1.
Districts of Malaysia
–
District is a type of administrative division below the state level in Malaysia. An administrative district is administered by lands and district office which is headed by district officer, in Peninsular Malaysia, a district is a subdivision of a state. A mukim is a subdivision of a district, the mukim is however of less importance with respect to the administration of land. In East Malaysia, a district is a subdivision of a division of a state, for example, Tuaran is a district within the West Coast Division of Sabah. A district is named after the main town or its administrative capital, for example. In Sarawak, some districts are divided into sub-districts before the mukim level. Administrative district boundaries are coextensive with local government area boundaries
Districts of Malaysia
–
Daerah (districts) in Perak
Districts of Malaysia
–
Districts in Johor
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
3.
Malaysia
–
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
Malaysia
–
"Malaysia" used as a label for the
Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas
Malaysia
–
Flag
Malaysia
–
The Dutch fleet battling with the Portuguese armada as part of the
Dutch–Portuguese War in 1606 to gain control of
Malacca.
Malaysia
–
Statue of
Francis Light in the
Fort Cornwallis of Penang, marking the first step of
British expansion in the 18th century over the Malay Archipelago.
4.
States of Malaysia
–
The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation comprising thirteen states and three federal territories, eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula, collectively called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia. Two states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining one federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo, out of the 13 states in Malaysia,9 of the states are hereditary monarchies. The governance of the states is divided between the government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states, however, legal scholars generally view this as a paupers bequest because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, the Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states, land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Nine of the states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states. Each Malay state has a ruler as titular head of state. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilans elective ruler holds the title of Yamtuan Besar, whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term and they have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Each state has a legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri. Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population, the state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, however, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara, the house of the federal parliament. The law in question must also be passed by the assembly as well. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim
States of Malaysia
–
Malaysia
5.
Pahang
–
Pahang is the third largest state in Malaysia, after Sarawak and Sabah, and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia. The state occupies the huge Pahang River river basin and it is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the west by Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, to the south by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and the South China Sea. Its state capital is Kuantan, and the seat is at Pekan. Other important towns include Jerantut, Kuala Lipis, Temerloh and the resorts of Genting Highlands, Cameron Highlands, Bukit Tinggi. The Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur, based on Chinese records, Pahang was known to the Chinese as Phang or Pahangh, other variations include Pang-Hang, Pang-Heng, Pong-Fong, Phe-Hang, and Pang-Kang and others. In 1225, Chau Ju-Kua wrote the book Chu-Fan-Chi and mentioned that amongst the states controlled by San-Fo-Chi was one called Peng-Keng, supposedly modern day Pahang. The Arabs and Europeans at that time called it as Pam, Pan, Phang, Paam, Poa, Paon, Phamm, Paham, Fanhan, Phang, G. R Tibbets, a historian who commented the story written by Masudi thought that Fanjab was Pahang. He preferred to call it Fanhan, Panghang/Panhang, rather than Fanjab, the name Pahang has been said to originate from the language of a Siamese aborigines tribe, meaning ore. The aborigines used to live here and opened up several mining areas, according to an old Malay story, at the place near the Pahang River, on the opposite side of Kampung Kembahang, a large mahang tree fell across the river, thus the name Pahang originated. Evidence for nomadic tribes living in the Pahang area go back to the Mesolithic Era, after the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Majapahit, Siam, and then by Sultanate of Malacca. Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, during this time, its population was mostly killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered and its economy ruined. After the decline of Aceh in the century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, from 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara. In 1896, Pahang joined Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan in the Federated Malay States and this evolved into the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963. Rainforest covers much of the highlands, but it tends to be thinner, ferns are also extremely common, thanks mainly to the high humidity and fog that permeates the area. The Cameron Highlands area in the west is home to extensive tea plantations, the area is the highest on the mainland, and the climate is temperate enough to have distinct temperature variations year round. The area is known as a major supplier of legumes and vegetables to both Malaysia and Singapore. Genting Highlands is known as Malaysias playground and it is home to several hotels, a theme park and Malaysias only casino
Pahang
–
The 17th century
Mao Kun map based on the early 15th century navigation maps of
Zheng He showing
Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), Pulau Siribuat (石礁) and
Pulau Tioman (苧麻山).
Pahang
–
Cameron Highlands
Pahang
–
Teluk Chempedak.
Pahang
–
Kuantan, capital of Pahang.
6.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
7.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
8.
UTC
–
Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
UTC
UTC
9.
Mean solar time
–
Solar time is a calculation of the passage of time based on the position of the Sun in the sky. The fundamental unit of time is the day. Two types of time are apparent solar time and mean solar time. Fix a tall pole vertically in the ground, at some instant on any day the shadow will point exactly north or south. That instant is local apparent noon,12,00 local apparent time, about 24 hours later the shadow will again point north/south, the Sun seeming to have covered a 360-degree arc around the Earths axis. When the Sun has covered exactly 15 degrees, local apparent time is 13,00 exactly, after 15 more degrees it will be 14,00 exactly. As explained in the equation of time article, this is due to the eccentricity of the Earths orbit, the effect of this is that a clock running at a constant rate – e. g. This is mean solar time, which is not perfectly constant from one century to the next but is close enough for most purposes. Currently a mean solar day is about 86,400.002 SI seconds, the two kinds of solar time are among the three kinds of time reckoning that were employed by astronomers until the 1950s. By the 1950s it had become clear that the Earths rotation rate was not constant, so astronomers developed ephemeris time, the apparent sun is the true sun as seen by an observer on Earth. Apparent solar time or true solar time is based on the apparent motion of the actual Sun and it is based on the apparent solar day, the interval between two successive returns of the Sun to the local meridian. Solar time can be measured by a sundial. The equivalent on other planets is termed local true solar time, the length of a solar day varies through the year, and the accumulated effect produces seasonal deviations of up to 16 minutes from the mean. The effect has two main causes, first, Earths orbit is an ellipse, not a circle, so the Earth moves faster when it is nearest the Sun and slower when it is farthest from the Sun. Second, due to Earths axial tilt, the Suns annual motion is along a circle that is tilted to Earths celestial equator. In June and December when the sun is farthest from the equator a given shift along the ecliptic corresponds to a large shift at the equator. So apparent solar days are shorter in March and September than in June or December and these lengths will change slightly in a few years and significantly in thousands of years. Mean solar time is the angle of the mean Sun plus 12 hours
Mean solar time
–
Sun and
Moon,
Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
Mean solar time
Mean solar time
–
Key concepts
Mean solar time
–
Internal structure
10.
