1.
LOL
–
LOL or lol, an acronym for laugh out loud or lots of laughs, is a popular element of Internet slang. It was first used almost exclusively on Usenet, but has become widespread in other forms of computer-mediated communication. It is one of many initialisms for expressing bodily reactions, in laughter, as text, including initialisms for more emphatic expressions of laughter such as LMAO. Other unrelated expansions include the now mostly obsolete lots of luck or lots of love used in letter-writing and these initialisms are controversial, and several authors recommend against their use, either in general or in specific contexts such as business communications. LOL was first documented in the Oxford English Dictionary in March 2011 and they single out the example of ROFL as not obviously being the abbreviation of rolling on the floor laughing. Haig singles out LOL as one of the three most popular initialisms in Internet slang, alongside BFN and IMHO and he describes the various initialisms of Internet slang as convenient, but warns that as ever more obscure acronyms emerge they can also be rather confusing. Shortis observes that ROFL is a means of annotating text with stage directions, the former is a self-reflexive representation of an action, I not only do something but also show you that I am doing it. Or indeed, I may not actually laugh out loud but may use the locution LOL to communicate my appreciation of your attempt at humor. Franzini concurs, stating there is as yet no research that has determined the percentage of people who are actually laughing out loud when they write LOL. Egan describes LOL, ROFL, and other initialisms as helpful as long as they are not overused, june Hines Moore shares that view. So, too, does Lindsell-Roberts, who gives the advice of not using them in business correspondence. LOL, ROFL, and other initialisms have crossed from computer-mediated communication to face-to-face communication, geoffrey K. Pullum points out that even if interjections such as LOL and ROFL were to become very common in spoken English, their total effect on language would be utterly trivial. The students used few abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons, the spelling was reasonably good and contractions were not ubiquitous. Out of 2,185 transmissions, there were 90 initialisms in total, only 31 CMC-style abbreviations, out of the 90 initialisms,76 were occurrences of LOL. While LOL and similar acronyms are used a lot in real life speech, on March 24,2011, LOL, along with other acronyms, was formally recognized in an update of the Oxford English Dictionary. In their research, it was determined that the earliest recorded use of LOL as an initialism was for old lady in the 1960s. Gabriella Coleman references lulz extensively in her studies of Anonymous. The past tense of lol is lolled, lul, phonetic spelling of LOL. lolz, Occasionally used in place of LOL. lulz, Often used to denote laughter at someone who is the victim of a prank, or a reason for performing an action
LOL
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Wikipedia lolcat
2.
Fort Wayne, Indiana
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Fort Wayne is a city in the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Allen County. Located in northeastern Indiana, the city is 18 miles west of the Ohio border and 50 miles south of the Michigan border. With an estimated population of 260,326 in 2015, Fort Wayne is the 77th most populous city in the United States and the second largest in Indiana, after Indianapolis. It is the city of the Fort Wayne metropolitan area, consisting of Allen, Wells, and Whitley counties. In addition to the three counties, the combined statistical area includes Adams, DeKalb, Huntington, Noble. Under the direction of American Revolutionary War statesman Anthony Wayne, the United States Army built Fort Wayne last in a series of forts near the Miami tribe village of Kekionga in 1794. Named in Waynes honor, the European-American settlement developed at the confluence of the St. Joseph, St. Marys, the village was platted in 1823 and underwent tremendous growth after completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal and advent of the railroad. The city is a center for the industry which employs thousands. Fort Wayne was an All-America City Award recipient in 1982,1998, the city also received an Outstanding Achievement City Livability Award by the U. S. This area at the confluence of rivers was long occupied by cultures of indigenous peoples. The Miami tribe established its settlement of Kekionga at the confluence of the Maumee, St. Joseph and it was the capital of the Miami nation and related Algonquian tribes. In 1696, Comte de Frontenac appointed Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes as commander of the outpost, the French built Fort Miami in 1697 as part of a group of forts and trading posts built between Quebec and St. Louis. In 1721, a few years after Bissots death, Fort Miami was replaced by Fort St. Philippe des Miamis, the first census in 1744 recorded a population of approximately 40 Frenchmen and 1,000 Miami. Increasing tension between France and the United Kingdom developed over the territory, in 1760, the area was ceded to the British Empire after French forces surrendered during the French and Indian War. In 1763, various Native American nations rebelled against British rule, the Miami regained control of Kekionga, a rule that lasted for more than 30 years. In 1790, George Washington ordered the United States Army to secure Indiana Territory, Three battles were fought at Kekionga against Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy. Miami warriors defeated U. S. forces in the first two battles, Anthony Wayne led a third expedition resulting in the destruction of Kekionga and the start of peace negotiations between Little Turtle and the U. S. After General Wayne refused to negotiate, the tribe advanced to Fallen Timbers where they were defeated on August 20,1794
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana
3.
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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The area currently has about 27,000 residents. It is primarily an area, with a mixture of large private homes, small houses, condominiums. The district also includes some large parklands and many hiking trails, in 1911, film director Thomas Ince created his Western film factory, Inceville, which at its peak employed nearly 600 people. Believers snapped up choice lots and lived in tents during construction, by 1925, the Palisades had 100 homes. In one subdivision, streets were named for Methodist missionaries, the tents eventually were replaced by cabins, then by bungalows, and ultimately by multimillion-dollar homes. The climate of the area was a big selling point, temperatures are much cooler than inland Los Angeles during summer, but usually sunnier and less foggy than areas south along the coast. Adorno, Vicki Baum, Oskar Homolka and Emil Ludwig, Villa Aurora on Paseo Miramar, the Spanish colonial home of Feuchtwanger and his wife, Marta, became the focal point of the expatriate community, which was nicknamed Weimar by the Sea. For many decades there was a ban on drinking alcohol in the district. The Methodist Church created a Chautauqua Conference Grounds in Temescal Canyon, the Village is the Pacific Palisades central business district, centered at Sunset Boulevard and Via de la Paz. The Via Mesa and The Huntington Palisades are the neighborhoods that border the village proper to the south of Sunset Boulevard, both of these neighborhoods are easy walking distance to The Village and sit upon high bluffs that look out over the Pacific Ocean. Many of the homes in neighborhoods are accordingly afforded beautiful ocean views. The El Medio Mesa is located south of Sunset Boulevard beginning about a mile west of The Village. The El Medio Mesa extends for a distance from Temescal Canyon all the way to where Sunset Boulevard meets the Pacific Coast Highway. Castellammare is located along the Pacific Coast Highway on small bluffs much closer to sea-level and this is the home of the Getty Villa and the narrow, winding streets in this neighborhood have Italian names and ocean breezes. Palisades Highlands is a community near the end of Sunset Blvd, bordering Topanga, about five minutes away from the center of Pacific Palisades. The Highlands could almost be considered its own separate community high up the hill overlooking the ocean, Rustic Canyon is the neighborhood east of Chautauqua Boulevard that dips into Santa Monica Canyon and includes the Will Rogers State Historic Park. The neighborhood features post-war homes located on the polo field of The Uplifters, the original site of The Uplifters clubhouse. This area is known as Uplifters Ranch
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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Pacific Palisades and Will Rogers Beach, California
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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Finishing hole at
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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Palisades Charter High School
Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles
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Pacific Palisades Charter Elementary School front tower.
4.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
6.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
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1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
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DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
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Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
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Afrika Bambaataa (left)
7.
