1.
Traditions of Texas A&M University
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The traditions of Texas A&M University are a key aspect of the culture of Texas A&M University. Some of the traditions date to the 1890s, shortly after the opening of the school. The most visible tradition among senior class students and alumni is the wearing of the Aggie Ring, not all Aggie traditions are recognized by the university, and some, like Bonfire, have been discontinued for safety reasons. Texas Monthly states that the respect for school traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength. Incoming students are generally first exposed to traditions when they are greeted with the official Texas A&M greeting Howdy, since the 1950s, incoming students have been offered orientations, led by current students, which teach the various traditions, songs, and yells in current use. On campus, the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets is known as the Keepers of the Spirit for its defense of Aggie traditions. A subset of the Corps, the Fightin Texas Aggie Band, is the marching band of the university. Many school traditions revolve around sporting events, especially football, before games, university yell leaders host yell practice, similar to other schools pep rallies. Instead of cheers, students learn yells, since 1922, students, known as the 12th Man, stand throughout football games, symbolizing their willingness to step in and assist the team. The official mascot, a dog named Reveille, is present at most official university activities, current students and alumni at Texas A&M University, nicknamed Aggies after the schools agricultural roots, are known for their loyalty and respect for their alma mater. They cultivate the Aggie Spirit through an almost religious devotion to the traditions of the school, as Texas Monthly noted, Every Aggie is a self-appointed guardian of the Aggie spirit, eternally on the alert for signs of slippage. To Aggies, Texas A&M is not just a university but a. family. defined and united by a unique culture, the school song is titled The Spirit of Aggieland, and proclaims in its first verse that the spirit can neer be told. The Texas A&M culture is a product of the founding as a rural military. This respect for Aggie traditions and values is the universitys greatest strength, many of these traditions are part of what Aggies call The Other Education, activities designed to make students well-rounded and moral, ethical people. Students who attend Texas A&M feel that they receive more from Texas A&M than just the knowledge one acquires from the formal classroom, freshmen are introduced to these traditions and to the Aggie spirit at Fish Camp, a four-day extended orientation retreat held during the summer. Fish Camp began in 1954 as a camping trip involving several new students and Gordon Gay. The program has evolved to accommodate approximately 70% of incoming freshmen. The program has been emulated by several schools, including Virginia Tech, in 1987, Texas A&M established a parallel orientation for summer and fall transfer students called Transfer Camp, or T-Camp
2.
College Station, Texas
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College Station is a city in Brazos County, Texas, situated in East-Central Texas in the heart of the Brazos Valley, in the center of the region known as Texas Triangle. It is 90 miles northwest of Houston and 87 miles northeast of Austin, as of the 2010 census, College Station had a population of 93,857, which had increased to an estimated population of 100,050 as of July 2013. College Station and Bryan together make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area, College Station is home to the main campus of Texas A&M University, the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System. The city owes both its name and existence to the location along a railroad. Due largely to the presence of Texas A&M University, College Station was named by Money magazine in 2006 as the most educated city in Texas, the origins of College Station date from 1860, when the Houston and Texas Central Railway began to build through the region. Eleven years later, the site was chosen as the location for the proposed Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, in 1876, as the nation celebrated its centennial, the school opened its doors as the first public institution of higher education in the state of Texas. The population of College Station grew slowly, reaching 350 in 1884 and 391 at the turn of the century, however, during this time, transportation improvements took place in the town. In 1900, the I&GN Railroad was extended to College Station, the interurban was replaced by a city bus system in the 1920s. In 1930, the community to the north of College Station, College Station did not incorporate until 1938 with John H. Binney as the first mayor. Within a year, the city established a commission, and by 1940. The city grew under the leadership of Ernest Langford, called by some the Father of College Station, early in his first term, the city adopted a council-manager system of city government. Population growth accelerated following World War II as the nonstudent population reached 7,898 in 1950,11,396 in 1960,17,676 in 1970,30,449 in 1980,52,456 in 1990, and 67,890 in 2000. The population for the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area range from an estimated 250,846 to 271,773 by 2030. College Station is located south of the center of Brazos County at 30°36′5″N 96°18′52″W and it is bordered by the city of Bryan to the northwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 49.6 sq mi, of which 49.4 sq mi is land and 0.19 sq mi. The local climate is subtropical and temperate and winters are mild with periods of low temperatures usually lasting less than two months, snow and ice are extremely rare. Summers are warm and hot with occasional showers being the only variation in weather. About 27. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.98
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
Cynodon dactylon
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Although it is not native to Bermuda, it is an abundant invasive species there. It is presumed to have arrived in North America from Bermuda, in Bermuda it has been known as crab grass. The blades are a color and are short, usually 2–15 cm long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1–30 cm tall, the stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in colour. The seed heads are produced in a cluster of two to six together at the top of the stem, each spike 2–5 cm long. It has a root system, in drought situations with penetrable soil. The grass creeps along the ground and roots wherever a node touches the ground, C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, runners, and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above 15 °C with optimum growth between 24 and 37 °C, in winter, the grass becomes dormant and turns brown, growth is promoted by full sun and retarded by full shade, e. g. close to tree trunks. Cynodon dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30° S and 30° N latitude, and that get between 625 and 1,750 mm of rainfall a year. It is also found in the U. S. mostly in the half of the country. Control/eradication It is fast-growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields and it is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to survive where few other grasses do. This combination makes it a frequent choice for golf courses in the southern and southeastern U. S and it has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements. It is also aggressive, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats. This weedy nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of devil grass, Bermuda grass is incredibly difficult to control in flower beds and most herbicides do not work. However, Ornamec, Ornamec 170 and Turflon ester have shown effectiveness as well as Imazapyr. All of these items are difficult to find in stores as they are primarily marketed to professional landscapers. The hybrid variety Tifton 85, like some other grasses, produces cyanide under certain conditions, and has been implicated in several livestock deaths
6.
AstroTurf
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AstroTurf is a brand of artificial turf playing surface. The original AstroTurf product was a synthetic turf. The prime reason to incorporate AstroTurf on game fields was to avoid the cost of laying natural turf, the name AstroTurf has evolved into a generic trademark and is sometimes used to refer to all brands of artificial turf. The original AstroTurf brand product was co-invented in 1965 by Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria and it was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name ChemGrass. It was re-branded as AstroTurf by an employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Early iterations of the short pile turf swept the major stadia, concerns over directionality and traction led Monsantos R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, in 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the stock of AstroTurf Industries. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. acquired the AstroTurf brand, in 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc. While AstroTurf was the leader throughout the late 20th century. FieldTurf, AstroTurfs chief competitor in the early 2000s and today and this third generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third generation turf product, increased competition, despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. Out of the proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC, in 2006, General Sports Venue became TMAs marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world, in 2009, TMA acquired GSV in order to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth, AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect and field prefabrication. AstroTurf also introduced a product called RootZone consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill and this product has been adopted by many professional organizations and colleges in the United States. In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf,1964 The Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, installs ChemGrass
7.
Poaceae
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Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. Poaceae includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and cultivated lawns, Grasses have stems that are hollow except at the nodes and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath, with ca 780 genera and around 12,000 species, Poaceae are the fifth-largest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. Grasslands such as savannah and prairie grasses are dominant are estimated to constitute 40. 5% of the land area of the Earth, excluding Greenland. Grasses are also an important part of the vegetation in many habitats, including wetlands, forests. Though commonly called grasses, seagrasses, rushes, and sedges fall outside this family, the rushes and sedges are related to the Poaceae, being members of the order Poales, but the seagrasses are members of order Alismatales. The name Poaceae was given by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895, based on the tribe Poeae described in 1814 by Robert Brown, the term is derived from the Ancient Greek πόα. Grasses include some of the most versatile plant life-forms, a cladogram shows subfamilies and approximate species numbers in brackets, Before 2005, fossil findings indicated that grasses evolved around 55 million years ago. Recent findings of grass-like phytoliths in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites have pushed this back to 66 million years ago. In 2011, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae suggested a date as early as 107 to 129 Mya, a multituberculate mammal with grass-eating adaptations seems to suggest that grasses were already around at 120 mya. This separation occurred within the short time span of about 4 million years. Grass leaves are always alternate and distichous, and have parallel veins. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem, the leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals, some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath, flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes, the part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets, a floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the lemma—and one internal—the palea. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic—maize being an important exception—and anemophilous or wind-pollinated, the perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea, these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. This complex structure can be seen in the image on the right, the fruit of grasses is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall
8.
