1.
Gary, Indiana
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Gary is a city in Lake County, Indiana, United States,25 miles from downtown Chicago, Illinois. The population of Gary was 80,294 at the 2010 census, from the middle of the twentieth century to the present, Gary has experienced drastic population loss, falling by 55 percent from its peak of 178,320 in 1960. Gary is adjacent to the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and borders Lake Michigan, the city is known for its large steel mills, and for being the birthplace of The Jackson 5 music group. Gary, Indiana, was founded in 1906 by the United States Steel Corporation as the home for its new plant, the city was named after lawyer Elbert Henry Gary, who was the founding chairman of the United States Steel Corporation. Gary was the site of civil unrest in the Steel Strike of 1919, on October 4,1919, a riot broke out on Broadway, the main north-south street through downtown Gary, between striking steel workers and strike breakers brought in from outside. Three days later, Indiana governor James P. Goodrich declared martial law, shortly thereafter, over 4,000 federal troops under the command of Major General Leonard Wood arrived to restore order. The jobs offered by the industry provided Gary with very rapid growth. At that time,19. 3% of the population was classified as foreign-born, Gary was also becoming increasingly racially diverse, with 17. 8% of the population classified as black, and 3. 5% as Mexican. Garys fortunes have risen and fallen with those of the steel industry, the growth of the steel industry brought prosperity to the community. Broadway was known as a center for the region. Department stores and architecturally significant movie houses were built in the downtown area, in the 1960s, like many other American urban centers reliant on one particular industry, Gary entered a spiral of decline. Garys decline was brought on by the growing overseas competitiveness in the steel industry, the U. S. Steel Gary Works employed over 30,000 in 1970, declined to just 6,000 by 1990, and further declined to 5,100 in August of 2015. As the city declined, crime increased, rapid racial change occurred in Gary during the late 20th century. Non-whites were primarily restricted to live in the Midtown section just south of downtown, Gary had one of the nations first African-American mayors, Richard G. Hatcher, and hosted the ground-breaking 1972 National Black Political Convention. Since the 1930s, Gary had developed a reputation as a city due to rampant political corruption, racial violence & segregation, labor unrest. In the 1960s through the 1980s, surrounding localities such as Merrillville and Crown Point experienced rapid growth, including new homes. Owing to white flight, economic distress, and a perception of skyrocketing crime, many middle-class, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Gary had the highest percentage of African-Americans of U. S. cities with a population of 100,000 or more, 84%. This no longer applies to Gary since the population of the city has now fallen well below 100,000 residents, as of 2013, the Gary Department of Redevelopment has estimated that one-third of all homes in the city are unoccupied and/or abandoned
2.
Joe Jackson (manager)
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Joseph Walter Joe Jackson is a talent manager and is the patriarch of the Jackson family of entertainers which includes the artists Janet Jackson and Michael Jackson. Jackson was the eldest of five children, which included brothers Lawrence and Luther and sisters Lula Mae, Jackson is of African and distant Native American ancestry. Joe Jackson recalled from childhood that his father was domineering and strict. When he was 18, after his father remarried, he moved to East Chicago to live with his mother and he soon got a job in East Chicago at Inland Steel Company, but did not finish high school. While in East Chicago, he began to pursue his dreams of becoming a boxer, Joseph and Katherine were married on November 5,1949. In January 1950, they purchased a small two-bedroom home next to East Chicago in Gary, the Jacksons first child, Maureen Reillette Rebbie Jackson, was born four months later on May 29,1950, in the Jackson house. In the meantime, his wife Katherine tended to their growing family, the Jacksons would go on to have ten children. During the early 1950s, Jackson briefly performed with his own blues band The Falcons, despite their efforts, The Falcons did not get a recording deal and subsequently broke up after one of their members, Thornton Pookie Hudson, founded his own band in 1952. That band would go on to become a successful doo-wop group named The Spaniels, Jackson began working with his sons musical group in the early 1960s, first working with his three eldest sons, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine. Younger sons Marlon and Michael eventually joined the backing band, Joseph began enforcing long and intense rehearsals for his sons. At first, the group went under The Jackson Brothers, following the inclusions of Marlon and Michael in the group and Michaels increased vocal presence within the group, their name was changed to the The Jackson Five. On November 21,1967, The Jackson Five were signed by Jackson to their first professional contract with Gordon Keith, an owner and the first president of Steeltown Records in Gary, Indiana. The groups first single Big Boy, with Michael as the singer, was released by Keith on January 31,1968 on the Steeltown label. Big Boy became a hit and Michael and his brothers became local celebrities when. Within the year, Jackson helped to land his sons an audition for Motown Records in Detroit, the Jackson Five were signed with Motown in March 1969. Jackson later relocated his family to California and supervised every recording session the group made for Motown, Joseph had also opened his own record label, Ivory Tower International Records and signed artists under his management in which they toured internationally with The Jackson 5 as opening acts in 1974. In 1978, Josephs youngest son, Randy, released his solo single How Can I Be Sure under Josephs record label, in 1982, Joseph established Janet Jacksons career at age 16 as a recording artist while managing her. He financed the recording of his daughters first demo then, arranged her a contract with A&M Records and began recording her debut album
3.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
4.
Contemporary R&B
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Contemporary R&B, also known as simply R&B, is a music genre that combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop and dance. The genre features a record production style, drum machine-backed rhythms, an occasional saxophone-laced beat to give a jazz feel. Electronic influences are becoming a trend and the use of hip hop or dance-inspired beats are typical, although the roughness. Contemporary R&B vocalists are often known for their use of melisma, popularized by such as Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Craig David, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston. That same year, Teddy Riley began producing R&B recordings that included hip hop influences and this combination of R&B style and hip hop rhythms was termed new jack swing and was applied to artists such as Bobby Brown, Keith Sweat, Al B. Guy, Jodeci and Bell Biv DeVoe, the style became less popular by the end of the 1990s, but later experienced a resurgence. In 1990 Mariah Carey released Vision of Love as her debut single and it was immensely popular peaking at number 1 in many worldwide charts including the Billboard Hot 100, and it propelled Mariahs carrier. The song is said to have popularized the use of melisma. During the mid-1990s, Whitney Houstons The Bodyguard, Original Soundtrack Album sold over 40 million copies becoming the best-selling soundtrack of all time. Janet Jacksons self-titled fifth studio album janet. which came after her historic multimillion-dollar contract with Virgin Records, sold over twenty million copies worldwide. Boyz II Men and Mariah Carey recorded several Billboard Hot 100 No.1 hits, including One Sweet Day, Carey also released a remix of her 1995 single Fantasy, with Ol Dirty Bastard as a feature, a collaboration format that was unheard of at this point. Carey, Boyz II Men and TLC released albums in 1994 and 1995—Daydream, II and CrazySexyCool. In the late 1990s, neo soul, which added 1970s soul influences to the hip hop soul blend, arose, led by such as DAngelo, Erykah Badu. Hill and Missy Elliott further blurred the line between R&B and hip hop by recording both styles, beginning in 1995, the Grammy Awards enacted the Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, with II by Boyz II Men becoming the first recipient. The award was received by TLC for CrazySexyCool in 1996, Tony Rich for Words in 1997, Erykah Badu for Baduizm in 1998. At the end of 1999, Billboard magazine ranked Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson as the first, simultaneously, in the second half of the 1990s, The Neptunes and Timbaland set influential precedence on contemporary R&B and hip hop music. R&B acts such as Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, in 2001, Alicia Keys released Fallin as her debut single. It peaking at one on the Billboard Hot 100, Mainstream Top 40
5.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
6.