Electronic dance music
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Electronic dance music is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres made largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. EDM is generally produced for playback by disc jockeys who create seamless selections of tracks, called a mix, EDM producers also perform their music live in a concert or festival setting in what is sometimes called a live PA. In the United Kingdom and in continental Europe, EDM is more commonly called dance music or simply dance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following the emergence of raving, pirate radio, at this time a perceived association between EDM and drug culture led governments at state and city level to enact laws and policies intended to halt the spread of rave culture. By the early 2010s the term dance music and the initialism EDM was being pushed by the US music industry. Early examples of dance music include the disco music of Giorgio Moroder. During the early 1980s, the popularity of disco music declined in the United States, abandoned by major US record labels. European disco continued evolving within the mainstream pop music scene. European acts Silver Convention, Love and Kisses, Munich Machine, and American acts Donna Summer, in 1977, Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte produced I Feel Love for Donna Summer. It became the first well-known disco hit to have a completely synthesised backing track, other disco producers, most famously American producer Tom Moulton, grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music to provide alternatives to the four on the floor style that dominated. The sound that originated from P-Funk the electronic side of disco, dub music. Much of the music produced during this time was, like disco, at this time creative control started shifting to independent record companies, less established producers, and club DJs. Other dance styles that began to become popular during the era include dance-pop, boogie, electro, Italo disco, house. In the early 1980s, electro emerged as a fusion of funk, also called electro-boogie, but later shortened to electro, cited pioneers include Zapp, D. Train, Sinnamon. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, as the electronic sound developed, instruments such as the bass guitar and drums were replaced by synthesizers and most notably by iconic drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. Early uses of the TR-808 include several Yellow Magic Orchestra tracks in 1980-1981, the 1982 track Planet Rock by Afrikaa Bambaataa, and the 1982 song Sexual Healing by Marvin Gaye. In 1982, producer Arthur Baker with Afrika Bambaataa released the seminal Planet Rock which was influenced by the Yellow Magic Orchestra using Kraftwerk samples, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak
Electronic dance music
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Roland TB-303: The
bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in
acid house.
Electronic dance music
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Typical tools for EDM production: computer, MIDI keyboard and mixer/sound recorder.
Electronic dance music
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An EDM festival in 2013 with over 100,000 attendees, exhibiting the large crowds and dramatic lighting common at such events since the early 2000s.
8.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records
9.
Redfoo
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Stefan Kendal Gordy, better known by his stage name Redfoo, is an American rapper, dancer, record producer, DJ and singer best known as part of the musical duo LMFAO. He formed the duo with his nephew Sky Blu in 2006 and he attended junior high school with will. i. am and GoonRock. Redfoo graduated from Palisades Charter High School in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, in 1994, Redfoo scored his first major production credit for the song Back in the Day by Los Angeles rapper Ahmad and co-produced seven other tracks on Ahmads self-titled debut album. In 1996 he signed with Bubonic Records, and he worked in collaboration with the rapper Dre Kroon for an album together, the album, Balance Beam, was released on October 10,1997. Redfoo and Kroon released two singles, Life Is a Game Of Chess and The Freshest, in 1999 he collaborated on Duet with The Black Eyed Peas, from their album Behind the Front. He also produced Focused Daily for Defari, in 2004 Figgkidd released I Gotta Know as single which featured vocals from Redfoo and Tech N9ne. The song peaked at number 50 in Australia and he formed the electro-pop band LMFAO with his nephew Sky Blu in 2006. The duo started building a local buzz through their shows and radio play. Once they had recorded demos, Redfoos friend will. i. am introduced them to Interscope head Jimmy Iovine. LMFAO released the album, Party Rock on July 7,2009. The album charted at number 33 on the Billboard 200 and number two on the Billboard Dance Chart and their first single was Im in Miami Bitch, which was released in December 2008, and peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 37 in Canada. That same year, LMFAO was featured in The Crystal Methods song Sine Language and it also peaked at number 31 on the U. S. Hot 100 and at number 12 in Canada, the duo then recorded their second album, Sorry for Party Rocking, late in 2010 and released it on June 17,2011 in the U. S. The first single taken from the album, Party Rock Anthem, was released on January 1,2011 and it features British singer Lauren Bennett formerly of the girl pop group Paradiso Girls and producer GoonRock, and showcases the Melbourne Shuffle dance style in its popular video. The song is so far the most successful of their career, peaking at one in the United States, Canada. The second single from Sorry for Party Rocking, Champagne Showers, was released on May 27,2011 and features English singer-songwriter Natalia Kills. The third single, Sexy and I Know It, was released on October 3,2011 and reached number one on the charts worldwide. Also in 2011, LMFAO embarked on the world tour Sorry for Party Rocking Tour and they were also the opening acts for American singer Keshas Get Sleazy Tour
Redfoo
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Redfoo during the launch of his clothing line in
Sydney, Australia, September 2014
Redfoo
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Redfoo during the
LMFAO 's
Sorry for Party Rocking Tour, in 2011
Redfoo
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Redfoo performing in 2012
10.
Sky Blu (rapper)
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Skyler Austen Gordy, better known by his stage name Sky Blu, is an American rapper, singer, record producer, DJ and dancer best known as one half of the musical duo LMFAO, along with his uncle Redfoo. They have two albums together, 2009s Party Rock and 2011s Sorry for Party Rocking, Gordy is the grandson of Motown founder Berry Gordy. He is the son of Berry Gordy IV and Valerie Robeson and he is the brother of DJ and singer Mahogany Lox Cheyenne Gordy. In 2006, Sky Blu teamed up with his uncle Redfoo to form LMFAO and they are known for their hit songs Party Rock Anthem and Sexy and I Know It, which were released in 2011. LMFAO is currently on a hiatus that started in September 2012, in 2013, Sky released his two first singles, Pop Bottles in January with Mark Rosas, and Salud in April with his manager Reek Rude, Sensato and the actor Wilmer Valderrama. A few months later, on July 4, he released his 9-track first album Rebel Music as a free download, in January 2014, Sky Blu introduced to the world his alter ego The Party President, with his single Go On Girl. On December 14, Sky Blu was invited to the Miss World ceremony to perform his single We Love Girls with KG Superstar which was released the month on iTunes. In January 2009, Interscope Records arranged a session for Paradiso Girls with LMFAO where Chelsea Korka met Sky Blu. A friendship which then bloomed into a long term relationship shortly after, Chelsea was featured in many of LMFAOs music videos as Sky Blus Love Interest and they were very public about their affection for one another. Though, Chelsea has yet to travel to Europe
Sky Blu (rapper)
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Sky Blu in 2011
11.
Motown Records
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Motown is an American record company. The record company was founded by Berry Gordy, Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12,1958, the name, a portmanteau of motor and town, has also become a nickname for Detroit. Motown played an important role in the integration of popular music as an African American-owned record label that achieved significant crossover success. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound, a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence. During the 1960s, Motown achieved spectacular success for a record company,79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969. The company was sold to MCA Inc. Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994, before being sold again to MCA Records successor, Universal Music Group, Motown spent much of the 2000s as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group, and headquartered in New York City. From 2011 to 2014, Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music. On April 1,2014, Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam and it now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower. For many decades, Motown was the highest-earning African American business in the United States, Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors. Wilsons single Lonely Teardrops, written by Gordy, became a huge success and he realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing. In 1959, Billy Davis and Berry Gordys sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records, Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president, but Berry wanted to strike out on his own. On January 12,1959, he started Tamla Records, with a loan from his family. Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy, when he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead. Tamlas first release, in the Detroit area, was Marv Johnsons Come to Me in 1959 and its first hit was Barrett Strongs Money, which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts. Gordys first signed act was the Matadors, who changed their name to the Miracles. Their first release, Got a Job, was a record to the Silhouettes Get a Job. The Miracles first, minor hit was their single, 1959s Bad Girl, released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint
Motown Records
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The
Hitsville U.S.A. Motown building at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit served as Motown's headquarters from 1959 until 1968, and became the Motown Historical Museum in 1985.
Motown Records
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Motown
Motown Records
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Berry Gordy House, known as Motown Mansion in
Detroit 's
Boston-Edison Historic District
12.
