1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
3.
Istria County
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Istria County is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula. The area of the county is called Istra in Croatian and Slovene, the county administrative center is Pazin and the regional anthem is Krasna zemljo. The caves near Pula/Pola, Lim fjord, Šandalja and Roumalds cave, less ancient stone age sites, from the period between 6000-2000 BC, can also be found in the area. More than 400 locations are classified as Bronze Age, items, numerous findings including weapons, tools, and jewelry), which are from the earlier iron era around the beginning of common era. The Istrian peninsula was known to Romans as the terra magica and its name is derived from the Histri, an Illyrian tribe who, as accounted by the geographer Strabo, lived in the region. Romans described them as pirates who were hard to conquer due to the difficulty of navigating their territory, after two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Istria was conquered by the Goths, during Byzantine rule, it was shortly ruled by Avars. The major Istrian cities were reborn under Italian government, and it was in this half millennium that they developed their typical beauty, the eastern half of Istria was administered by the Habsburgs, and was referred to as Imperial Istria with its capital at Pisino. In 1797, with the Treaty of Campo Formio written by Napoleon, the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 handed Istria to the Kingdom of Italy. The Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 transferred Istria to France, in 1815, the Congress of Vienna confirmed Austrias possession of the peninsula. Starting in 1861, the capital of Istria and the seat to a Regional Parliament in Austro-Hungarian Empire was in Parenzo, after World War I, according to the peace treaty of Rapallo, in 1920 Istria became part of Italy. Fascism and, later, Nazi occupation spoiled otherwise tolerant ethnic relations, after the World War II, Istria was assigned to Yugoslavia and many ethnic Italians left in the Istrian exodus. Famous individuals like Robert Koch and writer James Joyce lived and worked in Istria, writer Jules Verne was inspired to write his novel Mathias Sandorf after hearing of quarry and cave in Pazin and the poet Dante Alighieri visited and wrote a few lines about Istria. Its coastline is 445 km long with islands making up 539.9 km, a smaller part of Istria also belongs to the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County of Croatia. Mirroring the bay of Venice across the Adriatic and the Quarnaro Gulf, the westernmost point is at Savudrija while the southern most is near Premantura, on the local promontory Kamenjak. The terrain consists of a plateau, much of which lacks water owing to its karst topography. The northeastern section is an extension of the Dinaric Alps, the highest point is Vojak on Učka mountain 1,401 m above sea level while another range of mountains is Ćićarija. There are so called bijela, siva, crvena Istra, white Istria is around the mountain peaks, Grey Istria is the fertile inner lands while Red Istria is the blood-red painted lands of terra rossa or crljenica near the coastline
4.
Istrian Democratic Assembly
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The Istrian Democratic Assembly is a center-left regionalist liberal political party in Croatia primarily operating in the Istria County. IDS was founded on the 14 February 1990 by the writer Ivan Pauletta, IDS embraces principles of respect for human rights and freedoms, regionalism and historical characteristics of Istria, private property and anti-fascism. Party advocates greater autonomy, particularly in Istria, decentralization of Croatia. Current party president is Boris Miletić, Mayor of Pula and representative in the Croatian Parliament, IDS member Valter Flego serves as Prefect of Istria County, while former IDSs president Ivan Jakovčić serves as a member of the European Parliament. IDS is member of the Liberal International and Alliance of Liberals, the party was founded in 1990 by Ivan Pauletta, Elio Martinčić and Mario Sandrić, on the eve of the first multi-party elections in Croatia after communism. The party decided not to participate, thus allowing the post-communist Social Democratic Party of Croatia to sweep the regions votes, the party was led by Ivan Jakovčić between 1991 and 2014. IDS instead made its debut in the 1992 elections and used the collapse of the SDP to take all three Istrian constituencies. This result turned Istria into an area of significant concern for Croatian President Franjo Tuđman and his Croatian Democratic Union and this effort spectacularly backfired as Istrian voters gave almost three quarters of their votes to IDS. After that no party challenged IDS supremacy in Istria, at least not directly, the main policy of the IDS is intercession of cultural and economical identity of Istria and equal status for Italian and Croatian in Istria. This was in opposition to Tuđman and his hard-line nationalism, other Croatian political parties were more pragmatic, and IDS cooperated with them in the Croatian Parliament and during elections. IDS was briefly part of the government following 2000 parliamentary. One year later, IDS, dissatisfied with the way Ivica Račan and his coalition partners treated Istria, left the government, in 2006, IDS joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. From 2010-2015 IDS was a member of the Kukuriku coalition and its member Darko Lorencin served as the minister of tourism in the Croatian government. In the Croatian Parliament, Damir Kajin most frequently acted as the partys spokesperson, Kajin was however removed from the partys membership on 3 January 2013 after forming his own coalition for the 2013 local elections in Istria. This reduced the IDS from three to two representatives in the Croatian Sabor, and forced the partys parliamentary club to dissolve due to insufficient membership
5.