Polydor Records
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Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
7.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
8.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
9.
RCA
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RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
10.
Warner Music Group
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Warner Music Group is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. With a multibillion-dollar annual turnover, WMG employs in excess of 3,500 people and has operations in more than 50 countries throughout the world, the company owns and operates some of the largest and most successful record labels in the world, including its flagship labels Warner Bros. WMG also owns Warner/Chappell Music, one of the worlds largest music publishers, the film company had no record label division at the time and one of its contracted actors, Tab Hunter, scored a hit song for Dot Records, which was a division of rival Paramount Pictures. In order to prevent any repetition of its actors recording for rival companies, in 1963, Warner purchased Reprise Records, which had been founded by Frank Sinatra three years earlier so that he could have more creative control over his recordings. With the Reprise acquisition, Warner gained the services of Mo Ostin, the Canadian unit was opened in 1967 as Warner Reprise Canada Ltd, now called Warner Music Canada Co. After Warner Bros. was sold to Seven Arts Productions in 1967, it purchased Atlantic Records, founded in 1947 and WMGs oldest label and this acquisition brought Neil Young into the company fold, initially as a member of Buffalo Springfield. The Geffen catalogue, now owned by Universal Music Group, represents Youngs only major recordings not under WMG ownership, in 1969, two years after being purchased by Seven Arts, the Warner Bros. -Seven Arts company was sold to the Kinney National Company. Kinney combined the operations of all of its labels. An earlier attempt by Warner Bros. Records to create a distribution arm in 1958 didnt materialize. So in 1969, Elektra Records boss Jac Holzman approached Atlantics Jerry Wexler with the idea of setting up a joint distribution network for Warner, Elektra, an experimental branch was established in Southern California as a possible prototype for an expanded operation. Atlantic, its subsidiary Atco Records, and its affiliate Stax Records paved the way for Warners rise to industry prominence, the purchase brought in Atlantics lucrative back-catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. But the sale led to Stax leaving the Atlantic fold because the new Warner owners insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings and it was soon apparent in 1969 that Atlantic/Atco president Ahmet Ertegün viewed Warner/Reprise president Mike Maitland as godlike. Maitland believed that, as vice-president in charge of the Warner Bros, in retrospect Ertegün clearly feared that Maitland would ultimately have more power than him and so he moved rapidly to secure his own position and remove Maitland. Following the takeover, Warners music group briefly adopted the umbrella name Kinney Music, erteguns campaign against Maitland began in earnest that summer. Atlantic had agreed to help Warner Bros. in its efforts to establish its labels overseas, Mike Maitland complained bitterly to Kinney executive Ted Ashley, but to no avail – by this time Ertegun was poised to make his move against Maitland. As he had with Hyman, Ertegun urged Steve Ross to extend Mo Ostin and Joe Smiths contracts, in response, Ertegun broadly hinted that Maitlands days were numbered and that he, Ertegun, was about to take over the recording division. Unlike the Warner/Reprise executives, Atlantics execs the Ertegun brothers and Wexler owned stock in Kinney, on Sunday January 25, Ted Ashley went to Maitlands house to tell him he had been dismissed, and Maitland declined the offer of a job at the movie studio. One week later, Mo Ostin was named as the new President of Warner Bros, Records, with Joe Smith as his Executive Vice-President
11.
The Jackson 5
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The Jackson 5, or Jackson Five, also known as The Jacksons in later years, was an American popular music group. Formed in 1964 under the name the Jackson Brothers, the members were elder brothers Jackie, Tito. Younger brothers Marlon and Michael would join soon after and they participated in talent shows and performed in clubs on the chitlin circuit. They entered the music scene in 1967, signing with Steeltown Records. In 1969, the group left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown, the Jackson 5 was one of the first groups of black American performers to attain a crossover following, preceded by the Supremes, the Four Tops and the Temptations. In 1983, Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on Motown 25, Yesterday, Today, Forever, after the end of their tour to promote the album, Michael and Marlon Jackson promptly left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label. Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999, following the death of Michael Jackson in 2009, the four eldest of the brothers embarked on their Unity Tour in 2012. The five Jackson brothers interest in music began in Gary, Indiana, bolstered by their father, in 1964, Joe caught Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke. Upon fixing the string, threatening punishment, Titos father had him play and was impressed enough to buy Tito his own guitar, Marlon, then seven years old, eventually joined, playing the tambourine. Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Milford Hite and Reynaud Jones, during early 1968, the group also performed at strip clubs on Joes behest to earn extra income. Following initial recordings at Detroits Hitsville USA studio, Berry Gordy sent the Jacksons to Hollywood in July, hiring Suzanne de Passe to become a mentor of the brothers. Starting in August, the Jackson Five performed as the act for The Supremes. In October, their first single for Motown was released and the group promoted it while performing at the Hollywood Palace with Ross hosting, in December, the brothers made their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. Afterwards, their album, Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5, was released that same month. In January 1970, I Want You Back topped the Billboard Hot 100, led by the Corporation, the Jackson 5 released two more number-one singles, ABC and The Love You Save. All four singles were almost as popular in countries as they were in the United States. Releasing a succession of four albums in one year, the Jackson 5 replaced The Supremes as Motowns best-selling group
12.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
13.
We Are the World
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We Are the World is a song and charity single originally recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists for Africa in 1985. It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and produced by Quincy Jones for the album We Are the World, with sales in excess of 20 million copies, it is one of the fewer than 30 all-time singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide. Following Band Aids 1984 Do They Know Its Christmas, several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song. The duo completed the writing of We Are the World seven weeks after the release of Do They Know Its Christmas, and one night before the songs first recording session, on January 21,1985. The historic event brought some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time. The song was released on March 7,1985, as the single from the album. A worldwide commercial success, it topped charts throughout the world. The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum, We Are the World received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America, the promotion and merchandise aided the success of We Are the World and raised over $63 million for humanitarian aid in Africa and the US. Following the devastation caused by the magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake in Haiti on January 12,2010, a remake of the song by another all-star cast of singers was recorded on February 1,2010. Entitled We Are the World 25 for Haiti, it was released as a single on February 12,2010 and he planned to have the proceeds donated to a new organization called United Support of Artists for Africa. The non-profit foundation would then feed and relieve starving people in Africa, specifically Ethiopia, the idea followed Band Aids Do They Know Its Christmas project in the UK, which Belafonte had heard about. In the activists plans, money would also be set aside to help eliminate hunger in the United States of America, entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragens clients—to participate in Belafontes musical endeavor. Kragen and the two agreed to help with Belafontes mission, and in turn, enlisted the cooperation of Stevie Wonder. Quincy Jones was drafted to co-produce the song, taking out from his work on The Color Purple. Richie also telephoned Michael Jackson, who had just released the commercially successful Thriller album and had concluded a tour with his brothers, Jackson revealed to Richie that he not only wanted to sing the song, but to participate in its writing as well. To begin with, We Are the World was to be written by Jackson, Richie, as Wonder had limited time to work on the project, Jackson and Richie proceeded to write We Are the World themselves. They began creating the song at Hayvenhurst, the Jackson family home in Encino, for a week, the two spent every night working on lyrics and melodies in the singers bedroom. They knew that they wanted a song that would be easy to sing, the pair wanted to create an anthem
14.
