1.
Koppa, India
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Koppa is a panchayat town in Chikkamagaluru district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The town is renowned as Kashmir of Karnataka for its famous arecanut, coffee, arabica and Robusta varieties of coffee are grown here. Koppa extends over 22 Gram Panchayats, one Town Panchayat and 3 Hobilis, megunda Hobili, in particular, is famous for Coffee. A number of tea processing centres - in Bappunji, Karkikonda, Koradihitlu, Alageshwara, bhandigadi is famous for arecanut and paddy cultivation and also for shakatapuram shree mutt. Koppa is located at 12. 55°N75. 35°E /12.55,75.35 and it has an average elevation of 763 metres. Koppa, situated at a distance of 32KM from Agumbe has a rainy season starting from June. Coffee and Tea plantations attract a number of tourists to enjoy the great climate & scenic beauty. Home-stays inside these estates have become must visit places, according to the recent survey conducted by an authorized department Chickamagalur stands first in the quality of School education in the state. Being an integral part of the district, Koppa contributes significantly in the field of education and it is the hub of many institutions too. First Grade College, Sri Venkateshwara Vidya Mandira, Sri Sharadha Vidya Mandira, S. S. V. N, G. J. C, St Josephs, St. Norberts, Nachiketha, the education is available both in Kannada as well as English medium. Here are the talents who have represented Koppa in state. Former Education Minister of Karnataka, Late Mr HG Govinde Gowda, as of 2001 India census, Koppa had a population of 19,226. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%, Koppa has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 79%. In Koppa, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age
2.
Chikmagalur district
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Chikkamagaluru is a district in the state of Karnataka. Coffee was first cultivated in India in Chikkamagaluru, the mountains in Chikkamagaluru which are a part of the Western Ghats are the source of rivers like Tunga and Bhadra. Mullayanagiri, which is the highest peak in Karnataka is located in the district and it is also a tourists paradise containing hill stations like Kemmanagundi and Kudremukh and waterfalls like Manikyadhara, Hebbe, Kallathigiri. Chikkamagaluru district has a history as is seen in the Hoysala temple at Amrithapura. Wildlife enthusiasts would be interested in the Kudremukh National Park and Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary present in this district, Chikkamagaluru district gets its name from its headquarters of Chikkamagaluru town. It is alternatively spelt as Chickmagalur or Chikmagalur, Chikkamagaluru literally means The town of the younger daughter in the Kannada language. The town is said to have given as a dowry to the younger daughter of Rukmangada. As one can guess, there is indeed a town called Hiremagaluru which means The town of the elder daughter which is about 5 km from Chikkamagaluru town, Chikkamagaluru is the region where the Hoysala rulers started and spent the early days of their dynasty. According to a legend, it was at Sosevur, now identified with Angadi in Mudigere Taluk that Sala and it is known that Veera Ballala II, the great king of Hoysala empire, has built the Amriteshwara temple at Amrithapura in Tarikere Taluk. Coffee was introduced into India through the Chikkamagaluru district when the first coffee crop was grown in the Baba Budan Giri Hills during 1670 AD. According to the article Origins of Coffee, the saint Baba Budan on his pilgrimage to Mecca travelled through the seaport of Mocha, to introduce its taste to India, he wrapped seven coffee beans around his belly and got them out of Arabia. On his return home, he planted the beans in the hills of Chikkamagaluru, Chikkamagaluru, the headquarters of Chikkamagaluru district, is 251 km from the state capital of Bengaluru, and is surrounded by the Chandra Drona hills and dense forests. The district is between 12° 54´ 42´´ and 13° 53´ 53´´ North latitude and between 75° 04´ 46´´ and 76° 21´ 50´´ east longitude and its greatest length from east to west is about 138.4 kilometers and from north to south 88.5 kilometers. The district receives normal average rainfall of 1925 mm, the highest point in the district is Mullayanagiri,1926 mts. above sea level which is also the highest point in the state of Karnataka. 30% of the district is covered with forests, the district borders Shimoga to the north, Davanagere to the north-east, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts to the east, Hassan to the south, Dakshina Kannada to the south-west and Udupi to the west. The rivers Bhadra, Tunga, Hemavathi, Netravati, and Vedavathi flow all year round, the district is rich in iron, magnetite and granite deposits. Black soil is found around Baba Budan Giri Hills whereas Red, according to the 2011 census Chikkamagaluru district has a population of 1,137,753, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 408th in India, the district has a population density of 158 inhabitants per square kilometre
3.
Kingdom of Mysore
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The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the kingdom became independent, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Kingdom of Travancore, success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. Following Tipus death in the war of 1799, large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British. The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance, the Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore acceded to the Union of India. Even as a state, Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanized regions of India. This period also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art, the Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters, they were enthusiastic patrons as well, and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today. According to traditional accounts, the kingdom originated as a state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya and Krishnaraya. Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate, while some historians posit a northern origin at Dwaraka, Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi, the local princess and assumed the feudal title Wodeyar, which the ensuing dynasty retained. The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565, by this time, the kingdom had expanded to thirty-three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers. Raja Wodeyar Is reign also saw expansion with the annexation of Channapatna to the north from Jaggadeva Raya – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with. This was in marked contrast to the chiefs of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri well into the 1630s. The invasion of the Keladi Nayakas of Malnad was also dealt with successfully and this period was followed by one of complex geo-political changes, when in the 1670s, the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan. Chikka Devaraja, the most notable of Mysores early kings, who ruled during much of period, managed to not only survive the exigencies. He achieved this by forging alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. The kingdom soon grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east, Hassan to the west, Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north, the conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare. According to historians Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Sethu Madhava Rao, Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal empire, mughul records claim a regular tribute was paid by Mysore
4.
Mysore
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Mysore, officially renamed as Mysuru, is the third most populous and the third largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located in the foothills of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km southwest of the state capital Bangalore, according to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population is 887,446. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district. Mysore served as the city of the Kingdom of Mysore for nearly six centuries. The Kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, with a period of interregnum in the 1860s and 70s when Hyder Ali. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the growth of the city. The cultural ambiance and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural Capital of Karnataka, tourism is the major industry alongside the traditional industries. Mysores inter-city public transportation solely includes rail and bus, flights, however, among many others to be first in, Mysore was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore University is headquartered in Mysore, which has produced several notable scientists, authors, politicians, actors, singers, cricket and lawn tennis are the most popular sports in the city. The name Mysore is a version of Mahishūru, which means the abode of Mahisha in the vernacular Kannada. He was killed by the Goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills, mahishapura later became Mahisūru, and finally came to be anglicised as Mysore by the British and Maisūru/Mysuru in the vernacular Kannada language. In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the English name of the city to Mysuru and this was approved by the Government of India in October 2014 and Mysore was renamed to Mysuru on November 1,2014. The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century, the Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III, who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV. Since the 16th century, the name of Mahishūru has commonly used to denote the city. The Mysore Kingdom, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. Seringapatam, near Mysore, was the capital of the kingdom from 1610, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty, the landlocked interior of the previous Mysore Kingdom was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown. The former Wodeyar rulers were reinstated as puppet monarchs, now styled Maharajas, the British administration was assisted locally by Diwan Purnaiah
5.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
6.
Kannada
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The language has roughly 40 million native speakers who are called Kannadigas, and a total of 50.8 million speakers according to a 2001 census. It is one of the languages of India and the official. The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script, Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. Kannada has a literary history of over a thousand years. Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the ministry of culture, in July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language, and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford B, steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods, Old Kannada from 450–1200 CE, Middle Kannada from 1200–1700, and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present. Kannada is influenced to an extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other such as Prakrit and Pali can also be found in the Kannada language. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times, the vernacular Prakrit-speaking people may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant influence from these languages, some examples of naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are, baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, hunnime from puṇṇivā. Examples of naturalized Sanskrit words in Kannada are, varṇa, arasu from rajan, paurṇimā, Kannada has numerous borrowed words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa and anna. Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada. According to Jain tradition, Brahmi, the daughter of Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara of Jainism, invented 18 alphabets, including Kannada, which points to the antiquity of the language. Supporting this tradition, an inscription of about the 9th century CE, containing specimens of different alphabets and it has been claimed that the Greek dramatists of the 5th–4th century BCE were familiar with the Kannada country and language. This would show a far more intimate contact of the Greeks with Kannada culture than with Indian culture elsewhere, the palm manuscripts contained texts written not only in Greek, Latin and Hebrew, but also in Sanskrit and Kannada. In the 150 CE Prakrit book Gaathaa Saptashati, written by Haala Raja, Kannada words like tIr, tuppa, on the Pallava Prakrit inscription of 250 CE of Hire Hadagalis Shivaskandavarman, the Kannada word kOTe transforms into koTTa. In the 350 CE Chandravalli Prakrit inscription, words of Kannada origin like punaaTa, in one more Prakrit inscription of 250 CE found in Malavalli, Kannada towns like vEgooraM, kundamuchchaMDi find a reference. Pliny the Elder was a naval and army commander in the early Roman Empire and he writes about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias
7.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
8.
