1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
3.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
4.
Mumbai Suburban district
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Mumbai Suburban District is a district of Maharashtra in Konkan Division. It consists of three subdivisions, Kurla, Andheri, and Borivali. The district along with Mumbai City district and other suburban communities make up the metropolis of Mumbai on Salsette Island, the district occupies an area of 446 km². This is the second smallest district of Maharashtra, and it comes under Konkan Division. The jurisdiction of Mumbai Suburban District is from Bandra to Dahisar, from Kurla to Mulund, Mumbai Suburban District is one of the largest districts in the country by population. The current population is 9,332,481, according to the 2011 census, the Mithi River is the main river in the district. Mumbai Suburban district was created on 1 October 1990 when Greater Mumbai bifurcated into Mumbai City, according to the 2011 census, Mumbai Suburban district has a population of 9,332,481, roughly equal to the nation of Benin or the US state of North Carolina. This gives it a ranking of 5th in India, the district has a population density of 25,291.28 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 8. 01%, Mumbai Suburban has a sex ratio of 857 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 90. 9%. Western Suburbs Eastern Suburbs South Mumbai Mumbai Official website of Mumbai suburban district Maharashtra government
5.
Marathi language
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Marathi is an Indian language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra. It is the language and co-official language in the Maharashtra and Goa states of Western India, respectively. There were 73 million speakers in 2001, Marathi ranks 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world, Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India, after Hindi, Bengali and Telugu in that order. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-Aryan languages, the major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. Malvani Konkani has been influenced by Marathi varieties. Marathi has several features that set it aside from most other Indian languages, Marathi distinguishes inclusive and exclusive forms of we and possesses a three-way gender system that features the neuter in addition to the masculine and the feminine. In its phonology it contrasts apico-alveolar with alveopalatal affricates and, in common with Gujarati, Marathi is primarily spoken in Maharashtra and parts of neighbouring states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, union-territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The cities of Baroda, Surat, and Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Karwar, Nipani, Indore, Gwalior, Adoni, Hyderabad, Marathi is also spoken by Maharashtrian emigrants worldwide, especially in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Mauritius, and Canada. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra. In Goa, Konkani is the official language, however. Marathi is included among the languages which stand a part of the Eight Schedule of the Constitution of India, the contemporary grammatical rules described by Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad and endorsed by the Government of Maharashtra are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and the rules give special status to tatsamas. This special status expects the rules for tatsamas to be followed as in Sanskrit and this practice provides Marathi with a large treasure of Sanskrit words to cope with demands of new technical words whenever needed. Jawaharlal Nehru University has announced plans to establish a department for Marathi. Marathi Day is celebrated on 27 February, the birthday of poet Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar, Indian languages, including Marathi, that belong to the Indo-Aryan language family are derived from early forms of Prakrit. Marathi is one of languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Marathi literature began and grew owing to the rise of the Seuna dynasty of Devgiri, further growth and usage of the language was because of two religious sects – the Mahanubhava and Varkari panthans – who adopted Marathi as the medium for preaching their doctrines of devotion. Marathi had attained a place in court life by the time of the Seuna kings
6.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
7.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
8.
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
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The BMCs annual budget is more than that of some of the small states of India. Established under the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act 1888, it is responsible for the infrastructure and administration of the city. In 2014, Trishna Vishwasrao became the first female corporator to be leader of the Corporations house, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer. The commissioner wields the power of the house. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators to power, the corporators are responsible for overseeing that their constituencies have the basic civic infrastructure in place, and that there is no lacuna on the part of the authorities. The Mayor is the head of the house, who is usually from the majority party, as of June 2008, all administrative business in the BMC is conducted in Marathi. As of 2009, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporations legislature, also known as the Corporation Council, consists of 227 members
9.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
10.
Eponymous
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An eponym is a person, place, or thing for whom or for which something is named, or believed to be named. For example, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era, recent usage, especially in the recorded-music industry, also allows eponymous to mean named after its central character or creator. In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens, Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon. Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of Fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles. In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander, the Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name, in ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have described as the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar. Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year. During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme based on the birth of Christ on both the public and royalty. Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedys Camelot, British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan, Georgian, Victorian, and Edwardian are examples of these, trends Political trends or movements often become eponymous with a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy, Stalinism, Maoism, Obamacare, in intellectual property law an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin, heroin and thermos in the United States. In geography, places and towns can also be given a name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops, in historical times, new towns have often been named after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. In science and technology, discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance, examples are Avogadros number, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimers disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stiglers law of eponymy, the term is also applied to music, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Companys first album was entitled Bad Company, titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous
11.
Kurla railway station
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Kurla is a railway station on the Central and Harbour lines of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It is among the oldest railway stations in India, it being part of the original 21 mile Great Indian Peninsular Railway section between Bombay and Tannah that opened in 1853. Local trains terminating at Kurla began operating by 1879, a terminus was built in 1913. A single line between Kurla and Chembur that had laid for garbage clearance in 1906 was opened for suburban traffic in 1924. The service was operated by steam locomotives until the line was electrified in 1950, the Harbour line was officially opened on 12 December 1910, between Kurla and Reay Road. It was named so because it catered to the neighbourhoods along the citys natural harbour. In 1925, the line was connected to the then Victoria Terminus via a rail corridor between Dockyard Road and Sandhurst Road. The countrys first EMU rakes, manufactured by English Electric Company, were introduced between Bombay VT & Kurla on the Harbour line in 1925, Kurla has eight operational platforms for the suburban local railway. Platform 1, 1A and 4 serve Slow local trains, platforms 2 and 3 are dedicated to trains originating and terminating at Kurla. Platforms 5 and 6 are used by Fast local trains, while platforms 7 and 8 serve the Harbour line local trains, platforms 9 and 10, which were originally used to terminate trains coming UP from Vashi were abandoned in the early 2000s
12.