Texas A&M Aggies football
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The Texas A&M Aggies football program represents Texas A&M University in the sport of American football. The Aggies compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Texas A&M football claims three national titles and eighteen conference titles. The team plays all games at the newly redeveloped Kyle Field. Kevin Sumlin is currently the head coach. Texas A&M first fielded a team in 1894, under the direction of head coach F. D. Perkins. The team compiled a 1–1 record, W. A. Murray served as A&Ms head coach from 1899-1901, compiling a record of 7–8–1. From 1902-1904, J. E. Platt served as A&Ms head coach, from 1909-1914, A&M compiled a 38–8–4 record under head coach Charley Moran. Morans 1909 team finished undefeated, and all but one of Morans other seasons the Aggies only lost one each year. Under head coach Edwin Harlan, the Aggies compiled a record of 12–5 in two seasons and joined the Southwest Conference, Bible became Texas A&Ms head coach in 1919, leaving LSU, and under his tutelage the Aggies compiled a record of 72–19–9 in ten seasons. In the 1922 Dixie Classic, Bible made his most visible, Bible had a roster of only eighteen players, who had to play both offense and defense against the heavily favored Centre College. He lost three players to early in the game, but the Aggies took the lead. The Aggies wouldnt need Gills help to win, but since then A&M students stand throughout football games to show their willingness to play if needed, Bible departed the Aggies after the 1928 season to accept the Nebraska head coaching position. After Bibles departure, A&M brought in Matty Bell from TCU to lead the Aggies football program, under Bells tutelage, the Aggies compiled a record of 24–21–3. However, the Aggies did not play up to the set by Dana Bibles tenure. Homer Norton was hired away from Centenary to replace Bell in 1934, A&M enjoyed great successes under Norton. The 1939 Texas A&M team went 11–0, beating Tulane in the Sugar Bowl, nortons record at Texas A&M was 82–53–9, giving him the second most wins of any coach in Texas A&M Aggies football history. Among the many stars that Norton developed were John Kimbrough and Joe Routt, Norton was fired in 1947 when his team went 3–6–1 and lost to archrival Texas for the eighth straight year. In December 1947, Harry Stiteler was promoted from running backs coach to coach for the Texas A&M football team following the firing of Homer Norton
9.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
10.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
11.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
12.
Texas A&M University
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Texas A&M University is a coeducational public research university in College Station, Texas, United States. It is a university and is a member of the Texas A&M University System. The systems endowment ranks in the top 10 in the nation, Texas A&Ms student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States. In 2001, Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities, the schools students, alumni–over 450,000 strong–and sports teams are known as Aggies. The Texas A&M Aggies athletes currently compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference, originally, the college taught no classes in agriculture, instead concentrating on classical studies, languages, literature, and applied mathematics. After four years, students could attain degrees in agriculture, civil and mechanical engineering. Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s, A&M desegregated, became coeducational, to reflect the institutions expanded roles and academic offerings, the Texas Legislature renamed the school to Texas A&M University in 1963. The letters A&M, originally short for Agricultural and Mechanical, are retained only as a link to the universitys past, the main campus is one of the largest in the United States, spanning 5,200 acres, and is home to the George Bush Presidential Library. About one-fifth of the student body lives on campus, Texas A&M has over 1,000 officially recognized student organizations. Many students also observe the traditions, which daily life, as well as special occasions. Working with agencies such as the Texas AgriLife Research and Texas AgriLife Extension Service, the university offers degrees in over 150 courses of study through ten colleges and houses 18 research institutes. As a Senior Military College, Texas A&M is one of six American public universities with a full-time, the U. S. Congress laid the groundwork for the establishment of Texas A&M in 1862 with the adoption of the Morrill Act. To promote the liberal and practical education of the classes in the several pursuits. In 1871, the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the states first public institution of higher education, Brazos County donated 2,416 acres near Bryan, Texas, for the schools campus. Enrollment began on October 2,1876, six students enrolled on the first day, and classes officially began on October 4,1876, with six faculty members. During the first semester, enrollment increased to 48 students, admission was limited to white males, and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training. Although traditional Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets campusologies indicate 40 students began classes on October 4,1876, enrollment climbed to 258 students before declining to 108 students in 1883, the year the University of Texas opened in Austin, Texas. In the late 1880s, many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and clamored for an end of Texas A. M. C
13.
Southeastern Conference
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The Southeastern Conference is an American college athletic conference whose member institutions are located primarily in the Southern part of the United States. Its fourteen members include the public universities of ten states. The conference is headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, the SEC participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I in sports competitions, for football, it is part of the Football Bowl Subdivision, formerly known as Division I-A. The SEC was also the first NCAA Division I conference to hold a game for college football and was one of the founding members of the Bowl Championship Series. The current SEC commissioner is Greg Sankey, the conference sponsors team championships in nine mens sports and twelve womens sports. The SEC consists of 14 member institutions located within the borders of 11 contiguous states and these divisional groupings are applied exclusively to football and baseball as well as their scheduling and standings. The other charter members were, The University of the South left the SEC on December 13,1940 and it is currently a member of the Division III Southern Athletic Association. Georgia Institute of Technology left the SEC in 1964, in 1975, it became a founding member of the Metro Conference, one of the predecessors to todays Conference USA. Georgia Tech competed in the Metro Conference in all sports except football, in 1978, Georgia Tech joined another Southern Conference offshoot, the Atlantic Coast Conference, for all sports, where it has remained ever since. Tulane University left the SEC in 1966, along with Georgia Tech, it was a charter member of the Metro Conference. Unlike Tech, however, Tulane remained in the Metro Conference until it merged with the Great Midwest Conference in 1995 to form Conference USA, Tulane remained an independent in football until C-USA began football competition in 1996. Tulane left C-USA in 2014 for the American Athletic Conference, in 1990, the SEC expanded from ten to twelve member universities with the addition of the Arkansas Razorbacks and the South Carolina Gamecocks. The two new members began SEC competition with the 1991–1992 basketball season, at the same time, the SEC organized competition for some sports into two divisions. Initially, the format was used in football, baseball. The divisional format was dropped for mens basketball following the 2011–2012 season, the 1992 and 1993 championship games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham, and all championship games from 1994 onward have been held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. On November 6,2011 the SEC commissioner announced that the University of Missouri would also join the SEC on July 1,2012, for football, Texas A&M was scheduled to compete in the Western Division, and Missouri in the Eastern Division. Texas A&M and Missouri both left the Big 12 Conference, the office of Commissioner was created in 1940. Under the leadership of Michael F, the SECU rebranded its mission to better serve as a means through which the collaborative academic endeavors and achievements of Southeastern Conference universities would be promoted and advanced
14.
AT&T Stadium
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AT&T Stadium, formerly Cowboys Stadium, is a retractable roof stadium in Arlington, Texas, United States. It serves as the home of the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League and was completed on May 27,2009 and it is also the home of the Cotton Bowl Classic. It replaced the partially covered Texas Stadium, which served as the Cowboys home from 1971 through the 2008 season, the stadium is sometimes referred to as Jerrys World after Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones, who originally envisioned it as a large entertainment mecca. The stadium seats 80,000, making it the fifth largest stadium in the NFL by seating capacity, the maximum capacity of the stadium with standing room is 105,000. The record attendance for an NFL game was set in 2009 with a crowd of 105,121, the Party Pass sections are behind seats in each end zone and on a series of six elevated platforms connected by stairways. It also has the worlds 24th largest high definition video screen, originally estimated to cost $650 million, the stadiums current construction cost was $1.15 billion, making it one of the most expensive sports venues ever built. The City of Arlington provided over $325 million in bonds as funding, also, the NFL provided the Cowboys with an additional $150 million loan, following its policy for facilitating financing for the construction of new stadiums. A pair of nearly 300 ft -tall arches spans the length of the stadium dome and it also houses a center-hung Mitsubishi video display board that was the largest high-definition television screen in the world at the time of their installation. It has since surpassed in size by the Panasonic Big Hoss video board at Texas Motor Speedway. Glass doors, allowing each end zone to be opened, were designed and constructed by Dallas-based Haley-Greer glass systems, the retractable roof was designed by structural engineering firm Walter P Moore and the systems were implemented by mechanization consultants Uni-Systems. The electrification of Cowboys Stadiums retractable roof was developed by VAHLE and these Kinetic Architecture fundamentals will be employed in order to create quick conversions of the facility to accommodate a variety of events. When the design was unveiled on December 12,2006, it showed that, from inside the stadium. However, it can be covered by the roof panel to protect against the elements. A Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame is planned for the Hall of Fame level, the drawings also include a site for a large sculpture northeast of the stadium, close to Randol Mill Road. Attorney Bob Cohen, who is representing some of the property owners and it is claimed that the stadium uses more electricity than the whole of Liberia. 1997–2000, The Cowboys hold preliminary talks with Arlington officials about building a stadium there, the team also publicly discusses a $260 million plan to upgrade Texas Stadium. In 2000, the Cowboys compile a list of potential sites, which include Grapevine, Coppell. The team continues negotiating with Irving to renovate Texas Stadium,2001, Jones says Arlington is a leading contender for a $500 million stadium
15.
