1.
Airline codes
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This is a list of airline codes. The table lists IATAs two-character airline designators, ICAOs three-character airline designators, IATA airline designators, sometimes called IATA reservation codes, are two-character codes assigned by the International Air Transport Association to the worlds airlines. The standard is described in IATAs Standard Schedules Information Manual and the codes themselves are described in IATAs Airline Coding Directory, Airline designator codes follow the format xx, i. e. two alphanumeric characters followed by an optional letter. Although the IATA standard provides for three-character airline designators, IATA has not used the third character in any assigned code. This is because some legacy computer systems, especially the central reservations systems, have failed to comply with the standard, the codes issued to date comply with IATA Resolution 762, which provides for only two characters. These codes thus comply with the current airline designator standard, there are three types of designator, unique, numeric/alpha and controlled duplicate. IATA airline designators are used to identify an airline for commercial purposes in reservations, timetables, tickets, tariffs, air waybills, a flight designator is the concatenation of the airline designator, xx, and the numeric flight number, n, plus an optional one-letter operational suffix. Therefore, the format of a flight designator is xxn. After an airline is delisted, IATA can make the code available for reuse after six months, controlled duplicates are issued to regional airlines whose destinations are not likely to overlap, so that the same code is shared by two airlines. The controlled duplicate is denoted here, and in IATA literature, an example of this is the code 6Y, which refers to both Mid Airlines, a charter airline in Sudan, and Med Airways, a charter airline in Lebanon. IATA also issues an accounting or prefix code and this number is used on tickets as the first three characters of the ticket number. The IATA codes originally based on the ICAO designators which were issued in 1947 as two-letter airline identification codes and these codes are unique by airline, unlike the IATA airline designator codes. The designators are listed in ICAO Document 8585, Designators for Aircraft Operating Agencies, ICAO codes have been issued since 1947. The ICAO codes originally based on a two-letter-system and were identical to the codes used by IATA. After an airline joined IATA its existing ICAO-two-letter-code was taken over as IATA code, so in the 1970s the abbreviation BA was the ICAO code and the IATA code of British Airways while non-IATA-airlines like Court Line used their 2-letter-abbreviation as ICAO code only. In the early 1980s ICAO introduced the current three-letter-system due to the number of airlines. It became the new standard system in November 1987. Other designators, particularly starting with Y and Z, are reserved for government organizations
2.
Air Berlin
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Luftverkehrs KG, branded as airberlin or airberlin. com, is Germanys second largest airline, after Lufthansa, and Europes seventh largest airline in terms of passengers carried. It is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Etihad Airways is the largest shareholder, having increased its shareholding to 29. 21% in 2011. Air Berlin is headquartered in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, a borough of Berlin, as a United States airline, Air Berlin was able to access the West Berlin airline market. The airlines headquarters were initially at Tegel Airport, leonard Lundgren was the first chairman. Plans were made to start long haul flights on West Berlin-Brussels-Florida routes, in 1980, the Air Berlin USA fleet grew to include the Boeing 737-200, when two aircraft of that type were leased from Air Florida. By 1982, the 707s had been phased out, and during most of the 1980s, in 1990 and 1991, two more modern Boeing 737-400s were put into service. The Peaceful Revolution and the ensuing German reunification led to significant changes to the Berlin aviation market, in 1991, Air Berlin was bought by Joachim Hunold, a former sales and marketing director with LTU International, and restructured as Air Berlin GmbH & Co. Following an order for ten Boeing 737-800, Air Berlin grew and by 1999, Air Berlin introduced scheduled flights in 1997, initially linking a number of secondary German airports to Majorca. By 2002,35 percent of Air Berlins tickets were sold directly, in the same year, the route network grew to include destinations other than typical holiday resorts, Low-fare flights to London, Barcelona, Milan and Vienna started. They were marketed as City Shuttle, besides Berlin-Tegel, these routes were opened at six German airports that until then had not been served by one of the rising European low cost carriers. In what later would become a hallmark for Air Berlin as a semi-low cost carrier and this was something its competitors Buzz, Hapag-Lloyd Express, Ryanair and Virgin Express did not do. In January 2004, Air Berlin announced it would cooperate with Niki, as part of the deal, Air Berlin took a 24% stake in Niki. In 2005, Air Berlin signed a agreement with Germania. As part of the deal, Air Berlin leased some of Germanias aircraft and crew, plans were made for Germania to be associated with Air Berlin under a management contract. However, the contract was not signed, at the beginning of March 2008 Germania’s joint owners could not reach agreement on the takeover by Air Berlin, so Germania remained an independent airline. A joint Air Berlin/Germania subsidiary dubbed Air Zürich and planned to be based at Zurich Airport was proposed in 2005, in 2005 the Group reorganised its corporate structure. It established Air Berlin plc into which it reversed Air Berlin GmbH & Co, in 2006, Air Berlin went public on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Originally scheduled for 5 May 2006, the IPO was postponed to 11 May 2006, the company said the delay was due to rises in fuel costs and other market pressures limiting investor demand
3.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
4.
