1.
Bremen
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The City Municipality of Bremen is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. As a commercial and industrial city with a port on the River Weser, Bremen is part of the Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region. Bremen is the second most populous city in Northern Germany and eleventh in Germany, Bremen is a major cultural and economic hub in the northern regions of Germany. Bremen is home to dozens of galleries and museums, ranging from historical sculptures to major art museums. Bremen has a reputation as a working class city, along with this, Bremen is home to a large number of multinational companies and manufacturing centers. Companies headquartered in Bremen include the Hachez chocolate company and Vector Foiltec, four-time German football champions Werder Bremen are also based in the city. Bremen is some 60 km south from the Weser mouth on the North Sea, with Bremerhaven right on the mouth the two comprise the state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. The marshes and moraines near Bremen have been settled since about 12,000 BC, burial places and settlements in Bremen-Mahndorf and Bremen-Osterholz date back to the 7th century AD. Since The Renaissance, some scientists have believed that the entry Fabiranum or Phabiranon in Ptolemys Fourth Map of Europe, written in 150 AD, but Ptolemy gives geographic coordinates, and by these dates Phabiranon is situated northeast of the mouth of river Visurgis. At that time the Chauci lived in the now called north-western Germany or Lower Saxony. By the end of the 3rd century, they had merged with the Saxons, during the Saxon Wars the Saxons, led by Widukind, fought against the West Germanic Franks, the founders of the Carolingian Empire, and lost the war. Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, made a new law, the Lex Saxonum which stated that Saxons were not allowed to worship Odin, in 787 Willehad of Bremen became the first Bishop of Bremen. The citys first stone walls were built in 1032, around this time trade with Norway, England and the northern Netherlands began to grow, thus increasing the importance of the city. The city was recognised as an entity with its own laws. Property was to be inherited without feudal claims for reversion to its original owner. This privilege laid the foundation for Bremens later status of imperial immediacy, since the city was the major taxpayer, its consent was generally sought. In this way the city wielded fiscal and political power within the Prince-Archbishopric, in 1260 Bremen joined the Hanseatic League. In 1350, the number of inhabitants reached 20,000, around this time the Hansekogge became a unique product of Bremen
2.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
5.
Masolino da Panicale
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Masolino da Panicale was an Italian painter. His best known works are probably his collaborations with Masaccio, Madonna with Child and St. Anne, Masolino was born in Panicale He may have been an assistant to Ghiberti in Florence between 1403 and 1407. In 1423, he joined the Florentine guild Arte dei Medici e Speziali and he may have been the first artist to create of oil paintings in the 1420s, rather than Jan van Eyck in the 1430s, as was previously supposed. He spent many years traveling, including a trip to Hungary from September 1425 to July 1427 under the patronage of Pipo of Ozora and he painted a cycle of 300 famous historical figures in the Orsini Palace in Rome about 1433-4 and also worked in Todi. He spent his years, after 1435, working for Cardinal Branda Castiglione in Castiglione Olona. Section includes external links to works of art, complete works In Florence, Cappella Brancacci, cycle of frescoes in collaboration with Masaccio,1424. Madonna and Child, Saint Anne and the Angels, collaboration with Masaccio, tempera on wood,1424, Uffizi, Madonna dellUmiltà, tempera on wood, 1430–35, Uffizi. In Empoli, Cristo in Pietà, detached fresco,1424, Empoli, Saint Ivo and the Pupils, fresco,1424, Empoli, Church of Saint Steven. Virgin and Child, fresco,1424, Empoli, Church of Saint Steven, in Rome, Fresco of the Life of St Catherine of Alexandria commissioned by Branda da Castiglione in the Basilica di San Clemente, Chapel of Sacrament,1428. Fresco of the Annunciation in the Basilica di San Clemente, Chapel of Sacrament,1428, Fresco of St Christopher in the Basilica di San Clemente, Chapel of Sacrament,1428. Death of the Virgin and Crucifixion, fresco, Pinacoteca Vaticana, in Castiglione Olona, where his patron was Branda da Castiglione, Hungarian Landscape in the Palazzo Branda Castiglione. Story of the Virgin in the Collegiata, frescoes depicting the Life of St. John the Baptist in the Baptistery of Castiglione Olona. In Naples, Miracle of the Snow, ca,1423, triptych, National Museum and Gallery of Capodimonte. In France, Scenes from the Legend of Saint Julian the Hospitaller, tempera on wood,21 x 39 cm, in Germany, Madonna and Child, tempera on wood, Alte Pinakothek. Madonna and Child, tempera on panel in Kunsthalle Bremen, in the United States, The Annunciation oil and tempera on wood 148 x 115 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. The Archangel Gabriel and The Virgin Annunciate, both ca,1430, tempera on panel, National Gallery of Art. Dispersed pieces of works Lateral panels of an altarpiece with The Ascension at the center, from Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Masolino da Panicale at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery Masolino da Panicale on Artcyclopedia Herbermann, Charles, ed. Masolino da Panicale
6.
Lovis Corinth
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Lovis Corinth was a German artist and writer whose mature work as a painter and printmaker realized a synthesis of impressionism and expressionism. Corinth studied in Paris and Munich, joined the Berlin Secession group and his early work was naturalistic in approach. Corinth was initially antagonistic towards the expressionist movement, but after a stroke in 1911 his style loosened and his use of color became more vibrant, and he created portraits and landscapes of extraordinary vitality and power. Corinths subject matter also included nudes and biblical scenes, Corinth was born Franz Heinrich Louis on 21 July 1858 in Tapiau, in Prussia. The son of a tanner, he displayed a talent for drawing as a child, in 1876 he went to study painting in the academy of Königsberg. Initially intending to become a painter, he was dissuaded from this course by his chief instructor at the academy. In 1880 he traveled to Munich, which rivaled Paris as the art center in Europe at the time. There he studied briefly with Franz von Defregger before gaining admittance to the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, the realism of Corinths early works was encouraged by Löfftzs teaching, which emphasized careful observation of colors and values. Other important influences were Courbet and the Barbizon school, through their interpretation by the Munich artists Wilhelm Leibl, except for an interruption for military service in 1882–83, Corinth studied with Löfftz until 1884. He concentrated especially on improving his skills, and made the female nude his frequent subject. He was disappointed, however, in his failure to win a medal at the Salon. In 1891, Corinth returned to Munich, but in 1892 he abandoned the Munich Academy, in 1894 he joined the Free Association, and in 1899 he participated in an exhibition organized by the Berlin Secession. These nine years in Munich were not his most productive, Corinth moved to Berlin in 1900, and had a one-man exhibition at a gallery owned by Paul Cassirer. In 1902 at the age of 43, he opened a school of painting for women and married his first student, Charlotte Berend, Charlotte was his youthful muse, his spiritual partner, and the mother of his two children. She had a influence on him, and family life became a major theme in his art. He published numerous essays on art history, and in 1908 published Das Erlenen der Malerei, in December 1911, he suffered a stroke, and was partially paralyzed on his left side. Thereafter he walked with a limp, and his hands displayed a chronic tremor, with the help of his wife, within a year he was painting again with his right hand. His disability inspired in the artist an intense interest in the simple, in the summer of 1919, for example, he produced a cycle of casual etchings of his family in their country home
7.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
8.
Claude Monet
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Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
9.