Berry Gordy
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Berry Gordy Jr. is an American record producer and songwriter. He is best known as the founder of the Motown record label and its subsidiaries, Berry Gordy Jr. was born to the middle-class family of Berry Gordy II, who had relocated to Detroit from Oconee in Washington County, Georgia, in 1922. The first Berry Gordy was the son of a plantation owner in Georgia. Berry Gordy, Sr. was lured to Detroit by the job opportunities for black people offered by the automotive businesses. He developed his interest in music by writing songs and opening the 3-D Record Mart, in 1957 Wilson recorded Reet Petite, a song Gordy had co-written with his sister Gwen and writer-producer Billy Davis. It became a modest hit, but had success internationally, especially in the UK. Wilson recorded six more songs co-written by Gordy over the two years, including Lonely Teardrops, which topped the R&B charts and got to number 7 in the pop chart. Berry and Gwen Gordy also wrote All I Could Do Was Cry for Etta James at Chess Records, Gordy reinvested the profits from his songwriting success into producing. In 1957, he discovered the Miracles and began building a portfolio of successful artists, in 1959, with the encouragement of Miracles leader Smokey Robinson, Gordy borrowed $800 from his family to create an R&B record company. Originally, Gordy wanted to name the new label Tammy Records, however, that name was taken, and he chose the name Tamla Records. The company began operating on January 21,1959, Come to Me by Marv Johnson was issued as Tamla 101. United Artists Records picked up Come to Me for national distribution, as well as Johnsons more successful follow-up records such as You Got What It Takes, co-produced and co-written by Gordy. His next release was the only 45 ever issued on his Rayber label, the record did not sell well and is now one of the rarest issues from the Motown stable. Berrys third release was Bad Girl by the Miracles, the first release on the Motown record label, Bad Girl was a solid hit in 1959 after Chess Records picked it up. Barrett Strongs Money initially appeared on Tamla and then charted on Gordys sisters label, Anna Records, the Tamla and Motown labels were then merged into a new company, Motown Record Corporation, incorporated on April 14,1960. In 1960, Gordy signed a singer, Mary Wells, who became the fledgling labels first star, with Smokey Robinson penning her hits You Beat Me to the Punch, Two Lovers. Later in 1961, the Marvelettes Please Mr. Postman made it to the top of both charts, Gordys gift for identifying and bringing together musical talent, along with the careful management of his artists public image, made Motown initially a major national and then international success. Initially the studio, over Gordys objections, rejected Williams after several screen tests, however, Gordy, known for his tenacity, eventually prevailed, and the film established Williams as a major movie star
Berry Gordy
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Gordy in December 2010
Berry Gordy
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Berry Gordy House, known as Motown Mansion in
Detroit 's
Boston-Edison Historic District.
13.
David Guetta
–
Pierre David Guetta is a French DJ, record producer, remixer, and songwriter. He co-founded Gum Productions with Lisa Dodgson and released his first album, Just a Little More Love, later, he released Guetta Blaster and Pop Life. The 2011 follow-up album, Nothing but the Beat, continued this success, containing the hit singles Where Them Girls At, Little Bad Girl, Without You, Titanium, and Turn Me On. He is among the first DJs to get into the EDM scene and is known as the Grandfather of EDM, Guetta has sold over nine million albums and 30 million singles worldwide. In 2011 Guetta was voted as the number one DJ in the DJ Mag Top 100 DJs fan poll, in 2013, Billboard crowned When Love Takes Over as the number one dance-pop collaboration of all time. Pierre David Guetta was born in Paris, France in 1967, to a Moroccan Jewish father, Guetta began to DJ at the Broad Club in Paris. He first played songs, and he discovered house music when he heard a Farley Jackmaster Funk track on French radio in 1987. The next year, he began hosting his own club nights, in 1990, he released Nation Rap, a hip-hop collaboration with French rapper Sidney Duteil. In the mid-1990s Guetta played in clubs including Le Centrale, the Rex, Le Boy, released in 1994 Guettas second single, a collaboration with American house vocalist Robert Owens titled Up & Away, was a minor club hit. In 1994, Guetta became the manager of Le Palace nightclub and he continued to organise parties there and in other clubs, such as the Scream parties in Les Bains Douches. In 2001, Guetta along with Joachim Garraud founded Gum Productions, Willis was vacationing in France when he met Guetta. Guettas debut album Just A Little More Love was released in 2002 on Virgin Records, the follow-up singles, were released in 2002. Guetta released a compilation, F*ck Me Im Famous, in 2003 and it included Just for One Day, a remix of David Bowies song Heroes. Later in his career, Guetta continued recording compilations under that title, Guettas second album, Guetta Blaster, was released in 2004. It released four singles, Money and Stay featuring Chris Willis and The World Is Mine, in 2006 the Just a Little More Love single Love Dont Let Me Go was re-released as a mash-up with the Tocadisco remix of Walking Away by The Egg. The mash-up single entitled Love Dont Let Me Go was charted higher than the release of the song. In 2007, Guettas third album Pop Life was released, the album was successful in the UK and Ireland as well as in mainland Europe. According to EMI in 2010, the album has sold a total of 530,000 copies worldwide, the lead single Love Is Gone reached Number 1 on the American Dance Chart and charted on the Billboard Hot 100
David Guetta
–
Guetta at the
2011 MuchMusic Video Awards
David Guetta
–
Guetta on the One Love Tour, January 2010.
David Guetta
–
Guetta and his ex-wife Cathy in January 2012 at the
NRJ Music Awards ceremony.
14.
Europe
–
Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
–
Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
–
A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
–
Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
15.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
16.
Party Rock Anthem
–
Party Rock Anthem is a hit song performed by the American recording duo LMFAO, featuring British singer Lauren Bennett and American music producer GoonRock. It was released as the first single from their second album Sorry for Party Rocking in 2011. The single went to one in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland, the United Kingdom. It also reached the top five in Finland, Italy, Norway, Poland and it is the best-selling single of all time in Australia. Worldwide, it was the third best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 9.7 million copies and it is the third best-selling digital song in US history. Party Rock Anthem is currently ranked Billboards fifth most successful song of all time and it is currently the thirtieth most viewed video on YouTube, with over 1.26 billion views. Party Rock Anthem is an electronic composition. Being featured in the 2012 film 21 Jump Street, it won the MTV Movie Award for Best Music, the song also won the Favorite Song award at the 2012 Kids Choice Awards. Party Rock Anthem is composed in the key of F minor and it has a tempo of 128 beats per minute. It follows a progression of Fm-E♭-D♭, and has a vocal range from D♭4-A♭5. The music video was released on March 8,2011 and was produced by the two members of LMFAO, Redfoo and Sky Blu, with the assistance of Shinzu Ai. It was choreographed by, and featured, Quest Crew members Hokuto Konishi, Victor Kim, Ryan Conferido, Steve Terada, Aris Paracuelles, Brian Hirano, the video is a parody of the 2002 horror film 28 Days Later. Lauren Bennett, featured in the song, also appeared in the music video, the video features the dancers performing the Melbourne Shuffle, which quickly gained popularity in the United States. This music video takes place after the events of Sorry for Party Rocking and this videos opening caption says Redfoo and Sky Blu fell into a coma due to excessive party rocking and that their single was released the next day. After the caption 28 DAYS LATER is seen, Redfoo and Sky Blu are shown in a deserted hospital, Redfoo and Sky Blu exit the hospital into a deserted street full of litter and abandoned cars. Mid-conversation, the song begins to play in the street, Redfoo and Sky Blu insert the earpieces and are told to play along with the song. Soon, the street is filled with shufflers, including label mate Colette Carr, frightened after observing the fate of the other man, Redfoo and Sky Blu begin to dance along with the others, pretending to be infected, too. After the line No lead in our zeppelin, the shot cuts directly to the front of the hospital, halfway through the video, the previously infected young man dances towards Redfoo and Sky Blu, who look terrified
Party Rock Anthem
–
"Party Rock Anthem"
Party Rock Anthem
–
Graffiti from a chapulling day in Turkey, 2013.