Andy (singer)
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Andranik Madadian, better known by his stage name, Andy, is a famous Armenian-Iranian singer-songwriter and actor. He is a naturalized American and currently lives in Los Angeles, Andy made it big when he joined Kouros Shahmiri and together formed a successful duo Andy & Kouros. Andy & Kouros released 4 albums together, Khastegary, Parvaz, the successful album Balla. The two split in 1992, with both Andy and Kouros going on to have successful solo careers. The two reunited several times after that point, in 2002 and 2004 they performed together for a sold-out audience in San Jose, California. In 2009, Andy & Kouros they went on a tour together in the Iranian diaspora. They also appeared together on a video by Farez remaking their hit Niloufar. Andy has released 15 albums as a solo artist and his last three singles have ranked #1 in the charts. In 2013, Andy was nominated for Best Male Artist, Best Live Act, the following year, he was presented with the Millennium award at the Big Apple Music Awards in NYC. The Persian introduction is done by both Andy and Jon Bon Jovi, as well as the rest of the song continues in English. The record was produced by Don Was and John Shanks and was registered at Henson Studio C, Hollywood, Los Angeles and he participated in a prestigious recording session for WORLD PEACE ONE, which featured some of the worlds most successful artists uniting to promote peace. Andy married his girlfriend and artist Shani Rigsbee on November 11,2011. Around 1992, the couple began working and touring together and soon after they discovered Shani had ovarian cancer and she had an early hysterectomy in 1992. The couple is associated with cancer-related charities and has performed together for the American Cancer Societys Relay for Life, the Journey Orere Seero Platinum City of Angels Balla. Andy Live at the Kodak Theatre Andy & Kouros Kouros Shahmiri Leila Kasra Tehran Magazine, choose the Best, Andy, Mansour, or Shahram Kashani Issue 476. Page 72-76 Official website Andy Madadian Official on Facebook Andy Madadian on Twitter Andymusic1 on Instagram ANDY Lovers Forum
15.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
16.
Sony Music
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Sony Music Entertainment is an American music company owned by Sony. It is incorporated as a partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment. The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, in 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. Sony Corporation bought the company in 1987 and renamed it Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, the buyout led to the dissolution of BMG, which relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is one of the Big Three record companies, being the second largest after Universal Music Group, in 1929, ARC was founded through a merger of several record companies. In 1934, in the midst of Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company, ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, which, in turn, had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off. ARC was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company. The renamed company made Columbia its flagship label and Okeh its subsidiary label and this allowed ARCs leased labels Brunswick Records and Vocalion Records to revert to their former owner Warner Bros. which sold them to Decca Records. Columbia kept the Brunswick catalogue recorded from December 1931 onward on the Columbia label and he was succeeded by James Conkling as head of Columbia Records. In 1951, Columbia severed its ties with the EMI-owned record label of the same name, Okeh Records continued to be distributed by EMI on the Columbia label. Columbia founded Epic Records in 1953 and in 1956, Conkling left Columbia and he would help establish the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences before eventually becoming the first president of the newly launched Warner Bros. His successor, Goddard Lieberson began the first of two stints as head of the record company, and in 1958, Columbia founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music. In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its international distributor Philips Records with the goal of starting its own global record company. Philips acquisition of US-based Mercury Records in 1961 paved the way for this, elsewhere, CBSs Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963. In 1964, Columbia set out acquiring record companies in countries for its CBS Records International Unit. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution. In late 1965, the Date subsidiary label was revived and this label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb and scored a few minor hits from various other artists. Dates biggest success was Time of the Season by the Zombies, the label was discontinued in 1970
17.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
18.
La Toya Jackson (album)
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La Toya Jackson is the 1980 self–titled debut album from American singer La Toya Jackson. It was released on June 24,1980 in America and mainland Europe, the album is most known for Night Time Lover, a track produced by La Toyas brother Michael Jackson, who provides background vocals on the refrain. The album peaked at #116 on the Billboard 200, #26 on the Billboard R&B charts and it spawned two singles, If You Feel the Funk and Night Time Lover. In order to distinguish herself from her famous brothers, The Jacksons, I begged just to have it La Toya. But my father said, Its your last name, but I wanted to see what I could do as an individual. The album was re-issued on CD in Japan in 1992, a successful petition was gathered by her fans at ChurchofLaToya. com to persuade the label, Cherry Pop, to re-release her debut album on CD for the first time in the UK. It was re-released on May 22,2006, in its review, The Evening Independent said that Jackson has an attractive, pleasant voice that is mature and controlled. Allmusic said Jackson has an enthusiasm for the songs that comes through consistently. That factor, along with the strong cast of musicians and some tunes, makes this an overall enjoyable set. If You Feel the Funk performed modestly on the charts, narrowly missing out on the Billboard Hot 100 at #101, however, it peaked at #17 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play chart and #40 on the Billboard R&B chart. It also reached #42 in Germany and #18 in the Netherlands, If You Feel the Funk was also released as a 12 single in the United Kingdom where it failed to chart. The follow-up single, Night Time Lover failed to generate attention and it peaked at #59 on the Billboard R&B chart
19.
Heart Don't Lie (song)
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Heart Dont Lie is a song by American singer La Toya Jackson. The song is the single from her successful album Heart Dont Lie. It is a duet with singer Howard Hewett, although he receives no credit for his vocals in the notes and does not appear in the music video. Musical Youth and Janet Jackson also provide vocals for the track, the single peaked at #56 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. A7 single was released with the track Without You for a B-side, Heart Dont Lie was La Toya Jacksons first single to have an accompanying music video. It was directed by Ed Pacio in February 1984 in Los Angeles, the music video features Jackson in a very colorful and cartoon-like high school setting based on the 1978 film Grease. The clip utilizes Carnival masks designed by Joseph McLaughlin and it also features The Mums, a trio of jugglers and magicians that included Albie Selznick. Heart Dont Lie was one of the subjects of VH1s Pop-Up Video in 1997, Jackson performed Heart Dont Lie on the 30 June 1984 episode of American Bandstand. The number was performed on the August 25,1984 episode of Solid Gold along with Hewett. The track appeared in Jacksons advert for Nikon cameras. Album version –4,37 Single version –3,36 Special 12 Club Version –5,58 Dub Version –4,37 Lead vocals by La Toya Jackson and Howard Hewett Background vocals by Musical Youth and Janet Jackson
20.
If You Feel the Funk
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If You Feel the Funk was the debut single from artist La Toya Jackson. It was released in 1980 on Polydor Records, and comes from Jacksons self-titled debut album and it was released in three versions, with Are You Ready. Lovely Is She and Night Time Lover on the B-side, the single narrowly missed the U. S. Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 101. However, it peaked at seventeen on Billboards Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. It reached #42 in Germany and #13 in the Netherlands, Jackson performed If You Feel the Funk as well as Are You Ready on the November 8,1980 episode of Soul Train. She performed If You Feel the Funk on the December 13,1980 episode of American Bandstand, in Europe, the number was performed on the 13 December 1980 episode of Dutch program TopPop and on the 12 February 1981 episode of Musikladen
21.