Fuziah Salleh
–
Hajjah Fuziah Salleh, is a Malaysian politician and the current Member of Parliament for Kuantan. At present, she is also the elected Vice-President of Peoples Justice Party in the Pakatan Rakyat opposition coalition, Fuziah Salleh was born in Johor, but grew up in Pahang. She had her education at the Methodist Girls School in Kuantan. Fuziah is married to Professor Dr. Haji Russly Bin Abdul Rahman with six children, before entering politics, Fuziah was a corporate trainer and training consultant for multinationals, corporate institutions and NGOs in the area of human resource development and womens empowerment. She is experienced in counselling various interest groups in both the UK and Malaysia, ranging from youth, students, married couples, and women involved in domestic violence. National Justice Party was later merged with the older Malaysian Peoples Party to establish the Peoples Justice Party on 3 August 2003, on 8 March 2008, Fuziah successfully defeated incumbent Malaysian Chinese Association heavyweight Datuk Fu Ah Kiow, who was also the incumbent Deputy Internal Security Minister. The Kuatan seat loan was also perceived as a move by Barisan Nasional to counter the Chinese community still against the controversial Lynas rare earth plant in Kuantan. Datuk Mohamed Suffian Awang was Kuantan UMNO Youth Chief and the Political Secretary to the BN chairman, both UMNO and MCA are the major component parties of the BN ruling coalition. Fuziah Salleh was the first Head of JIMs Women Wing from 1993 to 1999 – she together with a few other activists of JIM had founded this institution. Fuziah has been raising her concern over the risks of having Lynas Advanced Materials Plant near Kuantan in the Parliament of Malaysia since 18 November 2008, the awareness campaign about the hazardous LAMP organised between 2008 and 2010 was taxing with limited organisations and individuals willing to render assistance. Also, only the local Chinese media picked up the alleged LAMP issues, in 2009, Fuziahs team managed to get media coverage of the LAMP problems in Kuantan via the Malaysian television channels, both the NTV7s and the TV2s Mandarin programs. After fighting a battle for more than two years to stop the Lynas plant from being built in Malaysia. In early March 2011, public awareness has been heightened by the articles on the Lynas project published in the New York Times, at the same time, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster has ramped up fear in the Malaysian people about the risks of radioactive exposure. Since then, the Stop Lynas Rare Earth Refinery campaign has started to gain momentum, the anti-Lynas group led by Fuziah Salleh had gradually evolved into a bigger civil society group, i. e. Save Malaysia Stop Lynas. Along the path of her struggle against LAMP, various groups, NGOs. During the early days of the Stop Lynas campaign, Fuziah led the residents and environmentalists in petition collecting, PicBadging, leafleting, briefing. The online portals and social media have played a significant role in keeping people informed about the hazardous LAMP project in Gebeng. This followed by the television channel NTV7 Siasat Mandarin, which aired the updated LAMP issues on 9 June 2011 with Malay subtitle
Fuziah Salleh
–
Y.B. Hajjah Fuziah Salleh is the Member of Parliament for Kuantan, and also the leader of anti-Lynas rare earth refinery movement.
Fuziah Salleh
–
Meeting held by Kuantan MP YB Fuziah Salleh in December 2008 with about 20 professionals and residents to discuss the Lynas rare earth processing plant issues in Kuantan. After the meeting, "Concerned Citizen of Kuantan" group was formed by Fuziah and team to deal with the Lynas issues.
Fuziah Salleh
–
SMSL was initiated and loosely formed by Kuantan MP Fuziah Salleh and team in March 2011, after a signature drive and public talk on the urgent need to cease the Lynas plant from commencing operations in Malaysia. – Pic by Choo Choy May (The Malaysian Insider)
Fuziah Salleh
–
15,000 people were gathering at the Kuantan Municipal Council field for "Himpunan Hijau 2.0" (Anti-Lynas Green Rally 2.0) on 26 February 2012
11.
Barisan Nasional
–
The National Front is a right-wing political party in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties. It is the largest party in the Parliament of Malaysia, Party Chairman Najib Razak has been Prime Minister of Malaysia from 3 April 2009. In state level, it is also the largest party in the 10 of 13 state legislative assemblies of Malaysia, along with its predecessor, it is considered the longest continuing ruling party in the democratic world. The Barisan Nasional is the successor to the three-party Alliance coalition formed of United Malays National Organisation, Malaysian Chinese Association. It was founded in the aftermath of the 1969 general election, the Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties Democratic Action Party and Gerakan, and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional, the Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from Sabah and Sarawak, was formed as a grand coalition of 11 parties under the leadership of the prime minister Tun Abdul Razak. It registered in June 1974 to contest the 1974 general election, in 1977, PAS was expelled from the Barisan Nasional following a revolt within the Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government. By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties and it performed particularly well in the 2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats. In the 2008 general elections, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the seats to Pakatan Rakyat. This marked Barisans first failure to secure a two-thirds supermajority in Parliament since 1969, five state governments, Kelantan, Kedah, Penang, Perak, and Selangor, fell to Pakatan Rakyat. Perak however was later returned via court ruling following a constitutional crisis, since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the Peninsula. The losses continued in the 2013 general election, and it recorded its worst ever election result, BN regained Kedah, but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. It won only 47% of the vote, nevertheless it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats. As of 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasionals seats are held by its two largest Bumiputera-based political parties—the United Malays National Organisation, and Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu. Nevertheless, practically each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a race, UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese. In the view of scholars, Since its inception the Alliance remained a coalition of communal parties. Each of the component parties operated to all intents and purposes, save that of elections and their membership was communal, except perhaps Gerakan, and their success was measured in terms of their ability to achieve the essentially parochial demands of their constituents. Although both the Alliance and BN registered themselves as parties, membership is only possible indirectly through one of the constituent parties
Barisan Nasional
–
High-ranking BN party officials holding copies of the party manifesto at a pre-election rally in 2013. In the front row, from left, are
Chua Soi Lek (
MCA),
Muhyiddin Yassin,
Najib Razak and
Tengku Adnan Tengku Mansor (
UMNO), and
Abdul Taib Mahmud (
PBB).
Barisan Nasional
–
National Front Barisan Nasional باريسن ناسيونل 国民阵线 பாரிசான் நேசனல்
12.