17.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
18.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
19.
Belgium
–
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
Belgium
–
Charlemagne and
Charles V
Belgium
–
Flaga
Belgium
Belgium
–
Episode of the
Belgian Revolution of 1830 (1834), by
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
20.
Brazil
–
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
Brazil
–
Megaliths in the
Solstice Archaeological Park, in
Amapá, erected between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out
astronomical observations.
Brazil
–
Flag
Brazil
–
Representation of the landing of
Pedro Álvares Cabral in
Porto Seguro, 1500.
Brazil
–
Painting showing the arrest of
Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known
movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.
21.
Denmark
–
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state. The southernmost and smallest of the Nordic countries, it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway, Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. Denmark has an area of 42,924 square kilometres. The country consists of a peninsula, Jutland, and an archipelago of 443 named islands, with the largest being Zealand, the islands are characterised by flat, arable land and sandy coasts, low elevation and a temperate climate. The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea, Denmark, Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union, established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523. Denmark and Norway remained under the monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814. The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands, Iceland, beginning in the 17th century, there were several cessions of territory to Sweden. In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements, Denmark remained neutral during World War I. In April 1940, a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945, the Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660. It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy, the government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen, the nations capital, largest city and main commercial centre. Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs, Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948, in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009. Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community in 1973, maintaining certain opt-outs, it retains its own currency, the krone. It is among the members of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE. The etymology of the word Denmark, and especially the relationship between Danes and Denmark and the unifying of Denmark as a kingdom, is a subject which attracts debate. This is centred primarily on the prefix Dan and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the -mark ending. Most handbooks derive the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning land, related to German Tenne threshing floor. The -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland, with references to the border forests in south Schleswig. The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old and Harald Bluetooth
Denmark
–
The gilded side of the
Trundholm sun chariot dating from the Nordic Bronze Age.
Denmark
–
Flag
Denmark
–
The
Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.
Denmark
–
Larger of the two Jelling stones, raised by
Harald Bluetooth.
22.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
23.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
24.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
Ireland
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Satellite image of Ireland on 11 October 2010
Ireland
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The
Gowran Ogham Stone,
Christianised c.6th Century. On display in
St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran.
Ireland
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The Uragh Stone Circle a
Neolithic stone circle in Gleninchaquin Park,
County Kerry
25.
New Zealand
–
New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
New Zealand
–
The Waitangi sheet from the
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand
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Flag
New Zealand
–
Painting of
Mount Earnslaw by John Turnbull Thomson, oil on canvas, 1888
New Zealand
–
John Key,
Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
26.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
Switzerland
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Founded in 44 BC by
Lucius Munatius Plancus,
Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
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Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.
27.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
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The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
28.
Norway
–
The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
Norway
–
The
helmet found at Gjermundbu near
Haugsbygd,
Buskerud, is the only
Viking Age helmet that has been found.
Norway
–
Flag
Norway
–
The
Gokstad ship at the
Viking Ship Museum in
Oslo, Norway
Norway
–
The
Battle of the Sound between an allied Dano-Norwegian–
Dutch fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October
O.S.)
29.
Party Rock
–
Party Rock is the debut studio album by American electronic duo LMFAO, released on July 7,2009 by Interscope Records. Im in Miami Bitch was the first single released from the album in late 2008, the second single was La La La released on September 8,2009. The third single, Shots was released on October 13,2009, yes was released on December 15,2009 as the fourth single from the album. The album has prominent electronic characteristics with influences of hip hop, 1980s synthpop and dance with lyrics about partying, the EP version was released on July 1,2008 to iTunes. The album was nominated at the 52nd Grammy Awards for Best Electronic/Dance Album and it was tracked and mixed at KMA Music in Manhattan. LMFAO started in 2008 with their single Im in Miami Bitch, Im in Miami Trick was the first single released from the album, released in late 2008. It peaked at No.86 in the UK, No.51 on the Billboard Hot 100, No.37 on the Canadian Hot 100, No.27 in Australia, the song was used as the theme song for the show Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami. The New York version of the song was used as the song for the show Kourtney. To date, the video has over 36 million views on YouTube. La La La was the single released from the album. It peaked at No.55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it also charted No.38 on the Billboard Pop Songs, No.20 on the Billboard Rap Songs, and No.1 on the Billboard Hotseekers Songs. To date, the video has over 80 million views on YouTube. Shots, which features Lil Jon was the single released from the album. It peaked No.77 in Australia, No.68 on the Billboard Hot 100, No.53 on the Canadian Hot 100, to date, the music video has over 205 million views on YouTube. Yes was the single released from the album, released on December 15,2009. It peaked at No.68 on the Canadian Hot 100, to date, the music video has over 59 million views on YouTube. Get Crazy was released as the albums first promotional single, the song Get Crazy is used as the theme song for the MTV reality show Jersey Shore, and is featured in the popular iPod/iPhone game Tap Tap Revenge 3. Initial critical response to Party Rock was mixed, at Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 63, based on four reviews
Party Rock
–
Party Rock
30.
Electro house
–
Electro house is a form of house music. Electro house is characterized by a prominent bassline and/or kick drum and its origins were influenced by electro, electroclash, electropop, synthpop, and tech house. The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs, including Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Skrillex, electro-house is typified by its heavy bass. This is often in the form of buzzing basslines, such as those created with sawtooth waves and it is also often in the form of large bass drum sounds in a four-on-the-floor pattern. The tempo of electro house is usually around 130 beats per minute, electro house sometimes resembles tech house, but it can contain melodic elements and electro-influenced samples and synths. The genre has been described as a genre of house and electro, either in its original form or as fused with electropop and techno in its late-1990s revival. The word electro is now used as an adjective, such as electro-house. Early songs that have been labelled retroactively as electro-house include Dark Invader by Arrivers in 1996, mr. Oizos 1999 hit Flat Beat has also been considered an early example of the genre. Benny Benassi, with his track Satisfaction released in 2002, is seen as the forerunner of electro-house who brought it to the mainstream, by the mid 2000s, electro-house saw an increase in popularity. Since then, electro-house producers such as Feed Me, Knife Party, The M Machine, Porter Robinson, in the early 2010s, a type of electro-house known as big room began to develop, particularly gaining popularity through EDM-oriented events and festivals such as Tomorrowland. Big room now is beginning to subside from the classification of a subgenre of electro house, big room songs resemble Dutch house, often incorporating drops, minimalist percussion, regular beats, sub-bass layered kicks, simple melodies, and synth-driven breakdowns. The layout of a big room track is similar to the layout of a typical electro-house song. Big room is thought of as a subgenre of electro-house, complextro is typified by glitchy, intricate basslines and textures created by sharply cutting between instruments in quick succession. The term, a portmanteau of the complex and electro, was coined by Porter Robinson to describe the sound of the music he was making in 2010. He has cited video game sounds, or chiptunes, as an influence on his style of music along with 1980s analog synth music and it is primarily defined by complex rhythms made from Latin-influenced drum kits, a lower emphasis on basslines, and squeaky, high-pitched lead synths. Influences on the subgenre include Detroit techno, hip hop and other styles of music. It contains influences from Chicago house, Detroit techno, Baltimore club, Kuduro, Pimba, bassline, bouncy techno, dubstep, techstep, hip hop easy listening and world music. Purveyors of the genre include The Bloody Beetroots, AC Slater, Danger, Hervé, Sinden, Jack Beats, the term fidget house was coined by DJs/producers Jesse Rose and Switch, as a joke, which has now gone a little too far
Electro house
–
(From left to right)
Porter Robinson,
Zedd, and
Skrillex perform at the 2012
South by Southwest music festival.
31.