Hot Potato (song)
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Hot Potato is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson, the third single from her successful 1984 album Heart Dont Lie. It peaked at #43 on the Billboard Black Singles chart and at #38 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart and it also enjoyed time on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. It also peaked at #92 in the United Kingdom, the single was released on 7 and 12 formats with the album track Think Twice as the B-side. Some singles also include a dub version, Jackson performed the song on Solid Gold which was broadcast on September 8,1984. She also performed it on the U. S. TV show The Fall Guy broadcast on February 13,1984, in the episode Rock-A-Bye Baby. Album version –4,407 version –3,39 Extended version –6,29 Dub version –5,56 Vocal version –6,29
22.
La Toya (album)
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La Toya is the fifth studio album by American singer La Toya Jackson released on October 25,1988 by RCA. While the cover and box states the name as La Toya. Therefore, the album is referred to by both names. The album includes Like I Do and Youre Gonna Get Rocked, the album was re-released as an expanded 2-CD set under the name Youre Gonna Get Rocked. by Cherry Pop Records in December 2013. La Toya was the first album Jackson released since terminating father Joe Jackson as her manager and signing with a new label, Jacksons musical goal was to evolve her teen pop sound to something more substantial. I know what I wanted to do, I always wanted a street sound, michael kept saying Do it, move away, do your own sound. Thats why I moved to New York, to living in a fantasy world. As far as Im concerned, its my first album, to help develop her sound Jackson recruited British producers Stock Aitken Waterman. Jackson was disappointed to find upon arriving at their studio that SAW had already completed their three submissions, requiring only Jacksons vocals, Jackson had hoped to collaborate with them from scratch. Just Say No was composed for US first lady Nancy Reagans anti-drug campaign and their other two tracks, the funky, gritty Like I Do and melancholy ballad He Means Nothing to You at All were starkly different from SAWs previous work. Jackson waited six months for US hip-hop producers Full Force to fit her into their busy schedule, Jackson wanted them to contribute a more aggressive sound to the LP. At the time, Full Force member Paul Anthony disclosed that the group decided to work with Jackson because we like the underdogs, the four Full Force tracks include Youre Gonna Get Rocked. You Blew, Such a Wicked Love, and Not Giving Up On Love, La Toya was recorded from March 1987 through 1988. The album was mixed down in New York, as a result of working with such a varied group of producers, the LPs two sides had distinctly different sounds. Side A, featuring tracks 1 through 5, had a hip-hop & breakbeat theme tailored for the US market while Side B was more oriented towards European synthpop, Jackson had high expectations for the album, having worked on it for two years. Ive had no life at all for two years. My whole life has been this record, Jackson dedicated the album to the children of the world due to her involvement in the Just Say No campaign which was designated for children between the ages of 3 to 7. The Miami News described the three right on target Stock Aitken Waterman songs as pop gems that display Jackson at her best, Just Say No was commended as a bouncy tune that glosses over the anti-drugs slogan while AllMusic wrote that Just Say No brought out the best of Jackson
23.
Brainwashing
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Mind control is a theory that human subjects can be indoctrinated in a way that causes an impairment of autonomy, an inability to think independently, and a disruption of beliefs and affiliations. In this context, brainwashing refers to the involuntary reeducation of basic beliefs and these theories were later expanded and modified by psychologists including Margaret Singer and Philip Zimbardo to explain conversions to some new religious movements. This resulted in scientific and legal debate, with Eileen Barker, James Richardson, other theories have been proposed by scholars including, Robert Cialdini, Stanley A. Deetz, Robert Jay Lifton, Michael J. Freeman, Daniel Romanovsky, Kathleen Taylor, and Benjamin Zablocki. However, in the view of most scholars, the theory of control is not accepted as scientific fact. The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known English-language usage of brainwashing in an article by newspaperman Edward Hunter, in Miami News, the term punned on the Taoist custom of cleansing/washing the heart/mind before conducting certain ceremonies or entering certain holy places. British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British army Colonel James Carne also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment. The U. S. military and government laid charges of brainwashing in an effort to undermine detailed confessions made by military personnel to war crimes, if they did, however, too familiar are the mind-annihilating methods of these Communists in extorting whatever words they want. The men themselves are not to blame, and they have my deepest sympathy for having been used in this abominable way, the report states exhaustive research of several government agencies failed to reveal even one conclusively documented case of brainwashing of an American prisoner of war in Korea. In contrast American POWs in the custody of North Koreas Chinese Communist allies did face a concerted interrogation and indoctrination program, however, systematic, physical torture was not employed in connection with interrogation or indoctrination, the report states. The enemy introduced himself as a friend of the workers of America, in many instances the Chinese did not search the American captives, but frequently offered them American cigarettes. This display of friendship caught most Americans totally off-guard and they never recovered from the impression made by the Chinese. Fter the initial contact with the enemy, some Americans seemed to believe that the enemy was sincere and they relaxed and permitted themselves to be lulled into a well-disguised trap the cunning enemy. Two academic studies of the repatriation of American prisoners of war by Robert Jay Lifton and by Edgar Schein concluded that brainwashing, in 1961, they both published books expanding on these findings. Schein published Coercive Persuasion and Lifton published Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism and he argued that the books of Edward Hunter pushed the CIA brainwashing theory onto the general public. CIA experiments using various drugs such as LSD and Mescaline drew from Nazi scientist research during World War II. In the 1970s, the movement applied mind control theories to explain seemingly sudden. The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, while some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs. On the contrary, the theories and the fear surrounding them was used as a tool for the western anti-cult movement to rationalize the persecution of minority religious groups, most adherents participate for only a short time, and the success in retaining members is limited
24.
Just Wanna Dance
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Just Wanna Dance is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson. It is taken from her EP Startin Over released in 2011 and it peaked at #13 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, making it her highest charting single. Just Wanna Dance was recorded in 2002, but it wasnt until 2004 that it was released as Startin Overs lead single, Jackson began work on the song by visiting night clubs to hear what sort of music people were dancing to. To accomplish this, Jackson disguised herself as a male alter-ego named Toy, as a result, the songs sexually ambiguous lyrics describe a ribald night out at a club where the party-goers don’t know if I’m a he or a she. The single was released under Jacksons nickname Toy, so disc jockeys would give the record a fair chance before tossing it aside. To Jacksons satisfaction, the strategy worked, Jackson phoned DJs who had played her track to reveal Toys true identity saying, “One phone call at a time, I am letting them know all about Toy. While some of them knew that Toy was me, others were surprised, the overall response has been rewarding and encouraging. ”The single includes mixes by Vibelicious and Jason Randolph. About. com praised Randolphs Extended Vocal mix saying it had a synth line that could move anyone to the dancefloor. Jacksons vocals were complimented as suit the sing-songy verses quite well, outword Magazine called the track energetic and infectious. A follow-up single, Free the World, was released 5 months later, on the back of the singles success, Ja-Tail obtained a distribution deal with Universal-Bungalo Records. A music video was planned, but during rehearsals Jacksons toe was broken when a microphone fell on it. Jackson performed Just Wanna Dance for the first time on the finale of Mexican reality TV series La Academia on 18 December 2011. Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance Just Wanna Dance
25.
