1.
Judo
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Judo was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Jigoro Kano. It is generally categorized as a martial art which later evolved into a combat. Strikes and thrusts by hands and feet as well as defenses are a part of judo. A judo practitioner is called a judoka, the philosophy and subsequent pedagogy developed for judo became the model for other modern Japanese martial arts that developed from koryū. The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, Japanese polymath and educator Kanō Jigorō, Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the son of the head priest of the Shinto Hiyoshi shrine in Shiga Prefecture. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family and he ultimately became an official in the Shogunal government. Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, shodō, when he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in Shiba, Tokyo. The culture of bullying endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a Jūjutsu dōjō at which to train, early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanōs father and a soldier, agreed to show him kata. The caretaker of Jirosakus second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of Kyūshin-ryū school of jujutsu, also refused. Several years passed before he found a willing teacher. In 1877, as a student at the Tokyo-Kaisei school, Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening Seikotsu-in. After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke, a teacher of the Tenjin Shinyō-ryū of jujutsu, Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kanos emphasis on randori in judo. On Fukudas death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both randori and kata, was given the densho of the Fukuda dojo, Kano chose to continue his studies at another Tenjin Shinyō-ryū school, that of Iso Masatomo. Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of kata, and entrusted randori instruction to assistants, Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dojo of Iikubo Tsunetoshi of Kitō-ryū. Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on randori, with Kitō-ryū having a focus on nage-waza
2.
Waseda University
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Waseda University, abbreviated as Sōdai, is a large, private university with a main campus located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. First established in 1882 as the Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō or Tōkyō College by Ōkuma Shigenobu, the university consists of 13 undergraduate schools and 23 graduate schools. Waseda is one of the group of universities assigned additional funding under the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science. Waseda consistently ranks among the most academically selective and well-regarded universities in Japanese university rankings, in international rankings, published by Quacquarelli Symonds weighted towards academic peer review and published research output, Waseda ranked 212th in 2015/16. The university was founded by samurai scholar and Meiji-era politician and former prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu in 1882 and it started as a college with three departments under the old Japanese system of higher education. In 1882, the university had the department of science and economics, law. Along with these departments, an English language course was established, three years later, the department of physical science was closed because it had too few applicants. The department of science and engineering was established in 1908, the department of literature was established in 1890. The department of education was established in 1903, and the department of commerce, much of the campus was destroyed in the fire bombings of Tokyo during World War II, but the university was rebuilt and reopened by 1949. It has grown to become a university with two senior high schools and school of art and architecture. In June 12,1950, Sixty police raided Waseda University, the open letter to MacArthur was one read at a Communist-sponsored rally a week earlier. A police official said most meetings at Waseda would be banned in the future because political elements might try to utilize them. Yuichi Eshima, Vice-Chairman of the Students Autonomy Society, said the police action stupified students and professors, Waseda University started its life as Tōkyō Senmon Gakkō on October 21,1882. It was renamed Waseda University on September 2,1902 upon acquiring university status, Ōkuma had long desired to create an academic cap so distinctive that someone wearing the cap would immediately be identified as a Waseda student. The chief tailor of Takashimaya, Yashichiro, was called upon to design a cap in three days. Each square cap was stamped on the inside with the name, his department, the school seal. Thus, the cap served as a form of identification, the cap, with its gold-braided badge, is registered as a trademark. On October 21,2007, Waseda University celebrated its 125th anniversary, Ōkuma often talked about the 125 years of life theory, The lifespan of a human being can be as long as 125 years
3.
Keio University
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Keio University, abbreviated as Keio or Keidai, is a Japanese university located in Minato, Tokyo. It is known as the oldest institute of education in Japan. Founder Fukuzawa Yukichi originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo and it has eleven campuses in Tokyo and Kanagawa. It has ten faculties, Letters, Economics, Law, Business and Commerce, Medicine, Science and Technology, Policy Management, Environment and Information Studies, Nursing and Medical Care, and Pharmacy. The university is one of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, in the United States, Keio has a high school called Keio Academy of New York. In 1868 he changed the name of the school to Keio Gijuku and it was the first Japanese university to reach its 150th anniversary, celebrating this anniversary in 2008. Fukuzawa stated the mission of Keio shown below, which is based on his speech at the party on November 1,1896. Those sentences were given to students as his will, and considered as the expression of Keios actual mission. Keio is known for being the first institution to introduce many modern systems in Japan. Keio is the earliest Japanese school that introduced a fixed course fee. It initially introduced the culture of speech to Japan, which Japan had never had before and it built Japans earliest speech house Mita Speech House in 1875 as well. It is regarded as Japans first university to accept international students, Keio accepted 2 Korean students in 1881 as its first international students. 60 Korean students entered in 1883 and 130 Korean students in 1895, Keio put Independence and self-respect as a foundation of its education. This is meant to be physically and mentally independent, and respect yourself for keeping your virtue, Independence and self-respect are also regarded as Fukuzawas nature and essence of his education. Learning half and teaching half is the unique culture in Keio. During the late Edo period and the early Meiji period, several private schools often used students as assistant teachers and it was called Learning half. Keio also had used this system. In the early period of such schools of Western studies, there had many things to learn not only for students
4.