Modern Kannada literature
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Modern Kannada literature refers to the body of literature written in the Kannada language, a language spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka. The Kannada script is the system used in Kannada literature. In the last forty years, eight modern Kannada authors have been awarded the Jnanpith award, in addition, the Sahitya Akademi Award, the second-highest award for literature granted by the Government of India, has been conferred upon Kannada writers fifty times. Kempu Narayanas Mudramanjusha can be considered the first modern novel, anterior to English influence on Kannada, though inspired by Vishakhadattas Sanskrit original Mudrarakshasa, the work displays a creativity of its own. The impetus to modern literature came from a Western-style education and the Christian missionaries who relied on the language to propagate the gospel. The arrival of the press was a catalyst to this process. Among the several early Kannada publications, the first Kannada-English dictionary by Ferdinand Kittel is noteworthy, B. L. Rice edited and published ancient Kannada classics and compiled a brief history of Kannada literature, while J. H. Fleet compiled a collection of ballads including the well-known Sangoli Rayana Dange. The most outstanding poet of this period, whose poems were reminiscent of the medieval mystic Kannada poetry, was Sisunala Sharief. In the latter half of the 19th century, progress towards original works in prose narratives initially gained momentum through translations from Sanskrit, English, Marathi, early dramatic literatures were translations from Sanskrit and English. With the standardization of modern prose, the earliest original social fictions were Suryakantha by Lakshman Gadagkar, with the theme being reform, the latter work critically examines social issues, reflecting an awakening. Original plays carrying the theme include, among others, the Iggappa Heggadeya Vivaha Prahasana by Suri Venkataramana Sastri. Nanadalike Lakshminarayana wrote two important prose pieces, Adbhuta Ramayana and Ramaswamedham, the transition from the age of verse to prose may be summed up with Muddannas proclamation poetry deserves killing whereas prose reaches the heart. With the turn of the 20th century, B. M and this period can be considered a seed time, for a golden age to come. His adaptation of lyrics from English were effective, the best known among his works being the English Geethagalu, a seminal work that set the trend for Navodaya Kannada poetry to come. Other notable poets who were able to evolve new metrics out of old ones were Masti Venkatesh Iyengar in his poem of love and tragedy, the consolidation of modern drama was pioneered by T. P. Kailasam, a towering personality in the field, with his Tollu Gatti. In contrast to the earlier Indira Bai, this work examines the education system from a Gandhian viewpoint. Kailasam followed this with Tali Kattoke Cooline, a story that criticizes the dowry system in marriage, kailasams plays were mainly concerned with problems effecting middle class Brahmin families, the dowry system, religious persecution, woes in the extended family system and exploitation of women
9.
Padma Vibhushan
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The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, preceded by Bharat Ratna and followed by Padma Bhushan. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for exceptional and distinguished service, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The award criteria include service in any field including service rendered by Government servants including doctors and scientists, as of 2017, the award has been bestowed on 300 individuals, including twelve posthumous and 19 non-citizen recipients. During 1 May and 15 September of every year, the recommendations for the award are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, the committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval. The award recipients are announced on Republic Day, the first recipients of the award were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, and V. K. Krishna Menon, who were honoured in 1954. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was modified in the January 1955 statute. The Padma Vibhushan, along with other personal civil honours, was suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980. Some of the recipients have refused or returned their conferments, on 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards, the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister, both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being titles per an interpretation of Article 18 of the Constitution of India. On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges, A. M. Ahmadi C. J. Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the Bharat Ratna, the award is conferred for exceptional and distinguished service, without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, the Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for further approval. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette, the original 1954 specifications of the award called for a circle made of gold gilt 1 3⁄8 inches in diameter, with rims on both sides. A floral wreath was embossed along the edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the side with the text Desh Seva in Devanagari Script on the lower edge. The medal was suspended by a pink riband 1 1⁄4 inches in width divided into two segments by a white vertical line. A year later, the design was modified, the current decoration is a circular-shaped bronze toned medallion 1 3⁄4 inches in diameter and 1⁄8 inch thick
10.
Jnanpith Award
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The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their outstanding contribution towards literature. Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English, with no posthumous conferral. The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal, the award has been conferred upon fifty-seven writers including seven women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti, the most recent recipient of the award is Bengali poet and critic Shankha Ghosh who was awarded for the year 2016. Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, the idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963, however, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee. The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, Niharranjan Ray, Karan Singh, R. R. Diwakar, V. Raghavan, gopal Reddy, Harekrushna Mahatab, Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award, the nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors, Kazi Nazrul Islam, D. V. Gundappa, Viswanatha Satyanarayana, and G. Sankara Kurup. On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of Saraswati, in his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane. The nominations for the award are received from various experts, teachers, critics, universities. Every three years, a committee is constituted for each of the languages. The language of the most recent recipients work is not eligible for consideration for the two years. Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages, All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board. The Selection Board consists of seven and eleven members of high repute and integrity. Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms. The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a year is announced by the Selection Board
11.
Poornachandra Tejaswi
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At early stages of his writing career, Tejaswi wrote poems but later concentrated on short stories, novels and essays. Poornachandra Tejaswi has a style of writing which has heralded a new era in Kannada literature. Tejaswi was born on 8 September 1938 in Kuppali in Shimoga district of Karnataka, although he was the son of Rashtrakavi Kuvempu, he came out of his fathers shadow and established his own image at an early age. Apart from literature he was involved in painting, photography and philosophy. He was a keen learner of nature and his favourite pastime was to roam around in the forests of western ghats and he has 2 daughters Susmitha and Eshanye who are software professionals. His wife Rajeshwari stays in Niruttara, Mudigere, Tejaswi has written in almost all forms of literature including poems, short stories, novels, travel literature, plays and science fiction. Nature and incidents related to nature enjoy major roles in most of his works, one of the most popular writers in Kannada, Tejaswis works have continued to remain popular, going into multiple prints and often topping readers charts. Karvalo is one such novel where the author participates in an adventure of discovering a flying lizard in the forests of Western Ghats. Tejaswi has translated a number of English books to Kannada enriching the depth of Kannada literature and his famous translations include the series on Kenneth Andersons hunting expeditions and Henri Charrières Papillon. Tejaswi wrote his first novel, Kaadu Mattu Kraurya, when he was a 24-year-old in 1962, the novel is expected to be in print for the first time towards the end of 2012. He had initially planned to name this work Nalini but later decided to go by its present title, Tejaswi was inspired to write the novel after visiting his wife Rajeshwaris maternal home in the forested Malnad region of Karnataka. Hosa Vicharagalu At the end of the millennium Tejaswi undertook a gigantic task of bringing some of the greatest works of twentieth century, the collection of publishing were called the Millennium series. It is in volumes 1 to 16.00 p. m, Tejaswi heralded a new wave, when he compiled Kuvempus Sri Ramayana Darshanam in Kuvempus handwriting. The Government of Karnataka aided the effort with grants, but the cost of the book was high, a controversy started in early 2004 demanding inducting Madhwacharyas name in Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate, written by Kuvempu. Tejaswi, as son of Kuvempu and holder of copyrights of Kuvempus articles, while some intellectuals condemned the daubing incident of Belgaum Mayor Vijay Mores face with black paint on 11 November 2005, Tejaswi rhetorically asked if More deserved Fair & Lovely instead. Tejaswi had a great appetite and was known for his fondness for good food, Poornachandra Tejaswis, Annana Nenapu, although not an autobiography, extensively narrates his childhood and early life. Nanna Tejaswi is a written by Poornachandra Tejaswis wife, Rajeshwari. Kaadina santa Tejaswi by Dhananjay Jeevala, Kannada Kannada literature TEJASWI VISMAYA – To Realize Poornachandra Tejaswis Life – Literature – Thoughts Poornachandra Tejaswi at the Internet Movie Database Pampa Award to Tejaswi in 2001
12.