Municipality
–
It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term municipality may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality, a municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French municipalité and Latin municipalis, a municipality can be any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village, such as West Hampton Dunes, New York. The power of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state, municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. Similar terms include Spanish ayuntamiento, also called municipalidad, Polish gmina, Dutch/Flemish Gemeente, in Australia, the term local government area is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia, incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility. In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, the Province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers. Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities, nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units. In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality is a local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it directly with the state government. Generally, smaller cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika. Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self-government entrusted with duties and responsibilities. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title, in Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of government in this jurisdiction. In the United States, municipality is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, in the Peoples Republic of China, a direct-controlled municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. In Taiwan, a municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei. In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ, when referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used
Municipality
–
The
Ponce City Hall, in the city of
Ponce, is the seat of the government for both the city and the surrounding
barrios making up the municipality.
13.
South China Sea
–
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around 3,500,000 square kilometres. The areas importance largely results from one-third of the worlds shipping sailing through its waters, the sea and its mostly uninhabited islands are subject to competing claims of sovereignty by several countries. These claims are reflected in the variety of names used for the islands. South China Sea is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and this name is a result of early European interest in the sea as a route from Europe and South Asia to the trading opportunities of China. In the sixteenth century Portuguese sailors called it the China Sea, the International Hydrographic Organization refers to the sea as South China Sea. The Classic of Poetry, Zuo Zhuan, and Guoyu classics of the Spring and Autumn period also referred to the sea, Nan Hai, the South Sea, was one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature. There are three other seas, one for each of the four cardinal directions, during the Eastern Han dynasty, Chinas rulers called the Sea Zhang Hai. Fei Hai became popular during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, usage of the current Chinese name, Nan Hai, became gradually widespread during the Qing Dynasty. In Southeast Asia it was called the Champa Sea or Sea of Cham. The majority of the sea came under Japanese naval control during World War II following the acquisition of many surrounding South East Asian territories in 1941. Japan calls the sea Minami Shina Kai South China Sea and this was written 南支那海 until 2004, when the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched the spelling 南シナ海, which has become the standard usage in Japan. In China, it is called the South Sea, 南海 Nánhǎi, in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines, it was long called the South China Sea, with the part within Philippine territorial waters often called the Luzon Sea, Dagat Luzon, by the Philippines. However, following an escalation of the Spratly Islands dispute in 2011, a PAGASA spokesperson said that the sea to the east of the Philippines will continue to be called the Philippine Sea. In September 2012, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed Administrative Order No, states and territories with borders on the sea include, the Peoples Republic of China, the Republic of China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, and Vietnam. Major rivers that flow into the South China Sea include the Pearl, Min, Jiulong, Red, Mekong, Rajang, Pahang, Pampanga, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the South China Sea as follows, On the South. From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao on to the South point of Haitan Tao, the Mainland, the Southern limit of the Gulf of Thailand and the East coast of the Malay Peninsula. The sea lies above a drowned continental shelf, during recent ice ages global sea level was hundreds of metres lower, the South China Sea opened around 45 million years ago when the Dangerous Ground rifted away from southern China. Extension culminated in seafloor spreading around 30 million years ago, a process that propagated to the SW resulting in the V-shaped basin we see today, extension ceased around 17 million years ago
South China Sea
–
The northeastern portion of the South China Sea
South China Sea
–
Sunset on the South China Sea off
Mũi Né village on the south-east coast of
Vietnam
South China Sea
–
Map of various countries occupying the
Spratly Islands
14.
Peninsular Malaysia
–
Peninsular Malaysia, also known as West Malaysia, is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula and surrounding islands. Its area is 130,598 square kilometres and it shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore, across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra. East Malaysia is to the east across the South China Sea, Peninsular Malaysia accounts for the majority of Malaysias population and economy, as of 2015 its population is roughly 25 million. In 1963, the name Malaysia was adopted by the new federation uniting the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, at the time, the Philippines had also contemplated adopting the name. Peninsular Malaysia is also known as West Malaysia or Malaya, in current everyday usage the word Malaya is almost always used jocularly, e. g. Gempar satu Malaya. Which roughly means shakes the whole of Malaya, the term Malaya generally included Singapore until 1946, when Singapore was excluded from the formation of Malayan Union. In Singapore law, Malaya includes Singapore, whereas the term States of Malaya does not, the majority of people on Peninsular Malaysia are ethnic Malays, predominantly Muslim. Large Chinese and Indian populations exist, the Orang Asli are the indigenous people of Peninsular Malaysia, they numbered around 140,000 and mostly lived in inland parts of the region. Unlike the East Coast, the West Coast is partitioned further into three regions, including, The Northern Region, Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak, the Central Region, Selangor and the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. The Southern Region, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca and Johor Even though Johor has a coastline facing the South China Sea and these rights were granted as part of Sarawaks 18-point agreement and Sabahs 20-point agreement with Federation of Malaya in forming the Federation of Malaysia. Malaya Malayan dollar Peninsular Malaysia travel guide from Wikivoyage
Peninsular Malaysia
–
A map of Peninsular Malaysia.
15.
Abu Bakar of Pahang
–
Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abdullah Al-Mutasim Billah Shah GCMG, was the fourth Sultan of Pahang modern. Born at Istana Hinggap, Pekan, he was the son of Sultan Abdullah Al-Mutassim Billah Shah by his wife. Succeeding his father in 1932, he became known as a friendly. During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, he discreetly encouraged resistance movements such as the Askar Wataniah, Force 136 and he died on 7 May 1974 and was succeeded by his son Sultan Ahmad Shah
Abu Bakar of Pahang
–
Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah
16.
