1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
3.
Istria County
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Istria County is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula. The area of the county is called Istra in Croatian and Slovene, the county administrative center is Pazin and the regional anthem is Krasna zemljo. The caves near Pula/Pola, Lim fjord, Šandalja and Roumalds cave, less ancient stone age sites, from the period between 6000-2000 BC, can also be found in the area. More than 400 locations are classified as Bronze Age, items, numerous findings including weapons, tools, and jewelry), which are from the earlier iron era around the beginning of common era. The Istrian peninsula was known to Romans as the terra magica and its name is derived from the Histri, an Illyrian tribe who, as accounted by the geographer Strabo, lived in the region. Romans described them as pirates who were hard to conquer due to the difficulty of navigating their territory, after two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC. With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Istria was conquered by the Goths, during Byzantine rule, it was shortly ruled by Avars. The major Istrian cities were reborn under Italian government, and it was in this half millennium that they developed their typical beauty, the eastern half of Istria was administered by the Habsburgs, and was referred to as Imperial Istria with its capital at Pisino. In 1797, with the Treaty of Campo Formio written by Napoleon, the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 handed Istria to the Kingdom of Italy. The Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 transferred Istria to France, in 1815, the Congress of Vienna confirmed Austrias possession of the peninsula. Starting in 1861, the capital of Istria and the seat to a Regional Parliament in Austro-Hungarian Empire was in Parenzo, after World War I, according to the peace treaty of Rapallo, in 1920 Istria became part of Italy. Fascism and, later, Nazi occupation spoiled otherwise tolerant ethnic relations, after the World War II, Istria was assigned to Yugoslavia and many ethnic Italians left in the Istrian exodus. Famous individuals like Robert Koch and writer James Joyce lived and worked in Istria, writer Jules Verne was inspired to write his novel Mathias Sandorf after hearing of quarry and cave in Pazin and the poet Dante Alighieri visited and wrote a few lines about Istria. Its coastline is 445 km long with islands making up 539.9 km, a smaller part of Istria also belongs to the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County of Croatia. Mirroring the bay of Venice across the Adriatic and the Quarnaro Gulf, the westernmost point is at Savudrija while the southern most is near Premantura, on the local promontory Kamenjak. The terrain consists of a plateau, much of which lacks water owing to its karst topography. The northeastern section is an extension of the Dinaric Alps, the highest point is Vojak on Učka mountain 1,401 m above sea level while another range of mountains is Ćićarija. There are so called bijela, siva, crvena Istra, white Istria is around the mountain peaks, Grey Istria is the fertile inner lands while Red Istria is the blood-red painted lands of terra rossa or crljenica near the coastline
4.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
5.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
6.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
7.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
8.
Istria
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Istria, formerly Histria, is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf and it is shared by three countries, Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Istria lies in three countries, Croatia, Slovenia and Italy, by far the largest portion lies in Croatia. Croatian Istria is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia, important towns in Istria County include Pula/Pola, Poreč/Parenzo, Rovinj//Rovigno, Pazin//Pisino, Labin/Albona, Umag/Umago, Motovun//Montona, Buzet/Pinguente, and Buje/Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum, northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle, central Istria has a Continental climate. North-Slovenian coast of Istria has a Sub-Mediterranean climate, west and south coast has a Mediterranean climate. East coast has a Sub-Mediterranean climate with Oceanic climate influences, the warmest places are Pula, Rovinj, while the coldest is Pazin. Precipitation is moderate, with between 640 and 1,020 mm falling in the areas, and up to 1,500 mm in the hills. The name is derived from the Histri tribes, which Strabo refers to as living in the region, the Histri are classified in some sources as a Venetic Illyrian tribe, with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a tribe of pirates. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC, the region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of Venetia et Histria, the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the border of Italy per ancient definition is the river Arsia. The eastern side of river was settled by people whose culture was different than Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC, the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia, on the northern side, Histria went much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste. Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, ancient folktales reported — inaccurately — that the Danube split in two or bifurcated and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea. The story of the Bifurcation of the Danube is part of the Argonaut legend, there is also a suspected link to the commune of Istria in Constanţa, Romania. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was pillaged by the Goths, the Eastern Roman Empire, and it was subsequently annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pepin of Italy in 789
9.