Kannada literature
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Kannada literature is the corpus of written forms of the Kannada language, a member of the Dravidian family spoken mainly in the Indian state of Karnataka and written in the Kannada script. Attestations in literature span something like one and a half millennia, with some literary works surviving in rich manuscript traditions. Although much of the prior to the 18th century was religious. The Veerashaiva movement of the 12th century created new literature which flourished alongside the Jain works, after the decline of the Vijayanagara empire in the 16th century, Kannada literature was supported by the various rulers, including the Wodeyars of the Kingdom of Mysore and the Nayakas of Keladi. In the 19th century, some forms, such as the prose narrative, the novel. In the early period and beginning of the period, between the 9th and 13th centuries, writers were predominantly Jains and Lingayats. Jains were the earliest known cultivators of Kannada literature, which dominated until the 12th century. Jain authors wrote about Tirthankaras and other aspects of religion, the Veerashaiva authors wrote about Shiva, his 25 forms, and the expositions of Shaivism. Lingayat poets belonging to the vachana sahitya tradition advanced the philosophy of Basava from the 12th century, thereafter, Lingayat and Vaishnava writers dominated Kannada literature. Vaishnava writers focused on the Hindu epics - the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the devotional songs of the Haridasa poets, performed to music, were first noted in the 15th century. Writings on secular subjects remained popular throughout this period, writings eulogising kings, commanders and spiritual heroes waned, with a proportional increase in the use of local genres. The champu Sanskritic metre was the most popular written form from the 9th century onwards, other Sanskritic metres used were the saptapadi, the ashtaka and the shataka. There were numerous translations and adaptations of Sanskrit writings into Kannada and, to a lesser extent, the medieval period saw the development of literary metres indigenous to the Kannada language. These included the tripadi, one of the oldest native metres, the shatpadi, of six types exist, the ragale, the sangatya. There were rare interactions with Tamil literature, as well, though religious literature was prominent, literary genres including romance, fiction, erotica, satire, folk songs, fables and parables, musical treatises and musical compositions were popular. The topics of Kannada literature included grammar, philosophy, prosody, rhetoric, chronicles, biography, history, drama and cuisine, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias. According to critic Joseph T. Shipley, over fifty works on subjects including medicine, mathematics. Kannada literature of this period was written on palm leaves
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Government of Karnataka
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The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister, Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions,49 sub-divisions,30 districts,176 taluks and 747 hoblies/revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes. The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations, Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis, urban agglomerations and cities in India. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world, Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of an elected to the council is six years. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years, the government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the head of the state. The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers, the council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the secretary, who is the head of the administrative services. As of 2012, the Government of Karnataka consists of 30 ministers, the present Chief Minister of Karnataka is Siddaramaiah. List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka |- Housing M. Krishnappa is a system in the state with elected bodies at the village, taluk. It ensures greater participation of people and more implementation of rural development programmes. There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages, a taluk level, all the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils. S the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, in 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka. Chairmen S G Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members, joint secretory of the committee Dr. Revaiah Odeyar. This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections, a district of an Indian state is an administrat, headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service, a Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district
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National poet
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A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, most national poets are historic figures, though a few contemporary writers working in relatively new or revived national literatures are also considered national poets. Some nations may have more than one poet, the idea of a single one is always a simplification. The following is a list of nations, with their associated national poets and it is not a list of sovereign states or countries, though many of the nations listed may also be such. The terms nation, country and state are not synonyms, marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer, eds
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Ramayana
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The Ramayana is an ancient Indian epic poem which narrates the struggle of the divine prince Rama to rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana. Along with the Mahabharata, it forms the Sanskrit Itihasa, the Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. It consists of nearly 24,000 verses, divided into seven Kandas, in Hindu tradition, it is considered to be the adi-kavya. It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife. The Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Hindu life, like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana is not just a story, it presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements. The name Ramayana is a compound of the name Rāma and ayana. According to Hindu tradition—and according to the Ramayana itself—the epic belongs to the genre of itihasa like Mahabharata, the definition of itihāsa is a narrative of past events which includes teachings on the goals of human life. According to Hindu tradition, Ramayana takes place during a period of known as Treta Yuga. In its extant form, Valmikis Ramayana is a poem of some 24,000 verses. The text survives in several thousand partial and complete manuscripts, the oldest of which is a manuscript found in Nepal. A Times of India report dated 18 December 2015 informs about discovery of a 6th-century manuscript of the Ramayana at the Asiatic Society library, the Ramayana text has several regional renderings, recensions and subrecensions. Goldman differentiates two major regional recensions, the northern and the southern, scholar Romesh Chunder Dutt writes that the Ramayana, like the Mahabharata, is a growth of centuries, but the main story is more distinctly the creation of one mind. There has been discussion as to whether the first and the last chapters of Valmikis Ramayana were composed by the original author. Most Hindus still believe they are parts of the book, in spite of some style differences. Some cultural evidence, such as the presence of sati in Mahabharata but not in the body of Ramayana. By tradition, the text belongs to the Treta Yuga, second of the four eons of Hindu chronology, Rama is said to have been born in the Treta yuga to king Dasharatha in the Ikshvaku dynasty. The names of the characters are all known in late Vedic literature, however, nowhere in the surviving Vedic poetry is there a story similar to the Ramayana of Valmiki. Also, in the epic Mahabharata, there is a version of Ramayana known as Ramopakhyana and this version is depicted as a narration to Yudhishthira
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Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate
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Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate is a Kannada poem, which was composed by the Indian Kannadiga poet Kuvempu. The poem was officially declared the anthem of the Indian state of Karnataka on January 6,2004. The official version of the song is as follows, ಜಯ ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ, ಜಯ ಸುಂದರ ನದಿ ವನಗಳ ನಾಡೇ, ಜಯ ಹೇ ರಸಋಷಿಗಳ ಬೀಡೆ. ಜಯ ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ, ಜಯ ಹೇ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಮಾತೆ, ಜನನಿಯ ಜೋಗುಳ ವೇದದ ಘೋಷ, ಜನನಿಗೆ ಜೀವವು ನಿನ್ನಾವೇಶ. ಹಸುರಿನ ಗಿರಿಗಳ ಸಾಲೇ, ನಿನ್ನಯ ಕೊರಳಿನ ಮಾಲೆ, ಕಪಿಲ ಪತಂಜಲ ಗೌತಮ ಜಿನನುತ, ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ. ಶಂಕರ ರಾಮಾನುಜ ವಿದ್ಯಾರಣ್ಯ, ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರ ಮಧ್ವರ ದಿವ್ಯಾರಣ್ಯ, ರನ್ನ ಷಡಕ್ಷರಿ ಪೊನ್ನ, ಪಂಪ ಲಕುಮಿಪತಿ ಜನ್ನ. ನಾನಕ ರಮಾನಂದ ಕಬೀರರ, ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ, ತೈಲಪ ಹೊಯ್ಸಳರಾಳಿದ ನಾಡೆ, ಡಂಕಣ ಜಕಣರ ನೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಬೀಡೆ. ಕೃಷ್ಣ ಶರಾವತಿ ತುಂಗಾ, ಕಾವೇರಿಯ ವರ ರಂಗ, ಚೈತನ್ಯ ಪರಮಹಂಸ ವಿವೇಕರ ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ, ಸರ್ವಜನಾಂಗದ ಶಾಂತಿಯ ತೋಟ, ರಸಿಕರ ಕಂಗಳ ಸೆಳೆಯುವ ನೋಟ. ಹಿಂದೂ ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಮುಸಲ್ಮಾನ, ಪಾರಸಿಕ ಜೈನರುದ್ಯಾನ ಜನಕನ ಹೋಲುವ ದೊರೆಗಳ ಧಾಮ, ಗಾಯಕ ವೈಣಿಕರಾರಾಮ, ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ, ಜಯ ಹೇ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಮಾತೆ. ಜಯ ಸುಂದರ ನದಿ ವನಗಳ ನಾಡೆ, ಜಯ ಹೇ ರಸಋಷಿಗಳ ಬೀಡೆ, victory to you Mother Karnataka, the daughter of Mother India. Hail the land of rivers and forests, hail the abode of saints. You are a new jewel in the crown of Goddess Earth, mine of beautiful gold, victory to you Mother Karnataka the daughter of Mother India where Rama and Krishna had their incarnations. Resonance of the Vedas is your Mother’s lullaby for you, rows of green mountains are your necklaces. Victory to you Mother Karnataka, the daughter of Mother India who is hailed by Kapila, Patañjali, Gautama and you are a sacred forest where Shankara, Ramanuja, Vidyaranya, Basaveswara and Madhva dwelt. You are the abode where Ranna, Shadakshari, Ponna, Pampa, Lakshmisa. You are the resting place of many a poet-nightingales. Victory to Mother Karnataka, the daughter of Mother India the progenitor of Nanak, Ramananda and this is the land ruled by Tailapa and Hoysalas, and affectionate hometown for Dankana and Jakkana. This land is the stage for Krishna, Sharavathi, Tunga
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Kuppalli
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Kuppali, also known as Kuppalli, is a small village in Thirthahalli taluk of Shimoga district in the state of Karnataka in India. It is famous for being the birthplace and childhood home of the renowned Kannada playwright, indeed, this pen-name Kuvempu pays homage to the authors home, created as it is from the first letters from his full name Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa. Kuppali is also the birthplace of Poornachandra Tejaswi, the son of Kuvempu and it is also the place where Kuvempu and Poornachandra Tejaswi have been cremated. The childhood home of Kuvempu at Kuppali has been converted into a museum by Rashtrakavi Kuvempu Pratishtana and this trust has undertaken immense developmental works in Kuppali to showcase Kuvempu and his works to the external world. Kuvempu was born in Hirekodige, Koppa taluk, of Chikmagalur district to a native Kannada family and he was brought up in Kuppali. His education started at his home by a teacher from Dakshina Kannada. He joined Anglo Vernacular school in Tirthahalli to continue his school education. He lost his father Venkatappa Gowda when he was only 12, Kuvempu finished his lower and secondary education in Kannada and English in Tirthahalli. He moved to Mysore for further education and completed his school from Weslian high school. He pursued his studies in Maharaja College of Mysore. Kavishaila is a monument made of megalithic rocks and dedicated to Kuvempu. It is on the top of a hill in Kuppali. Arranged in a fashion, the rocks have been placed to resemble the Stonehenge in England. At the centre of this monument is the place where Kuvempu was laid to rest after his death. Near this monument, is a rock where Kuvempu used to sit and discuss about literature. A rock containing the signatures of Kuvempu, B. M. Srikantaiah. Later engraved his signature on the same rock, the scenery around this place is breathtaking. Kavimane means House of the poet in the Kannada language, nestled in the midst of green forests of Malnad, the house presents a scintillating view