Ole Miss Rebels football
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The Ole Miss Rebels football program represents the University of Mississippi, also known as Ole Miss. The Rebels compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the football history of Ole Miss includes the formation of the first football team in the state and the 26th team on the list of college footballs all-time winning programs. The Rebels posted their 600th win on September 27,2008 when they defeated the Florida Gators 31–30, throughout the 115-year history of Ole Miss football, the Rebels have won six Southeastern Conference titles and claim three national titles. The team is coached by Hugh Freeze. In 1890, Dr. A. L. Bondurant, later the dean of the Ole Miss Graduate School, rallied Ole Miss students to form an athletic department to encompass the sports of football, baseball. The students brought this initiative to reality and in 1893, with Bondurant as the coach, the first team won four of five games during that inaugural football season. One of those wins was the very first football game played by an Ole Miss team. This was on November 11,1893, the next year,1894, Bondurant passed on his coaching duties. Ole Miss Football, a book published in 1980 by Sports Yearbook Company of Oxford, MS, rhea was the first coach at Ole Miss having been hired part-time by Bondurant and having led the 1894 team to a 6–1 record. His name appears as manager of the team as shown in the Ole Miss Magazine dated November 1894, the College Football Data Warehouse also lists Clark as the coach for the 1894 team. Twice in its history, Ole Miss did not field a football team, in 1897, a yellow fever epidemic cancelled the football season. In 1943, football was abolished at all Mississippi state-supported institutions by the state college Board of Trustees due to World War II, nathan Stauffer served as the head coach for the 1909,1910 and 1911 seasons. His record at Ole Miss was 17 wins,7 losses and 2 ties, in February 1925, Homer Hazel signed to become the head football coach at Ole Miss. Hazel coached the team for five years, compiling records of 5–5 in 1925, 5–4 in 1926, 5–3–1 in 1927, 5–4 in 1928 and his five-year record as head football coach was 21–22–3. After the poor showing in 1929, the Ole Miss student body, Hazel resigned his post at Ole Miss in January 1930. Thad Vann, who played for Hazel at Ole Miss from 1926 to 1929, leading Ole Miss into the Southeastern Conference in 1933 was head coach Ed Walker, who served as the Rebels head coach from 1930 to 1937. The Rebels compiled a record of 38–38–8 record under Walker, which included a 9–3 campaign in 1935, under head coach Harry Mehre, who led the Rebels from 1938 to 1945, the Rebels compiled a record of 39–26–1, which included two 9–2 seasons in 1938 and 1940. In his first season at the helm in 1947, the Rebels posted a 9–2 record and that 1947 season also saw Ole Miss great Charlie Conerly become the first Rebel player to be a contender for the Heisman Trophy, placing fourth in the voting for the prestigious honor
16.
Edwin Jackson Kyle
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Edwin Jackson Kyle was the U. S. Ambassador to Guatemala from 1945—1948. He was also the first Texan to advocate agricultural teaching in state schools successfully. He is the namesake of Kyle Field, an American football stadium in College Station, TX, Kyle was born July 22,1876 in Kyle, Texas to Captain Fergus Kyle and Anna Moore. His father was a Texas state legislator, Kyle attended various public and private schools before enrolling at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in 1896. A high achiever, Kyle became the highest-ranking cadet in his junior class, in his senior year he served as senior captain, the highest rank in the Corps of Cadets, as well as class president and president of the YMCA. Due to a vacancy, Kyle became acting commandant for one month. This role also gave him voting privileges in faculty matters, something no other A&M student has been granted. Kyle graduated with honors in 1899 as class valedictorian before attending Cornell University, where he received a B. S. degree in agriculture in 1901, in 1902, Kyle returned to Texas A&M as an instructor in the horticulture department. He quickly advanced to department head and was granted a professorship in 1905. When the department became the School of Agriculture in 1911, Kyle was named its first dean, committed to education as well as research, Kyle wrote prolifically about agriculture. His book, Fundamentals of Farming and Farm Life, was adopted by the state of Texas as an elementary textbook in 1912. Within 30 years this textbook had sold half a million copies. In the fall of 1904, Kyle, who was also the director of the General Athletics Association, wanted to secure and develop an athletic field to promote the schools athletics. Texas A&M was unwilling to provide funds, so Kyle fenced off a section of the southeast corner of campus that had been assigned to him for agricultural use. Using $650 of his own money, he purchased the covered grandstand from the Bryan fairgrounds, the students unofficially named the athletic field Kyle Field in his honor in 1908. Although Kyle resigned as head of the General Athletics Association when he became a dean, in 1941, Kyle toured Central and South America on behalf of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to study the agriculture economy. The following year the Texas Department of Agriculture appointed him as a delegate to the second Inter-American Conference on Agriculture in Mexico. Kyle retired from Texas A&M in 1944, for a brief period following his retirement, he served as the Director of the Farm Credit Administration at Houston
17.
Horticulture
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Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of growing plants. It includes the cultivation of plants, fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and non-food crops such as grass and ornamental trees. It also includes plant conservation, landscape restoration, landscape and garden design, construction, and maintenance, inside agriculture, horticulture contrasts with extensive field farming as well as animal husbandry. Horticulturists apply their knowledge, skills, and technologies used to grow intensively produced plants for food and non-food uses. Their work involves plant propagation and cultivation with the aim of improving plant growth, yields, quality, nutritional value, and resistance to insects, diseases and they work as gardeners, growers, therapists, designers, and technical advisors in the food and non-food sectors of horticulture. Horticulture even refers to the growing of plants in a field or garden, hortus is cognate with the native English word yard and also the borrowed word garden. Turf management includes all aspects of the production and maintenance of grass for sports. Floriculture includes the production and marketing of floral crops, landscape horticulture includes the production, marketing and maintenance of landscape plants. Olericulture includes the production and marketing of vegetables, pomology includes the production and marketing of pome fruits. Viticulture includes the production and marketing of grapes, oenology includes all aspects of wine and winemaking. Postharvest physiology involves maintaining the quality of and preventing the spoilage of plants, Horticulture has a very long history. The practice of horticulture can be retraced for many thousands of years, the cultivation of taro and yam in Papua New Guinea dates back to at least 6950–6440 cal BP. In the Pre-Columbian Amazon Rainforest, natives are believed to have used biochar to enhance productivity by smoldering plant waste. European settlers called it Terra Preta de Indio, in forest areas such horticulture is often carried out in swiddens. A characteristic of horticultural communities is that trees are often to be found planted around communities or specially retained from the natural ecosystem. Horticulture primarily differs from agriculture in two ways, first, it generally encompasses a smaller scale of cultivation, using small plots of mixed crops rather than large fields of single crops. Secondly, horticultural cultivations generally include a variety of crops. Agricultural cultivations however as a focus on one primary crop
18.
Grandstand
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A grandstand is a large and normally permanent structure for seating spectators, most often at a racetrack. This includes both auto racing and horse racing, the grandstand is in essence like a single section of a stadium, but differs from a stadium in that it does not wrap all or most of the way around. Grandstands may have basic bench seating, but usually have individual chairs like a stadium, grandstands are also usually covered with a roof, but are open on the front. Grandstands are found at places like Epsom Downs Racecourse and Atlanta Motor Speedway and they may also be found at fairgrounds, circuses, and outdoor arenas used for rodeos. In the United States, smaller stands are called bleachers, and are far more basic. Early baseball games were staged at fairgrounds, and the term grandstand came along when standalone baseball parks began to be built. A covered bleacher may be called a pavilion, also to distinguish from the main grandstand, the pejorative verb grandstanding is often applied to politicians or other public figures perceived to be using tactics designed to call attention to themselves instead of the issues
19.