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
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The Social Democratic Party of Croatia is a social-democratic political party and the largest party of the Croatian centre-left. The SDP is one of the two political parties in Croatia, along with the right-wing Croatian Democratic Union. The party first won the elections in 2000 and formed a government headed by Ivica Račan. After losing the 2003 general election, the party remained in opposition for eight years, in 2011 parliamentary election SDP won 61 out of 151 seats in the Croatian Parliament, and managed to form 12th Croatian Government with its partners from the Kukuriku coalition. After SDP and its coalition partners failed to achieve agreement on forming new government following 2015 general election, former SDP member and presidential candidate Ivo Josipović served as the third President of Croatia from 2010 to 2015. Another SDP member, Neven Mimica is the current European Commissioner for International Cooperation, the SDP is a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Progressive Alliance, and the Socialist International. The SDP was established on 3 November 1990 by the democratic faction of the former League of Communists of Croatia. At the same time Croatia was preparing for its first multi-party election following the decision made by SKH in December 1989 which envisioned elections in April, in February 1990 the SR Croatia parliament adopted amendments to the constitution which enabled a multi-party system. On 3 November 1990 the party was established in its current form. In 1993 the party re-branded themselves again and changed their name to the Social Democratic Party, in 1990, a parallel Social Democratic Party of Croatia was founded. It was later renamed to the Social Democrats of Croatia, in the first Croatian parliamentary election,1990, SDSH joined the centrist Coalition of Peoples Accord and fared badly, winning only 21 out of 351 seats. However, its position was enough to warrant ministerial posts in the national unity government of Franjo Gregurić which was in power from July 1991 to August 1992. However, its two ministers Bosiljko Mišetić and Zvonimir Baletić defected to the conservative Croatian Democratic Union soon after their appointment, before the 1992 parliamentary and presidential elections, SDSH was involved in bitter dispute with the SDP over its rebranding into the Social Democratic Party of Croatia. SDSH claimed that its name was stolen, the election showed SDP to be much stronger party than SDSH, which failed to win parliament seats. At the same time, SDSH leader Antun Vujić finished last in the 1992 presidential race and this ultimately led to SDSH and SDP patching their differences and former being incorporated into the latter in April 1994. In August 1998 SDP and HSLS leaders Ivica Račan and Dražen Budiša signed a coalition agreement, the SDP-HSLS coalition won the election with 38. 7% of the vote and 71 out of 151 seats. SDP and HSLS then formed a six-way centre-left coalition government along with the Croatian Peasant Party, the Liberal Party, Croatian Peoples Party, Račan, as the leader of the strongest party, became Prime Minister in the first Račan cabinet. This period was marred with constant disagreements among members on various issues
6.
Croatian Party of Pensioners
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The Croatian Party of Pensioners is a Croatian political party. It is currently led by Silvano Hrelja, at the Croatian parliamentary election,2003, the party won 4. 0% of the popular vote and 3 out of 151 seats entering parliament for the first time. This was the biggest surprise of the election because they used very little propaganda to promote the party and they got more than 5% of the votes in 3 electoral districts and in 4 of them between 4% and 5% of the votes. After the elections HSU has agreed to support Ivo Sanader as the new minister and provided the necessary votes for HDZ. This de facto coalition remained in place although the HSU supported Stipe Mesić against HDZ candidate Jadranka Kosor in the 2005 presidential election, the HDZ government established a scheme to pay back the old pension debt. They continued to support the government of Ivo Sanader, which in turn continued to pursue pensioner-related policies aligned with the opinion of the HSU. A new major pensioner issue arose as the latest batches of retirees started to receive pensions calculated by the Ministry of Finance according to an accepted formula. HSU insisted that these new pensions were recalculated to be equalized with the older ones, the party participated in the Kukuriku coalition since 2011. It continued with the coalition Croatia is Growing at the Croatian parliamentary election,2015, in that election, it became possible for the candidates of HSU to receive preferential votes, and they won a total of 11,026
7.
Croatian Democratic Union
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The Croatian Democratic Union is a conservative political party and the main centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party. It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 56 seats, the HDZ ruled Croatia from 1990 after the country gained independence from Yugoslavia until 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011 as well as since 2016. The party is a member of the European Peoples Party, the HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990, the HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia, President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. May 30,1990 - the day the HDZ formally took power - was later celebrated as Statehood Day, the presidential elections followed in 1992 and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president. The party ruled Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent, was internationally recognized, during that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections. As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority and this was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances, the HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country, in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, according to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post World War II communist nationalizations. This model was widely abused, not only by the HDZ, not all of the nationalized property was dealt with in this way. The property of those who could lobby the HDZ, or who had influence in Croatian politics, was returned without much delay. Restitution for land seized during the break-up of Yugoslavia is still of great public concern, all this, together with Tuđmans death in December 1999, affected the 2000 parliamentary elections. This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ and those included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre. The HDZ began to recover when the International Criminal Tribunal began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, popular discontent manifested itself in mass rallies as the public came to terms with the changes in the party and its policies. This tendency continued when the Croatian Social Liberal Party shifted rightwards, at first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
10.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
11.