Max Liebermann
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Max Liebermann was a German-Jewish painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany. The son of a Jewish fabric manufacturer turned banker from Berlin and he first studied law and philosophy at the University of Berlin, but later studied painting and drawing in Weimar in 1869, in Paris in 1872, and in the Netherlands in 1876–77. During the Franco-Prussian War, Liebermann served as a medic with the Order of St. John near Metz, after living and working for some time in Munich, he finally returned to Berlin in 1884, where he remained for the rest of his life. He was married in 1884 to Martha Marckwald and he used his own inherited wealth to assemble an impressive collection of French Impressionist works. He later chose scenes of the bourgeoisie, as well as aspects of his garden near Lake Wannsee, in Berlin, he became a famous painter of portraits, his work is especially close in spirit to Édouard Manet. In his work he steered away from religious subject matter, with one exception being an early painting. His painting of a Semitic-looking boy Jesus conferring with Jewish scholars sparked debate, at the International Art Show in Munich it stirred up a storm for its supposed blasphemy, with one critic describing Jesus as the ugliest, most impertinent Jewish boy imaginable. Noted for his portraits, Liebermann also painted himself from time to time, on the occasion of his 50th birthday, Liebermann was given a solo exhibition at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, and the following year he was elected to the academy. From 1899 to 1911 he led the premier avant-garde formation in Germany, in his various capacities as a leader in the artistic community, Liebermann spoke out often for the separation of art and politics. In the formulation of arts reporter and critic Grace Glueck he pushed for the right of artists to do their own thing and his interest in French Realism was offputting to conservatives, for whom such openness suggested what they thought of as Jewish cosmopolitanism. He did contribute regularly to a put out by artists during World War I. Beginning in 1920 he was president of the Prussian Academy of Arts, in 1933 he resigned when the academy decided to no longer exhibit works by Jewish artists, before he would have been forced to do so under laws restricting the rights of Jews. While watching the Nazis celebrate their victory by marching through the Brandenburg Gate, Liebermann was reported to have commented, Ich kann gar nicht soviel fressen, wie ich kotzen möchte. In 1909 Liebermann bought property in Wannsee, a suburb of summer homes on the outskirts of Berlin. From the 1910s until his death, images of the gardens dominated his work, together with Lovis Corinth and Max Slevogt, Liebermann became an exponent of German Impressionism. On his 80th birthday, in 1927, Liebermann was celebrated with an exhibition, declared an honorary citizen of Berlin. Liebermann died on February 8,1935, at his home on Berlins Pariser Platz, according to Käthe Kollwitz, he fell asleep about 7 p. m. and was gone. However, despite official strictures by the Gestapo, more than 100 friends, among the mourners were Kollwitz, Hans Purrmann, Otto Nagel, Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Bruno Cassirer, Georg Kolbe, Max J. Friedländer and Adolph Goldschmidt
10.
Max Beckmann
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Max Beckmann was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement, in the 1920s, he was associated with the New Objectivity, an outgrowth of Expressionism that opposed its introverted emotionalism. Max Beckmann was born into a family in Leipzig, Saxony. From his youth he pitted himself against the old masters and he is known for the self-portraits painted throughout his life, their number and intensity rivaled only by those of Rembrandt and Picasso. Well-read in philosophy and literature, Beckmann also contemplated mysticism and theosophy in search of the Self, as a true painter-thinker, he strove to find the hidden spiritual dimension in his subjects Beckmann enjoyed great success and official honors during the Weimar Republic. In 1925 he was selected to teach a class at the Städelschule Academy of Fine Art in Frankfurt. Some of his most famous students included Theo Garve, Leo Maillet and his fortunes changed with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, whose dislike of Modern Art quickly led to its suppression by the state. In 1933, the Nazi government called Beckmann a cultural Bolshevik, in 1937 the government confiscated more than 500 of his works from German museums, putting several on display in the notorious Degenerate Art exhibition in Munich. The day after Hitlers radio speech about degenerate art in 1937, Beckmann left Germany with his wife, Quappi. For ten years, Beckmann lived in self-imposed exile in Amsterdam, in 1944 the Germans attempted to draft him into the army, although the sixty-year-old artist had suffered a heart attack. The works completed in his Amsterdam studio were even more powerful and they included several large triptychs, which stand as a summation of Beckmanns art. After the war, Beckmann moved to the United States, during the last three years of his life, he taught at the art schools of Washington University in St. Louis and the Brooklyn Museum. He came to St. Louis at the invitation of Perry T. Rathbone, Rathbone arranged for Washington University in St. Louis to hire Beckmann as an art teacher, filling a vacancy left by Philip Guston, who had taken a leave. The first Beckmann retrospective in the United States took place in 1948 at the City Art Museum, may became his patron and, already an avid amateur photographer and painter, a student of the artist. May later donated much of his collection of Beckmanns works to the St. Louis Art Museum. Beckmann also helped him learn to appreciate Oceanian and African art, after stops in Denver and Chicago, he and Quappi took an apartment at 38 West 69th Street in Manhattan. In 1949 he obtained a professorship at the Art School of New Yorks Brooklyn Museum. He suffered from angina pectoris and died after Christmas 1950, struck down by an attack at the corner of 69th Street and Central Park West in New York
11.
Paula Modersohn-Becker
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Paula Modersohn-Becker was a German painter and one of the most important representatives of early expressionism. In a brief career, cut short by an embolism at the age of 31 and she is becoming recognized as the first female painter to paint female nudes. Using bold forays into subject matter and chromatic color choices, she and fellow-artists Picasso, Paula Becker was born and grew up in Dresden-Friedrichstadt. She was the child of seven children in her family. Her father Carl Woldemar Becker, the son of a Russian university professor for french lessons, was employed as an engineer with the German railway and her mother, Mathilde was from an aristocratic family ″von Bültzingslöwen″, and her parents provided their children a cultured and intellectual household environment. In 1888 the family moved from Dresden to Bremen, while visiting an maternal aunt in London, Becker received her first instruction in drawing at St Johns Wood Art School. In addition to her teachers training in Bremen in 1893-1895, Becker received private instruction in painting, in 1896 she participated in a course for painting and drawing sponsored by the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen which offered art studies to women. Beckers friend Clara Westhoff left Bremen in early 1899 to study in Paris, by December of that year, Becker followed her there, and in 1900 she studied at the Académie Colarossi in the Latin Quarter. In April 1900 the great Centennial Exhibition was held in Paris, on this occasion Fritz Overbeck and his wife, along with Otto Modersohn, arrived in June. Modersohns ailing wife Helen had been left in Worpswede and died during his trip to Paris, with this news Modersohn and the Overbecks rushed back to Germany. In 1901 Paula married Otto Modersohn and became stepmother to Ottos two-year-old daughter, Elsbeth Modersohn and she functioned in that capacity for two years, then relocated to Paris again in 1903. She and Modersohn lived mostly apart from that time forward until 1907, the marriage with Modersohn remained unconsummated until their final year together. By 1906, Becker has reversed her previous desire to avoid having children, however, by early 1907 she returned to her husband, became pregnant, and in November she delivered a daughter, Mathilde. After the pregnancy she complained of leg pain, so the physician ordered bed rest. She studied under Mackensen, painting from the farmers. At this time she began friendships with the sculptor Clara Westhoff. Until the years when Paula Becker began the practice, women painters had not widely used nude females as subjects for their work, Modersohn-Becker came from a bourgeois German family background. She was formally trained as an artist and school teacher and had studied in London and her work on the female nude is unconventional and expresses an ambivalence to both her subject matter and the method of its representation
12.
John Cage
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John Milton Cage Jr. was an American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham. The content of the composition is not four minutes and 33 seconds of silence, as is often assumed, the works challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical experience made it a popular and controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics of art and performance. Cage was also a pioneer of the piano, for which he wrote numerous dance-related works. The best known of these is Sonatas and Interludes and his teachers included Henry Cowell and Arnold Schoenberg, both known for their radical innovations in music, but Cages major influences lay in various East and South Asian cultures. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, the I Ching, an ancient Chinese classic text on changing events, became Cages standard composition tool for the rest of his life. Cage was born September 5,1912, at Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles and his father, John Milton Cage, Sr. was an inventor, and his mother, Lucretia Harvey, worked intermittently as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times. The familys roots were deeply American, in a 1976 interview, John Milton Sr. taught his son that if someone says cant that shows you what to do. In 1944–45 Cage wrote two small character pieces dedicated to his parents, Crete and Dad, the latter is a short lively piece that ends abruptly, while Crete is a slightly longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work. During high school, one of his teachers was Fannie Charles Dillon. By 1928, though, Cage was convinced that he wanted to be a writer and he graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as a valedictorian, having also in the spring given a prize-winning speech at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet for all Americans. By being hushed and silent, he said, we should have the opportunity to hear other people think. Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as a major in 1928. Instead of doing as they did, I went into the stacks, I received the highest grade in the class. That convinced me that the institution was not being run correctly, Cage persuaded his parents that a trip to Europe would be more beneficial to a future writer than college studies. He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris, Cage stayed in Europe for some 18 months, trying his hand at various forms of art. First he studied Gothic and Greek architecture, but decided he was not interested enough in architecture to dedicate his life to it and he then took up painting, poetry and music
13.