Bryan, Texas
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Bryan is a city in Brazos County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 76,201 and it is the county seat of Brazos County and is located in the heart of the Brazos Valley. It borders the city of College Station, which lies to its south, together they are referred to as the Bryan–College Station metropolitan area, the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in Texas, containing around 190,000 people. The area around Bryan was part of a grant to Moses Austin by Spain. Austins son, Stephen F. Austin, helped bring settlers to the area, among the settlers was William Joel Bryan, the nephew of Stephen Austin. In 1866 the county seat of Brazos County was changed from Boonville to Bryan, in 1867, after many delays caused by the Civil War, the Houston and Texas Central Railroad, which had only previously gotten as far as Millican, finally reached Bryan. A short time later, in 1871, the city of Bryan became incorporated, just south of Bryan, Texas A&M College opened in 1876 in what later would be known as College Station. The following year,1877 saw the establishment of the Bryan Independent School District, keeping up with progress in the rest of the country, Bryan added electric lighting and a waterworks to its community in 1889. The fifth Brazos County courthouse was built in 1892, and by the turn of the century, in 1900, using a generous grant of $10,000 from Andrew Carnegie, the Carnegie Library of Bryan opened its doors in 1902. In 1910 the town built a railroad to College Station. By 1923 the line was abandoned, the first Jewish place of worship, the Temple Freda synagogue, was opened in 1913. During the 1930s the town of North Oakwood merged with Bryan, now Bryan and College Station are twin cities. In 1936 State Highway 6 was built, running right through town, in 2006 the Texas A&M University System announced that the new Texas A&M Health Science Center campus would be built in Bryan near the new Traditions Golf Course development. A fire at the El Dorado Chemical Co. in 2009 caused the evacuation of 70,000 residents due to the burning of ammonium nitrate, possibly causing minor respiratory problems. Less than 1,000 residents chose to evacuate, taking shelter at Texas A&M University, city fire officials chose to let the fire burn down before tackling it, since the chemicals were water reactive. The evacuation, which started at 2,30 pm CST ended at 7 pm, except for a small, defined area immediately around the fire, where approximately 100 Bryan residents lived. In the end, only 500 residents were under a mandatory evacuation, officials from El Dorado said there was never any danger from the smoke or fire. The warehouse, valued at just under $1 million, was destroyed, in 2010 the Brazos County District Attorneys Office started the enforcement of a Gang Safety Zone in response to an escalation in violence within Bryan
20.
Bleacher
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In the United States, bleachers or stands are raised, tiered rows of benches found at sports fields and other spectator events. Stairways provide access to the rows of seats, often with every other step gaining access to a row of benches. Benches range from simple planks to elaborate ones with backrests, many bleachers are open to the ground below so that there are only the planks to sit and walk on. Some bleachers have vertical panels beneath the benches, either partially or completely blocking the way to the ground, the term bleachers used in this sense can be traced back to at least 1889. The Dickson Baseball Dictionary states that the seating area was called the bleaching boards. Dickson lists as a secondary definition the fans sitting in them, by the early 1900s, the term bleachers was being used for both the seating area and its occupants. In modern usage the term bleachers almost always only to the seating area. Terms such as Chicagos bleacher bums, or Yankee Stadiums Bleacher Creatures are also used, Bleacher structures vary depending on the location, but most outdoor modern bleachers have either an aluminium tube or steel angle understructure or steel I-beams. Most smaller bleachers are frame-type bleachers and most larger bleachers are I-Beam bleachers, bleachers range in size from small, modular, aluminum stands that can be moved around soccer or hockey fields to large permanent structures that flank each side of an American football field. Some bleachers have locker rooms underneath them, in indoor gyms, bleachers can be built in so that they slide on a track or on wheels and fold in an accordion-like, stacking manner. These type of bleachers are known as telescoping bleachers, in baseball stadiums, the bleachers are usually located beyond the outfield fences. However, center-field bleachers are located in the line of sight of the batter, as a result, most stadiums have vacant areas or black backgrounds where the seats would be. This is known as either the Backdrop or the Batters eye, the old Yankee Stadium featured black-painted vacant bleachers, nicknamed the black by baseball fans. The popularity of American football has made seating on outdoor and indoor football fields a necessity, professional football, colleges, high schools, and even middle schools have bleacher systems set up to accommodate their fans. They vary in size from 10 feet wide that seat 25 all the way to full stadiums that seat thousands and it is not uncommon to see football bleachers that rise hundreds of feet into the air. American Football bleachers are commonly made from concrete or aluminum with concrete footings or superstructure underneath, all-seater Mobile bleacher Grandstand Terrace The gods Nosebleed seats Nussli Group, Various Grandstand and Bleacher Systems Euro Group UK explanation of different types of bleacher seating
21.
Texas Longhorns football
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The Texas Longhorns football program is the intercollegiate team representing the University of Texas at Austin in the sport of American football. The Longhorns compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision as a member of the Big 12 Conference, the team is coached by Tom Herman and home games are played at Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium in Austin, Texas. Beginning in 1893, the Texas Longhorns football program is one of the most highly regarded and historic programs of all time. From 1937 to 1946 the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Dana X. Bible, and then from 1957 to 1976 the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Darrell K. Royal, who won three national championships. In 2012, the program was valued at $805 million. In 2008, ESPN ranked Texas as the seventh-most prestigious college football program since 1936, as of the end of the 2016 season, Texas all-time record is 891–359–33, which ranks as the second-most wins in NCAA Division I FBS history. Other NCAA records include 108 winning seasons out of 122 total seasons,23 seasons with 10 or more wins,9 undefeated seasons, and 26 seasons with at most one loss or tie. From 1936 to 2012, the Longhorns football teams have been in the AP or coaches rankings 66 out of 76 seasons, finishing those seasons ranked in the top twenty-five 48 times, Texas claims four Division I-A national championships and 32 conference championships. Seventeen Longhorns have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the Longhorns have played their home games in Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium on Joe Jamail Field since 1924. The stadium is located on the campus of The University of Texas in Austin, the current DKR-Texas Memorial Stadium and Big 12 attendance record was set on September 4,2016 with 102,315 spectators. The final planned phase of the expansion includes the construction of permanent seating. However, the date of the construction phase to fully enclose the south end zone has not been set nor have any funds been raised. Before the Longhorns football team moved to DKR, they played their games at Clark Field from 1894 to 1924. Clark Field was a stadium located on the University of Texas campus. The Longhorns last game at Clark Field before moving to brand new Memorial Stadium occurred on October 25,1924, the Longhorns battled the Florida Gators to a 7–7 tie that day. The 1893 team did not always wear orange and they also wore gold and white uniforms. In 1895, the Texas Athletic Association moved to orange and white colors, in 1897, the Association moved to orange and maroon to save cleaning costs. The Cactus Yearbook at the time listed the University colors as either gold or orange and white until the 1899 Cactus declared the University colors to be gold, students at the Universitys medical branch in Galveston were in favor of royal blue
22.
Deck (building)
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In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization of decks as found on ships, wood or timber decking can be used in a number of ways, as part of garden landscaping, to extend living areas of houses, and as an alternative to stone based features such as patios. Decks are made from treated lumber, composite lumber, composite material, lumber may be Western red cedar, teak, mahogany, ipê and other hardwoods. Recycled planks may be high-density polyethylene, polystyrene and PET plastic as well as mixed plastics, artificial decking products are often called wood-plastic composites. These days, WPCs have more known by different brands like Trex, Azek. Historically, the used for decking were logged from old growth forests. These include Atlantic white cedar, redwood and Western red cedar, Atlantic City built the first coastal boardwalk in the United States, originally constructed of Atlantic white cedar. However, it was not long before the commercial logging of this tree, Atlantic City and New York City both switched to Western red cedar. By the 1960s, Western red cedar from the US was declining due to over-logging, more expensive Western red cedar was available from western Canada but by then, pressure treated pine had become available. But even with chemical treatments, pine decking is not as durable as cedars in an outdoor environment, thus, many municipalities and homeowners are turning to hardwoods. Decks are often built from pressure treated wood, pressure treated wood is long lasting and holds up to wet and icey weather conditions. Pressure treated wood however is treated with chemicals which have known to be toxic. Generally, hardwoods used for decking come from tropical forests, US tropical wood imports are rising, partly due to the demand for decking. Due to environmental and durability concerns, composite decking have appeared on the market, proponents of composite decking have touted this as a much needed development as this helps to curb logging of trees for new decks. However composite decking has been found to contain chemicals, cannot be refurbished. However newer more modern composites feature a cap or shell that prevents mold, residential decks may contain spaces for cooking, dining and seating. Cooking areas ideally should be situated near the door while out of the way from general foot traffic. Dining spaces will include patio tables, for a typical 6 person outdoor patio table building an area of 12 x 16 is ideal
23.