Istria
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Istria, formerly Histria, is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf and it is shared by three countries, Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Istria lies in three countries, Croatia, Slovenia and Italy, by far the largest portion lies in Croatia. Croatian Istria is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia, important towns in Istria County include Pula/Pola, Poreč/Parenzo, Rovinj//Rovigno, Pazin//Pisino, Labin/Albona, Umag/Umago, Motovun//Montona, Buzet/Pinguente, and Buje/Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum, northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle, central Istria has a Continental climate. North-Slovenian coast of Istria has a Sub-Mediterranean climate, west and south coast has a Mediterranean climate. East coast has a Sub-Mediterranean climate with Oceanic climate influences, the warmest places are Pula, Rovinj, while the coldest is Pazin. Precipitation is moderate, with between 640 and 1,020 mm falling in the areas, and up to 1,500 mm in the hills. The name is derived from the Histri tribes, which Strabo refers to as living in the region, the Histri are classified in some sources as a Venetic Illyrian tribe, with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a tribe of pirates. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC, the region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of Venetia et Histria, the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the border of Italy per ancient definition is the river Arsia. The eastern side of river was settled by people whose culture was different than Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC, the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia, on the northern side, Histria went much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste. Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, ancient folktales reported — inaccurately — that the Danube split in two or bifurcated and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea. The story of the Bifurcation of the Danube is part of the Argonaut legend, there is also a suspected link to the commune of Istria in Constanţa, Romania. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was pillaged by the Goths, the Eastern Roman Empire, and it was subsequently annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pepin of Italy in 789
12.
Rabac
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Rabac is a Croatian resort town on Kvarner Bay, just southeast of Labin, in Istria. Long a small fishing port, Rabac has grown in recent years into a town with numerous villas. The Rabac Festival is an electronic music festival that has been held there for many years,3000 people attended in 2002. Three major hotels and a site are situated on the first beach. Along the Riva apartments are available for rent, along the second beach and Girandella countless hotels are situated, of particular note, the locally famous Albona hotel. Regular music concerts are held at Rabac beach and in the hotels, magic shows at night are prevalent as are comedians. Tourist expeditions to Venice, Dubrovnik and Krka are common and operate daily at 1 and 3 pm, fishing tours are also common and cost about 100 kuna
13.
Classical antiquity
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It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia. Conventionally, it is taken to begin with the earliest-recorded Epic Greek poetry of Homer, and continues through the emergence of Christianity and it ends with the dissolution of classical culture at the close of Late Antiquity, blending into the Early Middle Ages. Such a wide sampling of history and territory covers many disparate cultures, Classical antiquity may refer also to an idealised vision among later people of what was, in Edgar Allan Poes words, the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome. The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with influences from the ancient Near East, was the basis of art, philosophy, society. The earliest period of classical antiquity takes place before the background of gradual re-appearance of historical sources following the Bronze Age collapse, the 8th and 7th centuries BC are still largely proto-historical, with the earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions appearing in the first half of the 8th century. Homer is usually assumed to have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC, in the same period falls the traditional date for the establishment of the Ancient Olympic Games, in 776 BC. The Phoenicians originally expanded from Canaan ports, by the 8th century dominating trade in the Mediterranean, carthage was founded in 814 BC, and the Carthaginians by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in Sicily, Italy and Sardinia, which created conflicts of interest with Etruria. The Etruscans had established control in the region by the late 7th century BC, forming the aristocratic. According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21,753 BC by twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. As the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines. Archaeological evidence indeed shows first traces of settlement at the Roman Forum in the mid-8th century BC, the seventh and final king of Rome was Tarquinius Superbus. As the son of Tarquinius Priscus and the son-in-law of Servius Tullius, Superbus was of Etruscan birth and it was during his reign that the Etruscans reached their apex of power. Superbus removed and destroyed all the Sabine shrines and altars from the Tarpeian Rock, the people came to object to his rule when he failed to recognize the rape of Lucretia, a patrician Roman, at the hands of his own son. Lucretias kinsman, Lucius Junius Brutus, summoned the Senate and had Superbus, after Superbus expulsion, the Senate voted to never again allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican government in 509 BC. In fact the Latin word Rex meaning King became a dirty and hated throughout the Republic. In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant Hippias, cleomenes I, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by Isagoras. Greece entered the 4th century under Spartan hegemony, but by 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes and Corinth, the two of which were formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC
14.
Patriarchate of Aquileia
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The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head of the Adriatic, on what is now the Italian seacoast. For many centuries it played an important part in history, particularly in that of the Holy See and northern Italy, no longer a residential bishopric, it is today classified as a titular see. Ancient tradition asserts that the see was founded by St. Mark, sent there by St. Peter, St. Hermagoras is said to have been its first bishop and to have died a martyrs death. At the end of the century another martyr, St. Helarus was bishop of Aquileia. In 381, St. Valerian appears as Metropolitan bishop of the churches in this territory, his synod of that year, Valerian was succeeded by St. Chromatius known for his homiletic and exegetical works. He promoted the work of Sts, jerome and Rufinus and kept contact with Sts. Ambrose of Milan and John Chrysostom, in time, part of western Illyria, and to the north, Noricum and Rhaetia, came under the jurisdiction of Aquileia. Roman cities like Verona, Trent, Pola, Belluno, Feltre, Vicenza, Treviso and this Schism of the Three Chapters provided the opportunity for the bishop of Aquileia to assume the title patriarch. Macedonius successor Paulinus I began using the title around 560, meanwhile, by the end of the next decade, the Lombards overran all of northern Italy. In 568, the patriarch of Aquileia was obliged to flee, with the treasures of his church, to the island of Grado, near Trieste. This political change did not affect the relations of the patriarchate with Rome, its bishops, whether in Lombard or imperial territory, persistently refused all