Free the World
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Free the World is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson. Jackson spent six years in seclusion after divorcing her abusive late ex-husband and manager, Jack Gordon, after her years in exile, the September 11th attacks inspired Jackson to write Free the World. She recorded and performed it for friends, who fell in love with it. This led to the revival of Jacksons 25-year-old music career and this song led Jackson to begin work on her Startin Over album, which included the 2004 Billboard chart hit Just Wanna Dance as the lead single. Free the World was released as a follow-up and charted in March 2005, the single peaked at #24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play charts. The song is an appeal to free the world from segregation, discrimination, vH1 described the ballad as the most appropriate song for the world. About. com dubbed Jason Randolphs remix a trippily hypnotic treat with a rhythm track. US promotional CD Extended House Mix Radio Remix Dub Mix Album Version Original Album Remix US12 vinyl #TOY2 Free The World Free The World Free The World
26.
Dance Club Songs
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The Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U. S. dance clubs. It is compiled by Billboard exclusively from playlists submitted by nightclub disc jockeys who must apply, the current number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated April 15,2017, is Lick Me Up by Tony Moran and Dani Toro featuring Zhana Roiya. Dance Club Songs has undergone several incarnations since its inception in 1974, originally a top-ten list of tracks that garnered the largest audience response in New York City discothèques, the chart began on October 26,1974 under the title Disco Action. The chart went on to feature playlists from various cities around the country from week to week, Billboard continued to run regional and city-specific charts throughout 1975 and 1976 until the issue dated August 28,1976, when a thirty-position National Disco Action Top 30 premiered. During the first half of the 1980s the chart maintained eighty slots until March 16,1985 when the Disco charts were splintered and renamed, two charts appeared, Hot Dance/Disco, which ranked club play, and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, which ranked 12-inch single sales. Only Hot Dance Club Songs still exists today and these stations are also a part of the electronically monitored panel that encompasses the Hot 100. Radio airplay is not limited to that counted on the Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, during this time, Billboard rival publication Record World was the first to compile a dance chart which incorporated club play on a national level. Noted Billboard statistician Joel Whitburn has since adopted Record Worlds chart data from the weeks between March 29,1975 and August 21,1976 into Billboards club play history. For the sake of continuity, Record Worlds national chart is incorporated into both Whitburns Dance/Disco publication as well as the 1975 and 1976 number-ones lists, with the issue dated August 28,1976, Billboard premiered its own national chart and their data is used from this date forward. For the full list of all 100 All Time Top Dance Club Artists, both Enrique Iglesias and Dave Aude are tied with 14 number-ones on the chart, the most among male artists. Iglesias, however, is the male vocalist to accomplish this feat, while Aude is the only producer to achieve this milestone. Four acts have attained thirteen number-one songs, Whitney Houston, Kylie Minogue, Yoko Ono, Kylie Minogue became the first act to have two songs in the top three on March 5,2011. Her song Better than Today was number-one while Higher, a song by Taio Cruz on which Minogue features, was number three, the first 12-inch single made commercially available to the public was Ten Percent by Double Exposure in 1976. The first number one on Billboards Disco Action chart was Never Can Say Goodbye by Gloria Gaynor in 1974, the first number one on Billboards National Disco Action Top 30 was You Should Be Dancing by the Bee Gees in 1976. Beginning with the February 23,1991 issue, the dance chart became song specific, in all scenarios this was due to the tracks being included in film soundtrack albums. In 1978, four tracks from Thank God Its Friday, in 1980, madonna holds the record for the most chart hits, the most top-twenty hits, the most top-ten hits and the most total weeks at number one. The Trammps are the act to replace themselves at number one. The longest running number-ones on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart are Bad Luck by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes2 in 1975, both entries spent eleven weeks in the top spot
27.
Starting Over (La Toya Jackson EP)
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Starting Over, also known by its working title Startin Over, is a 2011 extended play by American singer La Toya Jackson. The EP contains two top twenty-five U. S. Billboard Dance Club hits, Just Wanna Dance and Free the World, the autobiographical EP is described as the soundtrack to her memoir Starting Over. Work on the began in 2001 when Jackson was moved to write Free the World in the wake of the September 11 attacks. The songs positive reception spurred on Jackson to write more songs, the albums title is a reference to the six years Jackson spent out of the publics view in order to rebuild her life after divorcing manager Jack Gordon. The original Startin Over was completed in September 2002 and issued as a promotional copy the following year in order to secure a distribution deal, in 2006 the promo was leaked to the internet. The albums official release was beset with delays for years and in the interim Jackson recorded entirely new material that is expected to be released in the future, Starting Over includes autobiographical tracks about Jacksons relationship with her abusive ex-husband and former manager Jack Gordon. Several of them hint towards brutal beatings and plans to have her family killed, the opening track, Mafia Style is reference to Gordons meetings with mobsters on New Yorks Mulberry Street. According to Jackson, I was hearing a lot that I probably shouldnt have been hearing. I was the girl, and they called me the kid, because these were older men and they would say. And would always say, No, the kid doesnt talk, because I would always say, the title track, Starting Over, was recorded in 2006, but plans to release it as a single that year were scrapped. Instead, the song was reconstituted as a jingle for Australian beverage maker Star Ice, in early 2007, Ja-Tail released I Dont Play That, based on Jacksons experiences on the CBS reality series Armed and Famous. In 2009, Jackson released Home as a charity single to benefit AIDS Project Los Angeles, I Dont Play That and Home are not included on the EP. Starting Over was digitally released on June 21,2011 to online music retailers, the EPs title track was first previewed on Jacksons official YouTube channel at the end of May. A remix of Starting Over by Vibelicious was played during Jacksons Live and she performed Starting Over on the September 4,2011 episode of Mexican television series La Academia. All tracks written by Jeffré Phillips, La Toya Jackson, and Peter Roberts
28.