End zone
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The end zone refers to the scoring area on the field, according to gridiron-based codes of football. It is the area between the end line and goal line bounded by the sidelines, there are two end zones, each being on an opposite side of the field. It is bordered on all sides by a line indicating its beginning and end points, with orange. Canadian rule books use the terms goal area and dead line instead of end zone and end line respectively, a similar concept exists in both rugby football codes, where it is known as the in-goal area. Ultimate frisbee also uses an end zone scoring area, scores in this sport are counted when a pass is received in the end zone. The end zones were invented as a result of the creation of the forward pass, prior to this, the goal line and end line were the same, and players scored a touchdown by leaving the field of play through that line. Goal posts were placed on the line, and any kicks that did not result in field goals. In the earliest days of the pass, the pass had to be caught in-bounds. This also made it difficult to pass the ball very close to ones own goal line. Thus, in 1912, the end zone was introduced in American football. Goal posts were originally kept on the lines, but after they began to interfere with play, they moved back to the end lines in 1927. The National Football League moved the goal posts up to the line again in 1933. As with many aspects of gridiron football, Canadian football adopted the forward pass. The forward pass and end zones were adopted in 1929, in Canada, college football never reached a level of prominence comparable to U. S. college football, and professional football was still in its infancy in the 1920s. As a result, Canadian football was still being played in rudimentary facilities in the late 1920s, a further consideration was that the Canadian Rugby Union wanted to reduce the prominence of single points in the game. Therefore, the CRU simply appended 25-yard end zones to the ends of the existing 110-yard field, a team scores a touchdown by entering its opponents end zone while carrying the ball or catching the ball while being within the end zone. If the ball is carried by a player, it is considered a score when any part of the ball is directly above or beyond any part of the line between the pylons. In addition, a two-point conversion may be scored after a touchdown by similar means, in Ultimate Frisbee, a goal is scored by completing a pass into the end zone
24.
Dallas Cowboys
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The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and plays its games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season, the Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960. The teams national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs, the Cowboys streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games began in 2002. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC, the Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons, in which they only missed the playoffs twice, an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable team in the world. The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U. S. sports team. Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys, there had not been an NFL team south of Washington, D. C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952. Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas, Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958. An agreement was struck, but as the deal was about to be finalized and this infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal. Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas, since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time, Marshalls position would prevent Murchison from joining the league. Marshall had an out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin. Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song Hail to the Redskins, Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchisons plight to get an NFL franchise. Angry with Marshall, Breeskin approached Murchisons attorney to him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959. Murchison purchased Hail to the Redskins for $2,500, before the vote to award franchises in 1959, Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games. After a few Marshall expletives, Murchison gave the rights to Hail to the Redskins to Marshall for his vote, the one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time. From 1970 through 1979, the Cowboys won 105 regular season games, in addition, they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls, at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons
25.
Aggie War Hymn
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The Aggie War Hymn is the war hymn of Texas A&M University, officially, the school does not have a fight song. It was written by J. V. Pinky Wilson, one of many Aggies who fought in World War I. Wilson combined several Aggie yells then in use at the time into a song called Good-bye to Texas University. He wrote the lyrics in 1918 on the back of a letter from home while holed up in a trench during a battle in France and he later put the words to music after Armistice was signed and before he returned to the United States. Upon returning to Texas A&M in 1919, the song was performed by a quartet that Wilson had organized, called the Cast-Iron Quartet. Wilson agreed, and the song was performed by the quartet during a yell practice, No midnight yell was occurring at this point in time. It was held outside Sbisa Hall after the evening meal and it became such a success that the song was officially adopted that fall under its current title. The song is noted for beginning with Recall, an old bugle call, in two different keys. These are the keys of the bugles in use by the US Army during World War I, the M1894 Field Trumpet in B-flat and the M1896 Field Trumpet in G and this is a nod to Texas A&Ms past as a military school. Indeed, for years, the Fightin Texas Aggie Bands halftime show has begun with the drum major shouting Recall. The starting phrase of the song, Hullabaloo, Caneck, Caneck. was widely thought to originate from an Old Army Aggie yell written in 1907, though other uses of the phrase have been recorded as early as 1889 at Johns Hopkins University. The Hullabaloo is also the Varsity Yell for the Tulane University Greenwave, Texas A&M University president Jack K. Williams jokingly defined the phrase as Chickasaw Indian for Beat the hell out of the University of Texas. The additional lyrics comprise what is now the first verse of the song, however, the first verse has never caught on, in part because many felt it sounded too much like an Ivy League song. Thus, in practice, the verse is usually sung twice. Also, in practice, the phrase sounds like hell is inserted after the line that is the song they sing so well, however, the phrase is not officially part of the song. After the second verse is sung twice, Aggie fans link their arms and legs, and sway left and right to replicate the motion of a saw blade, this is called sawing Varsitys horns off. When this happens during football games at Kyle Field, this causes the entire west upper deck, including the press box and this often unnerves sportswriters who havent covered an Aggie game before. The song concludes with the chorus of Therell Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight, in 1997, the song was rated as the No.1 college fight song by USA Today. It was also used by NASA Flight Director Gerry Griffin to wake up astronauts in space from 1983 to 1995, the song was also used as a wakeup call on Day 11 of space mission STS-121 for Texas A&M former student and mission specialist Mike Fossum
26.
Neyland Stadium
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Neyland Stadium is a sports stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It serves primarily as the home of the Tennessee Volunteers football team, the stadiums official capacity is 102,455. Neyland Stadium is the fifth largest stadium in the United States, the sixth largest stadium in the world, the stadium is named for Robert Neyland, who served three stints as head football coach at the University of Tennessee between 1926 and 1952. The Tennessee Volunteers football team played at Baldwin Park, which was once located between Grand Avenue and Dale Avenue, north of Fort Sanders. From 1909 to 1920, the played at Wait Field. The stadium was first conceived in 1919, colonel W. S. Shields, president of Knoxvilles City National Bank and a University of Tennessee trustee, provided the initial capital to prepare and equip an athletic field. At the groups behest, students and faculty finished the field over a two-day period, an invitational track meet was then held as a celebration and thus became the very first event at Neyland Stadium. The first UT football game at the stadium took place on September 24,1921, with the Vols defeating Emory & Henry, the first night game at Neyland Stadium was played on September 16,1972, with the Vols defeating Penn State, 28–21. In 1962, the stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in honor of General Robert Neyland, the playing field continued to be named Shields-Watkins field. Neyland, the man credited with making the Vols a national power, coached the team from 1926–1952. Reflecting the Vols growth in stature, the stadiums capacity jumped more than 14-fold during his 38-year association with UT as either an assistant coach, head coach, or athletic director. By comparison, when it had originally built in 1921, it was not even a fraction the size of Tennessees largest football stadium at the time. Shortly before his death, he spearheaded the stadiums first major expansion, the plans he drafted were so far ahead of their time that they have formed the basis for every expansion since then. The playing surface is still named Shields–Watkins Field, the latest additions and updates to the facility were part of a $136.4 million series of renovations, beginning in 2004 and completed by 2010. In a Spring 2001 poll in The Sporting News, Neyland Stadium was ranked as the nations #1 college football stadium, in 2004, Sports Illustrated ranked Neyland Stadium, the University of Tennessee campus, and the surrounding Knoxville area, as the best college football weekend experience. On April 8,2009, it was announced that Neyland Stadium was one of the 70 stadiums named for the United States bid to either the 2018 or 2022 World Cup, attendance has been recorded for Tennessee Volunteer football games at Neyland Stadium since 1946. Average attendance since that year has been 68,925 fans per game, the largest crowd ever recorded at Neyland Stadium was 109,061 on September 18,2004, when Tennessee defeated Florida, 30–28. Tennessee set a record by averaging 107,595 fans per home game in 2000
27.