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Thirthahalli
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Thirthahalli is a panchayat town located in the Shimoga District of the state of Karnataka, India. It lies on the bank of the river Tunga and is also the headquarters of the Thirthahalli Taluk of Shimoga district, according to a Hindu legend, the sage Parashurama beheaded Renukas head with an axe on the orders of his father, the great sage Jamadagni. This place is now called Parashurama Thirtha and is the origin of the name Thirthahalli, near RamaThirtha, there is a stone Mantapa called Rama Mantapa. This legend has made Thirthahalli a holy place for Hindus, who believe that a dip in the river Tunga will cure one of all sins. Another legend set in the time of Ramayana, indicates that Maricha, a relative of the Lanka king Ravana came disguised as a deer to enchant Sita. When Sita asked Rama to get her the deer, Rama followed the deer and this incident is supposed to have happened near a place called Mrugavadhe in Thirthahalli Taluk. Mrugavadhe means Killing of an animal in the local Sanskrit language, Thirthahalli has a rich archaeological history with Neolithic sites uncovered in Kundadri Hills near Agumbe and portholed burial chambers found at Arehalli near Thirthahalli. A fort was constructed at Kavaledurga, near Thirthahalli at around 9th century AD, the king of Belagutti, Cheluvarangappa strengthened this fort in the 14th century. Venkatappa Nayaka, a Keladi king, acquired this fort and constructed seven battlements to protect fort in the 16th century. Hyder Ali conquered this fort in the 18th century and later the fort came under the rule of Tipu Sultan, Thirthahalli is located at 13. 7°N75. 23°E /13.7,75.23. It has an elevation of 591 metres. It is located in the midst of the forests of the Western Ghats. Thirthahalli is 60 kilometres from the headquarters, Shimoga. The National Highway NH-13 provides access to other cities, the nearest railway station is in Shimoga. Numerous trains run from Bangalore and Mysore to Shimoga, traveling for North Udupi railway station is the major one. The nearest airport is Mangalore International Airport, Tunga Bridge The Tunga Bridge, also called Jayachamarajendra Bridge, is a bridge connecting Thirthahalli to Kuruvalli. This bridge has a structure at the top which is supported by consecutive pillars on either side of the bridge. This bridge was designed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya, the bridge was completed in 1943, and inaugurated by the erstwhile H. H Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar, the then Maharaja of Mysore, also named after him
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Shimoga district
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Shivamogga district is a district in the Karnataka state of India. A major part of Shimoga district lies in the Malnad region of the Western Ghats, Shivamogga city is its administrative centre. Jog Falls is a major tourist attraction, as of 2011 Shimoga district has a population of 1,755,512. There are seven taluks, Bhadravathi, Hosanagara, Sagara, Shimoga, Shikaripura, Soraba, Shivamogga was previously known as Mandli. There are legends about how the name Shivamogga has evolved, according to one, the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva. Shiva-Mukha, Shivana-Moogu or Shivana-Mogge can be the origins of the name Shivamogga, another legend indicates that the name Shimoga is derived from the word Sihi-Moge which means sweet pot. According to this legend, Shimoga once had the ashram of the sage Durvasa and he used to boil sweet herbs in an earthen pot. Some cowherds, found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place Sihi-Moge, during Treta yuga, Lord Rama killed Maricha, who was in the disguise of a deer at Mrugavadhe near Thirthahalli. The Shimoga region formed a part of the Mauryan empire during the 3rd century, the district came into the control of Satavahanas. The Satakarni inscription has been found in the Shikaripur taluk, after the fall of the Shatavahana empire around 200 CE, the area came under the control of the Kadambas of Banavasi around 345 CE. The Kadambas were the earliest kingdom to give status to the Kannada language. Later the Kadambas became feudatories of the Badami Chalukyas around 540 CE, in the 8th century Rashtrakutas ruled this district. The Kalyani Chalukyas overthrew the Rashtrakutas, and the district came into their rule, Balligavi was a prominent city during their rule. In the 12th century, with the weakening of the Kalyani Chalukyas, after the fall of the Hoysalas, the entire region came under the Vijayanagar Empire. Shimoga district is a part of the region of Karnataka and is also known as the Gateway to Malnad or Malenaada Hebbagilu in Kannada. The district is landlocked and bounded by Haveri, Davanagere, Chikmagalur, Udupi, the district ranks 9th in terms of the total area among the districts of Karnataka. It is spread over an area of 8465 km2, Shimoga lies between the latitudes 13°27 and 14°39 N and between the longitudes 74°38 and 76°04 E at a mean altitude of 640 metres above sea level. The peak Kodachadri hill at an altitude of 1343 metres above sea level is the highest point in this district, rivers Kali, Gangavati, Sharavati and Tadadi originate in this district
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South Canara
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South Canara was a district of the Madras Presidency of British India, located at 13. 00°N75. 40°E /13.00,75.40. It covered the areas of the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karnataka. The district was one of the most heterogeneous of Madras Presidency with Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani and it was succeeded by Dakshina Kannada in 1947. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South, North Kanara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency, and South was retained by Madras. Mangalore was the headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of 10,410 square kilometres, the district was divided into six taluks, Amindivi Islands Coondapoor Kasaragod Mangalore Udupi Uppinangady The district was administered by a District Collector. The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi, South Kanara had a total population of 1,134,713 in 1901, of whom 81 percent were Hindus,11 percent Muslim and 7 percent Christian. The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the tongue of 44 percent of the population. Around 19 percent of the population spoke Konkani. Around 09 percent of the population speaks Beary Bashe as their mother tongue, in 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre. The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, the majority of the people were Billavas, Bunts. The people who first settled here were called Tuluvas, predominantly Bunts, the Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mogaveera and Mahars, Dakshina Kannada Mangalore Udupi South Canara by Vikas Kamat from Kamat. com
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Maharaja's College, Mysore
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Maharajas College, Mysore is a college affiliated to Mysore University. Subsequently it became a High School, and in 1868, after the death of Maharaja was handed over to the Government of Mysore. The foundation stone of the present building was laid by Prince Albert Victor of Wales during his tour of India on November 27,1889 in Mysore, during the reign Chamarajendra Wadiyar X. In 1879, the college was upgraded and became affiliated with University of Madras, the building was constructed at a cost of Rs 9.41 lakh at the time, The architecture was highlighted by arcaded verandahs on two floors, a central mansard roof and projecting end-blocks. It alsoemployed ornate elements like impost mouldings and pilastered capitals, nearly four decades later, the building of Yuvarajas College, constructed near by in 1927 was modelled on the Maharajas college building. The college took its present shape when the University of Mysore was established in 1916, the university started functioning from college campus itself and VCs office remained here till 1947 when Crawford Hall was built. M. A. courses were started at the college in 1917 and it went on to be a pioneer in the education. The college has had distinguished teachers such as Prof. JC Rollo, Albert Mackintosh, Kuvempu, Shama Rao, K. Hanumanta Rao, and Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan besides notable alumni like writer R. K. As of July 2013, the University of Mysore was accredited Grade A by National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Rollo Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy V. L. DSouza, Former Vice-chancellor of Mysore University Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. S. Srikanta Sastri-Historian, Indologist & Polyglot Yamunacharya, Professor of Philosophy K. V. Puttappa T. S. Venkannaiah, CIST offers IT related study courses
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K. Chidananda Gowda
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Prof. K. Chidananda Gowda is the former Vice-Chancellor of the Kuvempu University, which is located in the state of Karnataka, India. He is also the son-in-law of the Kannada playwright, Kuvempu and he has published many papers, mainly in the field of pattern recognition. Prof. Chidananda Gowda was born in the village of Chokkady and he completed his graduation in Engineering from the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering at Bangalore in 1964. He continued his studies and obtained a Masters degree in Engineering from the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in 1969 and he returned to Bangalore and completed his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science in 1979. He married Tarini, the daughter of Kuvempu. He also spent two years at NASA, United States and one year at INRIA, France for conducting post-doctoral research, prof. Chidananda Gowda joined the Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering in Mysore as a Professor in the Computer science department and later went on to head the department. He also served as the Vice Principal of the College for about 5 years and he was also a visiting professor at INRIA. He was appointed as the Vice-Chancellor of the Kuvempu University of 18 January 2002 and he has chaired technical conferences at Zurich, Paris, Tokyo and Luxembourg. He is currently a Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the International School of Information Management, many also refer to him as the father of Symbolic Data Analysis in the English speaking world. During his tenure as the Vice-Chancellor, he had to face tough situations like the allegation that the University colleges were being used as a centre for Naxalites. He is credited to have improved the infrastructure at the University and he also was responsible for starting new departments of business administration, microbiology, biochemistry in the University. The distance education program saw a significant growth in his tenure and he has also authored books in Kannada and English. Some of his Kannada books include Engineering Geetegalu, Putaanigala Vignyana Padyagalu, prof. Chidananda Gowda was awarded the Kannada Sahitya Akademi award for his book, Putaanigala Vignyana Padyagalu in 1986. He was also given the M. Visveswaraya Technical Award in 1995 for his contributions to engineering, family, Tarini Chidananda, Prarthana Kolambe, Sheelavathi, Anyun Reddy, Smaya Reddy, Puttanna Gowda, Balaki Padejar and Sitama
23.