Berlin Tegel Airport
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Berlin Tegel Airport is the main international airport of Berlin, the federal capital of Germany. It has served formerly West Berlin and ranks ahead of the smaller Berlin Schönefeld Airport, the airport is christened after Otto Lilienthal and the fourth busiest airport in Germany with just over 20.7 million passengers in 2014. The airport is a hub for Air Berlin and serves as a base for Germanwings and it features flights to several European metropolitan and leisure destinations as well as some intercontinental routes. It is situated in Tegel, a section of the borough of Reinickendorf,8 km northwest of the city centre of Berlin. Tegel Airport is notable for its main terminal building around an open square. The airport was scheduled to close in June 2012 after Berlin Brandenburg Airport opened, but due to ongoing delays with BER, a campaign was launched to keep Tegel Airport open, which gathered signatures for a referendum for voters to decide on the future of the airport. The area of todays airport originally was part of Jungfernheide forest, during the 19th century, it was used as an artillery firing range. Aviation history dates back to the early 20th century, when the Prussian airship battalion was based there, in 1906, a hangar was built for testing of Groß-Basenach and Parseval type airships. Soon after the outbreak of World War I, on 20 August 1914, following the war, all aviation industry was removed as a consequence of the Treaty of Versailles, which prohibited Germany from having any armed aircraft. On 27 September 1930, Rudolf Nebel launched a rocket testing. It became known as Raketenschießplatz Tegel and attracted a group of eminent aerospace engineers. In 1937, the rocket pioneers left Tegel in favour of the secret Peenemünde army research centre, during World War II, the area served once again as a military training area, mostly for Flak troops. It was destroyed in Allied air raids, plans for converting the area into allotment gardens were shelved due to the Berlin Blockade, which began on 24 June 1948. In the ensuing US-led Berlin Airlift, it turned out that Berlins existing main airport at Tempelhof was not big enough to accommodate all relief aircraft. Groundbreaking took place on 5 August 1948, and only 90 days later, on 5 November, the United States Air Forces in Europe commander-in-chief, General Cannon, and the chief-of-staff of the Anglo-American airlift, General Tunner, arrived at Tegel on this aircraft. British Dakota and Hastings aircraft carrying essential goods and raw materials began using Tegel on a basis from 17 November 1948. Regular cargo flights with American C-54s followed from 14 December 1948, generally, the former carried food and fuel while the latter were loaded with coal. December 1948 also saw three Armée de lAir Junkers Ju 52/3m transport planes participating in the airlift for the first time, however, the Armée de lAir contributed to the overall airlift effort in a very small and symbolic way only
5.
Munich Airport
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Munich Airport, German, Flughafen München, is a major international airport near Munich, the capital of Bavaria. It is the second busiest airport in Germany in terms of traffic behind Frankfurt Airport. It is the worlds 15th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic. As of February 2017, the airport features flights to 248 destinations, Munich Airport serves as the secondary hub for Lufthansa including Lufthansa Regional and its Star Alliance partners besides Frankfurt. The airport is located 28.5 km northeast of Munich near the old city of Freising and is named in memory of the former Bavarian Prime Minister Franz Josef Strauss, from 1939 to 1992, Munich was served by Munich-Riem Airport. First plans to expand or build a new airport were made in 1954 owing to the traffic flow-rate, the decision for building the new airport at Erdinger Moos was made on 5 August 1969 by the Bavarian government. When construction started on 3 November 1980, a village named Franzheim was demolished, the airport is located on the territory of four different municipalities, Oberding, Hallbergmoos, Freising, and Marzling in the district of Freising. The airport is named after Franz Josef Strauß, who played a prominent, albeit sometimes controversial, amongst other positions, Strauß was a long-time Minister-President of the state of Bavaria, where the airport is located and was initiated under his government. Strauß, having been a pilot himself, had a particular interest in the aviation industry. He is regarded one of the fathers of Airbus and served as chairman of its supervisory board. Naming the airport by its full name Flughafen München Franz Josef Strauß is fairly uncommon, the company that owns and operates the airport is named Flughafen München GmbH and brands itself as M – Flughafen München or M – Munich Airport. In the Munich area, most people use the term Flughafen München, sometimes Flughafen München II in order to distinguish from the earlier airport, or simply MUC for its IATA-code. The new Munich Airport commenced operation on 17 May 1992, when moved from the former site at Munich-Riem Airport. While Lufthansa serves more European destinations from Munich Airport than from Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt has many more intercontinental routes, between 1995 and 2006 passenger numbers doubled from under 15 million per annum to over 30 million, despite the impact of the 11 September attacks in 2001 and 2002. In 1996 the airport overtook Düsseldorf as Germanys second busiest airport, in June 2003 construction of Terminal 2 was completed and it was inaugurated as an exclusive facility for Lufthansa and its Star Alliance partners. In November 2013, the airport introduced its first new design since its inauguration. The large letter M remains in a new font type, There are also animated color-changing versions of the M-sign placed throughout the airport area, for example on the main entrance road and on the new Terminal 2 satellite. In May 2015, Munich Airport became the first airport outside Asia to be ranked as a 5-Star Airport by Skytrax and it also won Best Airport in Europe for the eighth time
6.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
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