Rabac
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Rabac is a Croatian resort town on Kvarner Bay, just southeast of Labin, in Istria. Long a small fishing port, Rabac has grown in recent years into a town with numerous villas. The Rabac Festival is an electronic music festival that has been held there for many years,3000 people attended in 2002. Three major hotels and a site are situated on the first beach. Along the Riva apartments are available for rent, along the second beach and Girandella countless hotels are situated, of particular note, the locally famous Albona hotel. Regular music concerts are held at Rabac beach and in the hotels, magic shows at night are prevalent as are comedians. Tourist expeditions to Venice, Dubrovnik and Krka are common and operate daily at 1 and 3 pm, fishing tours are also common and cost about 100 kuna
10.
Classical antiquity
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It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and Southwestern Asia. Conventionally, it is taken to begin with the earliest-recorded Epic Greek poetry of Homer, and continues through the emergence of Christianity and it ends with the dissolution of classical culture at the close of Late Antiquity, blending into the Early Middle Ages. Such a wide sampling of history and territory covers many disparate cultures, Classical antiquity may refer also to an idealised vision among later people of what was, in Edgar Allan Poes words, the glory that was Greece, and the grandeur that was Rome. The culture of the ancient Greeks, together with influences from the ancient Near East, was the basis of art, philosophy, society. The earliest period of classical antiquity takes place before the background of gradual re-appearance of historical sources following the Bronze Age collapse, the 8th and 7th centuries BC are still largely proto-historical, with the earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions appearing in the first half of the 8th century. Homer is usually assumed to have lived in the 8th or 7th century BC, in the same period falls the traditional date for the establishment of the Ancient Olympic Games, in 776 BC. The Phoenicians originally expanded from Canaan ports, by the 8th century dominating trade in the Mediterranean, carthage was founded in 814 BC, and the Carthaginians by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in Sicily, Italy and Sardinia, which created conflicts of interest with Etruria. The Etruscans had established control in the region by the late 7th century BC, forming the aristocratic. According to legend, Rome was founded on April 21,753 BC by twin descendants of the Trojan prince Aeneas, Romulus and Remus. As the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines. Archaeological evidence indeed shows first traces of settlement at the Roman Forum in the mid-8th century BC, the seventh and final king of Rome was Tarquinius Superbus. As the son of Tarquinius Priscus and the son-in-law of Servius Tullius, Superbus was of Etruscan birth and it was during his reign that the Etruscans reached their apex of power. Superbus removed and destroyed all the Sabine shrines and altars from the Tarpeian Rock, the people came to object to his rule when he failed to recognize the rape of Lucretia, a patrician Roman, at the hands of his own son. Lucretias kinsman, Lucius Junius Brutus, summoned the Senate and had Superbus, after Superbus expulsion, the Senate voted to never again allow the rule of a king and reformed Rome into a republican government in 509 BC. In fact the Latin word Rex meaning King became a dirty and hated throughout the Republic. In 510, Spartan troops helped the Athenians overthrow the tyrant Hippias, cleomenes I, king of Sparta, put in place a pro-Spartan oligarchy conducted by Isagoras. Greece entered the 4th century under Spartan hegemony, but by 395 BC the Spartan rulers removed Lysander from office, and Sparta lost her naval supremacy. Athens, Argos, Thebes and Corinth, the two of which were formerly Spartan allies, challenged Spartan dominance in the Corinthian War, which ended inconclusively in 387 BC
11.