KBTX-TV
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KBTX-TV3 is the CBS television network affiliate located in Bryan/College Station, Texas. It airs on digital UHF Channel 50 and is owned by Gray Television and it is a sister station to KWTX-TV in Waco. The stations studios are located on East 29th Street in Bryan, some internal operations are handled at KWTX-TVs studios on American Plaza in Waco. KBTX broadcasts on cable systems—including on Suddenlink channel 5 -- and on DirecTV, KBTX also offers The CW programming on its digital feed. Prior to the September 2006 merger of The WB and UPN, following the merger, CW Texas was launched as a joint effort between KBTX and KWTX. On August 8,2012, CW Texas became CW8 Aggieland, KBTX-TV falls under the KBTX Media banner, which also includes CW8 Aggieland and KBTX. com KBTX was the first television station in the Brazos Valley, first going on the air on May 22,1957. It has broadcast from the studio for its entire history. Originally airing both CBS and ABC programming, KBTX became an exclusive CBS affiliate in 1984, on October 14,1983, KBTX flipped the switch on a new transmitter in the Grimes County community of Carlos. The 1, 700-foot tower nearly doubled the number of homes the station reached, perhaps the most noteworthy coverage from KBTX was on November 18,1999. Early that morning, the Aggie Bonfire stack collapsed, killing 12, the station provided non-stop coverage of the event, and served as a major source of information locally and nationally in the hours that followed. KBTX began celebrating its 50th anniversary in May 2007, many former on-air staff returned for the celebration, including some who guest-anchored newscasts. On February 28,2009, KBTX began broadcasting at full power digital from the enhanced Carlos tower, the station had been broadcasting on low power digital between its analog signal shutdown and the full power activation, in addition to being carried on cable systems and DirecTV. KBTX and KWTX experimented with a jointly-run noon show in early 2009, KWTX aired its own live weather and content in its part of the market during that time. However, in late March 2009, the two returned to running separate shows, with KBTX citing an overwhelming request from viewers for the show to be based out of the Twin Cities again. In 2009, KBTX reached agreements with the two major satellite providers. For years, Dish Network had refused to offer KBTX to the Bryan/College Station area and had simply carried KWTX, on April 23 of that year, KBTX was made available in the Waco/Temple/Bryan market area. In May 2009, after years of carrying KBTX to the market, in June 2009, an agreement was reached to keep the station available to customers of the satellite provider. On September 12,2011, KBTX launched a 4 p. m. newscast and it and Inside Edition at 4,30 replaced The Oprah Winfrey Show
28.
G. Rollie White Coliseum
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The G. Rollie White Coliseum was an on-campus arena at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, in the United States. Often referred to as the Jollie Rollie or The Holler House on the Brazos, the arena was the home of Texas A&Ms Aggie volleyball team, before the building of Reed Arena in 1998, G. Rollie White was also the home to the mens and womens basketball teams. Demolition of the Coliseum in August,2013 made way for the redevelopment of Kyle Field, the building was built in 1954, and was located directly to the northeast of Kyle Field. The U-shaped building seated 7,800 in the grandstand on three sides, with a small auxiliary bleacher section on the flat end of the building. The sandstone exterior was originally visible outside the northern corner of the field, G. Rollie White hosted the NCAA volleyball tournament ten times. In November 2012, the request for proposal to renovate Kyle Field called for the demolition of G. Rollie White. John David Crow, former Aggie football player and athletic director, regarded the demise of G. Rollie White as a farewell to an old friend, Crow was present when G. Rollie White opened to replace DeWare Field House. Texas A&M University article about the history of the coliseum
29.
Aggie Bonfire
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Aggie Bonfire was a long-standing annual tradition at Texas A&M University as part of the college rivalry with the University of Texas at Austin. For 90 years, Texas A&M students—known as Aggies—built and burned a bonfire on campus each autumn, known to the Aggie community simply as Bonfire, the annual autumn event symbolized Aggie students burning desire to beat the hell outta t. u. A derogatory nickname for the University of Texas, the bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with festivities surrounding the annual college football game. Although early bonfires were little more than piles of trash, as time passed the annual event became more organized, over the years the bonfire grew to an immense size, setting the world record in 1969. In 1999, the Bonfire collapsed during construction, killing people, eleven students and one former student. The accident led Texas A&M to declare a hiatus on an official Bonfire, however, since 2002, a student-sponsored coalition has constructed an annual unsanctioned, off-campus Student Bonfire in the spirit of its predecessor. The students of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, known as Aggies, the first on-campus Aggie Bonfire, a heap of trash and debris, was burned in 1909 to generate enthusiasm for a variety of sporting events. A decade later, the focus of the event narrowed to the rivalry game between Texas A&M and the University of Texas, held near Thanksgiving Day. Little information was recorded about the early Bonfires, the 1921 Texas A&M yearbook mentioned the final rally of the students before the game against Texas, six years later, the school yearbook published a photograph of the event. Freshmen were expected to build the early Bonfires to help prove their worth, for almost two decades, the students constructed Bonfire from debris and wood acquired through various, sometimes illicit, means, including appropriating lumber intended for a dormitory in 1912. In 1935, a reported that students carried off his entire barn as fuel for Bonfire. To prevent future incidents, the university made Bonfire a school-sanctioned event, the following year, for the first time, the school provided axes, saws, and trucks for the students and pointed them toward a grove of dead trees on the edge of town. During the 1940s, the paper described Bonfire as the greatest event of the football season. u. The Bonfire design changed in 1942, universal Studios, filming the movie Weve Never Been Licked on the Texas A&M Campus, built a bonfire as a prop for the movie. Their structure used a similar to a teepee, where all the logs rested against each other in a conical shape. The logs were placed at an angle between 23 and 30 degrees, giving it a vertical and horizontal resistance. This allowed Bonfire to grow from 25 feet tall to over 50 feet tall, subsequent Aggies adopted the new idea, and the teepee design became standard for Bonfires for the next twenty-five years. Beginning in 1952, the bonfires were constructed entirely from fresh-cut logs, the event suffered its first fatality in 1955, when a student was struck by a swerving car
30.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
31.
New York City Fire Department
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The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 10,200 uniformed firefighters and over 3,940 uniformed EMTs, paramedics and its regulations are compiled in title 3 of the New York City Rules. The FDNYs motto is New Yorks Bravest, the FDNY serves more than 8 million residents within a 320 square mile area. The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn, there are Three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Citywide, Brooklyn, the Bronx houses Manhattan and the Bronx, and Queens houses Queens. The current Fire Commissioner is Daniel A. Nigro, who took over the position from Salvatore J. Cassano in June 2014. Staff chiefs include the seven citywide tour commanders, the Chief of Safety, the Chief of Fire Prevention, operationally and geographically, the department is nominally organized into five Borough Commands for the five traditional Boroughs of New York City. Within those five Borough Commands exists nine firefighting Divisions, each headed by a Deputy Division Chief, within each Division are four to seven Battalions, each led by a Battalion Chief. Each Battalion consists of three to eight firehouses and consists of approximately 180–200 firefighters and officers, each firehouse consists of one to three fire companies. Each fire company is led by a captain, who commands three lieutenants and nine to twenty firefighters, there are currently four shifts of firefighters in each company. Tours can be either night tours or day tours, the FDNY faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. The origins of the New York City Fire Department go back to 1648 when the first fire ordinance was adopted in what was then the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant, within one year of his arrival, appointed four fire wardens to wooden chimneys of thatched-roofed wooden houses, the first four fire wardens were Martin Krieger, Thomas Hall, Adrian Wyser, and George Woolsey. Hooks, ladders and buckets were financed through the collection of fines for dirty chimneys, an organization known as the prowlers but given the nickname the rattle watch patrolled the streets with buckets, ladders and hooks from nine in the evening until dawn looking for fires. Leather shoe buckets,250 in all, were manufactured by local Dutch shoemakers in 1658, in 1664 New Amsterdam became an English settlement and was renamed New York. The first New York fire brigade entered service in 1731 equipped with two hand-drawn pumpers which had transported from London, England. These two pumpers formed Engine Company 1 and Engine Company 2, the citys first firehouse was built in 1736 in front of City Hall on Broad Street. In 1865, the fire department was abolished by a state act which created the Metropolitan Fire District
32.
Press box
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The press box is a special section of a sports stadium or arena that is set up for the media to report about a given event. It is typically located in the section of the holding the luxury box. In general, newspaper writers sit in this box and write about the event as it unfolds. Television and radio announcers broadcast from the box as well. Finally, in football, some coaches prefer to work from the press box instead of from the sideline. The press box is considered to be an area, and writers, broadcasters. Cheering is strictly forbidden in press boxes, and anyone violating rules against showing favoritism for either team is subject to ejection from the box by security personnel. The rule against cheering is generally enforced only in the area of the press box. A scratched or injured player can be said to be watching from the press box
33.
