoslav Army continued to function and to attack Kosovo Liberation Army insurgents inside Kosovo, mostly in the regions of Northern and Southwest Kosovo. The NATO air forces also targeted infrastructure, such as plants, water-processing plants. Commentators have debated whether the capitulation of Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War of 1999 resulted solely from the use of air power, the Rand Corporation examined the issue in a study. According to John Keegan, the capitulation of Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War marked a point in the history of warfare. It proved that a war can be won by air power alone, by comparison, diplomacy had failed before the war, and the deployment of a large NATO ground force was still weeks away when Slobodan Milošević agreed to a peace deal. As for why air power should have been capable of acting alone and these normally come together only rarely, but all occurred during the Kosovo War, Bombardment needs to be capable of causing destruction while minimising casualties
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
–
Novi Sad on fire, 1999
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
–
Wesley Clark served as the
Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
–
Yugoslav Ministry of Defence building damaged during
NATO bombing
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
–
People crossing Danube after destruction of all three bridges in Novi Sad
24.
Serbs
–
The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans. The majority of Serbs inhabit the state of Serbia, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina. They form significant minorities in Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia, there is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe, and outside Europe there are significant communities in North America and Australia. The Serbs share many traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion, the Serbian language is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the majority in Montenegro. The modern identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions, in the 19th century, the Serbian national identity was manifested, with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires. When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs. The tradition of slava, the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity, the origin of the ethnonym is unclear. Serbia has among the tallest people in the world, after Montenegro and Netherlands, Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. Up until the late 560s their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, the Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed and this area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population, numerous small Serbian states were created, located in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it, prince Stefan Nemanja conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century, over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire, the medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, when Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting
Serbs
Serbs
–
The 1389
Battle of Kosovo is considered as one of the most influential events in the history of the Serbs.
Serbs
–
Serbian Army during its retreat towards Albania; more than a million Serbs died during
World War I.
Serbs
–
Serbian civilians interned in
Jasenovac concentration camp, 1942
25.
Romani people in Serbia
–
Romani people in Serbia, are the third largest ethnic group in Serbia, numbering 147,604 according to the 2011 census. Another name used for Roma in Serbia, often with a connotation, is Cigani. Several migration waves of Romani to Serbia are recorded from Hungary, Romania, Turkey and Bosnia, the Romani people are divided into numerous subgroups, with different, although related, Romani dialects and history. The community has produced several notable musicians, adding to a very large indigenous Roma population in Serbia which counts among the largest in the Balkans, anywhere between 46,000 to 97,000 Roma are internally displaced from Kosovo after 1999. Main sub-groups include Turkish Gypsies, White Gypsies, Wallachian Gypsies and Hungarian Gypsies and they have converted to Eastern Orthodoxy and mostly speak Serbian fluently. They are assumed to be the largest Romani group in the country and they are related to the Turkish Roma. Turkish Roma, also known as Arlia, at the beginning of the 19th century the Turkish Roma lived mainly in southeastern Serbia, in what was the Sanjak of Niš. The Serbian government attempted to force Orthodoxy on them after the conquest of the sanjak, T. Đorđević noted them as living in Podrinje and Mačva, being Muslim, and that they had lost their language. Romani, or gypsies, arrived in Serbia in several waves, the first reference to gypsies in Serbia is found in a 1348 document, by which Serbian emperor Stefan Dušan donated some gypsy slaves to a monastery in Prizren. In the 15th century, Romani migrations from Hungary are mentioned, in 1927, a Serbian-Romani humanitarian organization was founded. In 1928, a Romani singing society was founded in Niš, in 1932, a Romani football club was founded. In 1935, a Belgrade student established the first Romani magazine, Romani Lil, in 1938, an educational organization of Yugoslav Romani was founded. The Romani people in Central Serbia are predominantly Serbian Orthodox but a minority of Muslim Roma exists, Romani people in multi-ethnic Vojvodina are integrated with other ethnic groups, especially with Serbs, Romanians and Hungarians. For this reason, depending of the group with which they are integrated, Romani are usually referred to as Serbian Romani, Romanian Romani, Hungarian Romani, the majority of Romani people are Christian and a minority are Muslim. Đurđevdan or Ederlezi is a festivity of Roma in Serbia. They speak mainly Romani and Serbian, some also speak the language of other people they have been influenced by, Romanian, Hungarian or Albanian. In October 2005 the first text on the grammar of the Romani language in Serbia was published by linguist Rajko Đurić, a large number of Serbian Roma people live in slums, and so-called cardboard cities. Many Roma children never go to school, instead they are often used as beggars, occasionally even mutilated in order to earn more money
Romani people in Serbia
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Janika Balaž
Romani people in Serbia
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Romani minority in Serbia (census 2002)
Romani people in Serbia
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Šaban Bajramović
Romani people in Serbia
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Roma family in Serbia, 1905
26.