invitations to a reconciliation. Weary of fifty years schism, those of his suffragans whose sees lay within the empire joined him in submission to Rome and they went further and elected in Aquileia itself, patriarch John so that henceforth there were two little patriarchates in northern Italy, Aquileia in Grado and Old-Aquileia. Gradually the schism lost its vigour, at the Synod of Pavia Old-Aquileia reconciled with Rome and Pope Gregory II granted the pallium to Patriarch Serenus of Aquileia in 723. In succeeding centuries it continued in use by both, but had no longer any practical significance, in 628, the patriarchs of Old-Aquileia transferred their residence to Cormons. Patriarch Callistus moved the residence to Cividale del Friuli in 737 and it remained there until the thirteenth century when it was moved again. In the last decade of the 8th century, the creation of a new see at Salzburg added to the humiliation of Old-Aquileia. Still later, Patriarch Ursus of Aquileia accepted the arbitration of Charlemagne, after the death of Ursus, Maxentius picked up where he left off and solicited funds from Charlemagne’s court to rebuild Aquileia. Maxentius served as the Patriarch of Aquileia from 811 till his death in 837, nevertheless, the Hungarian invasion of the 9th century and the decline of imperial control increased the authority of the patriarchs
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Coal mining
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore, in the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, colliery generally refers to a coal mine. In the United States colliery has been used to describe a coal mine operation, Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks, small-scale mining of surface deposits dates back thousands of years. For example, in Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting most of the major coalfields by the late 2nd century AD. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe, international trade expanded rapidly when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships. Until the late nineteenth century coal was mined using a pick and shovel. Coal-cutting machines were introduced in the 1880s, by 1912, surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining. The most economical method of extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground, many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two methods of mining. Coal that occurs at depths of 180 to 300 ft are usually deep mined, for example, some western U. S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 200 ft are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 60–90 feet. Coals occurring below 300 ft are usually deep mined, However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 1000–1500 feet below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany. When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut mining methods, open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, the overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured, the coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used
16.
Strike action
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Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
17.
Anti-fascist
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Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. The anti-fascist movement began in a few European countries in the 1920s, with the development and spread of Italian Fascism, i. e. original fascism, the National Fascist Partys ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as the Arditi del Popolo and the Italian Anarchist Union were born in the period 1919–1921 to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period, thus as soon as Fascism coalesced into a coherent ideology, a militant leftist opposition sprouted in response. Furthermore, in the words of historian Eric Hobsbawm, as Fascism developed and spread, after the outbreak of World War II, the Albanian, Serbian, and Polish resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and leftist partisans constitute the earliest roots of European antifascism, the historian Norman Davies argues in his book Europe at War 1939–1945, No Simple Victory that anti-fascism does not offer a coherent political ideology, but rather that it is an empty vessel. The motive would be to lend legitimacy to the dictatorship of the proletariat and was done at the time the USSR was pursuing a policy of collective security, in Italy, Benito Mussolinis Fascist regime used the term anti-fascist to describe its opponents. Mussolinis secret police was officially known as Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dellAntifascismo, Italian for Organization for Vigilance, in Italy in the 1920s, anti-fascists—many from the labour movement—fought against the violent Blackshirts and against the rise of fascist leader Benito Mussolini. The General Confederation of Labour and the PSI refused to recognize the anti-fascist militia. The PCI organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor, the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community. Italian liberal anti-fascist Benedetto Croce wrote Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals, another notable Italian liberal anti-fascist around that time was Piero Gobetti. Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the Slovenes and Croats in the annexed to Italy after World War I. The most influential was the militant insurgent organization TIGR, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military. During World War II, many members of the Italian resistance left their houses and went to live in the mountainside, fighting against Italian fascists, many cities in Italy, including Turin, Naples and Milan, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings. In Italy, the first anti-fascist resistance emerged within the Slovene minority in Italy, not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene, the use of Slovene language in public places, including churches, was forbidden. Children, if they spoke Slovene, were punished by Italian teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from Southern Italy, the Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy were sent to the other side of Italy. The first anti-fascist organization, called TIGR, was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence and its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s when by the mid-1930s, already 70.000 Slovenes fled Italy mostly to Slovenia and South America. The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in Yugoslavia during World War II was led by Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, soviet revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote, ighting squads must be created. Nothing increases the insolence of the fascists so much as flabby pacifism on the part of the workers organisations, political cowardice without organised combat detachments, the most heroic masses will be smashed bit by bit by fascist gangs
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Plomin
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Plomin is a village in the Croatian part of Istria, situated approximately 11 km north of Labin, on a hill 80 meters tall. It is a destination for tourists traveling through Istria by road. Originally named Flanona, the settlement was built in Roman times, Plomin was abandoned after World War II, due to the bay becoming too muddy and its inhabitants, mostly Italians, emigrating to Italy. However, it has since been repopulated, and is home to approximately 130 people. The buildings in the town are several hundred years old, built on the ruins of the original Roman houses, the walls date back to the 9th century. Plomin contains two churches, St George the Elder and St George the Younger, St. George the Elder contains Plomin tablet as a part of the outer wall, an 11th-century religious text written in the Glagolitic alphabet, the oldest known Slavic alphabet
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Matthias Flacius