Mumbai Suburban Railway
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Mumbai Suburban Railway consists of exclusive inner suburban railway lines augmented by commuter rail on main lines serving outlying suburbs to serve the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Spread over 465 kilometres, the railway operates 2,342 train services and carries more than 7.5 million commuters daily. By annual ridership, the Mumbai Suburban Railway is one of the busiest commuter rail systems in the world, trains run from 04,00 until 01,00, and some trains also run up to 02,30. The Mumbai Suburban Railway is an offshoot of the first railway to be built by the British in India, the first train ran between Bori Bunder and Thane, a distance of 34 km, on 16 April 1853 at 15,35. The 14-coach train took 1.25 h to complete the 34 km journey, since 1991, it has been expanded rapidly. The Bombay Railway History Group has been striving to document railway heritage along this line, the Mumbai Suburban Railway system is operated by Indian Railways two zonal divisions Western Railways and Central Railways. The fast commuter rail corridors on Central Railway as well as Western Railway are shared with long distance and freight trains, WR operates the Western Line and CR operates the Central Line, Harbour Line, Trans-Harbour Line as well as the Vasai Road-Diva-Panvel line. The Western Line follows the Western Railway northwards from Churchgate parallel to the west coast, on 16 April 2013 EMU has extended up to Dahanu Road. MEMUs also operate between Dahanu Road and Panvel via a line from Bhiwandi road-Vasai Road. There are EMU carsheds at Mumbai Central and Kandivali, the largest EMU car shed in Asia is located between Nala Sopara and Virar. A repair shop for EMUs is situated at Mahalaxmi, Western Railways EMU fleet consists of EMUs completely powered by alternating current power. EMUs are 12 car or 15 car formations and are differentiated as slow, Slow trains halt at all stations, while fast ones halt at important stations only and are preferable over longer distances. The Central Line in Mumbai consists of 3 major corridors, which bifurcate as they run into suburban satellite towns and these two corridors constitute the main Central Line. There is also an 18-km corridor between Kurla and Thane stations for use of outstation and cargo trains, the outstation corridor is being extended further from Thane to Kalyan now as a part of the main line, but is halted because of the costs of tunneling the parsik hills. The Central Line has two stations with the Western Line at Parel and Dadar. Rolling stock consists of a fleet of AC as well as dual-powered DC-AC EMUs, the major car sheds on this line are at Kurla and Kalwa. There are fast and slow locals here for suburban service, Slow locals halt at every station, while fast locals halts vary between Byculla, Dadar, Kurla, Ghatkopar, Vikhroli, Bhandup, Mulund, Thane, Dombivali and Kalyan. All services plying beyond Kalyan run as slow service, the Central Line also includes a line connecting Vasai Road-Bhiwandi Road-Diva and Panvel
13.
Lokmanya Tilak Terminus railway station
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Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, is a railhead in the Kurla suburb of Mumbai, India. LTT is managed by the Central Railway, the Kurla and Tilak Nagar suburban railway stations are located nearby. It is one of the railway terminals within Mumbai, the others being Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar on the Central Line, and Mumbai Central and Bandra Terminus on the Western Line. Kurla Terminus situated in Kurla has been renamed to LTT, then Union Home Minister, Lal Krishna Advani approved the proposal in 1999, at the request of Ram Naik, the then Minister of State of Railway. After the decision was announced, Gurudas Kamat, the Lok Sabha member from Mumbai North-East, met L. K. Advani and submitted a memorandum asking that the terminus be renamed after Babasaheb Ambedkar. In 2003, Central Railway decided to expand LTT to take on more rail traffic, as the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus had reached its saturation point, in 2006, the Mumbai division of CR cleared the designs for construction of a swanky station complex to replace the dilapidated terminus complex. The new station design was prepared by the architect P. K. Das. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority also agreed to construct a ramp from LTT to the flyover to be built nearby, the revamped LTT was inaugurated on 16 April 2013 by Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal. The revamp of the terminus took 3 years, the new station complex was built on 50,000 sq metre land and has a 3,300 sq metre concourse. In October 2012, CR announced plans to cease long distance services at Dadar within 5–6 years. The load would be transferred to LTT by upgrading the number of platforms at LTT from 5 to 12, the project will be implemented on public-private partnership mode and is expected to cost ₹50–60 billion. The project will be executed by the Railway Land Development Authority on the 20 acres of land that CR possess around LTT, LTT is located in middle of two suburban railway stations, Tilak Nagar and Kurla, on the Harbour Line. It is easily accessible through Tilak Nagar railway station as an overhead bridge is made to LTT from Tilak Nagar. A share rickshaw service is available from Kurla railway station to LTT via level crossing, average opening of the level crossing gate is 20 minutes. Air-conditioned dormitories were inaugurated at LTT on 16 April 2013 by then Railway Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal, the dorm at LTT is a 24-bed AC dorm exclusively for women. Central Railway completed installation of a rainwater harvesting system at LTT in October 2012, the system cost ₹1 million and will conserve 700,000 litres of water, which is approximately 40% of the stations daily water requirement. The rainwater harvesting project will help in percolation of water into the subsoil, the project involved constructing a 2 km trench and filling it with crushed stones
14.
Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat
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Sultan Qutb-ud-Din Bahadur Shah, who reigned 1526–1535 and 1536–1537, was a sultan of Gujarat Sultanate, a late medieval kingdom in India. Bahadur Shahs father was Shams-ud-Din Muzaffar Shah II, who had ascended to the throne of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1511, Muzaffar Shah II nominated Sikandar Shah as the heir apparent to the throne. Bahadur Shahs relationship with his brother and father became tense as Sikandar Shah began to assume greater administrative control, fearing for his life, Bahadur Shah fled Gujarat, first seeking refuge with Chittor, and then with Ibrahim Lodi. He was present at the Battle of Panipat, though he did not take part in fighting, the opposition was suppressed immediately and they were executed. After this Bahadur turned against his brothers, his nearest rival Latif was severely wounded in an action, taken prisoner, Mahmud II, the infant son of Muzaffar Shah II, who succeeded Sikandar after his death and three other princes were poisoned. After Bahadur ascended to the throne in 1526, he was requested by the rulers of the Khandesh, in 1528, Bahadur invested the fort of Daulatabad, but later he was forced to retire because of the stiff resistance put up by the Ahmadnagar army. Next year, he started the campaign and overcoming a stiff opposition again besieged Daulatabad. At this point, one of his ally, the ruler of Berar betrayed him, finally, both the rulers of the Ahmadnagar and Berar were forced to sign a humiliating treaty. Next, Bahadur invaded Malwa, Mahmud II literally made no resistance, Malwa was annexed into his kingdom. While, Bahadur was engaged in the siege of Mandu, a strong Portuguese fleet sailed from Bombaim, on February 7,1531 the fleet reached near Shiyal Bet island, which they captured overcoming in spite of strong resistance. On February 16,1531 they started bombarding Diu but could not succeed to any appreciable damage to its fortification. On March 1,1531 Nuno da Cunha left for Goa, leaving a subordinate officer, on December 23,1534 while on board the galleon St. Mattheus he signed the Treaty of Bassein. Based on the terms of the agreement, the Portuguese Empire gained control of the city of Bassein, as well as its territories, islands, and seas. In February,1537 he was killed by the Portuguese while visiting them on a Portuguese ship anchored off the coast of Gujarat and these events were followed by the 1538 Siege of Diu. Bahadur had no son, hence there was uncertainty regarding succession after his death. Muhammad Zaman Mirza, the fugitive Mughal prince made his claim on the ground that Bahadurs mother adopted him as her son, the nobles selected his nephew Miran Muhammad Shah of Khandesh as his successor, but he died on his way to Gujarat. Finally, the nobles selected Mahmud Khan, the son of Bahadurs brother Latif Khan as his successor and he was a great patron of the Hindustani Classical music and its artists, including Baiju Bawra
15.