Otto Piene
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Otto Piene was a German artist specializing in kinetic and technology-based art. He lived and worked in Düsseldorf, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Groton, Otto Piene was born in 1928 in Bad Laasphe and was raised in Lübbecke. Between 1949 and 1953 he studied painting and art education at the Academy of Art in Munich and he was lecturer at the Fashion Institute in Düsseldorf. From 1952 to 1957 he studied philosophy at the University of Cologne and he was a Visiting Professor at the University of Pennsylvania beginning in 1964. From 1968 to 1971, he was the first Fellow of the MIT Center for Advanced Visual Studies, in 1972, he became a Professor of Environmental Art at MIT. In 1974 he succeeded Kepes as director of the CAVS, in position he served until September 1,1993. Piene and Heinz Mack founded the group ZERO in 1957 and this group consisted of artists who wanted to redefine art after World War II. By the 1960s they were known, especially in Japan, Americas. Members of the group included Piero Manzoni, Yves Klein, Jean Tinguely, Piene and Mack also published ZERO Magazine from 1957 to 1967. With Günther Uecker, Heinz Mack and Mattijs Visser he founded in 2008 the international ZERO foundation, the foundation has the ZERO archives from the three Düsseldorfer artists as well as documents and photos from other related artists. Piene died on July 17,2014 while in a taxi on his way to continue preparations for a Sky Art Event at Neue Nationalgalerie. His survivors included his wife, the former Elizabeth Goldring, a poet and artist who worked on Centerbeam, as well as four children. In 1957, Piene and Heinz Mack founded the group ZERO, in 1961, Günther Uecker joined the group. In 1957 Piene developed the Grid Picture, a type of stencilled painting made from half-tone screens with regularly arranged points in single colours, Pienes work then developed in a variety of forms. The Lichtballette were a development of the Grid Pictures, light from moving torches was projected through grids and this series of works is inspired by László Moholy-Nagys Light Space Modulator and Fernand Légers Ballet Mécanique. Also in 1959, the combination of these grids with sources of fire produced smoke-traces and fire paintings, Piene created these Rauchbilder as a reference to elementary natural energies. In the fire paintings, he burned a layer of solvent on pigmented paper, developing organic forms from the remnant. Throughout the remainder of his career he continued the practice of making smoke pictures, Fire and smoke are important elements in these pictures
14.
Olafur Eliasson
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In 1995 he established Studio Olafur Eliasson in Berlin, a laboratory for spatial research. Olafur represented Denmark at the 50th Venice Biennale in 2003 and later that year installed The Weather Project in the Turbine Hall of Tate Modern, London. He was a professor at the Berlin University of the Arts from 2009 to 2014 and is a professor at the Alle School of Fine Arts. Olafur Eliasson was born in Copenhagen in 1967 to Elías Hjörleifsson and his parents had emigrated to Copenhagen from Iceland in 1966, he to find work as a cook, and she as a seamstress. He was 8 when his parents separated, he lived with his mother and his stepfather and his father, then an artist, moved back to Iceland, where their family spent summers and holidays. At 15 he had his first solo show, exhibiting landscape drawings, however, Olafur considered his break-dancing during the mid-1980s to be his first artworks. With two school friends, he formed a group — they called themselves the Harlem Gun Crew — and they performed at clubs and dance halls for four years, Olafur studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1989 to 1995. Olafur received his degree from the academy in 1995, after having moved in 1993 to Cologne for a year, and then to Berlin, where he has since maintained a studio. First located in a former train depot right next door to the Hamburger Bahnhof. In 1996, Olafur started working with Einar Thorsteinn, an architect, the first piece they created called 8900054, was a stainless-steel dome 30 feet wide and 7 feet high, designed to be seen as if it were growing from the ground. Though the effect is an illusion, the mind has a hard time believing that the structure is not part of a grander one developing from deep below the surface. Thorsteinns knowledge of geometry and space has been integrated into Olafurs artistic production, often seen in his lamp works as well as his pavilions, tunnels. As professor at the Berlin University of the Arts, Olafur Eliasson founded the Institute for Spatial Experiments, early works by Olafur consist of oscillating electric fans hanging from the ceiling. Ventilator swings back and forth and around, rotating on its axis, quadrible light ventilator mobile is a rotating electrically powered mobile comprising a searchlight and four fans blowing air around the exhibition room and scanning it with the light cone. The weather project was installed at the Londons Tate Modern in 2003 as part of the popular Unilever series, the installation filled the open space of the gallerys Turbine Hall. Olafur used humidifiers to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, the ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge mirror, in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of orange light. Many visitors responded to this exhibition by lying on their backs and waving their hands, open for six months, the work reportedly attracted two million visitors, many of whom were repeat visitors. Olafur has been developing various experiments with atmospheric density in exhibition spaces, in Room For One Colour, a corridor lit by yellow monofrequency tubes, the participants find themselves in a room filled with light that affects the perception of all other colours
15.
Nam June Paik
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Nam June Paik was a Korean American artist. He worked with a variety of media and is considered to be the founder of video art and he is credited with an early usage of the term electronic super highway in application to telecommunications. Born in Seoul in 1932, the youngest of five siblings and his father owned a major textile manufacturing firm. As he was growing up, he was trained as a classical pianist, in 1950, Paik and his family had to flee from their home in Korea, during the Korean War. His family first fled to Hong Kong, but later moved to Japan, six years later he graduated from the University of Tokyo where he wrote a thesis on the composer Arnold Schoenberg. Paik then moved to West Germany to study history with composer Thrasybulos Georgiades at Munich University. Nam June Paik then began participating in the Neo-Dada art movement, known as Fluxus, Cage suggested Paik look into Oriental music and Oriental religion. In 1964, Paik moved to New York, and began working with classical cellist Charlotte Moorman, to combine his video, music, in the work TV Cello, the pair stacked televisions on top of one another, so that they formed the shape of an actual cello. When Moorman drew her bow across the cello, images of her and other cellists playing appeared on the screens, in 1965, Sony introduced the Portapak. With this, Paik could both move and record things, for it was the first portable video and audio recorder, from there, Paik became an international celebrity, known for his creative and entertaining works. In a notorious 1967 incident, Moorman was arrested for going topless while performing in Paik’s Opera Sextronique, two years later, in 1969, they performed TV Bra for Living Sculpture, in which Moorman wore a bra with small TV screens over her breasts. Throughout this period it was his goal to bring music up to speed with art and literature, One of his Fluxus concept works instructs the performer to climb inside the vagina of a live female whale. Of the Playable Pieces, the one actually to have been performed was by Fluxus composer Joseph Byrd in 1964 at UCLAs New Music Workshop. In 1971, he made an out of three television sets stacked up on top of each other and some cello strings. He got a famous cellist to play the cello as well, in 1974 Nam June Paik used the term super highway in application to telecommunications, which gave rise to the opinion that he may have been the author of the phrase Information Superhighway. Also in the 1970s, Paik imagined a global community of viewers for what he called a Video Common Market which would disseminate videos freely. In 1978, Paik collaborated with Dimitri Devyatkin to produce a light hearted comparison of life in two cities, Media Shuttle, New York-Moscow on WNET. The video is held in collections around the world
16.