Chi Tu
–
Chi Tu is an ancient kingdom mentioned in the history of China. The Sui Dynasty annals describe an advanced kingdom called Chi Tu in 607, the location of Chi Tu was disputed to be around Kelantan or Pahang state in Malay Peninsula, or in Songkhla and Pattani Province of southern Thailand. The inscribed Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamrttika, meaning red earth land, the Chi Tu kingdom is believed to have existed from 100 BC to the 7th century. The royal familys name is Chu-dan and the king is Li-fo-duo-se, according to Chinese records, Chi Tu was built by kit mow peoples who sailed from the coast of Funan. Centuries later, the inhabitants, replaced Funan peoples. Chi Tu is a nation of Funan, located in within the southern sea, sailing hundred days to reach. East bordering Po-Lo-La, West bordering Po-Lo-So, South bordering Ho Lo Tan, the king has three wives and the kingdom embraced Buddhism. Chi Tu kingdom along with Langkasuka, Kedah and others were important trade centers. During this period, ships coming from China and Funan stop at the coast of Malay Peninsula and they get the local porters to transport the goods, using rafts, elephants and manpower along the Early transpeninsular routeway and part of the ancient Spice Route. Scholars do not agree on the location of Raktamaritika, while some consider it in the area of Phatthalung / Songkhla area, or Kelantan. The ruins around the Songkhla lake such as Bang Kaeo in Phatthalung or Sathing Phra in Songkhla then might be one of the cities of Raktamaritika, J. L. Meons believed that early Srivijaya was located in Kelantan and K. A. The founding of Sri Wijaya Mala was 667 BC with its capital called Valai and it was until 570 BC that the kingdom changed its name to Sri Wijaya. The inscription of the Buddhagupta Stone found in Kedah mentioned a Raktamaritika, the old name of Songkhla is Singgora, which coincides with the fact that according to the Chinese chronicles the capital of Chitu was Sing-Ha and also the nearby Singhanakhon district. This name may also be related to Tambralinga because there is Tam in this name as same as Raktamaritika, and this state has appeared in 642, the same area of the central Malay peninsula after Chitu has already faded away from the history
Chi Tu
–
Location of Chi Tu as indicated in the map of Transpeninsula route-ways.
Chi Tu
–
Replica of
Buddhagupta stone on display at the
National History Museum,
Kuala Lumpur.
17.
Malaccan Sultanate
–
The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate centred in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks c.1400 as the year of the sultanate by a renegade Malay Raja of Singapura, Parameswara who was also known as Iskandar Shah. As a bustling trading port, Malacca emerged as a centre for Islamic learning and dissemination. The legacy of the political and cultural legacy remains to this day. For centuries, Malacca has been held up as an exemplar of Malay-Muslim civilisation, the series of raids launched by the Chola Empire in the 11th century had weakened the once glorious empire of Srivijaya. By the end of the 13th century, the already fragmented Srivijaya caught the attention of the expansionist Javanese King, in 1275, he decreed the Pamalayu expedition to overrun Sumatra. By 1288, Singhasari naval expeditionary forces successfully sacked Jambi and Palembang, the complete destruction of Srivijaya caused the diaspora of the Srivijayan princes and nobles. Rebellions against the Javanese rule ensued and attempts were made by the fleeing Malay princes to revive the empire, the Orang Laut, famous for their loyal services to Srivijaya, eventually made him king of a new kingdom called Singapura. In the 14th century, Singapura developed concurrently with the Pax Mongolica era and its wealth and success however, alarmed two regional powers at that time, Ayuthaya from the north and Majapahit from the south. As a result, the fortified capital was attacked by at least two major foreign invasions before it was finally sacked by Majapahit in 1398. The fifth and last king, Parameswara fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, Parameswara fled north to Muar, Ujong Tanah and Biawak Busuk before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of Bertam river. Legend has it that the king saw a mouse deer outwit his hunting dog into the water when he was resting under the Malacca tree. He thought this boded well, remarking, this place is excellent, even the mouse deer is formidable, tradition holds that he named the settlement after the tree he was leaning against while witnessing the portentous event. Today, the deer is part of modern Malaccas coat of arms. The name Malacca itself was derived from the fruit-bearing Melaka tree scientifically termed as Phyllanthus emblica, following establishment of his new city in Malacca, Parameswara initiated the development of the place and laid the foundation of a trade port. The indigenous inhabitants of the straits, the Orang Laut, were employed to patrol the adjacent sea areas, to repel other petty pirates, within years, news about Malacca becoming a centre of trade and commerce began to spread all over the eastern part of the world. In 1405, Yongle Emperor of Ming Dynasty sent his envoy headed by Yin Qing to Malacca in 1403, Yin Qings visit opened the way for the establishment of friendly relations between Malacca and China. Two years later, the legendary Admiral Zheng He made his first of six visits to Malacca, Chinese merchants began calling at the port and pioneering foreign trading bases in Malacca
Malaccan Sultanate
–
Map of 15th century Malacca and its contemporaries.
Malaccan Sultanate
–
The extent of the Sultanate in the 15th century
Malaccan Sultanate
–
The
replica of Malacca Sultanate's palace which was built from information and data obtained from the
Malay Annals. This historical document had references to the construction and the architecture of palaces during the era of
Sultan Mansur Shah, who ruled from 1458 to 1477.
Malaccan Sultanate
–
A bronze
relief of
Hang Tuah, a legendary Malay hero. Exhibited at the
National History Museum,
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
18.
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir
–
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir also known as Munshi Abdullah, was a Malayan writer of Indian origin. He was a famous Malacca-born Indian munshi of Singapore and died in Jeddah, Munshi Abdullah is regarded as the most cultured Malay who ever wrote, one of the greatest innovators in Malay letters and the father of modern Malay literature. The term Munshi means teacher or educator, Munshi Abdullah was a great-grandson of a Hadhrami Arab trader, and also had Tamil and to a smaller extent, Malay ancestry. Owing to his ethnic and religious background, the Malays would refer to him as a Jawi Peranakan or Jawi Pekan, Munshi Abdullah followed his fathers career path as a translator and teacher of colonial officials in the Malay Archipelago, mainly the British and the Dutch. He dressed in the style of Malacca Tamils. Acheen seluar, check sarong, printed baju, square skull cap and he had the vigour and pride of the Arab, the perseverance and subtility of the Hindoo - in language and national sympathy only was he a Malay. Munshi Abdullah was born in Kampung Pali in Malacca, from parents of Tamil and he was the youngest of five sons. All of his brothers died in infancy and he was sick most of the time and his mother took great care of him. Munshi Abdullah was critical of the practice, describing it as stupid in the Hikayat Abdullah and he became a teacher or munshi, first by teaching Malay to the Indian soldiers of the Malacca Garrison. He then taught the Malay language to British and American missionaries and he became a functionary in the Straits Settlements next. He became a scribe and copyist for Sir Stamford Raffles, followed by, in 1815, becoming translator of the Gospels and he also worked with the American Board of Missions. Abdullah set sail for Mecca from Singapore in 1854 with the intention of completing the Hajj pilgrimage and he died of cholera shortly after his arrival in Mecca and before he could complete his pilgrimage, some time between May 8 and 18,1854. He was 59 years old at the time of his death, the Kisah pelayaran Abdullah dari Singapura sampai ke Mekah, one of Abdullahs lesser-known works, records his experiences on the journey to Mecca. There is some controversy over the time and location of his death, with some scholars arguing that he died in Jeddah in October 1854 at the age of 58. His writing career took off after a missionary, Alfred North and his most important works are the Hikayat Abdullah, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan, and Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah. His work was an inspiration to generations of writers and marks an early stage in the transition from the classical Malay literature to modern Malay literature. Hikayat Abdullah was the literary work of Munshi Abdullah. It was completed in 1843 and first published in 1849, making it one of the first Malay literary texts to be published commercially, Abdullahs authorship was prominently displayed in this text and the contents were conveyed in simple, contemporary Malay
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir
–
A page of the Hikayat Abdullah written in
Malay in the
Jawi script, from the collection of the
National Library of Singapore. A rare first edition, it was written between 1840 and 1843, printed by
lithography, and published in 1849.