Kingdom of Portugal
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The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of modern Portugal. It was in existence from 1139 until 1910, after 1248, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves and between 1815 and 1822, it was known as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. The name is often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realms extensive overseas colonies. The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista, by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, the kingdom was ruled by the Alfonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz. During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire, from 1580 to 1640, the kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain. After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the passed to the House of Braganza and after to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major due to its most valuable colony. Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It rotated between absolute and constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, and was a constitutional monarchy after 1834. The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal, the Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León. Independence from León took place in three stages, The first on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese internally, the second was on 5 October 1143, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora. The third, in 1179, was the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum, once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso Is descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another. With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians, however a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. When returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa, King Carlos I, with the death of the king and his heir, Carlos Is second son would become king as King Manuel II of Portugal. Manuels reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with the 5 October 1910 revolution, sending Manuel into exile in England, on 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Porto. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since, after centuries of Portuguese dominion in Angola, the Kingdom of Kongo was made a vassal state of the Portuguese kingdom, its king pledging allegiance to the King of Portugal
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Portuguese India
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The first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida, established his headquarters in Cochin. Subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank, after 1510, the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Goa. Until the 18th century, the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to southeast Asia. Portugal lost effective control of the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally the rest of the territory in December 1961. In spite of this, Portugal only recognised Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, the first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on Malabar Coast. Anchored off the coast of Calicut, the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board, one Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim. On the advice of this man, Gama sent a couple of his men to Ponnani to meet with ruler of Calicut, over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama managed to secure a letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin, Calicuts Hindu ruler. But, the Portuguese were unable to pay the customs duties. Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gamas Portuguese agents as security for payment and this, however, annoyed Gama, who carried a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force. Nevertheless, Gamas expedition was successful beyond all expectation, bringing in cargo that was worth sixty times the cost of the expedition. Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Calicut was attacked by surprise by the locals, Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement. In Cochin and Cannanore Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with the local rulers, Cabral started the return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of 13 ships on 23 June 1501. The Portuguese built the Pulicat fort in 1502, with the help of the Vijayanagar ruler, Vasco da Gama sailed to India for a second time with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502, where the ruler was willing to sign a treaty. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims from Calicut which was turned down. He bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels and he returned to Portugal in September 1503. Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men, on 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip Island, where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva. On 23 October, with the permission of the ruler of Cannanore, he started building St. Angelo Fort at Cannanore, leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men. Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin on 31 October 1505 with only 8 vessels left, there he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed
17.
Salsette Island
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Not to be confused with Salcete, Goa. Salsette Island is an island in Maharashtra state on Indias west coast, the metropolis of Mumbai and the cities of Thane and Mira-Bhayandar lie on it, making it very populous and one of the most densely populated islands in the world. It has about 15.1 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km². Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek, on the northeast by the Ulhas River, on the east by Thane Creek and Bombay Harbour, and on the south and west by the Arabian Sea. The island of Trombay that was to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the swamps have been reclaimed. It contains Borivali National Park, also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the city of Thane is at the northeastern corner, on the Thane Creek while its suburb Mira-Bhayander lies in the northwest corner. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the south of Mahim. The northern portion lies within Thane District, which extends across Vasai, the word Sasashti is Marathi for sixty-six, referring to the original sixty-six villages on the island. They were converted to Roman Catholicism by four religious orders — Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians and these original natives of Salsette are the East Indian Catholics and Kolis. 109 Buddhist caves, including those at Kanheri, can be found on the island, Salsette was ruled by a succession of Hindu kingdoms, the last of which were the Silharas. In 1343, the islands were annexed by the Muslim Sultanate of Gujarat, in 1534, the Portuguese took the islands from Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat. Sashti became part of the province of Portuguese India, which was governed from Baçaím on the north shore of Vasai Creek. It was leased to D. Diogo Rodrigues also called as Mestre Diego from 25 October 1535 to 1548, on the island of Mazagaon, the Jesuits had set up base claiming the land. The Portuguese king refused to entertain their claim and in 1572 permanently leased the island to the de Souza e Lima family, by now, there was a large Roman Catholic population. The Portuguese also brought with them African slaves known as Kaffirs, the Portuguese had established Goa, which lay south of the islands, as their headquarters in India. Goa was then known as the Lisbon of the East and was capital of the Portuguese Indian Vice-Kingdom, due to its prominence the islands were never important to the Portuguese. Nine Roman Catholic churches were built on Sashti island by the Portuguese, Nirmal, Nossa Senhora dos Remédios, Sandor, Agashi, Nandakal, Papdy, Pale, Manickpur, and Nossa Senhora das Mercês. In 1661, the seven Bombay islets were ceded to Britain as part of the dowry of Catherine of Bragança to King Charles II of England while Salsette remained in Portuguese hands
18.
Sion, Mumbai
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Sion is a neighbourhood of Mumbai. The Marathi name for Sion is Sheev which means boundary or limit, Mumbai as we know it now didnt exist then. In the 17th century the village formed the boundary between Mumbai and Salsette Island, the British named it marking the end of the city. The name remained even after Mumbai was joined to the Salsette, however now Sion is not the end of the city. One of the historical places in Sion is a hilltop garden commonly known as Sion Fort or Sion Killa in native language Marathi. In 1543, the Portuguese took possession of the islands of Bombay by force, the Portuguese gave the Jesuit priests the sole ownership of some of these islands. The Jesuits then built a chapel on the hill near the railway station. Sion shares its name with a station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Central Railway line. Sion also has a bus station and it is in the central line. Somaiya Medical College and Research center
19.
Sion Causeway
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Sion Causeway is a major causeway in Bombay, India which connects Sion in Bombay with Kurla in Salsette. The construction of the began in 1798 and was completed in 1805 by Jonathan Duncan, Governor of Bombay. Bombay city was originally an archipelago of seven islands of Bombay, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, the Treaty of Bassein placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. Charles II of England received possession of the islands in 1661 as the dowry of Catherine of Braganza, charles II later leased the islands to the British East India Company in 1668. After the completion of the causeway, the villages of Sion in Bombay, accessibility considerably increased after construction of this causeway. The Sion causeway is 935 yards long and 24 feet wide, the side walls are of plain stone and lime masonry with earth and stone filling between. It was doubled in width, and other improvements added, in 1826, under the Government of-the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone, a toll on the causeway used to yield a yearly revenue of £2700. For an elephant, ¾d. for a camel, horse or bullock, ⅜d. for a donkey, a head for swine, sheep, or goats. The custom duties which were levied for transport between Bombay and Salsette were also abolished after the construction of this causeway
20.