Oprah Winfrey Network (U.S. TV channel)
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The Oprah Winfrey Network, named for the former daytime talk-show host Oprah Winfrey, is an American television channel owned by Harpo Productions and Discovery Communications. It debuted on January 1,2011, in approximately 80 million homes, in late 2012, Tyler Perry partnered with OWN to provide it with scripted television programming. One of Perrys series, The Haves and the Have Nots has consistently posted very successful ratings and has set a preeminent record on OWN, as of February 2015, OWN is available to approximately 81.9 million pay television households in the United States. OWN broadcasts in both resolution and high-definition resolution. All markets of DirecTV, AT&T Uverse, Dish Network, Cablevision, charter Communications, Cox, Time Warner Cable and Verizon FiOS carry the HD feed of the channel only in some markets. PlayStation Vue carries the channel at on its service, which is broadcast over the internet, comcast/Xfinity have yet to carry the channel in HD. The primetime programming varies and is repeated in late night, followed by a movie and a morning block of talk shows including Dr. Phil, Rachel Ray. The programming includes a mix of programs, specials, documentaries. The channel does not air infomercials, in Canada, the former Canadian version of Discovery Health, owned by Shaw Media, did not become a Canadian version of OWN, instead shifting to a reality-based format known as Twist TV. Instead, Corus Entertainment agreed to launch a Canadian version of OWN—its existing channel Viva was re-launched as OWN on March 1,2011, during January and February 2011, selected OWN programming aired on both Viva and the co-owned W Network. Both Shaw Media and Corus share common ownership interests from the J. R. Shaw family, Winfrey revealed to The New York Times that she is in final negotiations to release the channel in Brazil and Argentina. An OWN Programming Block that features popular series such as Oprahs Next Chapter, Oprahs Lifeclass, the same programming block began airing Discovery Home & Health in Australia on August 4,2013. It was announced on September 20,2013, that the OWN Programming Block would begin airing in South Africa on DStv beginning October 17,2013. OWN Programming Block also debuted in Poland and Russia in August and September, it debuted on October 28,2013. In October 2012, Tyler Perry entered into a partnership with OWN, according to the terms, all of Perrys new TV projects would air on the OWN network. These TV projects would comprise a total of 90 episodes and help the network fill its schedule with original content. All three series were renewed after their respective first seasons on OWN, on January 9,2014, it was announced that OWN ordered a drama series If Loving You Is Wrong. The show premiered on September 9,2014
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Life with La Toya
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Life with La Toya is an American reality documentary television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network that debuted April 13,2013 at 10, 30/9, 30c. It was announced on June 10,2013, that the Oprah Winfrey Network has ordered a second season. Life with La Toya opens a view into the life of La Toya Jackson. The series chronicles Jackson as she settles into her newest home, expands her business portfolio and it also features La Toya telling the stories of her past such as her ex-husband and the death of her brother. Contrary to reports, Michael Jacksons children only appear in one episode and are not featured within the series, in Australia, the program is available for streaming through PLUS7, the official streaming application of Seven Network. Official website Life with La Toya at TV Guide
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Rebbie Jackson
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Maureen Reillette Rebbie Brown is an American singer professionally known as Rebbie Jackson /ˈriːbi ˈdʒæksən/. Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, she is the eldest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her siblings during shows in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in 1974 and her sister La Toya was born on Jacksons 6th birthday. At age 34, Jackson released her debut album Centipede, the album featured songs written by Smokey Robinson, Prince, and Jacksons younger brother Michael, whose contribution became Rebbies most successful single release. By the end of the 1980s, the singer had released two albums in quick succession, Reaction and R U Tuff Enuff. Following a 10-year hiatus in her career, Jackson returned with the 1998 album Yours Faithfully. The production of the album, her last to date, was a collaboration with artists and producers such as Men of Vizions Spanky Williams, Keith Thomas and it also featured contributions from her children. The daughter of Joseph Walter Joe and Katherine Esther, she is the eldest of their ten children and her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon, Marlon, Michael, Randy, and Janet. Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and his wife, Katherine, is a Jehovahs Witness and raised her children to follow the religion. Rebbie, La Toya, and Michael became the most devout of the children as time progressed. Reflecting on her life, Rebbie acknowledged in a 1980s magazine interview that her role within the family had been that of a second mother to her younger siblings. She also graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High school in Gary, Indiana in 1968, 18-year-old Rebbies announcement that she wanted to marry her childhood love, Nathaniel Brown, in May 1968 created a division in the Jackson family. Jackson expressed her feelings for the man and proclaimed that she wanted to move him to Kentucky. Katherine encouraged her daughter to proceed with the union, she felt that being a wife, Joseph, however, was against the marriage, he wanted Rebbie to follow in the footsteps of her brothers and become a singer. Her father felt that life would stop her from becoming a success in the entertainment business. Though Rebbie had taken clarinet, piano, and dance lessons in her childhood and this was despite the fact that, according to brother Jermaine, she had won several singing contests, duetting with brother Jackie. The teenager thought a home was more comforting and secure than the instability of show business. She also wanted to leave her familys drama-filled home on Jackson Street as well as get away from her controlling father, arguments ensued for several weeks before her father relented and allowed Rebbie to wed Brown
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Janet Jackson
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Janet Damita Jo Jackson is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. After signing a contract with A&M Records in 1982, she became a pop icon following the release of her third studio album Control. Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues, funk, disco, rap, and industrial beats, which led to crossover success in popular music. In 1991 Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records, establishing her as one of the highest paid artists in the industry. Her debut album under the label, Janet, saw her develop an image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her work. That same year, she appeared in her first starring role in Poetic Justice. By the end of the 1990s, she was the second most successful recording artist of the decade, the release of her seventh studio album All for You coincided with a celebration of her impact on popular music as the inaugural MTV Icon. After parting ways with Virgin she released her studio album, Discipline, her first. In 2015 she partnered with BMG Rights Management to launch her own label, Rhythm Nation. Having sold over 100 million records, Jackson is one of the artists in the history of contemporary music. In 2016, Billboard placed her number seven on its list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, in December 2016, the magazine named her the second most successful dance artist of all-time. One of the worlds most awarded artists, her longevity, records and she has been cited as an inspiration among numerous performers. Janet Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of ten children, to Katherine Esther, the Jacksons were lower-middle class and devout Jehovahs Witnesses, although Jackson would later refrain from organized religion. At a young age, her brothers began performing as The Jackson 5 in the Chicago-Gary area, in March 1969, the group signed a record deal with Motown, and soon had their first number-one hit. The family then moved to the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles, Jackson had initially desired to become a horse racing jockey or entertainment lawyer, with plans to support herself through acting. Despite this, she was anticipated to pursue a career in entertainment, at age seven, Jackson performed at the Las Vegas Strip at the MGM Casino. A biography revealed her father, Joseph Jackson, was emotionally withdrawn and she began acting in the variety show The Jacksons in 1976. In 1977, she was selected to have a role as Penny Gordon Woods in the sitcom Good Times
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Jehovah's Witnesses
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Jehovahs Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group reports a membership of more than 8.3 million adherents involved in evangelism. Jehovahs Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovahs Witnesses, a group of elders in Warwick, New York and they prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other Bible translations. The name Jehovahs witnesses was adopted in 1931 to distinguish themselves from other Bible Student groups, Jehovahs Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake. and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship and they reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays, adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as the truth and consider themselves to be in the truth. They consider secular society to be corrupt and under the influence of Satan. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion, baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant, the religions position regarding conscientious objection to military service and refusal to salute national flags has brought it into conflict with some governments. Consequently, some Jehovahs Witnesses have been persecuted and their activities are banned or restricted in some countries, persistent legal challenges by Jehovahs Witnesses have influenced legislation related to civil rights in several countries. The organization has received criticism over issues surrounding biblical translation, doctrines, handling of abuse cases. The claims are rejected by the leaders, and some have been disputed by courts. In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, in 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour, later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, from 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings, as congregations continued to form during Russells ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zions Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, by about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russells organization maintained nearly a hundred pilgrims, Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States. He identified the movement as Bible Students, and more formally as the International Bible Students Association
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Tap dancing
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Tap dance is a form of dance characterized by using the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion. Two major variations on tap dance exist, rhythm tap and Broadway tap, Broadway tap focuses on dance, it is widely performed in musical theater. Rhythm tap focuses on musicality, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the jazz tradition, the sound is made by shoes that have a metal tap on the heel and toe. There are different brands of shoes which sometimes differ in the way they sound and it preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap, but has since declined in popularity. Tap dance is believed to have begun in the mid-1800s during the rise of minstrel shows, as the minstrel shows began to decline in popularity, tap dance moved to the increasingly popular Vaudeville stage. Due to the rule, which forbade blacks from performing solo. This gave rise to the famous pair Buck and Bubbles, which consisted of John Bubbles Sublett tap dancing, the duo perfected the Class Act, a routine in which the performers wore impeccable tuxedos, which has since become a common theme in tap dance. The move is seen by some as a rebuttal to the minstrel show idea of the tap dancer as a grinning-and-dancing clown. John Bubbles Sublett is also known famously for popularizing rhythm tap which incorporates more percussive heel drops, another notable figure to emerge during this period is Bill Bojangles Robinson who was a protégé of Alice Whitman of The Whitman Sisters around 1904. Well versed in both Buck and Wing dancing and Irish Step dancing, Bill Robinson joined the Vaudeville circuit in 1902, the act quickly became famous, headlining events across the country, and touring England as well. In 1908, however, the two had an altercation, and the partnership was ended, gambling on his popularity, Robinson decided to form a solo act, which was extremely rare for a black man at that time. Despite this, he had success and soon became a world-famous celebrity. He went on to have a role in many films. Shortly thereafter, the Nicholas Brothers came on the scene, during the 1930s tap dance mixed with Lindy Hop. Flying swing outs and flying circles are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork, in the mid- to late 1950s, the style of entertainment changed. Jazz music and tap dance declined, while rock and roll, what is now called jazz dance evolved out of tap dance, so both dances have many moves in common. But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right, well-known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included Arthur Duncan and Tommy Tune. No Maps on My Taps, the Emmy award winning PBS documentary of 1979, the outstanding success of the animated film, Happy Feet, has further reinforced the popular appeal
34.