Proto-Indo-European language
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Proto-Indo-European is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world. Far more work has gone into reconstructing PIE than any other proto-language and these methods supply all of the knowledge concerning PIE, since there is no written record of the language. PIE is estimated to have spoken as a single language around 3500 B. C. E. during the Neolithic Age. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. Work has also gone into reconstructing their culture and religion, PIE had a complex system of morphology that included inflectional suffixes as well as ablaut and accent. PIE nominals and pronouns had a system of declension. The PIE phonology, particles, numerals, and copula are also well-reconstructed, today, the most widely-spoken daughter languages of PIE are Spanish, English, Hindustani, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, Punjabi, German, French, and Marathi. There is no evidence of PIE. It has been reconstructed from its present-day descendants using the comparative method, the comparative method is based on the Neogrammarian rule that the Indo-European sound laws are applied without exception. The method compares languages and applies the laws to find a common ancestor. For example, compare the pairs of words in Italian and English, piede and foot, padre and father, pesce and fish. Since there is a consistent correspondence of the consonants that is far too frequent to be coincidental. Although his name is associated with this observation, he was not the first to make it. In many ways Jones work was less accurate than his predecessors, as he erroneously included Egyptian, Japanese and Chinese in the Indo-European languages, while omitting Hindi. In 1818, Rasmus Christian Rask elaborated the set of correspondences to include other Indo-European languages, such as Sanskrit and Greek, and the full range of consonants involved. In 1816 Franz Bopp published On the System of Conjugation in Sanskrit in which he investigated a common origin of Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, and German. In 1833 he began publishing the Comparative Grammar of Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Old Slavic, Gothic, in 1822, Jacob Grimm formulated what is now known as Grimms law as a general rule in his Deutsche Grammatik. Grimm showed correlations between the Germanic and other Indo-European languages, and showed that sound change affects an entire language systematically, august Schleichers A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek and Latin Languages was an early attempt to reconstruct the proto-Indo-European language
12.
Patriarchate of Aquileia
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The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head of the Adriatic, on what is now the Italian seacoast. For many centuries it played an important part in history, particularly in that of the Holy See and northern Italy, no longer a residential bishopric, it is today classified as a titular see. Ancient tradition asserts that the see was founded by St. Mark, sent there by St. Peter, St. Hermagoras is said to have been its first bishop and to have died a martyrs death. At the end of the century another martyr, St. Helarus was bishop of Aquileia. In 381, St. Valerian appears as Metropolitan bishop of the churches in this territory, his synod of that year, Valerian was succeeded by St. Chromatius known for his homiletic and exegetical works. He promoted the work of Sts, jerome and Rufinus and kept contact with Sts. Ambrose of Milan and John Chrysostom, in time, part of western Illyria, and to the north, Noricum and Rhaetia, came under the jurisdiction of Aquileia. Roman cities like Verona, Trent, Pola, Belluno, Feltre, Vicenza, Treviso and this Schism of the Three Chapters provided the opportunity for the bishop of Aquileia to assume the title patriarch. Macedonius successor Paulinus I began using the title around 560, meanwhile, by the end of the next decade, the Lombards overran all of northern Italy. In 568, the patriarch of Aquileia was obliged to flee, with the treasures of his church, to the island of Grado, near Trieste. This political change did not affect the relations of the patriarchate with Rome, its bishops, whether in Lombard or imperial territory, persistently refused all invitations to a reconciliation. Weary of fifty years schism, those of his suffragans whose sees lay within the empire joined him in submission to Rome and they went further and elected in Aquileia itself, patriarch John so that henceforth there were two little patriarchates in northern Italy, Aquileia in Grado and Old-Aquileia. Gradually the schism lost its vigour, at the Synod of Pavia Old-Aquileia reconciled with Rome and Pope Gregory II granted the pallium to Patriarch Serenus of Aquileia in 723. In succeeding centuries it continued in use by both, but had no longer any practical significance, in 628, the patriarchs of Old-Aquileia transferred their residence to Cormons. Patriarch Callistus moved the residence to Cividale del Friuli in 737 and it remained there until the thirteenth century when it was moved again. In the last decade of the 8th century, the creation of a new see at Salzburg added to the humiliation of Old-Aquileia. Still later, Patriarch Ursus of Aquileia accepted the arbitration of Charlemagne, after the death of Ursus, Maxentius picked up where he left off and solicited funds from Charlemagne’s court to rebuild Aquileia. Maxentius served as the Patriarch of Aquileia from 811 till his death in 837, nevertheless, the Hungarian invasion of the 9th century and the decline of imperial control increased the authority of the patriarchs
13.