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Matthias Flacius Illyricus was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present day Croatia. Flacius was born in Labin in Istria, son of Andrea Vlacich alias Francovich and Jacobea Luciani, daughter of a wealthy and his mothers uncle was the Lutheran Baldo Lupetina who later was condemned to death in Venice for his faith. He lost his father during his early childhood, at the age of sixteen Flacius went to study in Venice where he was taught by the humanist Giambattista Cipelli. At the age of seventeen, he intended to join a monastic order and his intention, however, was diverted by his uncle, Baldo Lupetina, provincial of the Franciscans and sympathetic to the Reformation cause, who convinced him to start a university career. Flacius continued his studies in Basel in 1539, then went to Tübingen, there he came under the influence of Martin Luther. In 1544, Flacius was appointed professor of Hebrew at Wittenberg and he finished his masters degree on 24 February 1546, ranking first among the graduates. Soon, Flacius was prominent in the discussions of the time, opposing strenuously the Augsburg Interim. Melanchthon wrote of him with venom as a renegade, in 1549 Flacius moved to Magdeburg. On 7 May 1557 he was appointed professor of New Testament at the faculty in Jena but was soon involved in controversy with his colleague Victorinus Strigel on the synergistic question. Affirming the natural inability of man, he adopted a position on sin as not being an accident of human nature, human acts of piety are valueless in themselves, and humans are entirely dependent on the grace of God for salvation. Those that agreed with him on this point, for example, resisting ecclesiastical censure, he left Jena in December 1561 to found an academy at Regensburg. That assignment was not successful, so in October 1566 he accepted a call from the Lutheran community at Antwerp, thence he was driven in early 1567 by the exigencies of war, and went to Frankfurt, where the authorities stood against him. He proceeded to Strasbourg where he was received by the superintendent Johannes Marbach. Here again, his religious views caused controversies, the authorities ordered him to leave the city by May Day 1573. The prioress Catharina von Meerfeld of the Convent of White Ladies secretly harboured him and his family in Frankfurt where he fell ill, Flacius life was eventful in a turbulent epoch. But he did not polemicize with Catholics alone and his litigious temperament has caused him generally to be passed over as distasteful by historians and his characteristic formula, historia est fundamentum doctrinae, is better understood now than in his own day. In 1545, while at Wittenberg, Flacius married a pastors daughter and he had twelve children with his first wife before she died in 1564. He remarried the year in Regensburg and had six more children with his second wife
20.
Brovinje
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Brovinje is a small settlement/hamlet with a little more than 50 houses in 1950. As of the 2011 Croatian census, it had a population of 81 and it is located in the Labinština peninsula of Istria County, Croatia. Overlooking the Gulf of Kvarner in the northern Adriatic Seaincluding the island of Croatian, Cres, Italian and it is located 13 km south-east of Labin and 3 km north of Koromačno/Valmazzinghi. The first written record with the name Brovinje is recorded in the old St. Lucia church books on birth, marriages and deaths in 1705 which are held in Pazin, Brovinje is a hamlet which is under the Raša municipality. During the Austria-Hungary occupation the Austrian Littoral was established, the littoral was officially the Trieste Province, one of the two provinces of the kingdom. The other being German, Laibach, Croatian, Ljubljana, one of the two Provinces was subdivided into four districts, Gorizia, Eastern Istria and the Quarnero Islands, Trieste and Western Istria and Trieste city. In the Albona territory, called Labinština, one of these was the township of Italian, Cerovizza Croatian, the hamlet of Brovinje was one of many small hamlets, belonging to the township of Cerovica under the Austria-Hungary occupation. The headquarters of the township of Cerovica was in the office of St. Lucia in Skitača. In 1827 the census of Cerovica had 99 families in 86 houses, the house were made of stone with thatched roofs. The small country chapel ofCroatian, Sv. Ivana Krstitelja, Italian, San Giovanni Battista is just outside the hamlet Brovinje and it is used each year on August 29. The chapel was built in the 13th-14th century and it was constructed of stone with Spanish tiles roof. On the front roof it had a bell tower. Inside the small chapel there is a fresco of St. Anthony of Padua behind the marble altar, the front of the chapel had a cover to protect the people who listened to the service from the outside of the chapel. Next to the stand the ruins of the antique Abbey by the same name. Each friars living quarter is located to the rear of the house building and it is located a little north of the hamlet of Diminići. in the township/contrada of Vlakovo, Istria. The churches of St Lucia and St. Lovreč were built in the early 17th century, overlooking the chapel of Sv Ivan was the Tower of San Giovanni which local people called Turan, but writers called it Gradaz and Ivanaz. The old maps and writers called it St. Giovanni in Besca. This tower construction was said to be of the Roman era and it is located in the Gulf of Quarnero just east of the inlet of Raša canal just south of Crna Punta at the inlet of the canal
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Cerovica (Istria)
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Http, //www. catasti. archiviodistatotrieste. it/Divenire/ua. htm. idUa=10652011# This is the first map of a series of 19 maps broken down to magnify each part. The map I drew is the picture of the total of 20 maps showing where each settlement is located. Anyone can view this on the website, and click on the number on the right and this is the reason I drew the map. From antique times, Albona / Labin, and Fianona / Plomin were two Castles and were considered one District, in 1632 the Administrator of Dalmatia and Albania, Antonio Civran, divided the territory of Albona, LAlbonese / Croatian, Labinština into 12 fractions. The names of these fractions were, Albona/Labin, Rippenda, S. Domenica/S. Nedeglia, Dubrova, Chermenizza, Vlahovo/Vlakovo, Cerovizza/Cerovica, Vettua, Cere, Cugn, during the Austrian redivision in 1814-1818 there made two Agricultural municipalities. One was Fianona/Plomin, which consisted of Cerre, Cugn, S. Domenica/S. Nedeglia, Dubrova, Ripenda, the other was Albona/Labin, with the fractions of Chermenizza, Bergod, Vlahovo, Cerovizza. Cerovica was one of twelve Municipalities or Townships in the Labinština peninsula in Istria County, Croatia, Cerovica is also the name of a small hamlet north of Skitača in the former municipality of Cerovica. Also called St. Lucia di Albona, Skitača, the Municipality of Cerovica is located in the southern part of the District of Albona. It is made up of eight various hills some of which are cultivable land, most of the land was stony and very tough for the settlers when they clear it. The settlers lived in group of houses called hamlets Croatian, selo or Italian. Cerovica borders with the Adriatic Sea at the east and south coast, on the north is the municipality of Chermanizza. On the south west is the municipality of Vlahovo, there were no roads until the 1930-40 in the municipality of Cerovica. Only small paths (called Croatian, stasica which people and animals used to go to various places, the Cement factory in Koromačno built the road in the 1930-40 which is used today to go to Labin and other cities. In 1820 there were 405 people living in municipality of Cerovica, the people owned 107 oxen,69 cows,1098 sheep. In 1824 there were 86 houses most of which were made of dry stone walls and straw roofs. Few of the houses had roofs made with tiles, during the Austria-Hungary occupation and re-organisation the settlements which belonged to Cerovica with Skitača as the head
22.