Kuvempu University
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Kuvempu University is a public state university in Shimoga, Karnataka, India. It was established in 1987 by the act of the Karnataka state legislature through amendment No, 28/1976 dated 29 January 1989 under the Karnataka State University Act 1976. The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs in wide range of disciplines. It was recognized by the UGC in 1994 and is a member of the Association of Indian Universities, the university has its headquarters at Jnana Sahyadri Campus, Shimoga. Its campus is called Jnana Sahyadri, which means The Western Ghat section of knowledge and it has university jurisdiction over malnad districts of Shimoga and Chikmagalur, through which the Sahyadri mountain ranges pass. It covers districts of Davangere and Chitradurga, now the two places have their own universities, hence is limited to affiliating research centers just like anywhere else in India, the campus sprawls across an area of 230 acres. The campus has an admixture of wild and domestic animals, established on 29 June 1987, Kuvempu University is the youngest of the affiliating universities in Karnataka State. It was named after the great Kannada writer, Kuvempu, Jnanpith laureate and he was native of Shimoga district and vice-chancellor of University of Mysore. Kuvempu hailed from the Malenadu region and he enunciated the statement Vishwamanawasandesha — A word of advice on the doctrine of Universal Manhood. True to its form and nature the university had adopted Kannada as the administrative, Kuvempu University, comprising the Shivamogga and Chikkamagalur districts, has been the epicenter of a majority of religious, cultural and social movements of Karnataka. The farmers, the dalit and the socialist movements of Karnataka in the 20th century were born here, the education jurisdiction of Kuvempu University spreads over four districts of Shimoga, Chitradurga, Chikmagalur and Davangere. It also has outlying regional post-graduate centres at Davangere and Kadur, the university offers conventional and non-conventional courses. Te main campus, Jnana Sahayadri, is at Shankaraghatta,28 km from Shimoga town, the campus, spread over an area of 230 acres, is built on a hillock, seamlessly blending with the surrounding area. Shivagangotri campus, over 73 acres, is at Tholahunase,8 km from Davangere and this campus has an under-developed radiation unit. Housed in a room next to a mens toilet on the backyard of the science building. The logo has an animal with the trunk of an elephant. This animal, called Gajahamsa, is found in the Vijayanagara. Symbolically it is supposed to be combination of knowledge and wealth, lakshmi, the devi of wealth, has an elephant as her vehicle
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Bangalore
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Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city. It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau and its elevation is over 900 m above sea level, the highest of Indias major cities. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and it was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was capital of the Princely State of Mysore. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a grew up around it. Following Indias independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, the two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the name of the city in 2006. Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley of India because of its role as the leading information technology exporter. Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city, a demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics, the city also houses the Kannada film industry. The name Bangalore represents a version of the Kannada language name. It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore, Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century. The earliest reference to the name Bengalūru was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu, in this inscription found in Begur, Bengalūrū is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru, an apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across an old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place benda-kaal-uru, which evolved into Bengalūru. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru, on 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change
25.
S. Srikanta Sastri
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Sondekoppa Srikanta Sastri was an Indian historian, Indologist, and polyglot. He authored about 12 books, over two hundred articles, several monographs and book reviews over four decades in English, Kannada, Telugu, to his credit are such works as Sources of Karnataka History, Geopolitics of India & Greater India, Bharatiya Samskruthi and Hoysala Vastushilpa. S. Srikanta Sastri was a well versed in fourteen languages spanning Greek, Latin, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit. He was Head of the Department of History & Indology at Maharaja College and he was conferred the Kannada Literary Academy award in 1970 and was subsequently honoured by Governor of Karnataka Mohanlal Sukhadia in 1973 during mythic society diamond jubilee function. A Festschrift was brought forth and presented to him during his felicitation function in 1973 titled Srikanthika with articles on History and his work on Indus Valley Civilization and town planning at Harappa and Mohenjodaro were published in successive articles and drew considerable attention. S. Srikanta Sastri was born into a scholarly lineage, a paternal ancestor - Yagnapathi Bhatta was a famous court poet in the court of Kempegowda. Maternal Ancestor Umamahesvara Sastri, a court poet in the Vijayanagara Kingdom had earned the title of Abhinava Kalidasa for his work Bhagavata Champu. His uncles - Vidwan Motaganahalli Mahadeva Sastri, Vidwan Shankara Sastri, Vidwan Ramshesha Sastri was the first person to translate Bhagavata to Kannada from Sanskrit. His other works include Mudra Rakshaka and Mukundananada Bhana, Balika Gitavali, Karnataka Hitopadesham and his cousin Asthan Vidwan Motaganahalli Subramanya Sastri, editor of Ranga Bhoomi is credited with Karnata Malavikagnimitra, Skanda Purana and Ramayana. S. Srikanta Sastri was born in 1904 in Nanjanagud, Mysore as the child of Seshamma. He had his schooling in the cities of Kolar, Nanjanagud. After finishing his school, he pursued his Bachelors and subsequently masters degree in History at Maharaja college, here he came under the influence of S. V. Venkateswara, J. C. Rollo, B. M. Srikantaiah, V. L. DSouza, H. Krishna Rao, N. S. Subba Rao, S. Srikanta Sastri authored about 12 books,224 articles and three monographs and book reviews in Kannada, English, Telugu and Sanskrit. Among his earliest essays were Kannada Nayananda and Shivaganga Kshetra - a treatise on the centre of Shivaganga. He published his first article in the Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland at the age of twenty two and he subsequently authored a small piece on King Devaraya of Vijayanagara Kingdom in the Indian Antiquary. His third book - Early Gangas of Talakad published in 1952 dealt with the rise and this received a favourable review by Emeritus Professor of Oriental Law J Duncan M Derrett in the Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland in July 1953. His fourth book Bharatiya Samskruti served to illuminate on cultural, traditional and historical aspects of India spanning over three millennia, S. Srikanta Sastris study on the Nayaka rulers of Chitradurga in his research article Capitulation of Chitradurga describes the decline and fall of Palegars in early eighteenth century. His Collection of English writings have been brought forth as two bound volumes titled ŚRÌKAŅŢHAYÁNA in 2016
26.