British Raj
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The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India, the resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire and after 1876 issued passports under that name. It lasted until 1947, when the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two sovereign states, the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan and this area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar desert. In addition, at times, it included Aden, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, British Somaliland. Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948, among other countries in the region, Ceylon was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, the kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861, however. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965, India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory, British India and the Native States. In general, the term British India had been used to also to the regions under the rule of the British East India Company in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also used to refer to the British in India. The terms Indian Empire and Empire of India were not used in legislation, the monarch was known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victorias Queens Speeches and Prorogation Speeches. The passports issued by the British Indian government had the words Indian Empire on the cover, in addition, an order of knighthood, the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, was set up in 1878. At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor, during the partition of Bengal the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, there were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of British India, the larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had, in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control, the British also exercised a general influence over the states internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the majority were very small
21.
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
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The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was a predecessor of the Central Railway, whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was incorporated on August 1,1849 by an act of the British Parliament and it had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer, kar and R. W. Graham as his assistants. It was Indias ever first railway, the original 21 mile section opening in 1853, on July 1,1925 its management was taken over by the Government. On November 5,1951 it was incorporated into the Central Railway and it was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices. The management committee consisted of 25 British men, including officials of the East India company and banks in London, most of whom resided in Britain and some who had resided in India. It was originally meant to connect the towns of Poonah, Nassuek, Aurungabad, Ahmednuggur, Sholapoor, Nagpur, Oomrawutty, and Hyderabad. On April 16,1853 at 3,35 pm, the first passenger train of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway left Boree Bunder station in Bombay for Tannah The train took fifty-seven minutes to reach Tannah and it covered a distance of 21 miles. Three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib pulled the 14 carriages carrying 400 passengers on board, the railway bridge over Thane creek, first in India, was completed in 1854. The portion of the line from Tannah to Callian was opened on May 1,1854, the construction of this portion was difficult as it involved a two-line viaduct over the estuary and two tunnels. On May 12,1856 the line was extended to Campoolie via Padusdhurree, the Padusdhurree-Khandala section involved the difficult crossing of the Bhore Ghat and it took another five years for completion. During this period, the 21 km gap was covered by palanquin, the Kassarah line was opened on January 1,1861 and the steep Thull ghat section up to Egutpoora was opened on January 1,1865 and thus completed the crossing of the Sahyadri. The south-east main line proceeded over Bhor Ghat to Poonah, Sholapore and Raichore, by 1868, route kilometerage was 888 km and by 1870, route kilometerage was 2,388. Beyond Callian, the north-east main line proceeded over the Thull ghat to Bhosawal near Nusseerabad, from Bhosawal, there was a bifurcation. One passed through great cotton district of Oomravuttee and was extended up to Nagpore, the other was extended up to Jubbulpore to connect with the Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line of the East Indian Railway which had been opened in June 1867. Hence it became possible to directly from Bombay to Calcutta. The Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line was opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Vernes book Around the World in Eighty Days
22.
Santacruz, Mumbai
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Santacruz or Santa Cruz is a section of the municipality of Mumbai. The Santacruz railway station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway, the Domestic Terminal of the Mumbai Airport, Santacruz and its neighbouring suburb Khar fall under the H East and H West wards of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. The locality had a population of 675,951 in 1991, over an area of 12.98 square kilometers and this original church was destroyed by the Marathas during their conquest of the Salsette Island from Portugal. It was home to several RAF squadrons during World War II from 1942 to 1947, the Airport covered an area of about 1,160 hectares and initially had three runways. The airfield was transferred to the Indian Government for civilian use upon Independence, and came to be known as Santa Cruz airport, construction of a new passenger terminal and apron began in 1950 and was commissioned in 1958. The original terminal building still exists and has given a new façade. A second terminal complex has also built to supplement existing facilities. Santa Cruz is bordered by Vile Parle in north, Khar in south, Juhu in west and Kurla and it is broadly divided in two areas, Santa Cruz and Santa Cruz by the Mumbai Suburban Railway line. The Milan Subway and Khar Subway connect the two areas, passing under the rail line, recently Milan flyover has been built which has improved connectivity between Santacruz East and West. MMRDA has built a Skywalk for pedestrians stretching from Podar School Complex to Western Express Highway, Santa Cruz consists of Maratha Colony, Prabhat Colony, Kalina and Vakola. It also consists of land belonging Airport Authority of India, which consists of the Mumbai Airport, the main roads passing through Santa Cruz are the Western Express Highway, Nehru Road, Santacruz-Chembur Link Road and the Kalina-Kurla Link Road. The PIN codes of this area are 400055,400029 and 400098, Vakola stretches from the Western Express Highway in the west to the Kalina Military Camp in the east. These communities, though tending to cluster together, live in harmony with each other, however. Vakola village is home to one of the communities of Mumbai. Formerly known as Vankola for three centuries, the formed part of the Kalina Parish which was founded in 1606. It was in 1914 that through the initiative of Fr. C. A. Abreo at Kalina Church, Mr. John Rodrigues popularly known as Jamboo donated the land, and the Chapel was finally completed and dedicated to St. Anthony and blessed on 1 January 1921. Practically all the villagers then had relatives either at Kalliana or at Vile Parle, the Church was remodeled in 1977 to suit the changed liturgical norms. Today, St. Anthonys Church is one of the largest parishes in the Archdiocese of Mumbai in terms of Catholic population, which is estimated to include around 23,000 persons
23.