Jan van Goyen
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Jan Josephszoon van Goyen was a Dutch landscape painter. Van Goyen was a prolific artist, approximately twelve hundred paintings. Jan van Goyen was the son of a shoemaker and started as an apprentice in Leiden, like many Dutch painters of his time, Jan van Goyen studied art in the town of Haarlem with Esaias van de Velde. At age 35, he established a permanent studio at Den Haag, despite his market innovations, he always sought more income, not only through related work as an art dealer and auctioneer but also by speculating in tulips and real estate. Although the latter was usually a safe avenue of investing money, paulus Potter rented one of his houses. Though he seems to have kept a workshop, his only registered pupils were Nicolaes van Berchem, Jan Steen, the list of painters he influenced is much longer. In 1652 and 1654 he was forced to sell his collection of paintings and graphic art and he died in 1656 in The Hague, still unbelievably 18,000 guilders in debt, forcing his widow to sell their remaining furniture and paintings. Van Goyens troubles also may have affected the business prospects of his student and son-in-law Jan Steen. Typically, a Dutch painter of the 17th century will fall one of four categories. Dutch painting was highly specialized and rarely could an artist hope to achieve greatness in more than one area in a lifetime of painting, Jan van Goyen would be classified primarily as a landscape artist with an eye for the genre subjects of everyday life. He painted many of the canals in and around Den Haag as well as the surrounding countryside of Delft, Rotterdam, Leiden. Other popular Dutch landscape painters of the sixteenth and seventeenth century were Jacob van Ruisdael, Aelbert Cuyp, Hendrick Avercamp, Ludolf Backhuysen, Meindert Hobbema, Jan van Goyen would begin a painting using a support primarily of thin oak wood. To this panel, he would scrub on several layers of an animal hide glue. With a blade, he would then scrape over the surface a thin layer of tinted white lead to act as a ground. The ground was tinted brown, sometimes reddish, or ochre in colour. Next, van Goyen would loosely and very rapidly sketch out the scene to be painted with pen and this walnut ink drawing can be clearly seen in some of the thinly painted areas of his work. For a guide, he would have turned to a detailed drawing, the scene would have been drawn from life outdoors and then kept in the studio as reference material. Drawings by artists of the time were rarely works of art in their own right as they are viewed today
17.
Pieter Wouwerman
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Pieter Wouwerman, was a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter. Houbraken mentioned a story in which Philips Wouwerman burned his sketchbooks before his death, so that his brother wouldnt be able to use them, houbraken claimed that the story was malicious gossip, but he had heard another story that was probably closer to the truth. Apparently when Pieter van Laer returned to Haarlem, his art was worth less than what he received in Rome, when a landscape that Laer made was considered too expensive, the buyer contracted the then young Philips Wouwermans to copy it, which he did quite well. According to the RKD he was a student of Roelant Roghman, his older brother Philips and he left Haarlem for Amsterdam in 1657
18.
Hanover
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At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Electorate was enlarged to become a Kingdom with Hanover as its capital. From 1868 to 1946 Hanover was the capital of the Prussian Province of Hanover and it is now the capital of the Land of Lower Saxony. Since 2001 it has been part of the Hanover district, which is a body made up from the former district. With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a centre of Northern Germany. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair, every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the worlds largest marksmens festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest such festival in Germany. In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000, the Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport. The city is also a crossing point of railway lines and highways. Hanover is the traditional English spelling, the German spelling is becoming more popular in English, recent editions of encyclopaedias prefer the German spelling, and the local government uses the German spelling on English websites. The traditional English spelling is used in historical contexts, especially when referring to the British House of Hanover. Hanover was founded in times on the east bank of the River Leine. Its original name Honovere may mean high bank, though this is debated, Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century due to its position at a natural crossroads. As overland travel was difficult, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river helped it to grow by increasing trade. In the 14th century the churches of Hanover were built. The beginning of industrialization in Germany led to trade in iron and silver from the northern Harz Mountains, in 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenbergs capital. Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain, the first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV, semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover
19.
Greifswald
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Greifswald, officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald, is a city in northeastern Germany. It is situated in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, at a distance of about 250 kilometres from Germanys two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg, and 80 km from the Polish border. The town flanks the Baltic Sea, and is crossed by a small river and it is also located near Germanys two largest islands, Rügen and Usedom, and it is close to three of Germanys 14 national parks. It has been the capital of the newly established district of Vorpommern-Greifswald since the September 2011 district reforms, together with Stralsund, Greifswald forms one of four high-level urban centers of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The citys population was listed at 55,659 in 2013, Greifswald draws international attention due to the university, its surrounding BioCon Valley, the Nord Stream gas pipeline and the Wendelstein 7-X nuclear fusion projects. Greifswald is located in the northeast of Germany, approximately equidistant from Germanys two largest islands, Rügen and Usedom, the town is situated at the south end of the Bay of Greifswald, the historic centre being about 5 kilometres up the river Ryck that crosses the town. The area around Greifswald is mainly flat, and hardly more than 20 metres above sea level. Two islands, Koos and Riems, are part of Greifswald. Three of Germanys fourteen national parks can be reached by car in one hour or less from Greifswald, Greifswald is also roughly equidistant from Germanys two largest cities, Berlin and Hamburg. The nearest larger towns are Stralsund and Rostock, the coastal part of Greifswald at the mouth of the Ryck, named Greifswald-Wieck, evolved from a fishing village. Today it provides a beach, a marina and the main port for Greifswald. Greifswald was founded in 1199 when Cistercian monks founded the Eldena Abbey, in 1250, Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania, granted town privileges to Greifswald according to the Lübeck law. In 1199, the Rugian Prince Jaromar I allowed Danish Cistercian monks to build Hilda Abbey, now Eldena Abbey, at the mouth of the River Ryck. Among the lands granted the monks was a salt evaporation pond a short way up the river. This site was named Grypswold, which is the Low German precursor of the modern name – which means Griffins Forest. Legend says the monks were shown the best site for settlement by a mighty griffin living in a tree that grew on what became Greifswalds oldest street. The towns construction followed a scheme of streets, with church. It was settled primarily by Germans in the course of the Ostsiedlung, the salt trade helped Eldena Abbey to become an influential religious center, and Greifswald became a widely known market
20.
Rostock
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Rostock is the largest city in the north German state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rostock is on the Warnow river, the district of Warnemünde 12 kilometres north of the city centre is directly on the Baltic Sea coast, Rostock is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Rostock, founded in 1419. The city territory of Rostock stretches for about 20 km along the Warnow to the Baltic Sea, the largest built-up area of Rostock is on the western side of the river. The eastern part of its territory is dominated by industrial estates, Rostock is considered as the only regiopolis in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In the 11th century Polabian Slavs founded a settlement at the Warnow river called Roztoc, the Danish king Valdemar I set the town aflame in 1161. Afterwards the place was settled by German traders, initially there were three separate cities, Altstadt around the Alter Markt with St. Petri, Mittelstadt around the Neuer Markt with St. Marien and Neustadt around the Hopfenmarkt with St. Jakobi. In 1218, Rostock was granted Lübeck law city rights by Heinrich Borwin, during the first partition of Mecklenburg following the death of Henry Borwin II of Mecklenburg in 1226, Rostock became the seat of the Lordship of Rostock, which survived for almost a century. In 1251, the city became a member of the Hanseatic League, in the 14th century it was a powerful seaport town with 12,000 inhabitants and the biggest city of Mecklenburg. Ships for cruising the Baltic Sea were constructed in Rostock, the formerly independent fishing village of Warnemünde at the Baltic Sea became a part of Rostock in 1323, to secure the citys access to the Baltic Sea. In 1419, one of the earliest universities in Europe, the University of Rostock, was founded and they took advantage of a riot known as Domfehde, a failed uprising of the impoverished population. Subsequent quarrels with the dukes and persistent plundering led ultimately to a loss of economic, in 1565 there were further clashes with Schwerin that which had far-reaching consequences. Among other things, was the introduction of a beer excise that favoured the dukes. John Albert I advanced on the city with 500 horsemen, after Rostock had refused to take the oath of allegiance. The citizens slighted the fortress the following spring, from 1575 to 1577 the city walls were rebuilt, as was the Lagebusch tower and the Stein Gate in the Dutch Renaissance style. The inscription sit intra te concordia et publica felicitas, which can still be read on the gate, in 1584 it finally came to the Second Rostock Inheritance Agreement, which resulted in a further loss of former tax privileges. At the same time, these inheritance contracts put paid to Rostocks ambition of achieving imperial immediacy as Lübeck had done in 1226, the strategic location of Rostock provoked the envy of its rivals. Danes and Swedes occupied the city twice, first during the Thirty Years War, later, the French, under Napoleon, occupied the town for about a decade until 1813. In nearby Lübeck-Ratekau, Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who was born in Rostock and this was only after furious street fighting in the Battle of Lübeck, in which he led some of the cavalry charges himself
21.