Las Vegas
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The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling, shopping, fine dining, entertainment and it is the leading financial, commercial, and cultural center for Nevada. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World and it is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry, claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world. Today, Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the worlds most visited tourist destinations. The citys tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature, films, television programs, Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, it was the most populated American city founded within that century, population growth has accelerated since the 1960s, and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled, increasing by 85. 2%. Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century, and according to a 2013 estimate, perhaps the earliest visitors to the Las Vegas area were nomadic Paleo-Indians, who traveled there 10,000 years ago, leaving behind petroglyphs. Anasazi and Paiute tribes followed at least 2,000 years ago, a young Mexican scout named Rafael Rivera is credited as the first non-Native American to encounter the valley, in 1829. Trader Antonio Armijo led a 60-man party along the Spanish Trail to Los Angeles, the area was named Las Vegas, which is Spanish for the meadows, as it featured abundant wild grasses, as well as desert spring waters for westward travelers. The year 1844 marked the arrival of John C, frémont, whose writings helped lure pioneers to the area. Downtown Las Vegas Fremont Street is named after him, eleven years later members of the LDS Church chose Las Vegas as the site to build a fort halfway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, where they would travel to gather supplies. The fort was abandoned several years afterward, the remainder of this Old Mormon Fort can still be seen at the intersection of Las Vegas Boulevard and Washington Avenue. Las Vegas was founded as a city in 1905, when 110 acres of adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad tracks were auctioned in what would become the downtown area. In 1911, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city,1931 was a pivotal year for Las Vegas. At that time, Nevada legalized casino gambling and reduced residency requirements for divorce to six weeks and this year also witnessed the beginning of construction on nearby Hoover Dam. The influx of workers and their families helped Las Vegas avoid economic calamity during the Great Depression. The construction work was completed in 1935, in 1941, the Las Vegas Army Air Corps Gunnery School was established. Currently known as Nellis Air Force Base, it is home to the team called the Thunderbirds
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Corporate law
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Corporate law is the practice or study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community, and the environment interact with one another. Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law, other types of business associations can include partnerships, or trusts, or companies limited by guarantee. Under corporate law, corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality, shareholders control the company through a board of directors which, in turn, typically delegates control of the corporations day-to-day operations to a full-time executive. Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a state or their subnational states. Corporate law is divided into corporate governance and corporate finance. The word corporation is generally synonymous with large publicly owned companies in the United States, in United Kingdom, company is more frequently used as the legal term for any business incorporated under the Companies Act 2006. Large scale companies will be PLCs in the United Kingdom and will usually have shares listed on a Stock Market. In British legal usage any registered company, created under the Companies Act 2006 and previous equivalent legislation, is, strictly, such a company is created by the administrative process of registration under the Companies Act as a general piece of legislation. A corporation, in this British sense, can be a corporation sole which consists of an office occupied by one person e. g. the monarch or certain bishops in England. Here, the office is recognized as separate from the individual who holds it, in the United States, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity, and is often used synonymously with firm or business. A corporation may accurately be called a company, however, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has distinct characteristics. According to Blacks Law Dictionary, in America a company means a corporation — or, less commonly, the defining feature of a corporation is its legal independence from the people who create it. If a corporation fails, its shareholders will lose their money, shareholders are not liable for any remaining debts owed to the corporations creditors. This rule is called limited liability, and it is why corporations end with Ltd, in the words of British judge, Walton J, a company is. only a juristic figment of the imagination, lacking both a body to be kicked and a soul to be damned. But despite this, under just about every system in existence and as per international norms, corporations have the same legal rights. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state, just as they are born into existence through its members obtaining a certificate of incorporation, they can die when they lose money into insolvency. Corporations can even be convicted of offences, such as fraud. Although some forms of companies are thought to have existed during Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece, with increasing international trade, Royal charters were granted in Europe to merchant adventurers
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Jackie Jackson
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Sigmund Esco Jackson, better known by his stage name Jackie Jackson, is an American singer and musician. Jackson is best known for being a member of The Jackson 5, Jackson is the second child of the Jackson family and the oldest Jackson brother. Sigmund Esco Jackson was born on his mother Katherines 21st birthday in 1951, nicknamed Jackie by his grandfather, taken from Jackson Boy, he came from an African-American working-class family. He and his brothers and sisters grew up in a house in Gary, Indiana. In 1964, Jackies father, Joseph, formed the Jackson Brothers singing group, the group included younger brothers Marlon and Michael playing assorted percussive instruments. Prior to the signing with Motown, Jackson wanted to pursue a career in professional baseball, in fact. However, he decided to stay in music, Jackson performed under a high tenor singing voice. He added brief lead parts in some of the Jackson 5s hit singles, including I Want You Back, in 1973, Jackson released a solo album that failed to chart. After the Jackson 5 became The Jacksons after leaving Motown for CBS Records in 1976, Jacksons role as a vocalist and songwriter increased. He added a lead vocal alongside brother Michael on their top ten Epic single, Enjoy Yourself, Jacksons voice changed to a lower tenor vocal style during the Epic years. One of Jacksons most successful compositions was co-writing with Michael, Can You Feel It, Jackson began performing more lead vocals as Michael pursued a successful solo career. On their 1984 album, Victory, Jackson performed lead on the song Wait, while writing the single, notably before the start of the Victory Tour in 1984, Jackson suffered a leg injury that was officially described as a knee injury incurred during rehearsals. Jackson recovered well enough to perform on the last leg of shows in December 1984 in Los Angeles, in early 1985, Marlon Jackson joined Michael in leaving the group as well. Jackie, Tito and Randy became session musicians, vocalists and producers during this time, in 1987, Jackie, Randy, Tito and Jermaine reformed as The Jacksons and recorded Time Out for the Burglar, the theme song for the film, Burglar. The single was a minor R&B hit in the US, but had success in Belgium where it peaked in the Top 40 at #17 for two consecutive weeks. The Jacksons also contributed backing vocals to the Tito-produced title track of Tramaine Hawkins 1987 album Freedom, in late 1988, the Jacksons set out to record their final Epic album,2300 Jackson Street, which included Jackie and Jermaine splitting leads on most of the songs. 2300 Jackson Street failed to chart successfully despite the Randy and Jermaine-led Nothin, Randy did not participate in much of the albums promotion as he was working on his solo project leaving Jackie, Tito and Jermaine to promote the album mostly overseas. Afterwards, the group was dropped from the label and each went into solo projects