Marol
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Marol is a part of the Andheri suburb located on the northern side of Mumbai, India. Marol consists of the areas Marol village, Marol Naka, Marol Depot, Marol Maroshi Bus Station, Military Road, Marol Pipeline, Vijay Nagar, Bhavani Nagar, parts of JB Nagar and its proximity to the international airport makes it a prime business district. Located off the Andheri-Kurla and Andheri-Ghatkopar link roads, it has good east-west connectivity, the area has been inhabited for centuries, successively coming under both Portuguese and British rule. Octogenarian Valentine Pimentas family have lived in Marol for several generations and he recalls an open, the Marol-Maroshi Road stretches from Marol Naka up to Maroshi Naka, beyond which is the Picnic Spot. Marol Mapkhan Nagar and the Marol Church Road are the two diversions, the one also leads to Marol Pipeline. Military Road stretches from the junction of Marol Maroshi road near the bus depot up to Bamandaya Pada, one is to the Raj Industrial Estate which is also a connection from the Mittal Industrial Estate off the Andheri-Kurla Road. The other diversion is from Ashok Nagar, Udyan up to Saki-Vihar Road, Marol is well-connected from either side and as the Military Road is being developed, further traffic improvements can be expected. Marol Fire Brigade is at Marol Naka, Marol Village is home to a large number of Christians, with the St. John the Evangelist Church which has been established since 1579 and its high school there. Also within this area behind St. John the Evangelist Church is the Bohra Colony named Saifee Park, presently under construction at Saifee Park is the Bohra communitys Al-Jameatus Saifiyah Arabic Academy Campus. Travelling from the Bus Station north is Bhawani Nagar, which is an area, extending from near Marol Education Academy High School, up the incline. Vijay Nagar is one of the older colonies and it has the L&T societies, a church, a Gurdwara, a Mosque and a few temples are all within a distance of 60 meters. Police Camp is at the end of Marol and is home to the families of working for the Maharashtra Police. It is mainly the base camp for the State Armed Constabulary, the oldest housing colony in the area is a group of 11 buildings on Military Road called Blossom Society. The first occupants arrived here in 1968, opposite Blossom Society, there is Twin Arcade. It is a complex with offices including travel and tour companies. There is a lodge called Aram. Marol is a residential and commercial hub. It lies adjacent to Mumbais International Airport and is a point along Mumbais first overhead Metro rail link that connects Ghatkopar with the coastal side town of Versova
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Sahar Village, Mumbai
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Sahar Village lies in the Andheri suburb of Mumbai. It is among the oldest settlements of East Indians on Salsette Island, the village had a station on the Salsette-Trombay Railway that was dismantled after the rail line closed in 1934. The opening of the Sahar International Terminal of the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in the 1980s led to subsequent urban development in the area, including the opening of the first hotel of The Leela Group in 1988. Its nearby areas are Vile Parle, Marol, Chakala and Saki Naka
25.
Asalfa
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Asalfa is a neighbourhood in Ghatkopar, a suburb of Mumbai, India. It gets its name from the East Indian village by the same name and it is located on the Andheri-Ghatkopar link road on the slopes of the Ghatkopar hills. The landscape consists of many elevations and the leading up to the neighbourhood from LBS Marg is a steep uphill climb. Asalfa is well connected by BEST bus routes to Ghatkopar railway station, andheri railway station Kurla railway station & Chandivali as well as Oshiwara, Borivali and Mahim. Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro passes through Asalfa, the construction of Jagruti Nagar metro station & Asalpha metro station in this locality has led to rapid development of infrastructure in and around Asalfa. Many hospitals are present in the area including Vivek Diagnostic Centre, Abhishek Hospital, Pooja Hospital, one of the known schools in Asalpha is AIES High School which has been providing affordable education to the community for the past 3 decades
26.
Parsi
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Parsi /ˈpɑːrsiː/ is one of two Zoroastrian communities majorly located in India and few in Pakistan. At the time of the Arab conquest of Persia, the dominant religion of the region was Zoroastrianism, Iranians rebelled against Arab invaders for almost 200 years, in Iran this period is now known as the Two Centuries of Silence or Period of Silence. During this time many Iranians who are now called Parsi chose to preserve their religious identity by fleeing from Iran to India, the word پارسیان, pronounced Parsian, i. e. Parsi in the Persian language, literally means Persian. Persian is the language of modern Iran, which was formerly known as Persia, and the Persian languages endonym is Farsi. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, Parsi, also spelled Parsee, the Parsis, whose name means Persians, are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the South of Mumbai, there is a sizeable Parsee population in Pune as well in Hyderbad. A few Parsee families also reside in Kolkata and Chennai, although they are not, strictly speaking, a caste, since they are not Hindus, they form a well-defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown, according to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may in fact have taken place as late as the 10th century and they settled first at Diu in Kathiawar but soon moved to south Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community. The term Pārsi, which in the Persian language is a demonym meaning inhabitant of Pārs, until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian-origin terms Zartoshti Zoroastrian or Vehdin the good religion. The 12th-century Sixteen Shlokas, a Sanskrit text in praise of the Parsis, is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians. The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta observed in 1563 that there are merchants and we Portuguese call them Jews, but they are not so. In an early 20th-century legal ruling, Justices Davar and Beaman asserted that Parsi was also a used in Iran to refer to Zoroastrians. In any case, the term Parsi itself is not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or Persian origin, moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as Parthians according to the Qissa-i Sanjan. Zoroaster taught that good and evil were opposite forces and that it was a duty to make a choice between the two. The two paths are of asha or righteousness and of druj, the lie, Good is represented by Ahura Mazda and evil by Angra Mainyu. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the Avesta, was written in the Avestan language, the Qissa-i Sanjan is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran
27.
Cotton mill
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Although some were driven by animal power, most early mills were built in rural locations near to fast-flowing rivers and streams and had water wheels to power them. The mechanisation of the process in the early factories was instrumental in the growth of the machine tool industry. Limited companies were developed to construct mills, and the floors of the cotton exchange in Manchester. Mills generated employment, drawing workers from rural areas and expanding urban populations. They provided incomes for girls and women, child labour was used in the mills, and the factory system led to organised labour. Poor conditions became the subject of exposés, and in England, the cotton mill, originally a Lancashire phenomenon, was copied in New England and later in the southern states of America. In the 20th century, North West England lost its supremacy to the United States, then to India, in the mid-16th century Manchester was an important manufacturing centre for woollens and linen and market for textiles made elsewhere. The fustian district of Lancashire, from Blackburn to Bolton, west to Wigan and Leigh and south towards Manchester, used flax and raw cotton imported along the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. During the Industrial Revolution cotton manufacture changed from a domestic to an industry, made possible by inventions. The weaving process was the first to be mechanised by the invention of John Kays flying shuttle in 1733, the manually-operated spinning jenny was developed by James Hargreaves in about 1764 speeded up the spinning process. The roller spinning principle of Paul and Bourne became the basis of Richard Arkwrights spinning frame and water frame, the principles of the spinning jenny and water frame were combined by Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule of 1779, but water power was not applied to it until 1792. Many mills were built after Arkwrights patent expired in 1783 and by 1788, the development of cotton mills was linked to the development of the machinery they contained. By 1774,30,000 people in Manchester were employed using the system in cotton manufacture. The first cotton mills were established in the 1740s to house roller spinning machinery invented by Lewis Paul, the machines were the first to spin cotton mechanically without the intervention of human fingers. They were driven by a single power source which allowed the use of larger machinery. The Paul-Wyatt mills spun cotton for several decades but were not very profitable, Richard Arkwright obtained a patent for his water frame spinning machinery in 1769. Arkwrights first mill – powered by horses in Nottingham in 1768 – was similar to Paul and Wyatts first Birmingham mill although by 1772 it had expanded to four storeys and employed 300 workers. Arkwright recruited large, highly disciplined workforces for his mills, managed credit and supplies, by 1782 his annual profits exceeded £40,000, and by 1784 he had opened 10 more mills
28.