Jumbotron
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Manufactured by Sony, the JumboTron is recognized as one of the largest non-projection video displays ever manufactured. Each display consisted of multiple modules composed of 16 or more small flood-beam CRTs, each of which included from 2 to 16 pixels composed of red, green, Sony displayed one of the earliest versions at the Expo 85 Worlds Fair in Tsukuba. It was actually Mitsubishi Electric that pioneered the development of video screens. That year, the first Diamond Vision board was introduced at the 1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Sony creative director Yasuo Kuroki is credited with the development of the JumboTron. Eventually, JumboTron systems adopted LED technology as blue and pure green LEDs were developed, LED-based systems have about 10 times the lifespan of CRT-based systems, a key reason for the change. While the JumboTron and similar large-screen displays are physically large, they were low in display resolution. The JumboTron at the now-demolished Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, measured 30 ft diagonally with a resolution of only 240×192 pixels, screen size since then varies depending on the venue. The display introduced in 1985 was 40 meters wide by 25 meters tall, newer, LED-based large screens have an order of magnitude greater than the early JumboTron resolution at a fraction of the cost. For example, the much publicized center-hung video board in the Dallas Cowboys AT&T Stadium is 72 feet tall and 160 feet wide, displaying HDTV at 1920 x 1080 resolution,45 times more pixels. The largest JumboTron in use was located at SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario, by comparison, a similar-sized LED system sold today would cost around $3 million. The Rogers Centre JumboTron was replaced in 2005 by a Daktronics ProStar as a part of a revitalization project. Precedents and Issues with Billboard Lives JumboTron, The First Electronic Board on West Hollywoods Sunset Strip, media related to Jumbotron at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of jumbotron at Wiktionary Quotations related to Jumbotron at Wikiquote
34.
Mitsubishi
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The Mitsubishi Group is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries. Its total revenue is about 1. 4% percent of Japans GDP and it is historically descended from the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, a unified company which existed from 1870 to 1947 and was disbanded during the occupation of Japan following World War II. The former constituents of the continue to share the Mitsubishi brand, trademark. The three main companies in the group are The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, the Mitsubishi company was established as a shipping firm by Yatarō Iwasaki in 1870. In 1873, its name was changed to Mitsubishi Shokai, the name Mitsubishi consists of two parts, mitsu meaning three and hishi meaning water caltrop, and hence rhombus, which is reflected in the companys logo. It is also translated as three diamonds, Mitsubishi was established in 1870, two years after the Meiji Restoration, with shipping as its core business. Its diversification was mostly into related fields, the experience of overseas shipping led the firm to enter into a trading business. In 1881, the company bought into coal mining by acquiring the Takashima Mine, followed by Hashima Island in 1890 and they also diversified into shipbuilding, banking, insurance, warehousing, and trade. Later diversification carried the organization into such sectors as paper, steel, glass, electrical equipment, aircraft, oil, as Mitsubishi built a broadly based conglomerate, it played a central role in the modernization of Japanese industry. After moving to Japan, they designed the Mitsubishi 1MT, Mitsubishi B1M, Mitsubishi 1MF, the merchant fleet entered into a period of diversification that would eventually result in the creation of three entities, Mitsubishi Bank was founded in 1919. After its mergers with the Bank of Tokyo in 1996, and UFJ Holdings in 2004, Mitsubishi Atomic Industry, a nuclear power company. Mitsubishi Chemical, the largest Japan-based chemicals company Mitsubishi Power Systems, during the Second World War, Mitsubishi manufactured military aircraft under the direction of Dr. Jiro Horikoshi. The Mitsubishi A6M was a primary Japanese naval fighter in World War II and it was used by Imperial Japanese Navy pilots throughout the war, including in kamikaze attacks during the later stages. Allied pilots were astounded by its maneuverability, and it was successful in combat until the Allies devised tactics to utilize their advantage in armor. Mitsubishi made use of forced labor during this tenure, laborers included allied POWs, as well as Chinese citizens. In the post-war period, lawsuits and demands for compensations were presented against the Mitsubishi Corporation, on July 24,2015, the company agreed to formally apologize for this wartime labor, and compensated 3765 Chinese laborers who were conscripted to Mitsubishi Mining during the war. On July 19,2015, the company apologized for using American soldiers as slave laborers during World War II, Mitsubishi was involved in the opium trade in China during this period. Mitsubishi was among a number of major Japanese companies targeted for dissolution during the occupation of Japan and it was broken up into a large number of smaller enterprises whose stock was offered to the public
35.
LED
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A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
36.
Kyle Field
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Kyle Field is the football stadium located on the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. It has been the home to the Texas A&M Aggie football team in rudimentary form since 1904 and it is known as the Home of the 12th Man. Within the state of Texas, Kyle Field has the largest regular seating capacity, Kyle Fields largest game attendance was 110,631 people when Texas A&M lost to the Ole Miss Rebels with the score of 20–35 on October 11,2014. This was the largest football game attendance in the state of Texas, in the fall of 1904, Edwin Jackson Kyle, an 1899 graduate of Texas A&M and professor of horticulture, was named president of the General Athletics Association. Kyle wanted to secure and develop a field to promote the schools athletics. Texas A&M was unwilling to provide funds, so Kyle fenced off a section of the southwest corner of campus that had been assigned to him for agricultural use. Using $650 of his own money, he purchased a grandstand from the Bryan fairgrounds. On November 10,1904, the Texas A&M Board of Directors set this area as a permanent athletic field, after the stands were built, students supported naming the field after its founder and builder. In 1921, the November game between the Texas A&M Aggies and their archrival the University of Texas at Kyle Field became the first college game to offer a live. The Aggies enjoyed a season in 1919, accumulating a combined score of 275–0. Aggie supporters began to clamor for a stadium, but only $2,400 were raised by 1920, in 1927, the school chose to build a new stadium, at a cost of $345,001.67. The new stadium opened later that year, in 1929, grandstands were added on the north and west ends, turning the facility into a 33, 000-seat horseshoe. Capacity was raised to 41,500 in 1953 when a second deck. More of second deck and other improvements were added in 1967 to raise the capacity to 48,000 at a cost of $1,840,000, in 1974, two large flagpoles were added at the south end of the stadium in memory of Lt. William B. Blocker, Texas A&M class of 1945, expansion continued in 1980, when a third deck was added to Kyle Field, bringing the capacity to 70,000. Construction took place during the season, and students were allowed into the area as each row of seating was added. In 1981, 16-foot -high letters spelling out KYLE FIELD were installed, the Bernard C. Richardson Zone was added in 1999 at a cost of $32.9 million raising the capacity to 82,600. For high-demand games, temporary bleachers are installed in the end zone
37.
Hard Rock Stadium
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Hard Rock Stadium is a multipurpose football stadium located in Miami Gardens, Florida, a suburb north of Miami. It is the stadium of the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. The facility also hosts the Orange Bowl, a college football bowl game. It was the home to the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball from 1993 to 2011. The stadium has hosted five Super Bowls, the 2010 Pro Bowl, two World Series, four BCS National Championship Games, the round of the 2009 World Baseball Classic. The stadium will host Super Bowl LIV in 2020, for their first 21 seasons, the Miami Dolphins played at the Orange Bowl. Joe Robbie, the founder, led the financing campaign to build a new home for the team. He believed it was only a matter of time before a Major League Baseball team came to South Florida, at his request, the stadium was built so only minimal renovations would be necessary to ready it for a baseball team. Most notably, the field was somewhat wider than is normally the case for an NFL stadium. The wide field makes it fairly easy to convert the stadium for soccer. Because of this decision, the first row of seats is 90 ft from the sideline in a football configuration. This resulted in an intimate venue for football compared to other football facilities built around this time. At the time it opened in 1987, the stadium was located in an area within Miami-Dade County. Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13,2003, the first preseason game for the Dolphins was played on August 16,1987 against the Chicago Bears. The first regular game was scheduled for September 27, a week 3 game against the New York Giants. The first regular season NFL game played there was a 42–0 Dolphins victory over the Kansas City Chiefs on October 11,1987, the game was in the middle of the 1987 NFL strike, and was played with replacement players. The stadium hosted its first Monday Night Football game on December 7 of that year, in addition to the Super Bowl, several other playoff games have been played in the stadium, including the 1992 AFC Championship Game, which the Dolphins lost to the Buffalo Bills, 29–10. The Dolphins are 5–3 in playoff games held here, losing the most recent one in January 2009, the team is unbeaten here against the Minnesota Vikings, San Diego Chargers, Los Angeles/St
38.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
39.