19.
Munshi Abdullah
–
Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir also known as Munshi Abdullah, was a Malayan writer of Indian origin. He was a famous Malacca-born Indian munshi of Singapore and died in Jeddah, Munshi Abdullah is regarded as the most cultured Malay who ever wrote, one of the greatest innovators in Malay letters and the father of modern Malay literature. The term Munshi means teacher or educator, Munshi Abdullah was a great-grandson of a Hadhrami Arab trader, and also had Tamil and to a smaller extent, Malay ancestry. Owing to his ethnic and religious background, the Malays would refer to him as a Jawi Peranakan or Jawi Pekan, Munshi Abdullah followed his fathers career path as a translator and teacher of colonial officials in the Malay Archipelago, mainly the British and the Dutch. He dressed in the style of Malacca Tamils. Acheen seluar, check sarong, printed baju, square skull cap and he had the vigour and pride of the Arab, the perseverance and subtility of the Hindoo - in language and national sympathy only was he a Malay. Munshi Abdullah was born in Kampung Pali in Malacca, from parents of Tamil and he was the youngest of five sons. All of his brothers died in infancy and he was sick most of the time and his mother took great care of him. Munshi Abdullah was critical of the practice, describing it as stupid in the Hikayat Abdullah and he became a teacher or munshi, first by teaching Malay to the Indian soldiers of the Malacca Garrison. He then taught the Malay language to British and American missionaries and he became a functionary in the Straits Settlements next. He became a scribe and copyist for Sir Stamford Raffles, followed by, in 1815, becoming translator of the Gospels and he also worked with the American Board of Missions. Abdullah set sail for Mecca from Singapore in 1854 with the intention of completing the Hajj pilgrimage and he died of cholera shortly after his arrival in Mecca and before he could complete his pilgrimage, some time between May 8 and 18,1854. He was 59 years old at the time of his death, the Kisah pelayaran Abdullah dari Singapura sampai ke Mekah, one of Abdullahs lesser-known works, records his experiences on the journey to Mecca. There is some controversy over the time and location of his death, with some scholars arguing that he died in Jeddah in October 1854 at the age of 58. His writing career took off after a missionary, Alfred North and his most important works are the Hikayat Abdullah, Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Kelantan, and Kisah Pelayaran Abdullah ke Mekah. His work was an inspiration to generations of writers and marks an early stage in the transition from the classical Malay literature to modern Malay literature. Hikayat Abdullah was the literary work of Munshi Abdullah. It was completed in 1843 and first published in 1849, making it one of the first Malay literary texts to be published commercially, Abdullahs authorship was prominently displayed in this text and the contents were conveyed in simple, contemporary Malay
Munshi Abdullah
–
A page of the Hikayat Abdullah written in
Malay in the
Jawi script, from the collection of the
National Library of Singapore. A rare first edition, it was written between 1840 and 1843, printed by
lithography, and published in 1849.
20.
Pulau Redang
–
Redang Island is an island in Kuala Nerus District, Terengganu, Malaysia. It is one of the largest islands off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and it is famous for its crystal clear waters and white sandy beaches. It is one of nine islands, which form a marine sanctuary park offering snorkeling and diving opportunities for tourists. The Redang archipelago comprises Pulau Redang, Pulau Lima, Pulau Paku Besar, Pulau Paku Kecil, Pulau Kerengga Kecil, Pulau Kerengga Besar, Pulau Ekor Tebu, Pulau Ling and Pulau Pinang. Pulau Redang is the biggest of all the islands in the Marine Park and its highest peak is Bukit Besar at 359 metres above sea level. The boundary of the Pulau Redang Marine Park is established by a line linking all points 2 nautical miles from the shores of Pulau Redang, Pulau Lima, Pulau Ekor Tebu and Pulau Pinang. The other nearby islands of Pulau Perhentian Besar, Pulau Perhentian Kecil, Pulau Lang Tengah, Pulau Kapas, today, only the bigger islands like Redang, Lang Tengah, Perhentian and Kapas have resort facilities for visitors. The management of Marine Parks primarily involves protection of the sensitive marine and these include waste pollution management and conservation of coral reefs and terrestrial habitats. In contrast to the neighbouring Perhentian Islands, Redang has a more upmarket image, the largest beach is Pasir Panjang on the east side, featuring half a dozen resorts. The beach is covered with white sand. Coral and fish can be seen just a few metres from the beach, the other beach resorts are located in Teluk Dalam on the north and Teluk Kalong to the south. Redang has a climate with temperatures steadily around 30 °C and frequent. The 2000 film, Summer Holiday was filmed on the Laguna Redang Island Resort, the island is an important conservation site for sea turtles. Previously, the economic exploitation of turtle eggs had caused fewer turtles returning to nest on the island. Access is from Merang or Shahbandar jetty on boats operated by the resorts, Redang Airport is a small airport with services operated by Berjaya Air from Singapore and Kuala Lumpur
Pulau Redang
–
Pasir Panjang beach on Pulau Redang. The beach is covered with soft white sand. Coral and fish can be seen just a few metres from the beach.
Pulau Redang
–
A rocky beach and a wooden bridge near Laguna Redang Resort in Pulau Redang.
Pulau Redang
Pulau Redang
–
Pasir Panjang Sea Beach
21.