Croatian Bureau of Statistics
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The Croatian Bureau of Statistics is the Croatian national statistics bureau. The bureau was formed in 1875 in Austria-Hungary as the Zemaljski statistički ured for the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, in 1924, the bureau was renamed to the Statistical Office in Zagreb. In 1929, after royal monarchy was proclaimed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, in 1939 with the formation of the Banovina of Croatia, the office was made subject to the presidential office on the Bans administration. In 1941 the Independent State of Croatia was formed and an Office of General State Statistics existed during this time under the control of the presidential government, in 1945 the Statistical Office of the Peoples Republic of Croatia was formed. The bureau was independent during this time, but was subject to the Yugoslavian Federal Bureau for Statistics, upon Croatian independence, the Central Bureau of Statistics was made the highest statistical body in the nation. The bureau collects and processes data for the Republic of Croatia, among other things, the bureau conducts the Croatian census. The Bureau keeps records on Croatian censa since 1857, including the recent,1991 Croatian census 2001 Croatian census 2011 Croatian census Official website
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Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the national academy of Croatia. It was founded in 1866 as the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the institution was founded in Zagreb on 29 April 1861 by the decision of the Croatian Parliament as the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. The official sponsor was Josip Juraj Strossmayer, while the first Chairman of the Academy was the distinguished Croatian historian Franjo Rački. Đuro Daničić was elected for secretary general of the Academy, where he played a key role in preparing the Academys Dictionary, the Academys creation was the logical extension of the University of Zagreb, the institution initially created in 1669 and also renewed by bishop Strossmayer in 1874. Bishop Strossmayer also initiated the building of the Academy Palace in the Zrinjevac park of Zagreb, in 1884, the Palace also became a host of The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters that contained 256 works of art. The same is one of the most prominent art galleries in Zagreb. The Academy started publishing the academic journal Rad in 1867, in 1882, each of the individual scientific classes of the Academy started printing their own journals. In 1887, the Academy published the first Ljetopis as a book, as well as several other publications in history. Ivan Supek, Mihailo Petrović, Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger and Lavoslav Ružička were JAZU members, the Academy briefly changed name from Yugoslav to Croatian between 1941 and 1945 during the Axis client regime of the Independent State of Croatia. It has again been renamed Croatian in 1991 after Croatia gained independence from Yugoslavia and it is located in a Renaissance villa in Dubrovnik, and holds a rich manuscript and library collection. Two peer-reviewed journals are published by the Institute, which are available online, Anali in Croatian. Number of full members per department is limited to 24, only the full members may carry the title of academician. The Academy has recently been criticized to the effect that membership and activities are based on academic cronyism and his supporters within the Academy and the media decried the decision as reinforcing a politically motivated, unproductive status quo. Nenad Ban, a molecular biologist from ETH Zurich and a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina is only a corresponding member of HAZU. Matica hrvatska Official website Zakon o Hrvatskoj akademiji znanosti i umjetnosti Robert Bajruši, milan Moguš - čuvar tradicije Hrvatske akademije. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012, intelektualna krema pred vratima HAZU-a VIJENAC80 - Svjeza krv u Akademiji Katunarić, Sandra Viktorija. Upisani zlatnim slovima, Štampar, Krleža, Supek, archived from the original on 14 June 2012
24.