Steve Aoki
–
Steven Hiroyuki Steve Aoki is an American electro house musician, record producer, and music executive. In 2012, Pollstar designated Aoki as the highest grossing dance artist in North America from tours. He has collaborated with producers and vocalists such as will. i. am, Afrojack, LMFAO, Iggy Azalea, Lil Jon, Laidback Luke, and Louis Tomlinson, and is known for his remixes of artists such as Kid Cudi. Aoki has released several Billboard-charting studio albums as well, notably Wonderland and he is the founder of the Steve Aoki Charitable Fund, which raises money for global humanitarian relief organizations. Steven Hiroyuki Aoki was born in Miami, Florida, and grew up in Newport Beach and he graduated from Newport Harbor High School in 1995, where he was a player on the varsity badminton team. He is of Japanese descent, the child of Rocky Aoki. His father was a wrestler who also founded the restaurant chain Benihana. He has two siblings, sister Kana, and brother Kevin. His half-sister is model and actress Devon Aoki, Aoki attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduated with two B. A. degrees, one in feminist studies and the other in sociology. As a concert venue, the apartment became known as The Pickle Patch, by his early 20s, Aoki had built his own record label, which he named Dim Mak – a reference to his childhood hero, Bruce Lee. Aoki founded his own label, Dim Mak Records, in 1996, Aoki teamed up with Blake Miller of the LA-based band Moving Units to produce remixes. The duo of Miller and Aoki work under the moniker Weird Science, Aoki has also been in numerous bands, including This Machine Kills, which released an album on Ebullition Records, Esperanza, and The Fire Next Time. In May 2006, Aoki became a member for MC5 bassist Michael Davis Music Is Revolution Foundation. Aokis debut mix album, Pillowface and His Airplane Chronicles was released in January 2008 and he had an Essential Mix that aired on BBC Radio 1 on August 2,2008 and again on October 27,2012. In his interviews, Twitter feed or from his YouTube channel he has shown teasers or has discussed doing future collaborations with Diplo, Knife Party, Datsik, Chris Lake, Kid Cudi, Fërnando Oviedo, Chester French, and Peaches. He remixed the track When The Wind Blows that features on the UK edition of The All-American Rejects 2008 album When The World Comes Down, on November 10,2009, he released a remix for Drakes song Forever. The song features Drake, Kanye West, Lil Wayne, the track made it to the top of Hype Machines chart in December 2009. Through relentless touring he gained support from colleges
Steve Aoki
–
Aoki performing in Brasilia, Brazil, 2014.
Steve Aoki
–
Steve Aoki
32.
Adam Goldstein
–
DJ AM was an American DJ, remixer and musician. He was also one half of TRV$DJAM along with Travis Barker, Barker and Goldstein were the only two survivors of the 2008 South Carolina Learjet 60 crash, which killed the four other people on board. Goldstein appeared as himself in television series, contributed mixes and appeared as a playable character in the video game DJ Hero. Goldstein, who had an addiction in his early 20s. He appeared to be struggling with his addiction during filming. On August 28,2009 he was dead in his New York City apartment from a drug overdose. Iron Man 2, which was released in 2010, was dedicated to his memory, Goldstein was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jewish parents. Goldstein described his father as cruel, stating that he was verbally abused by him. His father abused drugs and alcohol and was incarcerated for committing bank fraud, as an adult, however, Goldstein found out that the man he thought was his father was not his biological one. Goldstein attended the Quaker school Friends Central, at the age of 14 he moved with his mother to Los Angeles after his parents divorced. Here he fell in with a crowd of heavy drug users and he was sent to a drug rehabilitation center, but was indicted and dismissed for his treatment of younger patients shortly before his 18th birthday. His father died the year due to complications from HIV/AIDS. When Goldstein was 20 years old he started deejaying, which he had been obsessed with since seeing Herbie Hancock perform Rockit at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards, during his early 20s, Goldstein also battled a drug addiction, specifically to crack cocaine. In 1997 he attempted suicide but was unsuccessful when the gun he placed in his mouth jammed when he pulled the trigger and he dated Mandy Moore for two months in 2007 and remained close friends with her after separating. Later in 2007 he was involved with Jessica Stam. Goldstein was an avid sneakerhead, owning over 1,000 pairs of sneakers by 2007, Goldsteins stage name, DJ AM stands for his first and middle names, Adam Michael. After befriending Shifty Shellshock he joined the rap/rock group Crazy Town in 1999, and contributed to their hit Butterfly and he left the group in 2001 to escape the drug-related dysfunction that was plaguing the band. Goldsteins relationship with Nicole Richie helped skyrocket his career as a DJ, us Weekly editor Janice Min said Hes an amazing DJ, but there are a lot of amazing DJs
Adam Goldstein
–
DJ AM in December 2008
Adam Goldstein
–
Goldstein in February 2007
Adam Goldstein
–
Goldstein in June 2009
33.
Will.i.am
–
William Adams, known professionally as will. i. am, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actor, musician, DJ, record producer and philanthropist. He is best known as a member of the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. Will. i. am has released four solo albums. The first, Lost Change, was released on October 2,2001 through Atlantic Records and is an original album, the second solo album, Must B21, was released on September 23,2003. The track Go. was regularly used as the theme for the NBA Live 2005, the third album, Songs About Girls, was released on September 25,2007. He released his studio album, #willpower, in 2013. Will. i. am is also a music producer, in collaborations and with the Black Eyed Peas, he has a total of 34 top-40 entries on the UK Singles Chart since 1998, and has sold 9.4 million singles in the UK. William James Adams Jr. Adams has never met his father and he was raised by his mother, Debra, who encouraged him to be unique and to avoid conforming to the tendencies of the other youth in his neighborhood on the east side of Los Angeles. To encourage his career, she sent him to public schools in affluent West Los Angeles. While attending John Marshall High School, he became best friends with Allan Pineda, while still in high school, Adams and Pineda performed in East L. A. clubs and were soon joined by three other entertainers to form the socially conscious rap group, Atban Klann. Atban Klann caught the eye of Compton rapper Eazy-E and was signed to his label, Adams used to attend raves while in high school. He later said his history with rave culture is why he chose a more electro sound for The Black Eyed Peas albums The E. N. D. and The Beginning. Despite the use of electro and house elements, will. i. am prefers to separate the underground from pop. In an article with Los Angeles Times, he mentions that secrecy over the whereabouts of raves is what made raving special, and different from the mainstream. Will. i. ams music career began in the summer of 1988 and they began performing together around Los Angeles and were soon discovered by rapper/entrepreneur Eazy-E, who signed them to his label Ruthless Records in 1992. At the time, Will was known as Will 1X, the Atban Klanns first ever official track, Merry Muthafuckin Xmas, was included on Eazy-Es EP5150, Home 4 tha Sick. After this, the began recording an album, Grass Roots, with the help of producers Mookie Mook and DJ Motiv8, however. After Eazys tragic death, Atban Klann changed their name to the Black Eyed Pods, and Will replaced Dante with Jaime Gomez, better known under his stage name of Taboo
Will.i.am
–
will.i.am attending his
#willpower album release party, Hollywood, California on August 14, 2012
Will.i.am
–
Will.i.am performing with the Black Eyed Peas in June 2009
Will.i.am
–
will.i.am with
Sheryl Crow and
Herbie Hancock performing
We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial concert
Will.i.am
–
Will.i.am speaking at the 2011
FIRST kickoff at
Southern New Hampshire University with
Dean Kamen
34.
Interscope
–
Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope
–
Interscope Records
35.