Malaysian Chinese
–
The Malaysian Chinese or Chinese Malaysians consist of people of full or partial Chinese—particularly Han Chinese ancestry who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. Most of these people are the descendants of those who arrived between the early 19th century and the mid-20th century, Malaysian Chinese form the second largest community of Overseas Chinese in the world, after Thailand. Within Malaysia, they represent the second largest ethnic group in Malaysia after the ethnic Malay majority and they are usually simply referred to as Chinese in Malaysia, Orang Cina in Malay, and Huaren or Huaqiao by Chinese themselves. The Chinese population in Malaysia has been consistently declining percentage-wise since Malayan independence, the reason for the decline may be due to a lower birthrate, as well as a high level of emigration in recent decades. The large number of emigrants, many of whom are young, the first wave of Han Chinese settlers came during the Malacca Empire in the early 15th century. The friendly diplomatic relations between China and Malacca culminated during the reign of Sultan Mansur Syah, who married the Chinese princess Hang Li Po, a senior minister of state and five hundred youths and maids of noble birth accompanied the princess to Malacca. Admiral Zheng He had also brought along 100 bachelors to Malacca, the descendants of this wave, many of whom are of Hokkien ancestry, adapted to the customs of local Malays while retaining parts of their ancestral culture. They are called Peranakan, or Baba for their menfolk and Nyonya for the females, Chinese immigration to British Malaya and Straits Settlements was encouraged by the British and the Malay sultans to work in the mines and plantations. This group was responsible for establishing the many Chinese-medium schools in Malaya and are mostly Chinese-educated, Some such as Koh Lay Huan escaped from China due to rebellious activities against the Qing dynasty. A much smaller wave came after the 1990s and they were mostly Mandarin speaking Chinese from northern China and these were mostly foreign spouses married to Malaysian Chinese. Some national sports coaches such as badminton coach Han Jiang could only obtain permanent residency after repeated rejections of their citizenship applications, however, diving coach Huang Qiang managed to obtain his Malaysian citizenship. China is the largest participant in Malaysias foreign residency scheme called Malaysia My Second Home, according to department of statistics Malaysia July 2003, the composition of each dialect are as follows. The largest dialect group are the Min people with a total of about 2.947 million, the Min dialect group consists of the following subgroups. The southern Hokkien from Quanzhou, Amoy, and Zhangzhou is the largest Chinese language group in Malaysia, the first wave of Hokkien settled primarily in Malacca where they constitute a mere 3 percent of Malaccas Chinese population and are called Peranakan. The Quanzhou Hokkien also migrated to towns in Sarawak. Teochew immigrants from the Chaoshan region began to settle in Malaya in large numbers from the 18th century onwards, mainly in Province Wellesley and these immigrants were chiefly responsible for setting up gambier and pepper plantations in Malaya. More Teochew immigrated to Johor at the encouragement of Temenggong Ibrahim in the 19th century, many of them are the descendants of plantation workers who came to set up gambier and pepper plantations, following the administrative pattern of their countrymen in Johor. Chinese immigrants from Hainan began to migrate to Malaya and North Borneo from the 19th century onwards, smaller communities of Hainanese are also found in Sarawak and Sabah, where they work as coffee shop owners and are mainly found in large towns and cities
Malaysian Chinese
–
Michelle Yeoh
Malaysian Chinese
–
Straits Chinese Jewellery Museum
Malaysian Chinese
–
Fu Ling Kong shrine on
Pangkor Island,
Perak.
Malaysian Chinese
–
The
Malacca Chinese Mosque, the third mosque built in a Chinese-style in Malaysia.
22.
Gambang
–
A largely obsolete instrument, the gambang gangsa, is a similar instrument made with metal bars. The bars of the instrument are made of a se wood, the bars mounted in a deep wooden case that serves as a resonator. Instruments typically have 17-21 keys that are removed, and are kept in place by having a hole through which a nail is placed. Generally a full gamelan has two sets, one gambang pelog and the other one gambang slendro, a pair of long thin mallets, made of flexible water buffalo horn tipped with felt, are used to play the instrument. Gambangs are generally played in parallel octaves, occasionally, other styles of playing are employed such as playing kempyung which are playing two notes separated by two keys. Unlike most other instruments, no dampening is required, as the wood does not ring like the metal keys of other instruments. The gambang is used in a number of gamelan ensembles and it is most notable in the Balinese gamelan Gambang. In Javanese wayang, it is used by itself to accompany the dalang in certain chants, in Javanese gamelan, the gambang plays cengkok like the other elaborating instruments. However, the repertoire of cengkok for the gambang is more rudimentary than for other instruments, the gambang gangsa has a similar construction, although it generally has fewer keys and is thus somewhat smaller. It has largely replaced by the saron family of instruments. In early 19th century writings on the Javanese gamelan, it seems to have been played like the gambang kayu, later, by 1890, it seems to have merely substituted for a saron, and have been restricted to a small range. Mantle Hood associated this use of limited range to a preference for certain arrangements of the cadences in various pathet. Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, the Nuclear Theme as a Determinant of Pathet in Javanese Music. Page 240-242 is a discussion of the gambang gangsa
Gambang
–
A five-key bamboo version regularly used in performances by Kontra-Gapi, a modern ethnic music ensemble from the Philippines.
23.
Sungai Lembing
–
Sungai Lembing is a tin mining town in Kuantan District, Pahang, Malaysia. Lembing is Malay for spear, and sungai means river, per local legend, the local ruler saw a vision of a spear in the nearby river and thus named his town after this vision. Until the 1860s, Sungai Lembing was a producer of underground tin. Sungai Lembing town developed in the 1880s when the British set up the tin mining industry, from 1891, the Pahang Consolidated Company Limited, which was under British control, had a 120 -year lease to mine the area. PCCL managed the mine from 1906 until its liquidation in 1986 when world tin prices collapsed, the pit mines were closed in 1986 due to high operational costs and low yields, but during their heyday they were among the largest and deepest in the world. The total tunnel length is 322 km, with a depth of between 610 m and 700 m, a museum highlighting the tin mining industry was opened in 2003. The museum is housed in an old bungalow once used by the mine manager, the museum houses a collection of mining artifarts. Today the town of Sg Lembing is in decline although it was once the ricest town in Pahang, in the 1940s about 1400 people worked in the mine. Today many of the wooden shoplots are closed and people are moving away, the town straddles the river, and the main street on the right bank is split by an avenue of majestic trees. At the end, an old wooden building overlooks the padang where games of cricket, nearby Sungai Lembing is Bukit Panorama, which is a popular place to watch the sunrise. Lembing is Gunung Tapis Nature Park, where one can camp, fish, Gunung Tapis itself is 1,512 m high. Lembing at the hamlet of Panching is Gua Charas, a cave that is a popular tourist destination, also Sungai Pandan Waterfall. Since 2014, much of the rainforest surrounding the popular Rainbow Waterfall has been cleared to make way for a palm oil plantation, the British ballet dancer Charlotte Diana was born there in 1921
Sungai Lembing
–
Sungai Lembing
Sungai Lembing
–
Sunrise on Bukit Panorama, Sungai Lembing
24.