University of Mysore
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The University of Mysore is a public state university in Mysore, Karnataka, India. The university was founded during the reign of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV and it opened on 27 July 1916. Its first chancellor was the Maharaja of Mysore, the first Vice-Chancellor was H. V. Nanjundaiah, the university became the first outside of the British administration in India, the sixth in India as a whole, and the first in Karnataka. It is a university of the affiliating type, and became autonomous on 3 March 1956. The university encompasses 122 affiliated colleges and five constituent colleges and it also runs a number of employment-oriented diploma courses and certificate programs. The Mysore University Library comprises over 800,000 books,2,400 journal titles, the main campus features an amphitheater, an auditorium, a swimming pool, and hostel accommodations for men and women. As of July 2013, the University of Mysore was accredited Grade A by National Assessment and Accreditation Council, the University of Mysore is the 6th oldest university in India and the oldest in the state of Karnataka. It was established in 1916 by then Maharaja of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, then Dewan of Mysore, also played a major role in its promotion. The university was inaugurated on 27 July 1916, Maharaja College of Mysore and the Central College of Bangalore, both previously affiliated with Madras University, became part of the new university. The Act was amended in 1933 and 1939 to make the senate representative of public life, during the reorganisation of Mysore state in 1956, the Mysore University Act passed, which made the university an autonomous body. In 1960, the universitys graduate centre was set up in the environs of Kukkarahalli lake. Bangalore University was carved out in 1964 starting with Central College, Bangalore, mangalore University was formed out of the colleges in Dakshina Kannada in 1980. The main campus of the University, created in 1960, lies to the west of the Kukkarahalli Lake, the University headquarters, Crawford Hall, is located across the lake to the east. At the time of the Universitys founding, colleges in the state of Mysore came under its jurisdiction. In 1996, the Institute for Correspondence Courses and Continuing Education in the Manasagangotri campus was separated from the University of Mysore to form the Karnataka State Open University, the universitys motto, Na Hi Gyanena Sadrusham is taken from the Bhagavad Gita. It is inscribed in Devanagari script at the top of the university crest, at the bottom of the same crest is a saying in Sanskrit, reading Sathyamevoddharamyaham. The university has recently changed academic direction, with a emphasis on basic science. It has introduced integrated MSc courses in physics, chemistry, the University has also formed ties with various Chinese universities for resource sharing and training in information technology education
27.
Caste
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Its paradigmatic ethnographic example is the division of Indian society into rigid social groups, with roots in Indias ancient history and persisting until today. However, the significance of the caste system in India has been declining as a result of urbanization. The term is applied to non-human populations like ants and bees. The English word caste derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta, when the Spanish colonized the New World, they used the word to mean a clan or lineage. The use of the caste, with this latter meaning, is first attested to in English in 1613. Modern Indias caste system is based on the social groupings called jāti, the system of varnas appears in Hindu texts dating back to 1000 BCE and envisages the society divided into four classes, Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The texts do not mention any separate, untouchable category in varna classification, scholars believe that the system of varnas was a theoretical classification envisioned by the Brahmins, but never truly operational in the society. The practical division of the society had always been in terms of jātis, which are not based on any specific principle, but could vary from ethnic origins to occupations. The jātis have been endogamous groups without any fixed hierarchy but subject to vague notions of rank articulated over time based on lifestyle, starting with the British colonial Census of 1901 led by Herbert Hope Risley, all the jātis were grouped under the theoretical varnas categories. The classical authors scarcely speak of anything other than the varnas, as it provided a convenient shorthand, upon independence from Britain, the Indian Constitution listed 1,108 castes across the country as Scheduled Castes in 1950, for positive discrimination. The Untouchable communities are sometimes called Scheduled Castes, Dalit or Harijan in contemporary literature, in 2001, Dalits were 16. 2% of Indias population. Most of the 15 million bonded child workers are from the lowest castes, independent India has witnessed caste-related violence. Indias National Crime Records Bureau records crimes against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes – the most disadvantaged groups - in a separate category, the socio-economic limitations of the caste system are reduced due to urbanization and affirmative action. Nevertheless, the system still exists in endogamy and patrimony, and thrives in the politics of democracy. The globalization and economic opportunities from foreign businesses has influenced the growth of Indias middle-class population, some members of the Chhattisgarh Potter Caste Community are middle-class urban professionals and no longer potters unlike the remaining majority of traditional rural potter members. The co-existence of the middle-class and traditional members in the CPCC has created intersectionality between caste and class, there is persistence of caste in Indian politics. Caste associations have evolved into caste-based political parties, political parties and the state perceive caste as an important factor for mobilization of people and policy development. It is not politics that gets caste-ridden, it is caste that gets politicized, the Nepalese caste system resembles that of the Indian jāti system with numerous jāti divisions with a varna system superimposed for a rough equivalence
28.
Valmiki
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Valmiki is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature. The epic Ramayana, dated variously from 5th century BCE to first century BCE, is attributed to him and he is revered as Ādi Kavi, writer of Ramayana. Ramayana, originally written by Valmiki, consists of 24,000 shlokas and 7 cantos including Uttara Kanda, Ramayana is composed of about 480,002 words, being a quarter of the length of the full text of Mahabharata or about four times the length of Iliad. Ramayana tells the story of a prince, Rama of Ayodhya, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon-king of Lanka, the Valmiki Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BC to 100 BC or about co-eval with early versions of Mahabharata. As with many traditional epics, it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions, Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama. Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and interacted with him, Valmiki gave shelter to Sita in his hermitage when Rama banished her. Kusha and Lava, the sons of Shri Rama were born to Sita in this hermitage. Later, he summoned them to his royal palace, kusha and Lava sang the story of Rama there and Rama confirmed that whatever had been sung by these two children was entirely true. Valmiki was born as Ratnakkardah, One day, he met the great sage Narada who questioned him of his duty, moved by Naradas words, Ratnakara began to perform penance and chanted the word Mara which meant kill. As he performed his penance for years, the word became Rama. Huge anthills formed around Ratnakara and this earned him the name of Valmiki, Narada declared Ratnakara to be a great Sage and Brahmin, a member of the high caste. Ratnakara, rechristened as Valmiki, learnt the scriptures from Narada and became the foremost of ascetics, Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes, on the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at the stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, Look, how clear is this water, when he was looking for a suitable place to step into the stream, he saw a crane couple mating. Valmiki felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds, suddenly, hit by an arrow, the male bird died on the spot. Filled by sorrow, its mate screamed in agony and died of shock, valmikis heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot the bird and he saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. Later Valmiki composed entire Ramayana with the blessings of Lord Brahma in the meter that issued forth from him as the shloka
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Rama
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Ram or Srī Rāmachandra is the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu. He is the figure of the Hindu epic Ramayana, which is the principal narration of the events connected to his incarnation on Earth, his ideals. Rama is one of the deities in Hinduism and especially of the various sects of Vaishnavism. Religious texts and scriptures based on his life have been a component in numerous cultures of South Asia. Along with Krishna, Rama is considered to be one of the most important avatars of Vishnu, in Rama-centric sects, he is considered the Supreme Being, rather than an avatar. His wife Sita is considered by Hindus to be an avatar of Lakshmi, Rama and his brothers Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna were the chaturvyuha expansions of Vishnu. Ramas life and journey is one of adherence to dharma despite harsh tests and obstacles and many pains of life, for the sake of his fathers honour, Rama abandons his claim to Ayodhyas throne to serve an exile of fourteen years in the forest. His wife Sita and brother Lakshmana decide to join him and all three spend the fourteen years in exile together, while in exile, Sita is kidnapped by Ravana, the king of Lanka. After a long and arduous search, Rama fights a colossal war against Ravanas armies, in a war of powerful and magical beings, greatly destructive weaponry, and huge battles, Rama slays Ravana in battle and liberates his wife. Having completed his exile, Rama returns to be crowned king in Ayodhya and eventually becomes emperor, He rules with happiness, peace, duty, prosperity, and justice, a period known as Rama Rajya. The legend of Rama is deeply influential and popular in the societies of the Indian subcontinent, Rama is revered for his unending compassion, courage, and devotion to religious values and duty. The deity Hanuman declared Rama to be a supreme being, and said that, by constant remembrance of Lord Rama, the name Rama appears repeatedly in Hindu scriptures. Besides the name of the protagonist of the Ramayana, the name is given to other heroes including Parashurama and Balarama. In the Vishnu sahasranama, Rama is the 394th name of Vishnu, in Sanskrit, the word Rama means charming. It is commonly given as a name to male children in India, additionally, the tales of Rama are reverently spoken of in the Mahabharata. The earliest documentation of Rama in Buddhism is in the Buddhist text of Dasharatha Jataka, the epic had many versions across Indias regions. However, other scriptures in Sanskrit also reflect the life of Ramayana, the followers of Madhvacharya believe that an older version of the Ramayana, the mula-Ramayana, previously existed. They consider it to have been more authoritative than the version by Valmiki, another important shortened version of the epic in Sanskrit is the Adhyatma Ramayana
30.