Stuttgart
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Stuttgart is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgart Cauldron an hour from the Swabian Jura. Stuttgarts urban area has a population of 623,738, making it the sixth largest city in Germany. 2.7 million people live in the administrative region and another 5.3 million people in its metropolitan area. Since the 6th millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley. The Roman Empire conquered the area in 83 AD and built a massive Castrum near Bad Cannstatt, Stuttgarts roots were truly laid in the 10th century with its founding by Liudolf, Duke of Swabia as a stud farm for his warhorses. Overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320, the fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg, and they made it the capital of their County, Duchy, and Kingdom from the 15th Century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in the forms of the Thirty Years War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city, however, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major economic, industrial, tourism and publishing center it is today. Stuttgart is also an important transport junction, and possesses the sixth largest airport in Germany. Such companies as Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler AG, Dinkelacker, Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities. It is spread across a variety of hills, valleys and parks and this is often a source of surprise to visitors who associate the city with its reputation as the Cradle of the Automobile. The citys tourism slogan is Stuttgart offers more, under current plans to improve transport links to the international infrastructure, the city unveiled a new logo and slogan in March 2008 describing itself as Das neue Herz Europas. For business, it describes itself as Where business meets the future, in July 2010, Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in the area. Stuttgart is a city of mostly immigrants, according to Dorling Kindersley Publishings Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany, In the city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner. 40% of Stuttgarts residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five are of immigrant background, the reason for this being that the city was founded in 950 AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses. Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley as the rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt. As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby, when they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery. When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in the 3rd Century by the Alamanni, in 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a Chan Stada in a document regarding property
22.
Raphael
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Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, running a large workshop and, despite his death at 37. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, the best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings and he was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking. Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region and his poem to Federico shows him as keen to show awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture, growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a humanistic education however, it is unclear how easily he read Latin. His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1,1494 by his father, Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven, his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master and he had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been a great help to his father. A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity and his fathers workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter, and Luca Signorelli, according to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice despite the tears of his mother. The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, an alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters, the Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a master, that is to say fully trained and his first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was named in the commission
23.
Michelangelo
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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since described as one of the greatest artists of all time. A number of Michelangelos works of painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence and he sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of thirty. As an architect, Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library, at the age of 74, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peters Basilica. Michelangelo transformed the plan so that the end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification. Michelangelo was unique as the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive, in his lifetime he was often called Il Divino. One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, the attempts by subsequent artists to imitate Michelangelos impassioned and highly personal style resulted in Mannerism, the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance. Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo, at the time of Michelangelos birth, his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi. Michelangelos mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena, the Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa, this claim remains unproven, but Michelangelo himself believed it. Several months after Michelangelos birth, the returned to Florence. There Michelangelo gained his love for marble, as Giorgio Vasari quotes him, If there is good in me. Along with the milk of my nurse I received the knack of handling chisel and hammer, as a young boy, Michelangelo was sent to Florence to study grammar under the Humanist Francesco da Urbino. The young artist, however, showed no interest in his schooling, preferring to copy paintings from churches, the city of Florence was at that time the greatest centre of the arts and learning in Italy. Art was sponsored by the Signoria, by the merchant guilds and by patrons such as the Medici. The Renaissance, a renewal of Classical scholarship and the arts, had its first flowering in Florence, the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti had laboured for fifty years to create the bronze doors of the Baptistry, which Michelangelo was to describe as The Gates of Paradise. The exterior niches of the Church of Orsanmichele contained a gallery of works by the most acclaimed sculptors of Florence – Donatello, Ghiberti, Andrea del Verrocchio, and Nanni di Banco. The interiors of the churches were covered with frescos, begun by Giotto. During Michelangelos childhood, a team of painters had been called from Florence to the Vatican, among them was Domenico Ghirlandaio, a master in fresco painting, perspective, figure drawing, and portraiture who had the largest workshop in Florence at that period
24.
Peter Paul Rubens
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Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish/Netherlandish draughtsman and painter. He is widely considered as the most notable artist of Flemish Baroque art school, the catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop. His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which included religious and mythological subjects and he painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house and he also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. His drawings are mostly extremely forceful but not overly detailed and he also made great use of oil sketches as preparatory studies. For altarpieces he painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. Rubens was born in the city of Siegen to Jan Rubens and he was named in honour of Saint-Peter and Paul, because he was born on their solemnety. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568, after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Jan Rubens became the adviser of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange. Following Jan Rubens imprisonment for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577, the family returned to Cologne the next year. In 1589, two years after his fathers death, Rubens moved with his mother Maria Pypelincks to Antwerp, religion figured prominently in much of his work and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting. In Antwerp, Rubens received a Renaissance humanist education, studying Latin, by fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. Subsequently, he studied under two of the leading painters of the time, the late Mannerist artists Adam van Noort. Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at time he entered the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master. In 1600 Rubens travelled to Italy and he stopped first in Venice, where he saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto, before settling in Mantua at the court of Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga. The colouring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an effect on Rubenss painting. With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601, there, he studied classical Greek and Roman art and copied works of the Italian masters
25.
Georg Wrba
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Georg Wrba was a German sculptor and graphic artist. He created some 3, 000–4,000 works, including as a collaborator of the Zwinger workshop, Georg Wrba was born in Munich in 1872, the son of a smith. His younger brother Max Wrba became an architect in Dresden, Wrba began his training with Jakob Bradl the Elder and his son Jakob Bradl the Younger. From 1891 to 1896 he studied at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste München under Syrius Eberle, in 1906 and 1907 he worked in Berlin, where he created sculptures for buildings for the architects Ludwig Hoffmann and Alfred Messel. Wrba then moved to Dresden, where from 1907 to 1930 he taught at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. He brought the Dresden school of sculpture into contact with the ideas of the Deutscher Werkbund and was a founding member of the Dresden Artists Association. Wrba died on 9 January 1939 in Dresden, where a street is named after him and he is buried in the Munich Waldfriedhof. Georg Wrbas works principally comprise sculptures for buildings and fountains,1899, Seal Fountain, Berlin, in the inner courtyard of the Rudolf Virchow Clinic 1899, sculptural decoration on the fountain of the Bismarck Tower on the Starnberger See c. 1900, figures and carvings in St. In, Leipziger Volkszeitung, Ausgabe Wurzen,10 May 2010 Günter Kloss, ein Bildhauer zwischen Historismus und Moderne Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 1998 ISBN 3-932526-20-1 Thomas Pöpper, Georg Wrba
26.
Washington Crossing the Delaware
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Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 oil-on-canvas painting by the German American artist Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. It commemorates General George Washingtons crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26,1776 and that action was the first move in a surprise attack against the Hessian forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of Trenton on the morning of December 26. The original was part of the collection at the Kunsthalle in Bremen, Germany, Leutze painted two more versions, one of which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The other was in the West Wing reception area of the White House, german-born Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze grew up in America, then returned to Germany as an adult, where he conceived of the idea for this painting during the Revolutions of 1848. Just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, on September 5,1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a bombing raid by the Allied forces. The second painting, a replica of the first, was begun in 1850. More than 50,000 people viewed it, the painting was originally bought by Marshall O. Roberts for $10,000. After changing ownership several times, it was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art by John Stewart Kennedy in 1897. The painting was lent at least twice in its history, in the early 1950s, it was part of an exhibition in Dallas, Texas. Then, beginning in 1952, it was exhibited for several years at the United Methodist Church in Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania, today, it is on exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In January 2002, the painting was defaced when a former Metropolitan Museum of Art guard glued a picture of the September 11 attacks to it, no major damage was caused to the painting. The simple frame that had been with the painting for over 90 years turned out not to be the frame that Leutze designed. A photograph taken by Matthew Brady in 1864 was found in the New York Historical Society in 2007 showing the painting in a spectacular eagle crested frame, the 12’ x 21’ carved replica frame was created using this photo by Eli Wilner & Company in New York City. The carved eagle-topped crest alone is 14 wide, the painting is notable for its artistic composition. General Washington is emphasized by a bright sky, while his face catches the upcoming sun. The colors consist of dark tones, as is to be expected at dawn. Foreshortening, perspective and the distant boats all lend depth to the painting, also, General Edward Hand is shown seated and holding his hat within the vessel. The flag depicted is the flag of the United States
27.