Malaysian Indian
–
The Malaysian Indians or Indian Malaysians consists of people of full or partial Indian descent who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia. In 2015, there were around 2 million people self-identifying as Indian who hold Malaysian nationality, most are descendants from those who migrated from India during the British colonisation of Malaya. There is a possibility that the first wave of Indians migration towards Southeast Asia happened when the Asokas invasion towards Kalinga, today, they form the third largest ethnic group in Malaysia after the Malays and the Chinese. Malaysia is home to one of the largest populations of Overseas Indians, Malaysias Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with large elite and lower income groups and diverse racial differences even within its fold. Ancient India exerted an influence over Southeast Asia through trade, religious missions, wars. Pre-colonial Malaysia was part of Indianised Kingdoms like Chola, Srivijaya, Malacca, Kadaram and the Majapahit, the kings welcomed Buddhist missionaries from India, accepting their teaching of the Mahayana sect, which spread through their territories. The ancient Indian Kalinga was located in southeastern India occupying modern day Orissa, in the 7th century an Indonesian kingdom was named Kalingga after the aforementioned Kalinga in India. Chinese sources mention this kingdom as a center for Buddhist scholars around 604 before it was overshadowed by the Sanjaya or Mataram Kingdom, the most famous Kalingga ruler is Ratu Sima. There is evidence of the existence of Indianised kingdoms such as Gangga Negara, Old Kedah, early contact between the kingdoms of Tamilakkam and the Malay peninsula had been very close during the reigns of the Pallava dynasty and Chola dynasty. The trade relations the Tamil merchants had with the ports of Malaya led to the emergence of Indianised kingdoms like Kadaram and Langkasugam, the Cholas had a powerful merchant and naval fleet in the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal. These people were Goan Catholics and East Indians, kuparis who were of mixed Samvedic Brahmin, Goan and Portuguese descent also arrived. Sinhalese and their children from Portuguese that include Portuguese Burghers from Portuguese Ceylon also came later and their children already intermarried with Malay population, losing their ethnic identities. British acquisition of Penang, Melaka, and Singapore - the Straits Settlements from 1786 to 1824 started a steady inflow of Indian labour and this consisted of traders, policemen, plantation labourers and colonial soldiers. Apart from this there was substantial migration of Indians to work in the British colonial government. The Indian population in pre-independence Malaya and Singapore was predominantly adult males who were single with family back in India, hence the population fluctuated frequently with the immigration and exodus of people. As early as 1901 the Indian population in the Straits Settlements, by 1931 there were 640,000 Indians in Malaya and Singapore and interestingly they even outnumbered the native Malays in the state of Selangor that year. However, during World War II many Indian men and women left for Burma as part of the Indian National Army with thousands thought to have perished, as a result, the population of Indians in 1957 had only increased to 820,000. Today, Malaysian Indians account for approximately 7 per cent of the population of Malaysia and 9 per cent in Singapore
Malaysian Indian
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Devan Nair
Malaysian Indian
Malaysian Indian
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S. A. Ganapathy
Malaysian Indian
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Tony Fernandes
25.
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
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In Japanese, the engagement was referred to as the Naval Battle of Malaya. The objective of Force Z, which consisted of one battleship, one battlecruiser, the task force sailed without any air support. Although the British had an encounter with Japanese heavy surface units. On their return to Singapore they were attacked in open waters, the commander of Force Z, Admiral Sir Tom Phillips, failed to call for air support in favour of maintaining radio silence. This added to the importance for the Allies of the four USN aircraft carriers in the Pacific. The sinking of the two ships severely weakened the British Eastern Fleet in Singapore, and the Japanese invasion fleet was engaged by submarines until the Battle off Endau on 27 January 1942. However, dispatching such a large British force was impractical as the British were at war with Nazi Germany, Churchill has been criticised for showing considerable ignorance and holding an exaggerated belief in the power of the battleship, along with a tendency to interfere in naval matters. This may have led him to propose a squadron of three ships, one battleship, one battlecruiser, and one carrier. His view was that these would form a fleet in being to deter Japanese action, as the German battleship Tirpitz, however, there was no firm plan for such a task. The dispatch of capital ships to Singapore had been part of the Admiraltys strategic planning since the base had been expanded and fortified beginning in the early 1920s. The scale of this deployment had been reduced during the 1930s, since Germany and Italy presented new threats to British interests in the Atlantic. Nevertheless, it was assumed that a significant force of capital ships would deter Japanese expansion. They were then re-designated Force Z, the new aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable was allocated to Force G, but whilst working up off Jamaica, she had run aground in the entrance to Kingston harbour on 3 November 1941. Indomitable required 12 days of dry dock repairs in Norfolk, Virginia, Indomitable carried one squadron each of Fairey Fulmars and Hawker Sea Hurricanes. Another aircraft carrier, HMS Hermes, was on passage to Singapore to join Force Z, on 1 December, it was announced that Sir Thomas Phillips had been promoted to full admiral, and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Fleet. A few days later, Repulse left for Australia with HMAS Vampire and HMS Tenedos, also at Singapore were the light cruisers HMS Durban, Danae, Dragon and Mauritius, and the destroyers HMS Stronghold, Encounter and Jupiter. The heavy cruiser HMS Exeter, Dutch light cruiser Java, two more British destroyers, and four United States Navy destroyers would be there within three days. Though Durban and Stronghold were available, Admiral Philips decided to leave them at Singapore because they were not as fast as the other units, additionally, Danae, Dragon, Mauritius, Encounter and Jupiter were also at Singapore, but were under repair and not ready to sail
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
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Prince of Wales (left, front) and
Repulse (left, behind) under attack by Japanese aircraft. A destroyer fabricated by an artist is in the foreground.