Dan (rank)
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The dan ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of ones ability within a certain subject matter. As a ranking system, it was used at a go school during the Edo period. It is now used in modern fine arts and martial arts. The system was applied to arts in Japan by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, in 1883. In the modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt, those of higher rank may also wear red-and-white and red belts. Dan ranks are given for strategic board games such as go, Japanese chess, and renju, as well as for cultural arts such as flower arrangement, Japanese calligraphy and tea ceremony. The Chinese character for the word dan literally means step or stage in Japanese. In Chinese pinyin, however, the character is spelled duàn. Dan is often used together with the word kyū in certain ranking systems, with dan being used for the higher ranks, the dan ranking system in go was devised by Honinbō Dōsaku, a professional go player in the Edo period. Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap, dosaku valued the then highest title holder, Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese go ranking system, Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo. Kanō started the modern system in 1883 when he awarded shodan to two of his senior students. Prior to this, martial arts schools awarded progress with less frequent menkyo licenses or secret scrolls, there was still no external differentiation between yūdansha and mudansha. Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, kano adopted the custom of having his yūdansha wear black obi in 1886. At that time, these obi were not the belts that karateka and jūdōka wear today and they wore the wide obi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kanō invented the modern keikogi, and belts in white for mudansha, traditionally, the level of go players has been defined using kyū and dan ranks. Kyu ranks are considered student ranks, whilst dan ranks are considered master ranks, especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced, in such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results. Dan ranks are for advanced players, although many organizations let players choose their own kyū rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated
5.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
6.
National Diet Library
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The National Diet Library is the only national library in Japan. It was established in 1948 for the purpose of assisting members of the National Diet of Japan in researching matters of public policy, the library is similar in purpose and scope to the United States Library of Congress. The National Diet Library consists of two facilities in Tokyo and Kyoto, and several other branch libraries throughout Japan. The Diets power in prewar Japan was limited, and its need for information was correspondingly small, the original Diet libraries never developed either the collections or the services which might have made them vital adjuncts of genuinely responsible legislative activity. Until Japans defeat, moreover, the executive had controlled all political documents, depriving the people and the Diet of access to vital information. The U. S. occupation forces under General Douglas MacArthur deemed reform of the Diet library system to be an important part of the democratization of Japan after its defeat in World War II. In 1946, each house of the Diet formed its own National Diet Library Standing Committee, hani Gorō, a Marxist historian who had been imprisoned during the war for thought crimes and had been elected to the House of Councillors after the war, spearheaded the reform efforts. Hani envisioned the new body as both a citadel of popular sovereignty, and the means of realizing a peaceful revolution, the National Diet Library opened in June 1948 in the present-day State Guest-House with an initial collection of 100,000 volumes. The first Librarian of the Diet Library was the politician Tokujirō Kanamori, the philosopher Masakazu Nakai served as the first Vice Librarian. In 1949, the NDL merged with the National Library and became the national library in Japan. At this time the collection gained a million volumes previously housed in the former National Library in Ueno. In 1961, the NDL opened at its present location in Nagatachō, in 1986, the NDLs Annex was completed to accommodate a combined total of 12 million books and periodicals. The Kansai-kan, which opened in October 2002 in the Kansai Science City, has a collection of 6 million items, in May 2002, the NDL opened a new branch, the International Library of Childrens Literature, in the former building of the Imperial Library in Ueno. This branch contains some 400,000 items of literature from around the world. Though the NDLs original mandate was to be a library for the National Diet. In the fiscal year ending March 2004, for example, the library reported more than 250,000 reference inquiries, in contrast, as Japans national library, the NDL collects copies of all publications published in Japan. The NDL has an extensive collection of some 30 million pages of documents relating to the Occupation of Japan after World War II. This collection include the documents prepared by General Headquarters and the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, the Far Eastern Commission, the NDL maintains a collection of some 530,000 books and booklets and 2 million microform titles relating to the sciences
7.