Montenegrins in Serbia
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The Montenegrins of Serbia are a national minority in the country. According to the 2011 census, there are 38,527 ethnic Montenegrins in Serbia and they are the sixth largest ethnic community in the Vojvodina province. The largest concentration of Montenegrins in Vojvodina could be found in the municipalities of Vrbas, Mali Iđoš, formerly, the village of Bačko Dobro Polje in the Vrbas municipality also had a Montenegrin majority. In Vojvodina, the number of Montenegrins, according to 1948-2011 censuses,1948,30,589,1953,30,516,1961,34,782,1971,36,416,1981,43,304,1991,47,289,2002,35,513,2011,22,141. Montenegrins in Serbia speak Serbian or Montenegrin and the vast majority are adherents of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the society of Montenegrins in Serbia, known as Krstaš, is based in Lovćenac. Montenegrin language was recognised as minority language in use in Mali Iđoš. krstas. org. yu
Montenegrins in Serbia
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Milovan Đilas
Montenegrins in Serbia
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Borka Pavićević
Montenegrins in Serbia
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Duško Vujošević
Montenegrins in Serbia
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Rambo Amadeus
27.
Macedonians in Serbia
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Macedonians of Serbia are an officially recognized ethnic minority in Serbia. During the years 1945–1992, ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian Language was a constituent part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, many Ethnic Macedonians, due to economic reasons, migrated during the 1960s and 1970s to the Socialist Republic of Serbia. In 2004, Serbia and Macedonia signed an agreement on the protection of Macedonians in Serbia. According to the 2011 census there were 22,755 ethnic Macedonians in Serbia, the Macedonian population living in Serbia is concentrated in two cities, Belgrade and Pančevo. In Belgrade there are 6,970 Macedonians, while in neighboring Pančevo 4,558 - out of which vast majority live in three villages that are within administrative limits of City of Pančevo, additionally, Macedonians constitute significant population in Plandište municipality, especially in village of Dužine. In 2005 Macedonians in Serbia also established a National Minority Council, jovo Radevski was elected as its president. The Democratic Party of Macedonians is the minority party. It is centered in Novi Sad, Macedonian language is in the official use in the municipality of Plandište, where Macedonians constitute 9. 2% of population. Macedonian-language print media consists primarily of the political journal Makedonska videlina produced by the Macedonian Information
Macedonians in Serbia
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Vladimir Gligorov
Macedonians in Serbia
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Tijana Dapčević
Macedonians in Serbia
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Ivica Iliev
28.