Jimmy Iovine
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James Jimmy Iovine is an American record and film producer. He is best known as the co-founder of Interscope Records and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M, in 2006, Iovine teamed with Dr. Dre to found Beats Electronics, a company which produces audio products and operated a now defunct music streaming service. The company was purchased by Apple for $3 billion in May 2014, James Iovine was born in Brooklyn, New York. As a teenager, Iovine was introduced to production after he met a songwriter who got him a job cleaning a recording studio. He began working as a professional around 1972. Since the start of his career, Iovine has been involved in the production of more than 250 albums, in the early 1970s, Iovine became a recording engineer, working with John Lennon and Bruce Springsteen, among others. By 1973, Iovine was on staff at the New York studio the Record Plant and he came to prominence via his work on the 1978 Patti Smith album Easter, which included her Top 40 hit Because the Night. He teamed with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on Damn the Torpedoes and U2 on Rattle, Iovine also produced Bella Donna, Making Movies for Dire Straits, and Get Close for The Pretenders. Iovine was also responsible for supervising the music used in the 1984 romance film, Sixteen Candles and 1988 comedy film, in 1990, Iovine co-founded Interscope Records, which became Interscope Geffen A&M after a merger in 1999. Iovine signed Tupac Shakur to a contract as one of the first Hip Hop acts on the Interscope label in 1991. Iovine was also responsible for providing distribution, initial funding and financial oversight for the highly successful Death Row Records hip hop label in the 1990s. In 2002, Iovine co-produced the Academy Award-winning Eminem movie,8 Mile, additionally, Iovine executive produced the 2009 LeBron James documentary, More Than A Game and 50 Cents Get Rich or Die Tryin. In 2008, Iovine teamed up with Dr. Dre to co-found Beats By Dr. Dre, due in part to the design of its headphones and an expansion into smartphones and automotive audio systems, the company has captured 40 percent market share of the headphones industry. In January 2013, Iovine announced the expansion of the Beats brand into the digital music world with Daisy. Former Topspin Media executive Ian Rogers and Nine Inch Nails front man Trent Reznor were said to be involved, on May 28,2014, Apple Inc. announced the acquisition of Beats Electronics. Iovine was hired to assume a position at Apple where he helped in the creation of Apple Music. In 2005, Iovine made a guest appearance as himself on Dont Make Me Over, from 2011 to 2013, Iovine was a mentor on Foxs American Idol. Iovines protégés—Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Jessica Sanchez, and Candice Glover—release their music through Interscope, Iovine stopped working with the show in mid-2013
Jimmy Iovine
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Jimmy Iovine
36.
HitQuarters
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HitQuarters is an international music industry publication and contact database founded in 1999. It is the site to the songwriting tip sheet SongQuarters. The website hosts a music industry directory that includes regularly updated contact info for A&Rs. The directory is distinctive for including track records for individual entry. The idea behind this is that users can judge the value of a contact by reviewing their past successes. It also means that users are able to search for a particular artist and find out the appropriate A&R, members of HitQuarters that have gone on to find success have included Christelle, The Knife, Dominique Young Unique, Bobby Creekwater, Lesley Roy and State of Shock. One of HitQuarters most prominent features is its weekly in-depth interviews with major figures such as A&Rs. Past judges have included Visible Noise CEO Julie Weir, and producers Colin Richardson and Eddie Galan, HitQuarters founded the worlds first A&R chart that measured the success of individual A&R representatives based on points accumulated from their respective artists chart success. Most notably,2004 saw Wind-Up Records Diana Meltzer become the first woman to top HitQuarters World Top 100 A&R Chart, previous number 1s have included Clive Davis, Tommy Mottola, Dr. Dre and Mark Williams. HitQuarters is a site to SongQuarters, an online tip sheet for songwriting leads to major. SongQuarters shares the same directory as HitQuarters and its members automatically have access to the HitQuarters site. SongQuarters is a subscription based service with 7-day trials available for those wanting to try it out first, the songwriting leads are split into three categories according to the level of the artist they relate to, Top 500, Newly Signed and Developing and Unsigned and Up-and-coming. SongQuarters Official HitQuarters Facebook page Official Twitter
HitQuarters
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HitQuarters
HitQuarters
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Wind-up Records A&R
Diana Meltzer poses with HitQuarters award that made her the first No.1 female A&R.
37.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
ITunes
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The icon used by Apple to represent a podcast
ITunes
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A preview of the
Windows 10 version.
38.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
Billboard 200
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Contents
39.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
Los Angeles Times
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Front page from October 21, 2008
Los Angeles Times
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Chandler and Otis 1917
Los Angeles Times
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Rubble of the L.A. Times building after the
1910 bombing
Los Angeles Times
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Times
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the
1984 Summer Olympics
40.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
41.
Chuckie (DJ)
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Clyde Sergio Narain known professionally as Chuckie is a Surinamese DJ and producer. Chuckie is a producer of what has called the dirty house scene. He has also helped develop a style of music known as Dirty Dutch, hits including Let the Bass Kick, Aftershock, and Make Some Noise have contributed to his success. Chuckie has also remixed songs for, among others, Michael Jackson and David Guetta, further, his work has been showcased on the popular EDM focused show Whats Hot in EDM. on BBC Radio 1. He also owns his record label Dirty Dutch Music, other albums Dirty Dutch Dirty Dutch 2008 Dirty Dutch Outsiders Dirty Dutch Fallout Dirty Dutch Blackout Dirty Dutch Exodus Others Oldschool Sound DAMN. I. D. Busta Rhymez, B. O. B and Neon Hitch - Devil Childsplay ft Jayh - Bobbel Official website BBC Radio 1s Residency at BBC Programmes
Chuckie (DJ)
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Chuckie in 2013
42.
A cappella
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A cappella music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is usually accompanied singing, the term a cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. The term is used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve. A cappella music was used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed. Gregorian chant is an example of a singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into a form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella, and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam, the polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century AD, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, by the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown some of the early pieces by Palestrina. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming an influence on Bach. In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, bishop Kallistos Ware says, The service is sung, even though there may be no choir. In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and this a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky. Certain high church services and other events in liturgical churches may be a cappella. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments, sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions. Opponents of musical instruments in the Christian worship believe that opposition is supported by the Christian scriptures. There is no reference to music in early church worship in the New Testament
A cappella
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The Hullabahoos, a popular a cappella group at the
University of Virginia, were featured in the movie
Pitch Perfect
A cappella
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The Oxford Alternotives, the oldest a cappella group at the University of Oxford in the UK
A cappella
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The Sweet Nothings are one of the University of Exeter's eight A Capella groups. They are one of the oldest and most successful girl groups in the UK
A cappella
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The MadHatters are a collegiate a cappella group from the University of Wisconsin-Madison
43.