Bombay Presidency
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The Bombay Presidency, also known as Bombay and Sind from 1843 to 1936 and the Bombay Province, was an administrative subdivision of British India. The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat, its first colony in that region, the Presidency was brought under British Parliament control along with other parts of British India through Pitts India Act. Aden was annexed in 1839, while Sind was annexed by the Company in 1843 after defeating the Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad and it was made a part of the Bombay Presidency. The districts and provinces of the presidency were directly under British rule, while the administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states, the Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II, as English trade in Bombay increased, Surat began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay was made the headquarters of all the East India Companys possessions in India, however, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta. During the 18th century, the Hindu Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan, in western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The British annexed Surat in 1800, British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received the districts of Bharuch, Kaira, etc. in 1803 the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette, the islands of the harbour, Surat and Bankot, but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805, in 1858, under the terms of Queens Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria, the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British crown. Henry Bartle Frere was the first Governor appointed by the Crown, under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania, which ended in a commercial crisis, but the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of the Governors Executive Council, in 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made the Bombay Presidency into a regular province and it enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections, the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay, the Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Khers Cabinet, In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay was placed under the Governors rule. After the end of World War II, the Indian National Congress re-entered politics, the Bombay Presidency became the Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952
29.
Holy Cross Church, Kurla
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Holy Cross Church, Kurla is a Roman Catholic Church in Kurla, a suburb of Mumbai, India. It was built during the Portuguese era by the Jesuits in 1588 and it is one of the oldest churches in Mumbai. The church belongs to the Archdiocese of Bombay, St. Francis Xavier had written the King of Portugal, requesting land near the village of Kurla on Salcette Island to build a church and residence. This was because Goa was the headquarters of the Jesuits of Asia and St. Francis Xavier was the first Provincial Superior of India, on November 1,1572 this donation was re-affirmed by the Royal Court of Lisbon. The Jesuits came to Kurla and Bandra in 1573 and the first small Chapel was built in the same year, references were made in 1580 to the Church built by the Jesuits of Bandra in 1580”. By 1586, two Priests and two Brothers, residing at Bandra, cared for the parishioners of Kurla, spelt by the Portuguese of the time as “Curulem” or “Corlem”. The Jesuits used to come on Sundays and Feast days of obligation to celebrate Mass, teach Catechism, the Church was initially called “Iglesia de San Salvador”. During 1669 to 1739, The British ruled the Seven Islands of Bombay while Salsette Island was still in Portuguese hands, the Jesuit Church and the houses of Kurla were frequently threatened by bombardment from the Sion Hillock Fort, situated on the northern end of Bombay. Whenever the British had any grievances against the Portuguese, Kurla and Bandra, in 1739, the Church fell into the hands of the Marathas, and the Jesuits had to return. The Diocesan clergy then took over the administration of the parish, the most drastic changes to the parish started taking place in the middle of the 20th century due to the continued influx of Catholics into the city and its Suburbs. The Catholic population increased appreciably which led to the carving of six new parishes from the parish of Kurla. At the turn of the century, the need for accommodation in the church was felt. Ivan Cardinal Dias released and inaugurated this project on 5 May 2004
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Architecture of Mumbai
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The architecture of Mumbai blends Gothic, Victorian, Art Deco, Indo-Saracenic and contemporary architectural styles. Many buildings, structures and historical monuments remain from the colonial era, Mumbai, after Miami, has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world. Bombay Architecture came to be present through the British in the 18th, at first it was the neo-Classical style of architecture, but then a new style came to exist, one that reflected modern European fashions, Gothic Architecture. At first, due to the freed space it obtained, Gothic building only served as churches. However, soon enough there came a need for public halls, parliament houses, mansions, Indian architects came to analyze this style and represent it and put it into play in relation with the climate, and in relation to society’s plans and sensibilities. This style, the blend of Gothic and contemporary styles, is what came to be known as “Bombay Gothic. ”According to writer Jan Morris, Bombay is one of the most characteristically Victorian cities in the world, displaying all the grand effrontery of Victorian eclectism. The British influence on buildings in the city is evident from the colonial era, Bombay City Hall was built during the period 1820 and 1835, by Colonel Thomas Cowper. The Rajabai Tower in South Mumbai is located in the confines of the Fort campus of the University of Mumbai. It was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, an English architect, and was modelled on Big Ben, the foundation stone was laid on 1 March 1869 and construction was completed in November 1878. The tower stands at a height of 85 m and at the time it was the tallest building in India, the tower fuses Venetian and Gothic styles. It is built out of the locally available buff coloured Kurla stone, the ground floor has two side rooms, each measuring 56 ×27.5 ft. The tower forms a carriage porch 2.4 m², the Tower, over the carriage porch, has a square form up to the gallery at the top of the first level which is at a height of 68 feet from the ground. The Gateway of India and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya are good examples of architectural type in the city. The Gateway of India is one of the monuments in the city. It is a distinct 26 metres high arch built from yellow basalt, the Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary to Bombay, prior to the Delhi Durbar, in December 1911. The foundation stone was laid on 31 March 1911, by Governor of Bombay Sir George Sydenham Clarke, the foundations were completed in 1920, and construction was finished in 1924. The building got the name the Gateway of India, because in the era the Europeans entered India from this location. The Deco period began in 1910 when Art Nouveau slid out of fashion, Art deco’s linear symmetry was a distinct departure from the flowing asymmetrical organic curves of its predecessor style art nouveau
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