Croats in Serbia
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Croats of Serbia or Serbian Croats or Serbian Croats are the recognized Croat national minority in Serbia. They were recognized as national minority in 2002, according to the 2011 census, there were 57,900 Croats in Serbia or 0. 8% of the population. Some 54,785 of them lived in Vojvodina and Belgrade, during the 15th century, Croats mostly lived in the Syrmia region. It is estimated that they were a majority in 76 out of 801 villages that existed in the territory of Vojvodina. During 17th century, Roman Catholic Bunjevci from Dalmatia migrated to Vojvodina, according to some opinions, Šokci might be descendants of medieval Slavic population of Vojvodina where their ancestors might lived since the 8th century. According to other opinions, medieval Slavs of Vojvodina mainly spoke ikavian dialect, between 1689, when the Habsburg Monarchy conquered parts of Vojvodina, and the end of the 19th century, a small number of Croats from Croatia also migrated to the region. Before the 20th century, most of the Bunjevac and Šokac populations living in Habsburg Monarchy havent been nationally awakened yet, some of their leaders worked hardly to awake their Croatian or Yugoslav national feelings. Subsequent statistical estimations from the half of the 19th century counted Bunjevci and Šokci as others. The 1910 Austro-Hungarian census also showed differences in the numbers of those who considered themselves Bunjevci and Šokci. According to the census, in the city of Subotica there were only 39 citizens who declared Croatian as their native language, in the city of Sombor,83 citizens declared Croatian language, while 6,289 citizens were listed as speakers of other languages. In the municipality of Apatin,44 citizens declared Croatian and 7,191 declared other languages, other places which had a significant minority of Croats included Novi Banovci, Golubinci, Sremska Kamenica, Sot, Sremska Mitrovica, Sremski Karlovci and Ljuba. On the King Tomislav Square in Subotica a memorial plaque was unveiled with the inscription The memorial plaque of millennium of Croatian Kingdom 925-1925, besides Subotica, memorial plaques of King Tomislav were also revealed in Sremski Karlovci and Petrovaradin. In 1990s, during the war in Croatia, members of Serbian Radical Party organized and participated in the expulsion of the Croats in some places in Vojvodina, the President of the Serbian Radical Party, Vojislav Šešelj is indicted for participation in these events. According to some estimations, the number of Croats which have left Serbia under political pressure of the Miloševićs regime might be between 20,000 and 40,000, the number of Croats in Serbia was somewhat larger in previous censuses that were conducted between 1948 and 1991. The largest recorded number of Croats in a census was in 1961 when there were 196,409 Croats in the Socialist Republic of Serbia, since 1961 census, the Croat population in Serbia is in a constant decrease. This is caused by reasons, including economic emigration, and ethnic tensions of the Yugoslav wars during the 1990s. During this war-time period, Croats in Serbia were under pressure from the Serbian Radical Party and some Serb refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, in that time, a transfer of population occurred between Croats from Serbia and Serbs from Croatia. According to Petar Kuntić of Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina,50,000 Croats moved out from Serbia during the Yugoslav wars, the Croat National Council is, according to its Statute, a body of self-government of Croat minority in Serbia
Croats in Serbia
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Josip Jelačić
Croats in Serbia
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Ratko Rudić
Croats in Serbia
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Ivica Vrdoljak
Croats in Serbia
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Commemorative plaque in
Petrovaradin, suburb of Novi Sad ("To Tomislav, first Croatian king. Citizens of Petrovaradin.")
29.
Socialist Party of Serbia
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The Socialist Party of Serbia is a political party in Serbia that identifies itself as a democratic socialist and social democratic party. Following its foundation, the SPS demanded strict loyalty to its leader, Milošević, by top party officials, anyone who went against policy as defined by the party leadership could face sanctions or expulsion. The party won the first elections in Serbia with 194 out of 250 seats and 77. 6% of the popular vote, from 1992 it governed in coalition with other parties – initially with the Serbian Radical Party, and from 1993 with the New Democracy Party. They also contested elections in coalition with Yugoslav Left, a party led by Miloševićs wife Mirjana Marković, with the ousting of Milošević in 2000, the party became a part of the opposition. In the 2003 Serbian general elections, the party won 7. 6% of the vote and 22 out of 250 seats in the National Assembly of Serbia. In 2004, however, its candidate in the election, Ivica Dačić. In 2007 parliamentary elections, the Socialist Party of Serbia won 16 seats with 227,580 or 5. 64% of votes and it formed a sole parliamentary group, with Ivica Dačić as president and Žarko Obradović as vice-president. It won 14 seats outright while a seat was given to its new partner, the Movement of Veterans of Serbia and non-partisan Borka Vučić. The coalition won 23 seats with 313,896 or 7.58 percent of votes, SPS and its coalition partners entered post-election coalition with the For a European Serbia group. The SPS is a coalition member with the Serbian Progressive Party in the Serbian government. The SPS was formed as a coalition of the League of Communists of Serbia and the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia, and Slobodan Milošević was elected its present. This course was a factor in the splintering of the Yugoslav Communist party, the political programme of the SPS has stated its intention to develop Serbia as a socialist republic, founded on law and social justice. In power however, the party enacted policies that were negative to workers rights, the SPS advocated the transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy, with both public and private sectors. The party endorsed the principle of equality of all the Yugoslav peoples. From 1990 to 1993, the party endorsed supporting the Serbs in Bosnia & Herzegovina, as Croatia and Bosnia declared independence, the involvement by the SPS as a ruling party in Belgrade had become more devoted to helping the external Serbs run their own independent entities. The SPS was in coalition with the nationalist Serbian Radical Party at the time, Milošević demanded the self-determination of Serbs in the Republic of Macedonia. In 1998, five years after a split between the SPS and the Radicals, the party returned to its more successful coalition with the Serbian Radical Party as Kosovo-Albanian separatism was on the rise. In addition, the party engaged in discussions with Croatian and Bosnian leaders, the SPS however was unwilling to grant secession of any territory from FR Yugoslavia which formed in 1992
Socialist Party of Serbia
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Slobodan Milošević
Socialist Party of Serbia
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Ivica Dačić has led the Socialist Party since 2006
Socialist Party of Serbia
Socialist Party of Serbia
30.