Emanuel Leutze
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Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze was a German American history painter best known for his painting Washington Crossing the Delaware. He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting, Leutze was born in Schwäbisch Gmünd, Württemberg, Germany, and was brought to the United States as a child. His parents settled first in Fredericksburg, Virginia, and then at Philadelphia and his early education was good, though not especially in the direction of art. The first development of his artistic talent occurred while he was attending the sickbed of his father, at 14, he was painting portraits for $5 apiece. Through such work, he supported himself after the death of his father, in 1834, he received his first instruction in art in classes of John Rubens Smith, a portrait painter in Philadelphia. He soon became skilled, and promoted a plan for publishing, in Washington, portraits of eminent American statesmen, however, he met with, in 1840, one of his paintings attracted attention and procured him several orders, which enabled him to go to the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. In due to his attitude, he studied only one year at the academy. Mainly Leutze was affected by the painter Lessing, in 1842 he went to Munich, studying the works of Cornelius and Kaulbach, and, while there, finished his Columbus before the Queen. The following year he visited Venice and Rome, making studies from Titian and his first work, Columbus before the Council of Salamanca was purchased by the Düsseldorf Art Union. In 1845, after a tour in Italy, he returned to Düsseldorf, marrying Juliane Lottner, during his years in Düsseldorf, he was a resource for visiting Americans, he found them places to live and work, provided introductions, and emotional and even financial support. A strong supporter of Europes Revolutions of 1848, Leutze decided to paint an image that would encourage Europes liberal reformers with the example of the American Revolution. Using American tourists and art students as models and assistants, Leutze finished a first version of Washington Crossing the Delaware in 1850, just after it was completed, the first version was damaged by fire in his studio, subsequently restored, and acquired by the Kunsthalle Bremen. On September 5,1942, during World War II, it was destroyed in a raid by the Allied forces. It is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, in 1859, Leutze returned to the United States and opened a studio in New York City. He divided his time between New York City and Washington, D. C, in 1859, he painted a portrait of Chief Justice Roger Brooke Taney which hangs in the Harvard Law School. In a 1992 opinion, Justice Antonin Scalia described the portrait of Taney and he sits facing the viewer and staring straight out. There seems to be on his face, and in his deep-set eyes, Leutze also executed other portraits, including one of fellow painter William Morris Hunt. In 1860 Leutze was commissioned by the U. S, late in life, he became a member of the National Academy of Design
28.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially the Met, is located in New York City and is the largest art museum in the United States, and is among the most visited art museums in the world. Its permanent collection contains two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, on the edge of Central Park along Manhattans Museum Mile, is by area one of the worlds largest art galleries. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains a collection of art, architecture. On March 18,2016, the museum opened the Met Breuer museum at Madison Avenue in the Upper East Side, it extends the museums modern, the Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, Indian, and Islamic art. The museum is home to collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, as well as antique weapons. Several notable interiors, ranging from first-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries, the Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day and it opened on February 20,1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, the museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Mets galleries. In addition to its permanent exhibitions, the Met organizes and hosts traveling shows throughout the year. The director of the museum is Thomas P. Campbell, a long-time curator and it was announced on February 28th,2017 that Campbell will be stepping down as the Mets director and CEO, effective June. On March 1st,2017 the BBC reported that Daniel Weiss shall be the acting CEO until a replacement is found, Beginning in the late 19th century, the Met started to acquire ancient art and artifacts from the Near East. From a few tablets and seals, the Mets collection of Near Eastern art has grown to more than 7,000 pieces. The highlights of the include a set of monumental stone lamassu, or guardian figures. The Mets Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museums most popular collections. Among the collections 14,000 objects are many pieces made for and used by kings and princes, including armor belonging to Henry VIII of England, Henry II of France, Rockefeller donated his more than 3, 000-piece collection to the museum. The Mets Asian department holds a collection of Asian art, of more than 35,000 pieces, the collection dates back almost to the founding of the museum, many of the philanthropists who made the earliest gifts to the museum included Asian art in their collections
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
30.
Kyritz
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Kyritz is a town in the Ostprignitz-Ruppin district, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is situated 28 km west of Neuruppin and 28 km southeast of Pritzwalk, the town is situated near the Kyritzer Seenkette, a chain of lakes. The town is nicknamed Kyritz an der Knatter, the noise of numerous water mills along a stream parallel to the river Jäglitz was the reason for this nickname. This river channel does not exist anymore, the town includes the districts Berlitt, Bork, Drewen, Gantikow, Ganz, Holzhausen, Kötzlin, Lellichow, Mechow, Rehfeld and Teetz. In the year 946 Kyritz was first mentioned in writing, in the year 1225 a Franciscan friary was established here In the year 1237 Kyritz received the Stendal town right. The town is situated in the area Prignitz, Slavic pregynica, in the 14th century Kyritz became a member of the Hanse. At this time the parish church St. Marien and the city wall were built, the church and rests of the city wall are still existing today. In the year 1488 the first Kyritzer Beer named Mord und Totschlag was brewed, the Beer is still brewed in Neuzelle. In 1600 count Hans Christoff von Königsmarck was born, a leading Swedish general in the Thirty Years War who is most famous for conquering Prague in 1648, in the year 1626800 Kyritzer people died due to the bubonic plague. In the 17th and 18th century half-timbered houses were built which still dominate the town center, from 1806 to 1814 French occupation. In 1814 the Peace oak was planted which is still on the place in front of the town hall. Fountain Media related to Kyritz at Wikimedia Commons
31.
Salzwedel
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Salzwedel (German pronunciation, officially known as Hansestadt Salzwedel, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, and has a population of approximately 21,500, Salzwedel is located on the German Timber-Frame Road. Salzwedel is situated at the Jeetze River in the part of the Altmark. It is located between Hamburg and Magdeburg, distances from Uelzen are 44 km E,12 km S of Lüchow,41 km N of Gardelegen and 24 km W of Arendsee. In 1968 test drillings reveal a significant reservoir of gas near the city. The castle of Salzwedel in the Altmark was first documented in 1112, as part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the settlement was first mentioned as a town in 1233. To the northeast of the old town, a new town development in 1247. In the Middle Ages Salzwedel belonged to the Hanseatic League from 1263 to 1518, as to religion Salzwedel belonged to the Diocese of Verden. The city from 1247 began developing as a reestablishment from the old part of the town, in 1701 it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1713, the two towns Altstadt and Neustadt became one, Salzwedel became part of the Prussian Province of Saxony in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1870 it received a railroad connection, the medieval part of the town remains the commercial and administrative center of the town until today. As in other German cities during the time of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, in 1943, the Neuengamme concentration camp built a female subcamp in Salzwedel, capable of holding more than 1,000 female prisoners. Eventually more than 3,000 women were there, both Jews and non-Jews. The guard staff at the camp included sixty SS men and women, one Aufseherin is known today by name, Lieselotte Darnstaedt, who was born in 1908. Darnstaedt also served at Ravensbrück before coming to Salzwedel, on April 29,1945, the US Army liberated the Salzwedel womens subcamp, and also a mens camp nearby for male non-German political prisoners. They were shocked to find more than ninety corpses of women who had died of typhus, dysentery, at the beginning of 1945, prior to the arrival of American ground forces, Allied war planes attacked the main train station of Salzwedel, killing 300 people. The US Army eventually turned over control of the city to the Soviet Red Army, in 1990 Salzwedel received its first democratically elected city government. The official name of the city was changed into Hansestadt Salzwedel on 1 April 2008, in reference to its history as a member of the Hanseatic League
32.