Buje
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Buje is a town situated in Istria, Croatias westernmost peninsula. Buje was known as the sentinel of Istria for its hilltop site located 10 km inland from the Adriatic Sea and it still commands an excellent panorama. Buje has a history, traces of life in the region date back to prehistoric times. The town developed from a Roman and Venetian settlement into a medieval town, Buje was part of the Republic of Venice from 1358 until 1797, and was part of unified Italy from 1918 to 1945. It was within the Socialist Republic of Croatia, part of communist Yugoslavia, a Baroque style church from the 16th century, built on the foundations of an ancient Roman temple, dominates the central square. The old city was protected with fortifications, part of which have been preserved to modern times. With its narrow streets and a square, the old town is a fine example of Medieval architecture with strong Venetian Renaissance architecture influences. After World War II Buje developed into an industrial, cultural, Buje has become a modern regional center, and outside of the old town center a modern city has sprung. Despite its development, the city has retained some features from its historical periods, being situated on a hill, the old town section offers views of the surrounding scenery, dominated by Mediterranean flora, vineyards, and olive groves. To its visitors today, Buje offers a blend of gentle Mediterranean climate, regional cuisine, the population of the whole city of Buje was 5,182 in March 2011. The population of the settlement of Buje proper was 2,671 in 2011, the population of the settlement of Kaštel—Castelvenere, the second-largest in the city, was 643 in 2011. According to the 2011 census results,58. 39% of the population had the Croatian language as their mother tongue. Buje—Buie has a number of Italians, and an Italian language school. It was 50% Italian in 1991, when the town’s limits included Grožnjan—Grisignana, media related to Buje at Wikimedia Commons Official website— Tourist-croatia. com, Tourism in Buje—
25.
Novigrad, Istria County
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Novigrad is a town and a municipality in Istria County in western Croatia. In Croatian it is sometimes referred to as Novigrad Istarski to distinguish it from three other Croatian towns of the same name. Novigrad is set on a peninsula on the western coast of Istria. At the 2011 census the town proper had a population of 2,622, 66% of population were ethnic Croats while the biggest minority group were Istrian Italians. There was an ancient city in the area of what is now Novigrad. In the 5th-6th centuries Novigrad was called Neapolis, from the early Middle Ages and right up until 1828 it was the seat of a bishopric that has been identified with the ancient see of Aemona. From 1270 it was under the rule of the Venetian Republic, situated on a peninsula, Novigrad has retained its medieval structure and layout, with narrow, winding streets and small shops. The fortifications belong to the era, the town wall still stands with its battlements. There are examples of architecture from the time of the Venetian empire, such as the town loggia. The present church was built in the 15th and 16th centuries on the foundations of the 8th-century basilica of Saint Pelagius that had a nave, under the present presbytery is a late Romanesque crypt. In the sacristy are 15th-century antiphonaries with beautiful simple initials, according to the 2011 census, Novigrad had 2,622 residents, with a total municipal population of 4,345. Croats comprised 66. 42% of the population, followed by Italians, Albanians, Serbs. Italians in Novigrad are organised in an association with the objective of preserving and promoting the specificity of the Italian community, antenal Bužinija Dajla Mareda Official website
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Pazin
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Pazin is a city in western Croatia, the administrative seat of Istria County. It is known for medieval Pazin Castle, the residence of the Istrian margraves. The town had a population of 8,638 in 2011, in 1991 it was made the capital of the county for its location in the geographical centre of the Istria peninsula and in order to boost the development of its interior territories. Pazin was first mentioned as Castrum Pisinium in a 983 deed regarding a donation by Emperor Otto II to the Diocese of Poreč. In the 12th century Mitterburg Castle was in possession of the Lower Carniolan count Meinhard of Schwarzenburg, who held the office of a vogt of the Poreč bishops, upon his death, Pazin was inherited by his son-in-law Count Engelbert III of Gorizia in 1186. The Istrian contract was written in 1325 in the Croatian language, until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy, seat of the district of the same name, one of the 11 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Austrian Littoral province. In the same year, Pazin and all the Peninsula of Istria were transferred to the Kingdom of Italy, benito Mussolini, then, introduced a fascist regime in Italy which, under the Duce, tried to Italianize all of the region. However, most of Istria became part of Yugoslavia after World War II, the current town was mostly built beneath the medieval fortress. The present-day Pazin Castle was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th century and it has been a museum since the end of World War II. The Pazin ponor located under the castle was partially explored by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1896 and is the best example of karst hydrography, Castle and a gorge inspired Jules Verne for the novel Mathias Sandorf of 1885. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cfb, Pazin Pazin portal Pazin tourist board
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Pula
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Pula or Pola is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia and the eighth largest city in the country, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 57,460 in 2011. Like the rest of the region, it is known for its climate, smooth sea. The city has a tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding. It has also been Istrias administrative centre since ancient Roman times, evidence of the presence of Homo erectus 1 million years ago has been found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula/Pola. Pottery from the Neolithic period, indicating human settlement, has found around Pula – Pola. In the Bronze Age, a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called gradine, many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in the area around Pula/Pola. The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube, the inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians. Greek pottery and a part of a statue of Apollo have been found, Greek tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians, mentioned in the context of the story of Jason and Medea, who had stolen the golden fleece. The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called Polai, the town was elevated to colonial rank between 46–45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic, under Julius Caesar. During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000 and it became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction. After Octavians victory, the town was demolished and it