Democratic Party (Serbia)
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The Democratic Party is a social-democratic and social-liberal political party in Serbia. It is the major party in Serbia, and is the fifth largest party in the National Assembly. The Democratic Party is a member of the Socialist International, the Progressive Alliance. The party was founded on February 3,1990 by a group of Serbian intellectuals as a revival of the original Yugoslav Democratic Party. It was one of the opposition parties to the presidency of Slobodan Milošević during the 1990s. Democratic Party joined the Democratic Opposition of Serbia coalition in 2000, New president of the Democratic Party, Boris Tadić, won the 2004 presidential election, and the party returned to power after the 2007 and 2008 parliamentary elections. Tadić was reelected in 2008, but both him and the Party lost the 2012 presidential and parliamentary elections, so the Democratic party became opposition party once again, Dragan Đilas, then-Mayor of Belgrade was elected new party president after the 2012 elections. After the disappointing results in the 2014 election, Bojan Pajtić, up to that point in time, the former primarily acted through the Serbian Writers Association while the latter channeled their activities through the Social Sciences Institute and the Philosophy Club. Sprinkled throughout the newly assembled group were also some surviving members of the pre-World War II party, the Founding Committee called upon all democratically minded citizens to join them in this endeavour. Over the following weeks nine other prominent intellectuals joined the thirteen initiators as members of the Founding Committee and they all worked together towards re-establishing the Democratic Party by drafting the first party political program and making preparations for the founding party conference. The Letter of Intent was signed by all the 22 Members of the Founding Committee, throughout January 1990 the Founding Committee worked on publicising the partys proposed political program and its democratic aims. It worked on gathering potential party members to ensure a successful founding conference, at the founding conference the founder members elected the party President, the Executive and General Committees tasked with running the party. Following the founding conference the party started establishing local committees and networks throughout Serbia, even before the founding conference was held, differences over the Kosovo issue surfaced. The party presidency was contested between Dragoljub Mićunović and Kosta Čavoški, two of DS most prominent members, at the DS founding conference on 3 February 1990, Mićunović was elected president while Čavoški became the Executive Board president. Desimir Tošić and Vojislav Koštunica were named vice presidents, under Mićunović, DS did not have strong leadership, as the longtime university professor preferred a relaxed intellectual approach to a rigid party structure. DS members participated in the first anti-government protests in 1990, Čavoški resigned his post as the partys executive board president on 29 September 1990, Zoran Đinđić got named to the post. At the parliamentary elections on 9 December 1990, the party was on the ballot in 176 of 250 electoral districts, only several days prior to the elections, Čavoški left DS thinking that the conditions for a free and fair elections were not yet present in Serbia. Other DS members like Nikola Milošević, Vladan Vasilijević, and film director Saša Petrović accompanied him, Čavoškis lasting legacy in the party was that its party program stated until 1997 that DS is working towards the re-unification of Serbian lands
Democratic Party (Serbia)
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Democratic Party Демократска странка Demokratska stranka
Democratic Party (Serbia)
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Dragoljub Mićunović
Democratic Party (Serbia)
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Serbian prime minister Zoran Đinđić speaks at the 2003
World Economic Forum in
Davos on 24 January 2003
Democratic Party (Serbia)
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Boris Tadić
31.