Sita
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Sita, also known as Siya, Vaidehi, Janaki, Maithili, or Bhoomija, is the central female character of the Hindu epic Ramayana and daughter of King Janaka of Videha and his wife queen Sunaina. She was the sister of Urmila and cousins Mandavi and Shrutakirti. She is consort of Hindu god Rama and is an avatar of Lakshmi, goddess of wealth and she is esteemed as a paragon of spousal and feminine virtues for all Hindu women. Sita is known for her dedication, self-sacrifice, courage and purity, Sita is described as the daughter of the earth goddess Bhūmi and the adopted daughter of King Janaka of Mithila and Queen Sunaina. In her youth, she marries Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, after marriage, she goes to exile with her husband and brother-in-law Lakshmana. While in exile, the settle in the Dandaka forest, from where she is abducted by Ravana. She is imprisoned in the Ashoka Vatika of Lanka by Ravana, until she is rescued by Rama, who slays her captor. After the war, Rama asks Sita to undergo Agni Pariksha by which she proves her purity before she is accepted by Rama, which for the first time made his brother Lakshmana get angry at him. In some versions of the epic, the fire-god Agni creates Maya Sita, at Agni Pariksha, Maya Sita and the real Sita exchange places again. While some texts mention that Maya Sita is destroyed in the flames of Agni Pariksha, others narrate how she is blessed, Some scriptures also mention her previous birth being Vedavati, a woman Ravana tries to molest. After proving her purity, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya, after few months, Sita becomes pregnant which brought doubt to the Kingdom. Rama then sends Sita away on exile, Lakshmana is the one who leaves Sita in the forests near sage Valmikis ashrama after Rama banishes her from the kingdom. Years later, Sita returns to her mother, the Earths womb, the goddess is best known by the name Sita, derived from the Sanskrit word sīta, furrow. According to Ramayana, Janaka found her while ploughing as a part of a yagna, the word Sīta was a poetic term, its imagery redolent of fecundity and the many blessings coming from settled agriculture. The Sita of the Ramayana may have named after a more ancient Vedic goddess Sita. In the Vedic period, she was one of the associated with fertility. A Vedic hymn recites, In Harivamsa, Sita has been invoked as one of the names of goddess Arya, The Kausik-sutra, Sita is known by many epithets. She is called Jānaki as the daughter of Janaka and Maithili as the princess of Mithila, as the wife of Rama, she is called Ramā
31.
Bangalore University
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Bangalore University, or BU, is a public state university is located in Bengaluru in the state of Karnataka, India. The university is a part of the Association of Indian Universities, Association of Commonwealth Universities, Bangalore University is accredited by NAAC under the new grading system with a grade A in 2016. Bangalore University is the largest university in South-Asia and it has two campuses, City Campus, Central College, Jnana Bharathi Campus. The National Law School of India University is located within the Jnana Bharathi Campus, the former Vice-Chancellor was Dr. Prabhu Dev. He resigned in 13 October 2012 to accept the Karnataka governments offer of chairmanship of the Karnataka Health System Commission, Dr Prabhu Devs term was to end in February 2013. His predecessor H A Ranganath, too, resigned in 2008 to assume charge as Director of the National Assessment, B Thimme Gowda, professor in Chemistry, Mangalore University has been appointed as the new vice-chancellor who retired on 6 February 2017. The present Vice-Chancellor is Dr. Jagadeesh Prakash, who was incharge of Bangalore Universitys VC position till the appointment of new Vice-Chancellor, the present Registrar is Prof. Dr. K. N. Ningegowda and the present Registrar is Prof. Dr. M. Shankar Reddy, with more than 650 affiliated colleges, the Karnataka government has decided to bifurcate, or carve out a new university to ease of management. To this effect, the government had appointed two study groups. One group was headed by former Gulbarga University Vice-Chancellor N Rudraiah, the Rudraiah study suggested trifurcation of the university, while the Council suggested bifurcation. However, the government has decided to go ahead with trifurcation to create a North Bengaluru University, South Bengaluru University. In 2001, the university was accredited by NAAC and received Five Star Status, the university then once again reaccredited under the new grading system with a grade A. However, this expired in 2013 and Bangalore University have not renewed their accreditation since. Sir C. V. Raman, Nobel Laureate physicist, was associated with the university working at the Indian Institute of Science. He had announced his Nobel winning work at the university based in Central College. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930, Professor Leonid Hurwicz who served Bangalore University as a Professor in Economics won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2007. Professor Hurwicz served as a Professor of Economics at Bangalore University from 1965-1968, during his Fulbright year, he taught classes at Bangalore University. In a first, the university in 2010 announced admissions for transgender people by reserving one seat in each PG course, now, the Universitys admission forms feature a third category of gender, namely Others. A bio-park has been constructed and in the process, the students have acquired experience in management for social forestry
32.
Shimoga
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Shimoga, officially renamed as Shivamogga, is a city and the district headquarters of Shimoga District in the central part of the state of Karnataka, India. The city lies on the banks of the Tunga River, being the gateway for the hilly region of the Western Ghats, the city is popularly nicknamed as Gateway of Malnad. The city is 569 m above sea level and is surrounded by green paddy fields. The population of Shimoga city is 322,428, consisting of 161,978 males and 160,450 females, as per 2011 census. The name of the city is derived from the term shivmoga, History behind the city due to story that the Lord Shiva drunk Tunga river water using Mogge at the city. An alternative etymology is that the name is derived from the term Sihi-Mogge, the district formed the southern tip of Emperor Ashokas Mauryan Empire in the third century BC. It was ruled during later centuries by the Kadambas, Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, the city got an independent identity under the Keladi Nayaka rule during the 16th century, reaching its pinnacle under the rule of Shivappa Nayaka. From the late 17th century onwards, the city was a part of the Kingdom of Mysore until the independence of India in 1947, on 1 November 2006, the government of Karnataka announced the renaming of Shimoga to Shivamogga, along with nine other cities in the state. Center government have approved this request by mid on October 2014, according to the Shimoga City Municipal Corporation, the city has a total area of about 50 km2. The climate is wet and dry summer average temperature 20–35 °C. This means that the winter and the part of summer are typically dry periods. The majority of the rainfall occurs between June and early October, Shimoga is a part of a region known as Malnad in Karnataka. Most/all these hills are part of the Western Ghats, a known for plentiful rainfall and lush greenery. Tunga River flows through Shivamogga and Bhadra River flows through Bhadravathi, in Karnataka Budget 2013-14, Shimoga City Municipal Council upgraded to City Corporation. The City Municipal Councils of Shimoga, Tumkur and Bijapur upgraded to city corporations, the State government on Friday 20 December 2013 gazetted the notification upgrading three CMCs as corporations. The State Cabinet in September this year had given its nod for giving the three CMCs the status of corporations as their population has crossed the mark as per the 2011 census. The government is likely to grant Rs 100 crore each for the development of these corporations, with the upgrading of the CMCs, the total number of corporations in the State will rise to 11. The others corporation city in state are, Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Gulbarga, Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum, Davangere, in summer, temperature crosses 36 °C at Shimoga
33.
Kanooru Heggadithi
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Kanooru Heggadithi is a 1999 Indian film based on the 1936 novel Kanooru Subbamma Heggadithi by Kannada writer Kuvempu, and directed by playwright and film director Girish Karnad. Set in the Malnad region, the film narrates a story of the land, the film marked Karnads return to directing after a lapse of over a decade. Subbamma, third wife of Chandre Gowda, is a mistress of the household. When her husband dies, she uses her position of authority to avenge all the wrongs ever done by man to woman and her actions end up destroying her, and her place is taken by liberal intellectual Hooviah. The film was released on video in 2007, the novel by Kuvempu consisted of 700 pages and dealt with over 150 characters. It took Karnad eight months to reduce it to a film screenplay which concentrated on four main characters, Chandre Gowda, Seetha, Hoovayya. After the shooting began, the women of Megaravalli are returning to their native dress, even the names of their houses were changed to the titles described in the novel. After release, the film rekindled the interest in the novel,2000, won National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada
34.