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It is located in the heart of South Mumbai near the Gateway of India. The museum was renamed in the 1990s or early 2000s after Shivaji, prior to this, Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, formerly the Victoria and Albert Museum, was established in 1855, just opposite Byculla railway station, Mumbai. This museum is located in side the Victoria Garden, now called Jijamata Udyaan and this Gothic architecture building was revived a few years ago by the Mumbai municipal corporation authorities. The building is built in the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture, incorporating elements of styles of architecture like the Mughal, Maratha. The museum building is surrounded by a garden of palm trees, the museum houses approximately 50,000 exhibits of ancient Indian history as well as objects from foreign lands, categorized primarily into three sections, Art, Archaeology and Natural History. The museum houses Indus Valley Civilization artefacts, and other relics from ancient India from the time of the Guptas, Mauryas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakuta. In 1904, some leading citizens of Bombay decided to provide a museum to commemorate the visit of the Prince of Wales, the future King George V. On 1 March 1907, the government of the Bombay Presidency granted the museum committee a piece of land called the Crescent Site, following an open design competition, in 1909 the architect George Wittet was commissioned to design the Museum building. Wittet had already worked on the design of the General Post Office and in 1911 would design one of Mumbais most famous landmarks, the museum was funded by the Royal Visit Memorial Funds. Additionally, the Government and the Municipality granted Rs.300,000, Sir Currimbhoy Ibrahim donated another Rs.300,000 and Sir Cowasji Jehangir gave Rs.50,000. The Museum was established under Bombay Act No, the museum is now maintained by annual grants from the Government and the Bombay Municipal Corporation. The latter pays for these grants from the interest accruing on the funds at the disposal of the Trust of the Museum. The museum building was completed in 1915, but was used as a Childrens Welfare Centre, the Prince of Wales Museum was inaugurated on January 10,1922, by Lady Lloyd, the wife of George Lloyd, Governor of Bombay. The museum building is a Grade I Heritage Building of the city and was awarded first prize by the Bombay Chapter of the Indian Heritage Society for heritage building maintenance in 1990. In 1998 the Museum was renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya after the king and founder of the Maratha Empire. It is surrounded by a garden of trees and formal flower beds. The museum building, built of locally quarried grey Kurla basalt and it is a three-storied rectangular structure, capped by a dome set upon a base, which adds an additional storey in the centre of the building. A cluster of pinnacles, topped with miniature domes surround the central dome, the building incorporates features like Islamic dome with a finial along with protruding balconies and inlaid floors, inspired by Mughal palace architecture
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General Post Office (Mumbai)
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The General Post Office, Mumbai, is the central post office of the city of Mumbai, India. The post-office handles most of the inbound and outbound mail. Situated in the vicinity of Victoria Terminus, this structure is a paradigm of Indo-Saracenic architecture. The general post office is modelled on the Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur and it was designed by British architect John Begg, a consultant architect to the British government. Begg designed the structure in 1902, and construction began on 1 September 1904 and it was completed on 13 March 1913 at a cost of ₨1,809,000. Black basalt, with a dressing of yellow Kurla stone and white stones from Dhrangdra are the predominant materials used, the building has an area of 120,000 square feet and replaced the current Central Telegraph Office at Flora Fountain as the new GPO. The chief feature of the architecture of building is an ethereal central hall which rises up to the great dome. As the chief post office of the city, the post office handles huge volumes of mail, the GPO has the Postal Index Number 400001. Due to its vicinity to Victoria Terminus, it is situated to dispatch and receive mail to. It also controls the smaller post offices in Mumbai, issues stamps and it also has a philately section for enthusiasts. The Great War of 1914-18 details are displayed on the marble plaque and this plaque indicates the date of completion of the building in 1913. The total cost was Rs.18,09,000 Rupees
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Ghatkopar
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Ghatkopar is a suburb in eastern Mumbai. The area is served by the station on the Central Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Ghatkopar was a quaint village in 1920’s and 30’s and it came under Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. It was not a part of Mumbai, mumbais limits were up to Sion only and Ghatkopar came under district Mumbai Suburban. Like all small community centers, Ghatkopar also had just one road connecting it to Mumbai on the South-side. It was surrounded by creeks and hills, there are two popularly known theories for the name Ghatkopar, It derived its name from the fact that it was the Kopara of Western Ghats - Ghat-kopra. Gram deiwait of Chembur is Ghatoba, his temple is opposite to Glass factory currently opposite to shopper stop in the premises of petrol pump, the Name Ghatkoper is dervred in Marathi is corner of Ghatoba temple. The native of chemburities worship Ghatoba on ospecian occasion, Ghatkopar was inhabited mainly by Marathi people. But Then Migrants who came from Gujarat to Mumbai in need of good, population was sparse and everyone knew each other. It was a close knit family, the streets were without electric lights, and were lit with petromax lights which was lit by a man coming in every evening to light them up in every street. Roads were metal roads raised in the middle so that the water could slope down into the gutters. Roads were sprinkled with water by the vans of municipality twice in the mornings and evenings, by 1916, Ghatkopar had developed sufficiently that a municipal council for Ghatkopar-Kirol was set up. The administration was in charge of a Collector with the Suburban District, in 1945, Ghatkopar was absorbed into Greater Mumbai. One of the places in the west is the Sarvodaya temple. The hospital also houses the Hindu Sabha Library, which has a large membership and large collection of Gujarati books. Jagdusha Nagar is one of the prime developed location in the west and it is named after a famous 13th century, philanthropist and merchant named Sheth Jagdu Shah, who had stored food grains in his vast warehouses and opened the same for common people during drought. Around 60% of families are Jains, famous School by name North Bombay Welfare Societys High School is also located in this area. Another popular residential area in the west is Amrut Nagar, popular colonies within Amrut Nagar that have existed since many years are the ONGC colony, BEST quarters, Sagar Park, BTRA quarters, among others
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Vikhroli
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Vikhroli is a suburb of Mumbai. The suburb has a station by the same name on the Central Railway line. The station was built just before Indias independence in 1947 to cater to the needs of the sprawling Godrej Complex in the vicinity, the railway line runs through the suburb dividing it into East and West, like many other areas in Mumbai. Vikhroli lies in the North East of Mumbai and provides access to all suburbs through the roads that run through it. The Eastern Express Highway connects it to Thane, Dadar, Chembur and it is well connected by L. B. S. Marg, formerly called Agra Road, on its part, to Bandra, Jogeshwari. Around 80 percent of the population residing in Vikhroli are families of Godrej Employees making it a close knit town. Kannamwar Nagar on the side of the railway station is known for buildings built by the Maharashtra Housing. Kannamwar Nagar holds the record of being the largest residential colony in Asia, for years, the Vikhroli telephone exchange covered the vast area network from Ghatkopar to Thane. The popular bus routes operating from this suburb are 394 and 397,353,354,388 and 185, from vikhroli west, Route No 7387 Parksite to Ghatkopar Railway Station is the most patronised. Vikhroli is one of the suburb of Eastern Mumbai. Kannamwar Nagar is also one of the 56 Transit Camps developed by MHADA in Mumbai, builders such as Godrej are approaching to change the face of Vikhroli. Tagore nagar open Vegetable market is the cheapest and fresh produce of vegetables, in the next 5 years Tagore Nagar will be an emerging locality as many builders are eyeing on its development. Parksite is well known for its population living together in harmony. There are 28 Municipal Buildings in Parksite Colony and several B. M. C, the slum is the biggest problem for Parksite Colony. Many re developers are trying to develop Parksite and get it slum free, there are also buildings coming up called Mayfair Hillcrest, by the Mayfair group. They are buildings of 18 story with swimming pool and other amenities and this is located in Kailash Complex road which connects Vikhroli to Powai. Godrej Memorial Hospital Emergency Ambulance, +9102225749400, sunil Tiwari has done Bsc in physics first class, got master degree from The Institute Of Science, CST