Reed Arena
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Reed Arena is a sports arena and entertainment venue located at the corner of Olsen Boulevard and Kimbrough Boulevard in College Station, Texas. The building replaced the G. Rollie White Coliseum, and is named for Dr, & Mrs. Chester J. Reed, a 1947 A&M graduate whose donations made the new arena possible. In 2005, Reed Arena served as the site of mens and womens first round NIT games, as the men played Clemson and the women played Tulsa. In recent years, Reed Arena has gained a reputation as one of the most hostile arenas in the nation, Reed Arena first opened its doors in 1998 as a member of Texas A&M Special Event Facilities. The arena was named after its primary donor Chester Reed, Texas A&M Class of 1947, the building hosts many official functions for Texas A&M University. With enough indoor seating capacity for 12,500 guests, the arena makes an ideal location for the graduation ceremonies, freshmen convocation. While in the stages, Chester Reed donated an operations endowment to help run the building during its first five years. However, due to initial over-estimating of revenue and budget shortfalls during construction, for all of these reasons mentioned above, Reed Arena cannot just focus on basketball and other university events. As a necessary function, the Arena has developed pipelines of support from a multitude of different stakeholders and events that operate both within the local community and internationally. The $36 million Reed Arena was designed by the Houston firm Lockwood, Andrews, the arena has seats for 12,989 fans, while an additional 2,000 people can be accommodated on the main floor for concerts. Reed Arena is able to provide group accommodations on many different levels, events can greatly vary in size, the Arena can accommodate an event involving thousands of patrons or a small meeting that contains only 15 participants on any given day. The arena floor contains 25,000 square feet of column-free space and this figure almost doubles the space any other building in the Bryan/College Station area. The second floor contains four 1,200 square feet rooms, the lower level of the arena also contains a 7,500 square feet multi-purpose room, a full-service commercial kitchen, and numerous types of dressing rooms. The arena is surrounded by four parking lots, which hold a combined 1500 cars, generally event parking costs between $5. On February 2,2007, the A&M System Board of Regents approved a plan, increasing the size of the facility to 69,400 square feet. 12 largest mens basketball crowds, Reed Arena Reed Arena Event Search Reed Arena - AggieAthletics. com Reed Rowdies Cox-McFerrin Center ground breaking announcement
40.
Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park
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Olsen Field at Blue Bell Park is a baseball stadium in College Station, Texas, that is home to the Texas A&M baseball program. The stadium was dedicated on March 21,1978, and is named in honor of C. E, pat Olsen, a 1923 graduate of Texas A&M University and a former baseball player in the New York Yankees farm system. Olsen Field has served as an NCAA regional site five times and had its 1999 regional attendance ranked second with 53,287, the first NCAA Regional Tournament held at Olsen Field was in 1989. In 2004 Sports Illustrated on Campus ranked Olsen Field the best college baseball venue, Aggie baseball fans called RAggies have a reputation of fiercely ragging opponents. Olsen Field underwent a renovation that began on June 7,2011, funded in part by donations from the owners of Blue Bell Creameries. In return, Blue Bell gained naming rights, however, the seating capacity was decreased from 7,000 to 5,400 to accommodate the changes. Olsen Field reopened on February 17,2012 for the first game of the 2012 baseball season even though some projects were not completely finished, in 2015, the Aggies ranked 7th among Division I baseball programs in attendance, averaging 4,857 per home game. List of NCAA Division I baseball venues Aggie Athletics Blue Bell Park Web Page
41.
Auburn Tigers football
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The Auburn Tigers football program represents Auburn University in the sport of American college football. Auburn competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Auburn officially began competing in intercollegiate football in 1892. The Tigers joined the Southeastern Conference in 1932 as one of the members of the conference. Auburn officially claims two national championships, but has been recognized with five championships from NCAA documented selectors. Auburn has achieved twelve undefeated seasons and won conference championships. The Tigers have made forty-one post season appearances, including eleven historically major bowl berths. The Tigers have produced three Heisman Trophy winners, quarterback Pat Sullivan in 1971, running back Bo Jackson in 1985, Auburn has also produced twenty-nine consensus All-American players. The College Football Hall of Fame has inducted a total of 12 individuals from Auburn, including 8 student-athletes and four coaches, John Heisman, Mike Donahue, Ralph Jordan. Ralph Shug Jordan, who coached from 1951 to 1975, led Auburn to its first national championship and won a total of 176 games, the most by any Auburn coach. Auburns home stadium is Jordan–Hare Stadium, which opened in 1939, Auburns archrival is in-state foe Alabama. The Tigers and Crimson Tide meet annually in the Iron Bowl, the Tigers are currently led by head coach Gus Malzahn. Auburn has the 13th most wins in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision, in terms of winning percentage, Auburn ranks as the 9th most successful team in the past 25 years with a 71% win rate and 9th over the last half century with 69%. Of the 93 current I-A football programs that been active since Auburn first fielded a team 116 years ago, the College Football Research Center lists Auburn as the 14th best college football program in history, with eight Auburn squads listed in Billingsleys Top 200 Teams of All Time. The Bleacher Report placed Auburn as the 18th best program of all time in their power rankings conducted after the 2010 season, in 2013, College Football Data Warehouse, a website dedicated to the historical data of college football, listed Auburn 13th all-time. After the 2008 season, ESPN ranked Auburn the 21st most prestigious program in history, the Associated Press poll statistics show Auburn with the 11th best national record of being ranked in the final AP Poll and 14th overall, with an average ranking of 11.2. Since the Coaches Poll first released a poll in 1950. Auburn has also had success against teams ranked number one in the nation, the Tigers have beaten four teams ranked number one in the nation. Three Auburn players, Pat Sullivan in 1971, Bo Jackson in 1985, the Trophys namesake, John Heisman, coached at Auburn from 1895 until 1899
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Reveille (dog)
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Reveille is the official mascot of Texas A&M University. Students adopted the first Reveille, a dog, in 1931. The cadets raised $100 during World War II to make Reveille a general, Reveille is the highest-ranking member of the Texas A&M Corps of Cadets. Eight years after the first Reveille died, a graduate of the university donated a Shetland Sheepdog to be the second official Aggie mascot, the third Reveille was the first to be a purebred Rough Collie, all subsequent mascots have belonged to this breed. Reveille IV, V, VI, and VII died in 1989,1999,2003, Reveille VIII served from August 2008 until her retirement in 2015. The current mascot, Reveille IX, assumed her role as mascot on May 9,2015 during the Corps of Cadets Final Review, all Reveilles to date have been female. When they die, the Reveilles are buried in a cemetery located outside the north end of Kyle Field. The bodies are laid facing the end zone and the scoreboard. Reveille I In January 1931, several members of the Fightin Texas Aggie Band were returning from a party in nearby Navasota, Texas when they hit a small black. They brought the dog with them, and smuggled her into Legett Hall, the next morning, her presence was made apparent when Reveille was blown by a bugler and the dog began barking, hence Reveille became her name. Although it was against the rules to keep pets in the dorms, during the opening of football season, Reveille was named official mascot when she led the band onto Kyle Field for a half-time performance. She would wear a jacket with A&M colors and pace the sidelines during games. Due to the quantity of officers and soldiers Texas A&M contributed to the US Armed Forces in World War II, since that time, Reveille has worn the rank of Cadet General. Since 5 diamonds are not manufactured, cadets align Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, Reveille II Reveille II was the second official Aggie mascot. Eight years after the first Reveille died, the student body attempted to raise money to purchase a new mascot, after they failed to raise enough, Arthur Weinert, a graduate of the Class of 1900, donated a Shetland Sheepdog to the students in 1952. Named Reveille II, the new mascot was cared for by the Fightin Texas Aggie Band from 1952-1954. During the summer of 1954, a student found Reveille II wandering loose around campus and he and a classmate cared for her and then took her home with them for the rest of the summer. During the fall semester, she lived with one of the students, Sam Netterville, the university at the time refused to pay for the mascots care
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Bryan High School (Texas)
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Bryan High School is a public high school located in Bryan, Texas. The school is in the Bryan Independent School District, from 2005 to 2013 Bryan lost every football game between the two schools in their annual Crosstown Showdown. There was a plan for half the students to be sent to James Earl Rudder High School in 2008, shawn Slocum, football coach Cameron Spikes Syndric Steptoe, NFL wide receiver Ty Warren, NFL defensive end BHS Website BHS Twitter BHS Vikings Football Twitter