Girish Karnad
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Girish Raghunath Karnad is an Indian actor, film director, writer playwright and a Rhodes Scholar, who predominantly works in South Indian cinema and Bollywood. His rise as a playwright in 1960s, marked the coming of age of modern Indian playwriting in Kannada, just as Badal Sarkar did in Bengali, Vijay Tendulkar in Marathi and he is a recipient of the 1998 Jnanpith Award, the highest literary honour conferred in India. For four decades Karnad has been composing plays, often using history and he has translated his plays into English and has received acclaim. He is active in the world of Indian cinema working as an actor, director, Girish Karnad was born in Matheran, Maharashtra in a Saraswat Brahmin Konkani family, to Rao Saheb Dr Karnad and Krishna Bai Mankeekara. Krishna Bai was a widow and was serving as a homemaker for Rao Saheb, Rao Saheb and Krishna Bai married according to Arya Samaj tradition. His initial schooling was in Marathi, in Sirsi, Karnataka, he was exposed to travelling theatre groups, Natak Mandalis as his parents were deeply interested in their plays. As a youngster, Karnad was an ardent admirer of Yakshagana and his family moved to Dharwad in Karnataka when he was 14 years old, where he grew up with his two sisters and niece. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and statistics from Karnatak Arts College, Dharwad, Karnad was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1963. After working with the Oxford University Press, Chennai for seven years, while in Madras he got involved with local amateur theatre group, The Madras Players. During 1987–88, he was at the University of Chicago as visiting professor, during his tenure at Chicago Nagamandala had its world premiere at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis based on Karnads English translation of the Kannada original. Most recently, he served as director of the Nehru Centre and as Minister of Culture and he served as director of the Film and Television Institute of India and chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, the National Academy of the Performing Arts. Karnad is known as a playwright and his plays, written in Kannada, have been translated into English and some Indian languages. When Karnad started writing plays, Kannada literature was influenced by the renaissance in Western literature. Writers would choose a subject that looked entirely alien to manifestation of native soil, I could actually hear the dialogues being spoken into my ears. I was just the scribe, said Karnad in a later interview, Yayati was published in 1961, when he was 23 years old. It is based on the story of King Yayati, one of the ancestors of the Pandavas, who was cursed into premature old age by his preceptor, Shukracharya, Yayati in turn asks his sons to sacrifice their youth for him, and one of them agrees. It ridicules the ironies of life through characters in Mahabharata and it became an instant success, immediately translated and staged in several other Indian languages. This established Karnad, now 26 years old, as a playwright in the country
35.
Padma Bhushan
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The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for distinguished service of a high order, as of 2017, the award has been bestowed on 1231 individuals, including 19 posthumous and 92 non-citizen recipients. The Padma Awards Committee is constituted every year by the Prime Minister of India, the committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval. The award recipients are announced on 26 January, the Republic Day of India, when instituted in 1954, twenty-three recipients were honoured with the Padma Bhushan. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous conferrals but this was modified in the January 1955 statute. The Padma Bhushan, along with other personal civil honours, was suspended twice, from July 1977 to January 1980. Some of the recipients have refused or returned their conferments, on 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards, the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The award, along with other personal civilian honours, was suspended twice in its history. The first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India, for being worthless, the suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980 after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being titles per an interpretation of Article 18 of the Constitution of India, on 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards. A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court of India was formed comprising five judges, A. M. Ahmadi C. J. Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgment that the Bharat Ratna, the award is conferred for distinguished service of a high order. without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was modified in the January 1955 statute. Kizhakemuri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1999, the recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, convened by the Prime Minister of India. The Awards Committee later submits its recommendations to the Prime Minister, the conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the Gazette. The original specification of the award was a made of standard silver 1 3⁄8 inches in diameter. A floral wreath was embossed along the edge and a lotus wreath at the top along the upper edge. The State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the side with the text Desh Seva in Devanagari Script on the lower edge
36.
Sahitya Akademi Award
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Established in 1954, the award comprises a plaque and a cash prize of Rs.100,000. The awards purpose is to recognize and promote excellence in Indian writing, the annual process of selecting awardees runs for the preceding twelve months. The plaque awarded by the Sahitya Akademi was designed by the Indian film-maker Satyajit Ray, prior to this, the plaque occasionally was made of marble, but this practice was discontinued because of the excessive weight. During the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, the plaque was substituted with national savings bonds and they form the highest honor which the Akademi confers through a system of electing Fellows and Honorary Fellows. Sahitya Akademy gives these awards to writers for significant contribution to Indian languages other than the above 24 major ones. Awards for translations were instituted in 1989 at the instance of then-Prime Minister of India, the Sahitya Akademi annually gives these awards for outstanding translations of major works in other languages into one of the 24 major Indian languages. The awards comprise a plaque and a prize of Rs.50,000. The Akademi also requires that both, the author as well as the translator, are to be Indian nationals. Over time, the Akademi has modified and expanded the conditions for the Translation Prizes. As of 2002,264 prizes have been awarded to 266 translators, named after the Ceylon Tamil writer Ananda Coomaraswamy, the fellowship was started in 1996. It is given to scholars from Asian countries to spend 3 to 12 months in India to pursue a literary project, named after Hindi writer Premchand, the fellowship was started in 2005. It is given to persons of eminence in the field of Culture from SAARC countries, the Akademi has seen several instances of Awards being returned or declined as an act of protest. In 1969, Swami Anand declined the Award for contributions to Gujarati literature on the grounds that his religious beliefs precluded him from accepting any pecuniary benefits for public services, in 1981, Telugu writer V. R. In 1982, Deshbandhu Dogra Natan was given the Sahitya Akademi award for his Dogri novel, Qaidi but returned it on the grounds that he shoud have received the Award much earlier. This provoked a response from the then-President of the Akademi, Vinayaka Krishna Gokak, nor can we expect the Akademi panels to be on the watch for a literary force on the upward curve and catch it at the moment before it starts going downwards. Panels change from year to year and they have to select not literary men, in 1991, Jagannatha Prasad Das who was given the Award for his poetry in Odia declined for personal reasons. As of 2015 the award has been returned by writers for various reasons. Among others, Ajmer Aulakh, Aman Sethi, Ganesh Devi, Kum Veerabhadrappa, to show their condemnation Deshpande, K Satchidanandan, PK Parakkadvu and Aravind Malagatti have also resigned their posts at the Sahitya Akademi institution. From Nayantara Sahgal to Rajesh Joshi, Heres a list of noted authors who returned Sahitya Akademi awards
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Padma Shri
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Padma Shri is the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. Awarded by the Government of India, it is announced every year on Indias Republic Day and it has also been awarded to some distinguished individuals who were not citizens of India but did contribute in various ways to India. The selection criteria have been criticized in some quarters with the claim that many highly deserving artists have left out in order to favor certain individuals. On its obverse, the words Padma, meaning lotus in Sanskrit, and Shri, the geometrical pattern on either side is in burnished bronze. All embossing is in white gold, as of 2017,2913 people have received the award
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India Post
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The Department of Posts, trading as India Post, is a government-operated postal system in India. Generally referred to within India as the post office, it is the most widely distributed system in the world. The postal service is under the Department of Posts, which is part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of the Government of India. As of 31 March 2015, the Indian Postal Service had 154,939 post offices and it had 25,560 departmental Post Offices and 129,379 Gramin Dak Sevak, Branch Post Offices. On average, a post office serves an area of 21.22 square kilometres, because of its reach and presence in remote areas, the Indian postal service is also involved in other services such as small-savings banking and financial services. The country has been divided into 22 postal circles, each headed by a Chief Postmaster General. Each circle is divided into regions, headed by a Postmaster General and these divisions are further divided into subdivisions. In addition to the 22 circles, there is a circle to provide postal services to the Armed Forces of India headed by a Director General. The highest post office in the world is in Hikkim, Himachal Pradesh operated by India Post at a height of 15,500 ft, the British Raj was instituted in 1858, when the rule of the East India Company was transferred to the Crown. By 1861, there were 889 post offices handling nearly 43 million letters, the first superintendent of the post office was appointed in 1870 and based in Allahabad and in 1876, British India became the first non-founding member of the General Postal Union. On 1 April 1882, Post Office Savings Banks opened throughout India, in Madras Presidency, it was limited, in the Bengal Presidency, no POSBs were established in Calcutta or Howrah. Telegraph Act,1885 The Indian Post Office Act 1898, passed by the legislature on 22 March 1898 and it was preceded by Act III of 1882 and Act XVI of 1896. The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933 The worlds first official flight took place in India on 18 February 1911. Henri Pequet, a French pilot, carried about 15 kilograms of mail across the Ganges from Allahabad to Naini, India Post inaugurated a floating post office in August 2011 at Dal Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir. Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the service before becoming separate departments. The Posts and Telegraphs Departments merged in 1914, dividing on 1 January 1985, since Indian independence in 1947, the postal service continues to function on a nationwide basis, providing a variety of services. The structure of the organization has the directorate at its apex, below it are circle offices, regional offices, in April 1959, the Indian Postal Department adopted the motto Service before Self, it revised its logo in September 2008. The first adhesive stamps in Asia were issued in the Indian district of Scinde in July 1852 by Bartle Frere