Sendai
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Sendai is the capital city of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, and the largest city in the Tōhoku region, and the second largest city north of Tokyo. In 2010, the city had a population of one million, the city was founded in 1600 by the daimyō Date Masamune, and is nicknamed the City of Trees, there are about 60 zelkova trees on Jōzenji Street and Aoba Street. In the summer, the Sendai Tanabata Festival, the largest Tanabata festival in Japan, is held, in winter, the trees are decorated with thousands of lights for the Pageant of Starlight, lasting through most of December. On March 11,2011, coastal areas of the city suffered damage from a magnitude 9.0 offshore earthquake which triggered a destructive tsunami. Although the Sendai area was inhabited as early as 20,000 years ago, the history of Sendai as a city begins from 1600, Masamune was not happy with his previous stronghold, Iwadeyama. Iwadeyama was located to the north of his territories and was difficult to access from Edo. Sendai was a location, being in the centre of Masamunes newly defined territories, upon a major road from Edo. Tokugawa Ieyasu gave Masamune permission to build a new castle in Aoba-yama, the previous ruler of the Sendai area had used a castle located on Aobayama. At this time Sendai was written as 千代, because a temple with a thousand Buddha statues used to be located in Aobayama, Masamune changed the kanji to 仙臺, which later became 仙台. The kanji came from a Chinese poem that praised a palace created by the Emperor Wen of Han China, tradition says that Masamune chose this kanji so that the castle would prosper as long as a mountain inhabited by an immortal hermit. Masamune ordered the construction of Sendai Castle in December 1600 and the construction of the town of Sendai in 1601, the grid plan roads in present-day central Sendai are based upon his plans. The first railway line between Sendai and Tokyo, now the Tōhoku Main Line, opened in 1887, bringing the area within a days travel from Tokyo for the first time in history. Tohoku Imperial University, the regions first university, was founded in Sendai in 1907, Sendai was incorporated as a city on 1 April 1889, as a result of the abolition of the han system. At the time of incorporation the citys area was 17.45 square kilometres, the city grew, however, through seven annexations that occurred between 1928 and 1988. The city became a city on 1 April 1989, the citys population exceeded one million in 1999. Sendai was considered to be one of Japans greenest cities, mostly because of its numbers of trees. Sendai became known as The City of Trees before the Meiji Restoration, as a result, many houses, temples, and shrines in central Sendai had household forests, which were used as resources for wood and other everyday materials. In 1925, the Senseki Line to Sendai Station became the first underground railway segment in Japan, the 2nd Infantry Division was known as the Sendai Division as it was based in Sendai, and recruited locally
8.
Kuji, Iwate
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Kuji is a city located in Iwate Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. As of 1 March 2017, the city had an population of 36,104 in 15,618 households. The total area of the city was 623.50 square kilometres, Kuji is located in far northeastern Iwate Prefecture, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east. Most of the areas of the city are within the Kitakami Mountains. Portions of the coastline of Kuji are within the borders of the Sanriku Fukkō National Park, Iwate Prefecture Karumai Kunohe Hirono Noda Kuzumaki Iwaizumi Kuji has a humid climate, characterized by mild summers and cool winters. The average annual temperature in Kuji is 9.7 °C, the average annual rainfall is 1176 mm with September as the wettest month and February as the driest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.5 °C, per Japanese census data, the population of Kuji has steadily declined over the past 40 years. The area of present-day Kuji was part of ancient Mutsu Province, Amber from the area has been found at archaeological sites dating from the Nara period at the site of Heijō-kyō and Fujiwara-kyō. The area came under the control of the government only after 1070 AD in the mid-Heian period. From the Kamakura period, the area came under the control of the Nanbu clan, the area was noted for its production of ironsand, essential in the production of Japanese swords. These deposits were exploited commercially from the Meiji period, but were exhausted by the 1960s, in the early Meiji period, the town of Kuji was created within Kita-Kunohe District on April 1,1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. The area was devastated by a 26 metres tsunami in 1896, Kita-Kunohe District and Minami-Kunohe Districts merged to form Kunohe District on April 1,1897. In January 1926, much of the town was destroyed by a fire which consumed 224 houses, an even larger fire in April 1945 destroyed 950 houses. The modern city was founded on November 3,1954 with the merger of the towns of Kuji and Osanai with the villages of Samuraihama, Yamane, Natsui, Ube, in April 1983, a fire destroyed 61 homes in the city. On March 6,2006, the village of Yamagata, was merged into Kuji, Kuji has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 24 members. The local economy is based on agriculture and commercial fishing, there is also one private high school. The Iwate Prefectural Board of Education operates three high schools, as well as one special education school. Kuji is the place in Japan where amber has been found
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