Hamelin
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Hamelin is a town on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont and has a population of roughly 56,000, Hamelin is best known for the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Hamelin started with a monastery, which was founded as early as 851 AD, a village grew in the neighbourhood and had become a town by the 12th century. The incident with the Pied Piper is said to have happened in 1284 and may be based on a true event, in the 15th and 16th centuries Hamelin was a minor member of the Hanseatic League. The era of the towns greatest prosperity began in 1664, when Hamelin became a border town of the Principality of Calenberg. Hamelin was surrounded by four fortresses, which gave it the nickname Gibraltar of the North and it was the most heavily fortified town in the Electorate of Hanover. The first fort was built between 1760 and 1763, the second in 1774, a third in 1784, and the last was built in 1806, in 1808, Hamelin surrendered without fighting to Napoleon, after his victory at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. Napoleons forces subsequently pulled down the historic walls and guard towers. In 1843, the people of Hamelin built a tower on the Klüt Hill. This tower is called the Klütturm and is a sight for tourists. In 1867 Hamelin became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which annexed Hanover in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, during the Second World War, Hamelin prison was used for the detention of Social Democrats, Communists, and other political prisoners. Around 200 died here, more died in April 1945, when the Nazis sent the prisoners on long marches, just after the war, Hamelin prison was used by British Occupation Forces for the detention of Germans accused of war crimes. Following conviction, around 200 of them were hanged there, including Irma Grese, Josef Kramer, the prison has since been turned into a hotel. The coat of arms of Hamelin depicts the St. Boniface Minster, the version written by the Brothers Grimm made it popular throughout the world, it is also the subject of well-known poems by Goethe and Robert Browning. In the summer every Sunday, the tale is performed by actors in the town centre, Hamelin is twinned with, Quedlinburg, Germany Torbay, United Kingdom Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland Hamelin was home to 28 Engineer Regiment until summer,2014.000 people. German Fairy Tale Route Metropolitan region Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg Official website Local newspaper
33.
Margraviate of Brandenburg
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The Margraviate of Brandenburg was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806. Also known as the March of Brandenburg, it played a role in the history of Germany. Brandenburg developed out of the Northern March founded in the territory of the Slavic Wends and its ruling margraves were established as prestigious prince-electors in the Golden Bull of 1356, allowing them to vote in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor. The state thus became known as Electoral Brandenburg or the Electorate of Brandenburg. The House of Hohenzollern came to the throne of Brandenburg in 1415, under Hohenzollern leadership, Brandenburg grew rapidly in power during the 17th century and inherited the Duchy of Prussia. The resulting Brandenburg-Prussia was the predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia, although the electors highest title was King in/of Prussia, their power base remained in Brandenburg and its capital Berlin. Although the Margraviate of Brandenburg ended with the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, despite its meager beginnings in the Holy Roman Empire, the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire in 1871. The Mark Brandenburg is still used today to refer to the federal state of Brandenburg in the Federal Republic of Germany. The territory of the margraviate, commonly known as the Mark Brandenburg, lies in present-day eastern Germany. Geographically it encompassed the majority of the present-day German states Brandenburg and Berlin, the Altmark, parts of the present-day federal state Brandenburg, such as Lower Lusatia and territory which had been Saxon until 1815, were not parts of the Mark. Colloquially but not accurately, the federal state Brandenburg is sometimes identified as the Mark or Mark Brandenburg, the region was formed during the ice age and characterized by moraines, glacial valleys, and numerous lakes. The territory is known as a Mark or march because it was a county of the Holy Roman Empire. The Mark is defined by two uplands and two depressions, the depressions are taken up by rivers and chains of lakes with marsh and boggy soil along the shores, once used for peat collection, the riverbanks are now mostly drained and dry. The Northern or Baltic Uplands of the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau have only minor extensions into Brandenburg, the southern depression is generally to the north of this ridge and appears strikingly in the Spreewald. Between these two depressions is a low plateau that extends from the Poznań area westward to Brandenburg through Torzym, the Spree plateau, the region is predominantly marked by dry, sandy soil, wide stretches of which have pine trees and erica plants, or heath. However, the soil is loamy in the uplands and plateaus and, Mark Brandenburg has a cool, continental climate, with temperatures averaging near 0 °C in January and February and near 18 °C in July and August. Precipitation averages between 500 mm and 600 mm annually, with a modest summer maximum, by the 8th century, Slavic Wends, such as the Sprevjane and Hevelli, started to move into the Brandenburg area. They intermarried with Saxons and Bohemians, the Bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg were established at the beginning of the 10th century
34.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
35.
Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
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Its purview encompasses over 27 institutions, including all of Berlins State-run Museums, the Berlin State Library, the Prussian Privy State Archives and a variety of institutes and research centers. As such it has one of largest cultural organizations in the world. The Federal Government and the German States are jointly responsible for the Foundation, during World War II, the cultural artifacts and fine arts in Prussia, especially in Berlin, came under increasing threat of loss. To protect them from Allied bombing, millions of items were evacuated to safety in monasteries, castles. With the collapse of the Third Reich in 1945, many of these wound up damaged, destroyed. All the former Prussian institutions ceased to officially exist when the State of Prussia was abolished in 1947, as Germany became divided into West and East, what remained of the buildings and scattered collections were also separated by the Iron Curtain. The Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation began in 1957 by a West German constitutional mandate to find, in 1961, efforts began to move these materials to West Berlin. Upon German Reunification in 1990, the Foundations role expanded considerably to encompass many of the most important cultural properties of the former East Germany, the most important tasks today are in the consolidation of collections, reconstruction of physical space, conservation-restoration and Provenance research. In 1980 the Foundations headquarters moved into a building at Von-der-Heydt-Straße 16. After Von der Heydts death in 1874 the building home to the first Chinese ambassador to Wilhelm II. In 1938 the villa was bought by the Nazi government and used as a residence by Hans Lammers. The house was damaged in World War II, with only the basement. In the immediate post-war years it was occupied by a sweets factory, the villas gloomy ruins also once formed the backdrop for a spy film. It was not until 1971 that plans for reconstruction of the building began under the aegis of the German Federal Buildings Authority, the Foundation has since expanded operations to a new office building at Von-der-Heydt-Straße 16 52°30′24. 83″N 13°21′10. 18″E. Each year a different instrument is chosen, since 2004, the Foundation sponsors positions for the Voluntary Social Year in Culture, a program of National Service for teenagers and young adults who meet certain educational requirements. There is a position each at the Directorate-General of the Berlin State Museums, Ibero-American Institute, Berlin State Library, the Heritage Foundation also awards scholarships for one- to three-month research and work residencies in Berlin. The scholarships are primarily intended to enable scholars to work at the museums, libraries and archives
36.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
37.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
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Toulouse-Lautrec is among the best-known painters of the Post-Impressionist period, with Cézanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin. In a 2005 auction at Christies auction house, La Blanchisseuse, his painting of a young laundress, sold for US$22.4 million. The last part of his name means he was a member of an aristocratic family and his younger brother was born in 1867, but died the following year. After the death of his brother, Henris parents separated and a nanny ended up taking care of him, at the age of eight, Henri went to live with his mother in Paris where he drew sketches and caricatures in his exercise workbooks. The family quickly realised that Henris talents lay in drawing and painting, a friend of his father, René Princeteau, visited sometimes to give informal lessons. Some of Henris early paintings are of horses, a speciality of Princeteau, in 1875, Toulouse-Lautrec returned to Albi because his mother had concerns about his health. He took thermal baths at Amélie-les-Bains and his mother consulted doctors in the hope of finding a way to improve her sons growth, Toulouse-Lautrecs parents, the Comte and Comtesse, were first cousins, and he suffered from congenital health conditions sometimes attributed to a family history of inbreeding. At age 13, Toulouse-Lautrec fractured his right femur, at age 14, he fractured his left. The breaks did not heal properly, modern physicians attribute this to an unknown genetic disorder, possibly pycnodysostosis, or a variant disorder along the lines of osteopetrosis, achondroplasia, or osteogenesis imperfecta. Rickets aggravated by praecox virilism has also been suggested, afterwards, his legs ceased to grow, so that as an adult he was extremely short. He developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs, additionally, he is reported to have had hypertrophied genitals. Physically unable to participate in many activities enjoyed by males his age and he became an important Post-Impressionist painter, art nouveau illustrator, and lithographer, and, through his works, recorded many details of the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. Toulouse-Lautrec contributed a number of illustrations to the magazine Le Rire during the mid-1890s, after initially failing college entrance exams, he passed his second attempt and completed his studies. Toulouse-Lautrecs mother had high ambitions and, with the aim of her son becoming a fashionable and respected painter and he was drawn to Montmartre, the area of Paris famous for its bohemian lifestyle and the haunt of artists, writers, and philosophers. Studying with Bonnat placed Toulouse-Lautrec in the heart of Montmartre, an area he rarely left over the next 20 years. After Bonnat took a new job, Toulouse-Lautrec moved to the studio of Fernand Cormon in 1882 and studied for a five years. At this time he met Émile Bernard and Vincent van Gogh, Cormon, whose instruction was more relaxed than Bonnats, allowed his pupils to roam Paris, looking for subjects to paint. During this period, Toulouse-Lautrec had his first encounter with a prostitute, which led him to paint his first painting of a prostitute in Montmartre, a woman rumoured to be Marie-Charlet
38.