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Tito Jackson
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Toriano Adaryll Tito Jackson is an American singer–songwriter and guitarist. Jackson is the child in the Jackson family. Toriano Adaryll Jackson was born the third of ten children in a black family who lived in a three-room house in Gary. His father, Joseph, was a mill worker, while his mother. At ten years of age, he was playing his fathers guitar after he broke a string. After fixing the string, Joe demanded that his son play for him, once he was finished, Jacksons father bought him his own guitar. Shortly thereafter, Joseph convinced Tito, Jackie and Jermaine to form a group, having been impressed with the vocals of Jackie. Tito can be heard singing background vocals on many early Jackson 5 recordings and having lead roles on later recordings such as Man Of War, after first performing in school functions and supermarkets, the brothers began participating in local talent shows when Jackson was twelve. By then, his younger brother Michael, then seven, had become the lead singer of the group. In 1966, they changed their name from The Jackson Brothers to The Jackson Five, the group signed with Steeltown Records in Gary, Indiana, in November of that year. In January 1968, the Jackson Fives first single, Big Boy, was released on the Steeltown label. In 1969, The Jackson 5 signed with Motown Records in Detroit, and scored several hit songs, including the number-one singles I Want You Back, ABC, The Love You Save, and Ill Be There. Though Tito sometimes added brief lead vocals on songs, he. As a direct result, Titos guitar work did not make its debut till after he and he also began writing songs with his brothers during this time. Throughout his tenure as a Jackson 5 and Jacksons member, Tito can be heard on many recordings, such as Zippee Doo Da and Man Of War. Tito, along with Jackie, were the most consistent members of the Jacksons, with Jermaine, Marlon, Michael and Randy, after the end of the Victory Tour, Tito performed session work and also as a record producer. After releasing 2300 Jackson Street, the Jacksons ceased recording work, after years managing his sonss family group, 3T, Jackson returned to the national spotlight after reuniting with his brothers on Michaels 30th anniversary concert special at Madison Square Garden. Jackson began a career in 2003 performing as a blues musician in various clubs with his band, which included producer and guitarist Angelo Earl
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Randy Jackson (The Jacksons)
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Steven Randall Jackson, better known by his nickname and stage name Randy Jackson, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and dancer. Jackson is best known as a member of his family band. Jackson was the youngest son and the second youngest Jackson sibling before his sister Janet Jackson was born, Randy was born in Gary, Indiana to Joseph Jackson and Katherine Jackson. Nicknamed Little Randy, Jackson is the child of the Jackson family. Jackson was only three years old when the Jackson 5 was formed and therefore was not an original member, while his brothers toured, Jackson honed his skills as a musician, mastering piano and the bongos Randy first officially appeared live with his brothers at the end of 1971. The event was a Christmas show the Jackson 5 held for blind children, the Jackson 5 officially changed their name to The Jacksons when they signed with Epic due in part to the fact Motown owned the name The Jackson 5. At the age of 16, he co-wrote The Jacksons most successful single on Epic and he is widely thought of as the most talented instrumentalist of the Jackson brothers, playing congas, percussion, drums, keyboards, piano, bass, guitar and assorted other instruments. In addition to singing and playing on the Jacksons recordings, he worked with Michael on his Off the Wall album, Jackson was able to fully participate in the Jacksons 1981 Triumph Tour and in the bands later projects. After the record-setting Victory Tour in 1984, Michael and Marlon left the band, Randy and his remaining three brothers later made one last album. He was part of the Jacksons 2001 reunion at Madison Square Garden, however, he did contribute backing vocals with Jackie, Tito and Jermaine for Michaels This Is It. After recording the 2300 Jackson Street album, the group disbanded and focused on projects in 1990. After this split, Jackson formed his own band, Randy & the Gypsys, the group only released one album before breaking up. On June 28,1998, Jackson opened up his own record label Modern Records, on February 4,1980, Jackson was seriously injured in a car crash in Hollywood, California. In June 1980, Jackson appeared on the cover of the weekly African-American newsmagazine Jet, the cover headline read, Randy Jackson Walks Again, Talks About His Future. In 1986, Jackson met Alejandra Oaziaza and they dated for years but never married. Jackson and Oaziaza have three children together, Genevieve Jackson, Donte and Steven Randall Jackson Jr. Alejandra married and later divorced Randys older brother, later, Jackson married Eliza Shaffel in August 1989, later divorcing in January 1992. Jackson and Shaffel have one child together, Stevanna Jackson
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Jermaine Jackson
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Jermaine La Jaune Jackson is an American singer, bass guitarist, composer, and occasional film director. Jackson is mostly known for having in the past been a member of The Jackson 5, Jackson also produced and recorded duets with American singer Whitney Houston in her early years as a recording artist and was a producer for Bobby DeBarges band Switch. Jackson is the child of the Jackson family. Jackson was born December 11,1954 in Gary, Indiana and he is the fourth child born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. His siblings are Rebbie, Jackie, Tito, La Toya, Marlon, Michael, Randy and his father Joseph had musical aspirations, playing guitar with his brother’s band, The Falcons, and Katherine was a passionate pianist and singer. But their large family and lack of money ended their dreams with Katherine becoming a housewife, and Joseph, while his father worked long hours as a crane operator, Jermaine and his brothers, Tito and Jackie, secretly practiced their own songs using their fathers guitar. Jermaine became the lead singer of the Jackson Brothers—an earlier incarnation of The Jackson Five—until 1966. Jermaine would continue to provide some leads over the years, Jermaine graduated from Birmingham High School in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California in 1973. Jermaine and his brothers first signed as The Jackson Five with Gordon Keith of Steeltown Records in November 1967, after the group recorded three more songs with the Steeltown label they were signed with Berry Gordy of Motown Records in 1968 and 1969. As the co-lead singer of The Jackson 5 after his brother Michael, Jermaine sang notable parts of I Want You Back, Ill Be There, The Love You Save, Dancing Machine, Jermaine performed as part of the group for six years. However, Jeremaine decided to stay with Motown Records, citing loyalty to the company as the reason, others argue that Jermaines marriage to Motown founder Berry Gordys daughter Hazel, whom he married in 1973, was the reason. Jermaine split from the Jackson 5 to start a career at Motown. Unbeknownst to the group, Gordy had trademarked the name The Jackson Five, once signed with Epic, the group became known as The Jacksons. Several years later, in 1983, Gordy asked the group to perform at the Motown 25, Yesterday, Today, after the success of the broadcast, Jermaine rejoined the band to record the album Victory which featured all six brothers on The Jacksons album cover. Jermaine also participated in the bands Victory Tour and he stayed with the group for their final album,2300 Jackson Street, in 1989. In 2001, he reunited with his brothers to perform for the 30th Anniversary Special, like Michael, Jermaine began a solo career while still a member of The Jackson 5, and had a hit with the 1972 Shep and the Limelites cover Daddys Home. It sold over one million copies by March 1973, and was awarded a gold disc, when The Jackson 5 left Motown, Jermaine left the group and stayed at Motown. Jermaine was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for his 1980 album Lets Get Serious, a duet with his brother Michael, Tell Me Im Not Dreamin, hit No.1 on the dance chart in 1984