was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavians daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea. The colony was part of Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy, great classical constructions were built of which a few remain. A great amphitheatre, Pula Arena, was constructed between 27 BC –68 AD, much of it still standing to this day, the Romans also supplied the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates, a few of these gates still remain, the triumphal Arch of the Sergii, the Gate of Hercules and the Twin Gates. During the reign of emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed into Res Publica Polensis, the town was the site of Crispus Caesars execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesars execution in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, when their rule ended, Pola came under the rule of the Exarchate of Ravenna. During this period Pola prospered and became the port of the Byzantine fleet. The Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century, from 788 on Pola was ruled by the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne, with the introduction of the feudal system
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Rovinj
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Rovinj/Rovigno is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 14,294. Located on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, it is a popular tourist resort, istriot, a Romance language once widely spoken in this part of Istria, is still spoken by some of the residents. The town is bilingual, Italian and Croatian, hence both town names are official and equal. Rovinj/Rovigno was already a settlement of Venetian or Illyrian tribes before being captured by the Romans, who called it Arupinium or Mons Rubineus, built on an island close to the coast, it became connected to the mainland much later, in 1763, by filling in the channel. Rovigno was eventually incorporated into the Byzantine Empire, later becoming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna in the 6th century, before being taken over by the Frankish Empire in 788. For the following centuries it was ruled by a succession of feudal lords. From 1283 to 1797 Rovigno was one of the most important towns in Istria governed by the Republic of Venice, during this period three town gates were constructed and Rovinj was fortified by two rows of defensive walls, remains of which can still be seen today. Nearby the Rovinj/Rovigno pier one can find one of the old town gates, the Balbis Arch, dating from 1680, the first city statute was proclaimed in 1531. Following the fall of Venice in 1797 and the ensuing Napoleonic interlude, Rovigno became part of the Austrian Empire, according to the last Austrian census in 1911,97. 8% of the population was Italian-speaking. It then belonged to Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947, the original town name Rovigno was then changed into Rovinj. During the post-war period many Italian inhabitants left Rovinj/Rovigno, which led to significant changes to Rovinj/Rovignos demographic structure, following Croatias independence in 1991, the town became one of the most important centers of Istria County, an administrative unit encompassing most of Istria. Rovinj/Rovigno is today the third most populous town in the county, behind Pula/Pola, Rovinj/Rovigno is one of nine settlements officially designated as towns in Istria County in western Croatia. It has a Mediterranean climate, with the average temperature 4.8 °C in January and 22.3 °C in July, the average annual temperature is 16 °C. Sea temperature is more than 20 °C from the mid-June to September, the average annual sea temperature is 16.6 °C. From May to September the Rovinj/Rovigno receives more than 10 sunshine hours a day, the rainfall averages 941 mm a year and average air humidity is 72 percent. Originally the peninsula on which the city lies was an island, the latter was filled in 1763. In 2007 there were 13,562 people living in Rovinj/Rovigno,76. 31% are Croats, while ethnic minorities include Italians, Serbs, Albanians and Bosniaks. The busiest area is the centre of Rovinj/Rovigno, extending from the main bus station towards the old part of town
29.
Umag
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Umag is a coastal city in Istria, Croatia. The city hosts a yearly ATP tennis tournament on clay courts and it is the westernmost city of Croatia, and the municipality includes Savudrija/Salvore, the westernmost point of Croatia. Umag has a population of 7,769, for a municipal population of 13,064. Like many other towns in Istria, Umag has a multi-ethnic population. Croats comprise a majority with 59. 6%, Italians 18. 3%, Serbs 3. 8%, Slovenes 2. 2%, Bosniaks 1. 7%, Albanians 1. 3%. Umag was mentioned for the first time in the 7th century by a citizen from Ravenna. Proof of that is found in the remains of Roman retreats. The towns history is linked to the settlement of Sipar whose ruins can be found on the narrow cape. In the 9th century, the settlement of Sipar was devastated by invaders. However, after this unfortunate incident Umag grew in significance thanks also to its location and it was actually this location that safeguarded the settlement from the continuous invasions throughout the centuries. The Roman period of prosperity was substituted by one of insecurity caused primarily by frequent invasions, outbreaks of plague, cholera. The number of its dwellers declined rapidly, Umag became part of the reigns of Odoacer, Theodoric, and was also ruled by the Langobards. From the 6th to the 8th centuries it fell under Byzantine dominion, followed by the rule of the Lombards in 751, the period to come was marked by insecurity and frequent changes of government from the Patriarchs of Grado and Aquileia to the Bishops of Trieste. However, the increasingly powerful Venetian Republic imposed its rule over Istria, forcing Umag, actually, in 1269, the Commune of Umag promised loyalty to Venice which from that time all through 1797 was to appoint governors of Umag from among its nobility. This period was by no means a peaceful one, century old clashes with Genoa brought about more destruction and looting. In 1370 the Genovese navy attacked Umag, destroying the towns archive, the outbreaks of plague that decimated the dwellers forced the Venetian authorities to consider colonising the area with new settlers, mainly from the territories threatened by Turkish invasions. The harbour of Umag was utilised for loading agricultural surplus from the hinterland, up to the collapse of Venice Umag had lived like other Istrian towns. Its communal arrangement was guaranteed in the Statute from 1541, with the fall of the Venetian Republic, Umag, like the entire eastern Adriatic coast, came under the rule of France until 1815 when it passed over to Austria until 1918
30.
Bale, Croatia
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Bale/Valle is a small town and municipality in Istria County, Croatia. The origins of the settlement lie in the Roman stronghold of Castrum Vallis, the municipality covers a total area of 81.65 km2 and has a total population of 1,127. The town is bilingual, Italian and Croatian, hence both town names are official and equal. Bale/Valle is connected to the Croatian highway network by an exit on the A9 motorway, dinosaur fossils, most notably those of Histriasaurus, were found near the town and are kept at the town museum. Holy Spirit Church built in the 15th century
Croatia
Istria