Art colony
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An art colony or artists colony is a place where creative practitioners live and interact with one another. Artists are often invited or selected through a process, for a residency from a few weeks to over a year. Worldwide, the two organizations serving artist colonies and residential centres are Res Artis, based in Amsterdam. The Intra Asia Network, based in Taiwan, is a formal body working to advance creative communities and exchanges throughout Asia. These consortia comprise most of the worlds active artists colonies, Art colonies initially emerged as village movements in the 19th and early 20th century. While artist colonies appeared across Europe, as well as in America and Australia, Lübbren has found that the majority of colonies were clustered in the Netherlands, Central Germany, and France. Overall artists of 35 different nationalities were represented throughout these colonies, with Americans, Germans, villages can also be classified according to the nationalities they attracted. Barbizon, Pont-Aven, Giverny, Katwijk, Newlyn and Dachau drew artists from around the world and had an international flavour. On the other hand, foreigners were rare at Sint-Martens-Latem, Tervuren, Nagybanya, Kronberg, Staithes, Worpswede and Willingshausen while Skagen hosted mainly Danes and they were not necessarily leaders, although these artists were respected and held a certain moral authority in their respective colonies. There were also regular colony hoppers who moved about the art colonies of Europe in a nomadic fashion, the greater number of early European art colonies were to be casualties of the First World War. Europe was no longer the same place socially, politically, economically and culturally, however, a small proportion did endure in one or another form, and owe their continuing existence to cultural tourism. If they have not fared as well, several formerly major colonies such as Concarneau and its well-funded, well-organized campus, and extensive program of fellowships, were soon replicated by early 20th-century artist colonies and their wealthy benefactors. The Provincetown art colony came into being when Charles Webster Hawthorne opened his Cape Cod School of Art there in the summer of 1899, other noted artists arrived and expanded the colony. In 1914 the Provincetown Art Association was founded, Provincetown claims to be the oldest continuously operating artists colony in the United States. The town of Woodstock remains a center of art galleries, music. The high desert town of Sedona, Arizona, became a Southwest artists colony from the mid-20th century. Among the Wild West setting, Ernst built a cottage by hand in Brewer Road. Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists, and for Ernst—who compiled his book Beyond Painting, the environment also inspired Egyptian sculptor Nassan Gobran to move there from Boston and become head of the art department at Verde Valley School
39.
Worpswede
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Worpswede is a municipality in the district of Osterholz, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated in the Teufelsmoor, northeast of Bremen, the small town itself is located near the Weyerberg hill. It has been the home to an artistic community since the end of the 19th century, with over 130 artists. Its origin goes back to the Bronze Age, the first time it was mentioned however was in 1218. Then it belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, in 1630 it was occupied by Sweden for a short period of time. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, however, it took another 120 years until the colonization of the Teufelsmoor was started by Jürgen Christian Findorff by drainage of the bog. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory part of the Stade Region. The church was built between 1757 and 1759 during the wearisome Seven Years War, which had its American version as the Anglo-French, george II, being as summus episcopus the supreme governor of the Hanoveran Lutheran church, provided financial support for the construction of the Church of Zion. Its else rather modest interior is beautified by a typical Protestant Kanzelaltar, combining pulpit and altar table and it bears the Tetragrammaton יהוה in a top medaillon and to the left of the pulpit the king’s ornamented initials GR. There are heads of cherubim by Clara Westhoff and floral ornaments by Paula Becker at the pendentives, after in 1900 both artists, then still students, had rung the church bells for fun, which was generally understood as a fire alarm, they were fined. They could not pay and were allowed to perform instead by way of offering these decorative elements to the church, lofts span between the outer walls and the columns. The church tower with its spire in baroque forms had been added at the end of the actual church building only in 1798. The Church of Zion is located on the Weyerberg, and with its tower it is a landmark, the cemetery is a churchyard, thus it actually spreads around the church building. It was designed after plans of Findorff and attracts visitors because of its elevated location on Weyerberg. Among them those of 80 known painters, authors, musicians and artisans, such as Fritz Mackensen, Worpswede is famous nationwide for its long tradition as an artists colony. As an example, the owner of the small Café Vernissage also displays her paintings in the Café, in 1884 Mimi Stolte, the daughter of a shopkeeper in Worpswede, met Fritz Mackensen, a young student of arts, while she was staying with her aunt in Düsseldorf. Since he was destitute, she invited him to Worpswede to spend the holidays with her family. In 1889 he settled in Worpswede, accompanied by other such as Hans am Ende and Otto Modersohn, and followed by others such as Fritz Overbeck, Carl Vinnen
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Andreas Achenbach
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Andreas Achenbach was a German landscape painter, associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Born in Kassel, he began his art education in 1827 in Düsseldorf under Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow at the Düsseldorf Academy of Painting and he studied at St Petersburg and travelled in Italy, Holland and Scandinavia. Although his landscapes evince too much of his aim at picture-making and lack personal temperament, he is a master of technique and he received a medal of the first class in Paris in 1855, and was named a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. The Chambers Biographical Dictionary says of him that he was regarded as the father of 19th century German landscape painting. A number of his finest works are to be found at the Berlin National Gallery, the New Pinakothek in Munich, many of his paintings are in galleries in the United States. His brother, Oswald Achenbach, was also a painter, list of German painters This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Achenbach, Andreas. Ralf Kern, Oswald Achenbach, Ein Düsseldorfer malt Italien
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Albrecht Altdorfer
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Albrecht Altdorfer was a German painter, engraver and architect of the Renaissance working in Regensburg. As an artist also making small intricate engravings he is seen to belong to the Nuremberg Little Masters, Altdorfer was born in Regensburg or Altdorf around 1480. He acquired an interest in art from his father, Ulrich Altdorfer, at the start of his career, he won public attention by creating small, intimate modestly scaled works in unconventional media and with eccentric subject matter. He settled in the imperial city of Regensburg, a town located on the Danube River in 1505, eventually becoming the town architect. His first signed works date to c,1506, including engravings and drawings such the Stygmata of St. Francis and St. Jerome. His models were niellos and copper engravings from the workshops of Jacopo de Barbari, from 1513 he was at the service of Maximilian I in Innsbruck, where he received several commissions from the imperial court. During the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation, he dedicated mostly to architecture, paintings of the period, showing his increasing attention to architecture, in 1529 he executed The Battle of Alexander at Issus for Duke William IV of Bavaria. In the 1520s he returned to Regensburg as a wealthy man and he was also responsible for the fortifications of Regensburg. In that period his works are influenced by such as Giorgione and Lucas Cranach. In 1535 he was in Vienna and he died at Regensburg in 1538. This production extends at least over the period 1504–1537 and he signed and dated each one of his works. Altdorfer was the painter of pure landscape, making them the subject of the painting, as well as compositions dominated by their landscape. He believed that the figure should not disrupt nature. His Landscape with Footbridge of 1518–1520 is claimed to be the first pure landscape in oil, in this painting, Altdorfer places a large tree that is cut off by the margins at the center of the landscape, making it the central axis and focus within the piece. He uses anthropomorphism to give the human qualities such as the drapery of its limbs. He also made many fine finished drawings, mostly landscapes, in pen, the drawing opens at ground level on a clearing surrounding an enormous tree that is placed in the center, dominating the picture. It poses and gesticulates as if it was human, splaying its branches out in every corner, halfway up the tree trunk, hangs a gabled shrine. At the time, a shrine like this might shelter an image of the Crucifixion or the Virgin Mary, at the bottom of the tree, a tiny figure of a seated man, crossed legged, holds a knife and axe, declaring his status in society/occupation
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