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Bhandup
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The word Bhandup is derived from the name Bhandupeshwar, which is one of the names of Lord Shiva. An old temple dedicated to Lord Shiva - the Bhandupeshwar Mahadev Mandir - still stands in Bhandup West, Bhandup is one of the oldest suburbs in Mumbai. Bhandup is home to Shivaji Talao, or Shivaji Lake, named after the great Maratha ruler, at the lake, hordes of Ganapati devotees immerse idols of the elephant god Ganesh during the months of August through September. Bhandupeshwar Kundh in Bhandup Village East near the Eastern Express Highway also has hordes of Ganapati devotees immersing idols of the elephant god during the same season, the residents of Bhandup are the original inhabitants of Mumbai. They consist of Agri and Koli as their sub caste and they are referred to be the Zamindars of Bombay State from 1830 till 1958. Bhandup has Asias biggest water filtration plant, kanjurmarg and Nahur almost blend into Bhandup without clear demarcation. The first train ran from Victoria Terminus to Thane halted at Bhandup station. It is the nearest railway station, about four miles, to Tulsi Lake, the Kanheri caves lie 2 miles beyond Tulsi, but the road from Borivli station on the Baroda railway though not so pretty is shorter and easier. In 1803, on payment of a quit-rent, the East India Company granted the part of Bhandup. In 1817, Mr. Ashburner sold the estate, together with the contract for supplying the government rum, to his manager Mr. Kavasji Mankeji Ashburner for a sum of £50,000. In 1832, machinery was brought from England to work the distillery, Mr. Bell, in his excise report dated 1 October 1869 wrote, The Bhandup distillery was started to supply European troops with rum. Besides to the troops, considerable quantities of rum found its way to Bombay, in 1857, the government stopped the rum contract and the distillery ceased to prosper and shut down in 1878. It was re-opened in 1879-80 but has again been closed, a copper-plate found near Bhandup, about 1835, records the grant by Chhitarajadev Silhara in AD1026 of a field in the village of Nour, the modern Naura, two miles north of Bhandup. Other villages mentioned in the grant are Gomvanni, probably the modern Govhan, the boundary of the field to the north and east was a main road, or rajapatha, which apparently ran from Thana much along the line of the present Bombay-Thana road. The Silaharas, also known as Shilahara, were a mixture of people from Dravidian ancestry, the Silaharas promoted the socio-economic progress in the 11th century around Bombay. To control the regions in Bombay and Thane, the built the Rajapatha, passing from the north of Bhandup, historical records indicate that the distillery at Bhandup was one of the two biggest sources of liquor in the Bombay Presidency. At Uran, Chembur and Bhandup there are liquor distilleries on a scale than any in the rest of the Presidency. All these factories are in the Tanna Collectorate, and have doubtless sprung up in that district owing to its vicinity to the Presidency town, the customs revenue has already been treated of, and that which is derived from the distilleries above mentioned will be shown hereafter
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Reay Road railway station
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Reay Road is a railway station on the Harbour Line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. The station is a Grade-I heritage structure, the other 4 stations on Mumbais heritage list include Byculla, Bandra, CST and Churchgate. Reay Road was named after Lord Reay, Governor of Bombay between 1885 and 1890 and it was opened in 1910 and was originally used as a terminus for the Kurla-Reay Road harbour line. Commuters had to take a tram to continue the journey to Bombay, the letters GIPR can be seen on either side of the station. GIPR is the abbreviation for Great Indian Peninsula Railway, the first rail line in India, the platforms at the station are currently 200m long and will be extended another 65m to allow 12 car trains on the Harbour Line. The track passes under a road connecting both sides of the station platform, britannia, a famous brand of baked goods has a bakery in this area. A forging mill is present next to the railway station, the station gives access for many Iron goods stockists in the area. These Stockists stock iron beams, rods, plates etc. in the nearby warehouses and this place is also a source for traders who depend on the ship breaking industry
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Premier (company)
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Premier Ltd. is a manufacturer of vehicles based in Mumbai, India. The company is owned by the Walchand Group, Walchand established Premier Ltd. with the encouragement and support of architect of modern India, Sir. In October 1947 Premier Ltd. manufactured the first Indian made trucks, in the early years, quality was considered good by both Chrysler and the Indian Department of Defense. In 1949, parts were being made in India, starting with simpler components, two companies made parts for these vehicles, Premier and Hindustan Motors of Calcutta. The early years of Premier and Hindustan were marked by low sales, due to the size of the market, only about 20,000 vehicles per year were made in India. Premier licensed and manufactured a version of the Fiat 1100 D, the car was initially marketed as a Fiat and subsequently as the Premier Padmini with a 40 hp 1100 cc engine and manufactured at the now defunct Kurla factory in suburban Mumbai. Later models included the Premier 118NE, a version of the 1960s Fiat 124 built in a factory at Kalyan. The 118NE was considered a luxury car in India until the influx of modern cars in the 1990s. With market liberalisation, Premier teamed up with Peugeot to build a model of the popular Peugeot 309 in India. Initial demand was high but labour problems and poor dealer service led to problems which were compounded when Premier also aligned with Fiat to manufacture the Fiat Uno, Peugeot pulled out of the venture around 2001 after only a few thousand cars sold. Labour and service issues also plagued the Fiat venture and a strike finally caused the plant to shut around 2001, Fiat and Premier faced severe criticism in media. There were various criminal cases against its promoters and the courts of India were flooded with complaints for non-refund of the car booking. The promoters of Premier Automobiles have also been confronted with cases in various consumer courts of India under section 27 of the Consumer Protection Act. A customer association based at Gujarat - Rajkot called Pal Car Customer Association – has made various representations against the Premier Automobiles Ltd, in November 2004, Premier restarted operations by building a small diesel powered van called the Sigma. It was based on a 1980s Mitsubishi Varica design licensed from China Motor in Taiwan, the production version, as finally presented in late 2004, instead had a Hindustan-built 2-liter Isuzu diesel unit. It has 58 hp and is mated to a manual gearbox. A multitude of versions have since been developed, and as of December 2009 the engine has been replaced by a 1.5 liter IDI diesel or by the CNG-powered 1. 8-liter 4ZB1. The facelift also meant improved suspension, there was also a pickup version of the Sigma, called the Premier Roadstar
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