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
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Admiral
Sir Tom Phillips (right), commander of Force Z, and his deputy, Rear Admiral
Arthur Palliser, on the quayside at Singapore naval base, 2 December 1941.
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
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Mitsubishi G4M Betty /"葉巻" Hamaki (Cigar) bombers of Kanoya Air Group
Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse
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Mitsubishi G3M Nell of
Genzan Air Group. The type was also operated by Mihoro Air Group
26.
Mukim
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In Brunei, a mukim is a subdivision of a daerah. The equivalent of the word mukim in English would be sub-district, in Malaysia, a mukim can either be a subdivision of a daerah or a subdivision of sub-district, In Aceh, Indonesia, a mukim is subdivision of a subdistrict. In Singapore, a mukim is a district in a rural area. There are 34 mukim survey districts in Singapore, as well as 30 Town Subdivision survey districts, there are 38 mukims in Brunei. Each mukim is an area made up of several Kampung. A Mukim is headed by a Penghulu, which is an elected office, the number of mukims in each of the districts in Brunei is as follows, The smallest mukim by area is Mukim Saba in the Brunei-Muara District. The largest mukim by area is Mukim Sukang in the Belait District, the last change in the mukim boundaries was in the late 1990s when Mukim Kumbang Pasang was merged into Mukim Kianggeh and Mukim Berakas was divided into Mukim Berakas A and Mukim Berakas B. The number of mukims remained at 38, divisions of Malaysia Subdivisions of Brunei
Mukim
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Mukims of Brunei
27.
Bandar Indera Mahkota
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Bandar Indera Mahkota is a township in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. This township was opened in 1983 and it is once known as Atabara and now it is a well-developed residential area. Bandar Indera Mahkota is about 4 kilometres northeast of Kuantan Town, the historical tin-mining town of Sungai Lembing is 38 kilometres from Bandar Indera Mahkota. It is also the road for road users from Kuantan to use the East Coast Expressway via Kuantan Interchange. Bandar Indera Mahkota is also accessible to Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport and Gambang/resort city through Kuantan Bypass Highway
Bandar Indera Mahkota
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The
Tengku Ampuan Afzan Mosque at Bandar Indera Mahkota
28.
Pekan
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The Pekan District, located on the banks of the Pahang River 50 km south of Kuantan and 280 km from Kuala Lumpur, is the Royal Town of the Malaysian state of Pahang Darul Makmur. Its name comes from a flower, the Bunga Pekan, Pekan is also the name of the district the town is situated in, and a parliamentary constituency in its own right. It is the home of the royal family headed by Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzamo Shah. It is also the hometown of the second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak Hussein, Najib is also Pekans current Member of Parliament. The Masjid Abdullah, a landmark in Pekan which dates from the 1920s, the stretch by the river bank from the Abu Bakar Royal Mosque heading towards the Sultan Abu Bakar Museum is Pekans Heritage Route. As you walk towards the Town from the Sultan Abu Bakar Museum, you can visualise the busy river in the olden days transporting people and goods into this Royal Town. According to local lore, a plant named Bunga Pekan used to grow wild at the banks of Pahang River. The flower is said to be white like jasmine, although the plant species is also said to have become extinct. The river at the Pekan town is also called Pekan River, however there is no evidence that Pekan derived its name from this river. Other sources say the name Pekan came from the word Pekan Sehari, and the word Sehari was eventually omitted, Pekan is thought to have been in existence since the time of Old Pahang Kingdom. The old name was Inderapura, although it was commonly known with the short form Pura. The old capital was located on both the left and right banks of Sungai Pahang and Sungai Pahang Tua up to Tanjung Langgar, the town was divided into Pekan Baharu and Pekan Lama, and the old name for Pekan Baharu used to be Kampung Cina. Several Arab and Chinese writers mentioned Pekan, the villagers at Kampong Mengkasar, about one kilometre from Pekan in the direction of Kuantan, are said to be direct descendants of Tok Tuan from Makassar in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Among the well-known figures, Tun Abdul Razak was recognised as having a Sulawesi heritage, from Kuala Lumpur, one may travel to Pekan by the East Coast Expressway, exiting at the Gambang Interchange to the Tun Razak Highway. From Johor, a coastal road passes through Kuala Rompin. Alternatively, the Tun Razak Highway can be taken, which links Segamat, rapidKuantan bus route 400 connect Pekan to Kuantan. The Sultan Abu Bakar Museum displays many artefacts which are important in the states history, the museum was officially opened by Sultan Ahmad Shah in October 1976. It is located in the residence of the British Resident
Pekan
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Pekan ڤكن
Pekan
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A DefTech AV8
29.
Tropical rainforest climate
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A tropical rainforest climate, also known as an equatorial climate, is a tropical climate usually found along the equator. Regions with this climate typically feature tropical rainforests, and it is designated Af by the Köppen climate classification. One day in an equatorial climate can be similar to the next. A tropical rainforest is found at latitudes within 10 degrees North and South of the equator. The climate is most commonly found in South America, Central Africa, however, tropical rainforest microclimates are found in many other regions, while not everywhere along the equatorial region features a tropical rainforest climate. Additionally, while tropical rainforest climates are located near the equator. For instance, Santos, Brazil and Fort Lauderdale, United States are not only far removed from the equator, yet both of these cities feature a tropical rainforest climate, albeit with noticeably cooler and warmer periods of the year
Tropical rainforest climate
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Worldwide zones of Tropical rainforest climate (Af).
Malaysia
Pahang
East Coast Expressway and Karak Expressway. Kuantan is now more accessible by road transportation than before, primarily because of the opening of East Coast Expressway, the East Coast Expressway, which begins in Gombak, Selangor and ends near Kuala Terengganu, also links Kuantan to other major towns in Pahang.
) also runs southward through Pekan, Kuala Rompin, Mersing before terminating in Johor Bahru just before the interchange to Singapore. This route winds through verdant forests and small coastal towns, and a stretch of beautiful quiet beaches at Rompin and Lanjut. Alternatively, Tun Razak Highway 
that runs from the town of Segamat, Johor to Gambang and proceeding to Gambang-Kuantan Highway 
also connects Kuantan with Johor Bahru.
, Semambu and major roads.
Kuantan travel guide from Wikivoyage