Serbian SuperLiga
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The Serbian SuperLiga is a Serbian professional league for football clubs. At the top of the Serbian football league system, it is the primary football competition. It is contested by 16 clubs, operating a system of promotion and relegation with the Serbian First League, the SuperLiga was formed during the summer of 2005 as the countrys top football league competition in Serbia and Montenegro. Since summer 2006 after the secession of Montenegro from Serbia, the league only has Serbian clubs, Serbian clubs used to compete in the Yugoslav First League. This competition was formed in 1923 and lasted until 2003, after the downfall of SFR Yugoslavia in 1991 a new Yugoslavia would be formed that would be named FR Yugoslavia with Montenegro and Serbia. The current SuperLiga champions are Red Star Belgrade, UEFA currently ranks the league 27th in Europe of 54 leagues. The league was known as Meridian Prva liga/Super liga from 2004 until 2008, the leagues official sponsor until 2015 was beer brand Jelen pivo, thus resulted in the leagues official name to be Jelen Super liga. The SuperLiga began as a league with a system in an attempt to boost ratings. After the first season however, the SuperLiga changed its format, the 2007–08 season was the first to be played in a more traditional format. The league no longer divided into a play-off and play-out group midway through the campaign, instead, the 12 teams began playing each other three times in a more conventional league format. After two seasons with that format the Football Association of Serbia decided to add 4 teams to the SuperLiga. The 2009–10 season will be the first with a 16 team league played in a league format of one home. This drops the schedule from 33 rounds to 30. The two bottom placed teams are relegated to the division, the Serbian Prva Liga. The third lowest-placed team is sent to a relegation playoff against the third-placed team in the second division. Whichever team wins will play in the SuperLiga the following season, the Yugoslav First League started being played in 1923, and gathered the best clubs from the former Yugoslavia. In 1991, clubs from Slovenia and Croatia left and formed their own league systems, the Yugoslav First League was played since 1992 with clubs from Serbia and Montenegro, until 2006, when Montenegro declared independence and subsequently formed its own league system. Since 2006 the league is formed exclusively by clubs from Serbia, in 1992 the Yugoslav First League became the First League of FR Yugoslavia and was played since then with the clubs from Serbia and Montenegro
Serbian SuperLiga
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Serbian SuperLiga
Serbian SuperLiga
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Andrija Kaluđerović scored 57 goals in the SuperLiga
Serbian SuperLiga
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Red Star Stadium
Serbian SuperLiga
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Čair Stadium
32.
List of Serbian monarchs
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This is an archontological list of Serbian monarchs, containing monarchs of the medieval principalities, to heads of state of modern Serbia. The Serbian monarchy dates back to the Early Middle Ages, the Serbian royal titles used include Prince, Grand Prince, King, Emperor and Despot. The Vlastimirović dynasty was the first royal dynasty of the Serb people, the Serbs established several polities by the 10th century, Serbia or Zagorje which consisted of Serbia, and Bosnia, and Pomorje which consisted of Dioclea, Zachlumia, Pagania, Travunia. The Serbian ruler was titled archon, prince, the history of the dynasty starts with the eponymous founder Vlastimir. This era is marked by the Christianization of Serbs, the internal and external wars. The history of this dynasty ends with the annexation of Serbia in 969, the first office-holder was Peter of Diokleia, of which we only have a seal found in the 19th century. The next known is Jovan Vladimir, who became a Bulgarian vassal, Stefan Vojislav succeeds in giving the realm independence, he is the eponymous founder of the Vojislavljevići that ruled Duklja from the early 11th century up to the 1120s. The dynasty may have been a branch of the preceding Vlastimirovićs. In the mid-11th century, Mihailo I had liberated Rascia from Byzantine rule, in 1083, Constantine Bodin appoints brothers Vukan and Marko, sons of Petrislav, as rulers of Rascia. In 1089, the Byzantines capture Bodin, and Vukan retains independence, the Vukanovići quickly claim the following Serbian domains in the following decades, and by 1148, the maritime possessions are united with the inland. The Byzantine Empire at times intervened in the scene. The dynasty ruled until 1165, when a branch is instated by the Byzantines. Stefan Nemanja rebelled against his eldest brother Tihomir in 1166, who fled with his brothers Stracimir, but later on, Stefan Nemanja defeated his Greek army of mercenaries in the same year near the town of Pantino on Kosovo in which poor Tihomir drowned in the River of Sitnica. Nemanja captured his brothers and made peace with them by giving them rule in their former parts of the land to recognise him as the only ruler of Rashka or Serbia. The Nemanjić dynasty was named after Stefan Nemanja and ruled over Serbia until 1371, the Nemanjić dynasty ruled the Serb lands between ca.1166 up to 1371. The crumbling Serbian Empire under Stefan Uroš V was to be of little resistance to the powerful Ottoman Empire. In light of conflicts and decentralization of the realm, the Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, making vassals of the governors, soon thereafter. As Uroš was childless and the nobility could not agree on the heir, the Empire was ruled by semi-independent provincial lords