Winter Music Conference
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The Winter Music Conference is a weeklong electronic music conference, held every March since 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is also known as the platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together such as artists, DJs, record label representatives, producers, promoters, radio. Thousands of attendees attend the Winter Music Conference each year and it was founded in 1985 by then DJs and record pool directors, Louis Possenti and Bill Kelly. Held annually in Miami Beach, Florida, the Winter Music Conference, the first Winter Music Conference took place at the Fort Lauderdale Marriott during 19–21 February 1986. There were approximately 80 dance music industry insiders in attendance, since its inception in 1986, the event festivities have moved down south, across Miami Beach and Downtown Miami. A major event during WMC is the International Dance Music Awards, the event commands a major international draw with around 38% of attendees coming from outside the United States. The WMC & The Recording Academy began in 1996 - a partnership presenting The Producers Forum, in 1999, Ultra Beach Music Festival, now known as Ultra Music Festival, became an event as part of Winter Music Conference, taking place on 13 March 1999. Waxpoetics Magazine, JBL, and Stanton sponsored the first International Record Collectors Show in 2007. The WMC2009 introduced the first annual WMC VJ Challenge at The Miami Beach Resort & Spa with celebrity hosts, judges and this inaugural year of the competition resulted in Sergey Lobodln, walking away with the top winner prize. In 2010, the VJ Challenge was expanded into two areas of competition, Video Mixing and Audio/Visual Mixing, the 2010 VJ Challenge winners were AeonChild in the video category and Eclectic Method in the Audio/Visual category. The Miami Beach Resort also received the performance of the RoboMusic Demo in which Funkstar De Luxe, since 2008, the conference has received increasing competition from the International Music Summit taking place in Ibiza in May. In 2011, for the first time, Winter Music Conference and Ultra Music Festival split and this was a gross inconsideration by the WMC for event planners worldwide and artist scheduling. According to Windish Agency booking agent Steve Goodgold,2014 was the last year that Winter Music Conference lasted a total of ten days. In 2015, WMC took place across the span of five days, following that,2016 was the second time that Winter Music Conference took place apart from Ultra Music Festival, lasting only four days, 21–24 March. Since then, other music conferences have come about including SXSW in Austin, Amsterdam Dance Event, and EDMbiz in Las Vegas, the WMC is recognized for serving around 60,000 visitors during one week. In 2008,3,726 industry delegates attended, 65% of the present were males, at the events and panels, 15% of the professionals in 2008 were record label representatives, publishers, and A&R. The press and media formed 13% close to the 12% of music production specialists, 10% were DJs, Event and concert promoters, managers, agents, and consultants added up to 13% of the present
Winter Music Conference
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Winter Music Conference
Winter Music Conference
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The conference is spread across various locations in
Miami.
44.
E!
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Entertainment Television, LLC is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable division of NBCUniversal, all owned by Comcast. It features entertainment-related programming, reality television, feature films, and occasionally series, as of February 2015, E. has an audience reach of approximately 94,296,000 American households. The channel is available in Canada, which broadcasts original programming at the same as the United States and localized versions across Europe, Asia. The channel was founded by Larry Namer and Alan Mruvka, early Movietime hosts included Greg Kinnear, Paula Abdul, Katie Wagner, Julie Moran, Suzanne Kay, Mark DeCarlo, Sam Rubin and Richard Blade. In 1997, Comcast, one of the minority partners, teamed up with Disney/ABC Cable Networks to buy the channel after Time-Warner had exercised their put agreement. In November 2006, Comcast acquired Disneys 39. 5% share of E. for $1.23 billion to gain ownership of the network as part of a broader programming carriage agreement between Disney/ABC and Comcast. E. s only sister networks prior to the NBC Universal merger were Style Network and G4, along with Comcasts sports networks, Versus, Comcast SportsNet, the network also started the process of introducing scripted programming, in addition to its existing reality and documentary series. The changes were announced during E. s programming upfront presentation on April 30,2012. E. is one of the few U. S. general-entertainment cable channels that broadcasts a news program, its flagship entertainment news program is E. News. It was first hosted by Dagny Hultgreen, steve Kmetko was a host from 1994-2002. It has been hosted by Terrence Jenkins and Giuliana Rancic since 2012 and 2006, respectively, E. announced that the weekday editions of E. News would be expanded to one hour starting on October 25,2010. During its time on E. the 5 to 8 a. m. block was the most watched period for the network, outside of E. News telecasts, the channel runs an E. E. The network also produces a decent amount of documentary and biographical series, true Hollywood Story, many of E. s original specials are entertainment-related ranging from light fare to serious fare. In recent years, the network has become known for its reality television programs. Its most popular series as of 2011 is Keeping Up with the Kardashians, other original programming airing on the network includes Hello Ross, The Soup, Fashion Police, and Married to Jonas. However, feature films airing on the display the original studio production credits at the traditional end of program placement. The only programming currently airing on E. with higher-grossing films premiering on USA Network, the HD feed is available on most cable and telco providers, along with both satellite services. Columnists featured on the website include Kristin dos Santos, Ted Casablanca, as part of the rebrand of the cable channel on July 9,2012, EOnline. com was redesigned for HTML5, including tablet and mobile devices
E!
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E!'s logo from the launch under that branding. Used from June 1, 1990 until July 9, 2012 for the US flagship channel. Still in use for many of E!'s international networks.
45.
Get Crazy (song)
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Party Rock is the debut studio album by American electronic duo LMFAO, released on July 7,2009 by Interscope Records. Im in Miami Bitch was the first single released from the album in late 2008, the second single was La La La released on September 8,2009. The third single, Shots was released on October 13,2009, yes was released on December 15,2009 as the fourth single from the album. The album has prominent electronic characteristics with influences of hip hop, 1980s synthpop and dance with lyrics about partying, the EP version was released on July 1,2008 to iTunes. The album was nominated at the 52nd Grammy Awards for Best Electronic/Dance Album and it was tracked and mixed at KMA Music in Manhattan. LMFAO started in 2008 with their single Im in Miami Bitch, Im in Miami Trick was the first single released from the album, released in late 2008. It peaked at No.86 in the UK, No.51 on the Billboard Hot 100, No.37 on the Canadian Hot 100, No.27 in Australia, the song was used as the theme song for the show Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami. The New York version of the song was used as the song for the show Kourtney. To date, the video has over 36 million views on YouTube. La La La was the single released from the album. It peaked at No.55 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it also charted No.38 on the Billboard Pop Songs, No.20 on the Billboard Rap Songs, and No.1 on the Billboard Hotseekers Songs. To date, the video has over 80 million views on YouTube. Shots, which features Lil Jon was the single released from the album. It peaked No.77 in Australia, No.68 on the Billboard Hot 100, No.53 on the Canadian Hot 100, to date, the music video has over 205 million views on YouTube. Yes was the single released from the album, released on December 15,2009. It peaked at No.68 on the Canadian Hot 100, to date, the music video has over 59 million views on YouTube. Get Crazy was released as the albums first promotional single, the song Get Crazy is used as the theme song for the MTV reality show Jersey Shore, and is featured in the popular iPod/iPhone game Tap Tap Revenge 3. Initial critical response to Party Rock was mixed, at Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 63, based on four reviews
Get Crazy (song)
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Party Rock
46.
Jersey Shore (TV series)
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Jersey Shore is an American reality television series which ran on MTV from December 3,2009 to December 20,2012 in the United States. The series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer at the Jersey Shore in the U. S. state of New Jersey, Season 2 followed the cast escaping the cold northeast winter to Miami Beach, Florida, with Season 3 returning to the Jersey Shore. The fourth season, filmed in Italy, premiered on August 4,2011, the show returned for a fifth season, at Seaside Heights, New Jersey on January 5,2012. The fifth-season finale aired on March 15,2012, on March 19,2012, MTV confirmed that the series would return for their sixth season. On August 30,2012, MTV announced that the Jersey Shore would end after the sixth season, the series finale aired on December 20,2012. The University of Chicago and the University of Oklahoma are among the institutions that have had classes or conferences about the show. In 2010, the cast of Jersey Shore were named on Barbara Walters 10 Most Fascinating People list, in Japan the series was titled MTV Jersey Shore - the New Jersey life of macaroni rascals. Another remake of the show is Gandía Shore, set in Gandía, acapulco Shore was announced in January 2014, with the premiere to take place in September 2014. VH1 producer Anthony Beltempo proposed the idea of a show focusing on the lifestyle for TV. Van Toffler described the process by saying they looked for candor, honesty, boldness. You could honestly say none of these people were traditionally beautiful, the series follows the lives of eight housemates spending their summer in a summer share in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, known as The Jersey Shore House. Jersey Shore premiered on December 3,2009, with back-to-back episodes, Season 1 posted strong growth every week and ranked #1 in its time period versus all cable competition among P12–34 during the first quarter of 2010, with a season high 2.6 rating for the finale. The season 1 finale audience,4.8 million, was more than triple that of the premiere, an increase of more than 3.4 million, overall, the season 1 averaged 2.7 million viewers. In an article in Rolling Stone, it was mentioned that the house had 35 remote-controlled cameras in fixed locations,12 hand-held ones, one IMX camera, Nicole Polizzi said that, They have cameras everywhere, all the time. You kind of get a little paranoid, because youre like, but thats why we go crazy. Thats why we fight each other. Were living in a house for two months with that shit and we cant have cellphones, TV, radio or internet. Its like a prison, with cameras, the only time were not on camera is when were in the shower, and thats why we all take three-hour showers, just to get away from it all
Jersey Shore (TV series)
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Paul "DJ Pauly D" DelVecchio and Mike "The Situation" Sorrentino during shooting in
Florence, Italy in May 2011.
Jersey Shore (TV series)
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Jersey Shore
47.
The Real World: Cancun
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It is the only season of The Real World to be filmed in Mexico. The season featured eight people who lived in a converted into a suite. It is the season of The Real World to be set outside the United States, after The Real World, London in 1995, The Real World, Paris in 2003. Series co-creator Jonathan Murray explained the choice of Cancun, saying, Cancun is a one to do after Brooklyn. Primary production started from January 26 to April 2009 and was not affected by the flu outbreak in Mexico. Executive Producer Jim Johnston said, We had stopped production before this thing reared its ugly head. Consisting of 12 episodes, the season premiered June 24 of that year and was viewed by 1.4 million viewers, the American synthpop band LMFAO has a guest appearance in Episode 7, which ties into the casts work assignment. Bunim-Murray Productions also shot an unscripted 2003 movie called The Real Cancun, the Cancun cast was assigned to work with StudentCity, an organization that helps visiting college students, helping to, as Jonathan Murray puts it, give people a safe and fun vacation. The cast stayed at the Cancun resort, ME Cancun, at Boulevard Kukulkan, km.12 in Cancun, the resort is located in the hotel zone between the Beach Palace and Park Royal Piramides resorts. Fifteen hotel rooms were converted into the suite, eleven on the second floor. Production Designer Chuck Aubrey used the hotels signature furnishings to decorate the suite, the suite, like all of the resorts other 418 rooms, features an ocean and sunset lagoon view. The suite is available to the public under the name SuiteMe. The suite was used as the vacation residence for the cast of the 2011 Las Vegas season. The cast is made up of eight individuals, in line with the prior season, ^Note 1, Age at time of filming. In December,2015, Jasmine had her first baby, on May 4,2016, it was reported that Jonna Mannion is pregnant with her first child. Making her the second person this season, after Jasmine who is pregnant, Joey Rozmus is a successful and respected General Manager for Red Robin and a loving husband and father of three beautiful little girls. The Real World, Cancun Reunion aired on September 16,2009, ayiiia, who stated that she entered a serious relationship with another woman, enjoyed time living with her mother in San Diego, though she planned to move into a house of her own. Emilee planned to move to New York City with Jasmine, and stated that she no longer works for Hooters, while Joey returned to Boston, Jasmine returned to Houston and continued to pursue professional cheerleading and teaching
The Real World: Cancun
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The cast of The Real World: Cancun
The Real World: Cancun
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The
ME Cancun hotel, where the cast resided.
48.
Cancun
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Cancún is a city in southeastern Mexico on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It is an important tourist destination in Mexico, and the seat of the municipality of Benito Juárez, the city is on the Caribbean Sea, and is one of Mexicos easternmost points. Cancún is just north of Mexicos Caribbean coast resort band known as the Riviera Maya, in older English-language documents, the city’s name is sometimes spelled Cancoon, an attempt to convey the sound of the name. There are two translations of Cancún, based on the Mayan pronunciation kaan kun. The first translation is nest of snakes, the second version and less accepted is place of the gold snake. The shield of the municipality of Benito Juárez, which represents the city of Cancún, was designed by the Californian Mexican American artist Joe Vera. It is divided into three parts, the blue symbolizes the Caribbean Sea, the yellow of the sand. As documented in the earliest colonial sources, the island of Cancún was originally known to its Maya inhabitants as Nizuc meaning either promontory or point of grass. In the years after the Conquest, much of the Maya population died off or left as a result of disease, warfare, piracy, the name Cancún, Cancum or Cankun first appears on 18th-century maps. The meaning of Cancún is unknown, and it is unknown whether the name is of Maya origin. If it is of Maya origin, possible translations include Place/Seat/Throne of the Snake or Enchanted Snake, Snake iconography was prevalent at the pre-Columbian site of Nizuc. Some 117 people lived in nearby Puerto Juarez, a fishing village, due to the reluctance of investors to gamble on an unknown area, the Mexican government had to finance the first nine hotels. The first hotel financed was the Hyatt Cancún Caribe, but the first hotel built was the Playa Blanca and it is now named Temptation Resort. At the time it was a destination, famous for its virgin white sand beaches. The city began as a project in 1974 as an Integrally Planned Center. This award ensured Cancún the ongoing support of the Department of Education, most Cancunenses are from Yucatán and other Mexican states. A growing number are from the rest of the Americas and Europe, the links with Cancún date from the 1990s and early 2000s, when the area was controlled by the Juárez and Gulf drug cartels. In recent years Los Zetas, a group broke away from the Gulf Cartel, has taken control of many smuggling routes through the Yucatán
Cancun
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Cancún
Cancun
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Location of Cancún within Quintana Roo
Cancun
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Allusive fountain to Benito Juárez's shield, Av. Cobá and Náder.
Cancun
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Emblem Juarez-Cancun by Joe Vera
49.
The Crystal Method
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The Crystal Method is an American electronic music and keyboardist duo formed in Las Vegas, Nevada by Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland in the early 1990s. Like The Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim, The Prodigy and others, are pioneers of the big beat genre, the Crystal Methods music has appeared in numerous TV shows, films, video games, and advertisements. Their album Vegas, was certified platinum in 2007, the Crystal Method is made up of two members, Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland. Ken taught Scott how to DJ, and when Ken moved to L. A. to work for a producer, Scott followed Ken out to L. A. and they formed The Crystal Method in 1993. By the early 90s, both Ken Jordan and Scott Kirkland had moved from Las Vegas to Los Angeles, Ken and Scott bought a house together, in La Crescenta, Glendale, California, which had a small underground shelter beneath the front lawn. Originally intending to turn the shelter into a studio, it proved to be an unrealistic idea and they subsequently named their studio The Bomb Shelter. They were interviewed on the front lawn of the house in the documentary Better Living Through Circuitry, after The Bomb Shelter was built, a tape of The Crystal Methods music found its way to a British DJ named Justin King. King was interested in starting a label that would showcase American electronic dance acts. King teamed up with a Scot named Steve Melrose to form the record label City of Angels, the first official release from the City of Angels label was The Crystal Methods Now is the Time. The Crystal Method were signed to Outpost Recordings in 1996, after the band signed with Outpost, they began working on their debut album. The groups second single on City of Angels was Keep Hope Alive and their next release was on the Mortal Kombat, More Kombat soundtrack, Come2gether. On September 8,1997, The Crystal Method released their best-selling album, Vegas peaked at number 92 on the Billboard 200. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1998, then platinum in 2007, five of the albums ten tracks were released as singles, Trip Like I Do, Busy Child, High Roller, Comin Back, and Keep Hope Alive. In 1999, the band went into the studio to record their studio album, Tweekend. The album was released in July 2001, and peaked at number 32 on the Billboard 200, four singles were released from Tweekend, Wild, Sweet and Cool, Murder, Blowout, Name of the Game. Jordan and Kirkland used to have a show called Community Service which aired Friday nights on radio station Indie 103.1. They played music and hosted guests, like Death in Vegas and their show came back on air in 2011 and airs weekly on Sirius XMs Channel 52. A year after the release of Tweekend, The Crystal Method released a mix album based on their radio show
The Crystal Method
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The Crystal Method performing at SXSW 2009.
The dictionary definition of LMFAO at Wiktionary