List of Serbian monarchs
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Peter I
List of Serbian monarchs
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Royal Coat of arms
List of Serbian monarchs
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Unknown Archon
List of Serbian monarchs
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Višeslav
33.
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
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The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created by the unification of the Kingdom of Serbia and the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on 1 December 1918. Until 6 January 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, on that day, King Alexander I abolished the Vidovdan Constitution, prorogued the National Assembly and introduced a personal dictatorship. He renamed the country Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 3 October 1929, after his assassination, parliamentary monarchy was put back in place. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was defeated and occupied after the German invasion on 17 April 1941, the monarchy was formally abolished on 29 November 1945. In 1945 there were ten living former prime ministers, Josip Broz Tito was quickly recognized by the Allies at the Tehran Conference, and the royalist government-in-exile in London was pressured into agreeing on a merge with the NKOJ. In order to facilitate this, Ivan Šubašić was appointed by the King to head the London government, for a period, Yugoslavia had two recognized prime ministers and governments, Josip Broz Tito leading the NKOJ in occupied Yugoslavia, and Ivan Šubašić leading the Kings government-in-exile in London. With the Tito-Šubašić Agreement in 1944, the two prime ministers agreed that the new joint government would be led by Tito. After the liberation of Yugoslavias capital Belgrade in October 1944, the joint government was formed on 2 November 1944. After the war, elections were held ending in a victory for Titos Peoples Front. The new parliament deposed King Peter II on 29 November 1945, the government was first headed by a Prime Minister up to 14 January 1953, when major decentralization reforms reorganized the government into the Federal Executive Council chaired by a President. Josip Broz Tito held the post from 1944 to 1963, five out of nine heads of government of Yugoslavia in this period were of Croatian ethnicity. Three were from Croatia itself, while two were Bosnian Croats
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
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N/A
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
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Standard of the Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
34.
President of Serbia and Montenegro
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The President of Serbia and Montenegro was the head of state of Serbia and Montenegro. In 2006 the office was abolished as the union was dissolved, with Serbia. From 1992 to 2000, the president was elected at the proposal of the President, after the constitutional amendments of 2000, direct elections for the office of President were introduced. After the constitutional reforms of 2003, the president was elected at the proposal of the President and Vice President of the Parliament of Serbia, the President of Serbia and Montenegro was a member of the Supreme Defence Council together with the President of Serbia and the President of Montenegro. Svetozar Marović of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro was the only President of Serbia and Montenegro after its constitutional reforms and he was inaugurated on March 7,2003. After the declaration of independence of Montenegro, on June 3,2006, the President announced on June 4,2006 the termination of his office
President of Serbia and Montenegro
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Svetozar Marović
President of Serbia and Montenegro
President of Serbia and Montenegro
President of Serbia and Montenegro
Serbia
listen)) is a city and the administrative center of the Rasina District in central Serbia. It is located in the valley of West Morava, on Rasina river. According to the 2011 census, the administrative area has a population of 128,752, while the city urban area has 73,316.