Coal mining
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore, in the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, colliery generally refers to a coal mine. In the United States colliery has been used to describe a coal mine operation, Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks, small-scale mining of surface deposits dates back thousands of years. For example, in Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting most of the major coalfields by the late 2nd century AD. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe, international trade expanded rapidly when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships. Until the late nineteenth century coal was mined using a pick and shovel. Coal-cutting machines were introduced in the 1880s, by 1912, surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining. The most economical method of extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground, many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two methods of mining. Coal that occurs at depths of 180 to 300 ft are usually deep mined, for example, some western U. S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 200 ft are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 60–90 feet. Coals occurring below 300 ft are usually deep mined, However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 1000–1500 feet below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany. When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut mining methods, open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, the overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured, the coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used
14.
Strike action
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Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
15.
Anti-fascist
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Anti-fascism is opposition to fascist ideologies, groups and individuals. The anti-fascist movement began in a few European countries in the 1920s, with the development and spread of Italian Fascism, i. e. original fascism, the National Fascist Partys ideology was met with increasingly militant opposition by Italian communists and socialists. Organizations such as the Arditi del Popolo and the Italian Anarchist Union were born in the period 1919–1921 to combat the nationalist and fascist surge of the post-World War I period, thus as soon as Fascism coalesced into a coherent ideology, a militant leftist opposition sprouted in response. Furthermore, in the words of historian Eric Hobsbawm, as Fascism developed and spread, after the outbreak of World War II, the Albanian, Serbian, and Polish resistances were instrumental in antifascist action and underground resistance. This combination of irreconcilable nationalisms and leftist partisans constitute the earliest roots of European antifascism, the historian Norman Davies argues in his book Europe at War 1939–1945, No Simple Victory that anti-fascism does not offer a coherent political ideology, but rather that it is an empty vessel. The motive would be to lend legitimacy to the dictatorship of the proletariat and was done at the time the USSR was pursuing a policy of collective security, in Italy, Benito Mussolinis Fascist regime used the term anti-fascist to describe its opponents. Mussolinis secret police was officially known as Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dellAntifascismo, Italian for Organization for Vigilance, in Italy in the 1920s, anti-fascists—many from the labour movement—fought against the violent Blackshirts and against the rise of fascist leader Benito Mussolini. The General Confederation of Labour and the PSI refused to recognize the anti-fascist militia. The PCI organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor, the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 March on Rome, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community. Italian liberal anti-fascist Benedetto Croce wrote Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals, another notable Italian liberal anti-fascist around that time was Piero Gobetti. Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the Slovenes and Croats in the annexed to Italy after World War I. The most influential was the militant insurgent organization TIGR, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military. During World War II, many members of the Italian resistance left their houses and went to live in the mountainside, fighting against Italian fascists, many cities in Italy, including Turin, Naples and Milan, were freed by anti-fascist uprisings. In Italy, the first anti-fascist resistance emerged within the Slovene minority in Italy, not only in multi-ethnic areas, but also in the areas where the population was exclusively Slovene, the use of Slovene language in public places, including churches, was forbidden. Children, if they spoke Slovene, were punished by Italian teachers who were brought by the Fascist State from Southern Italy, the Slovene teachers, writers, and clergy were sent to the other side of Italy. The first anti-fascist organization, called TIGR, was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence and its guerrilla fight continued into the late 1920s and 1930s when by the mid-1930s, already 70.000 Slovenes fled Italy mostly to Slovenia and South America. The Slovene anti-fascist resistance in Yugoslavia during World War II was led by Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, soviet revolutionary Leon Trotsky wrote, ighting squads must be created. Nothing increases the insolence of the fascists so much as flabby pacifism on the part of the workers organisations, political cowardice without organised combat detachments, the most heroic masses will be smashed bit by bit by fascist gangs
16.
Fianona
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Plomin is a village in the Croatian part of Istria, situated approximately 11 km north of Labin, on a hill 80 meters tall. It is a destination for tourists traveling through Istria by road. Originally named Flanona, the settlement was built in Roman times, Plomin was abandoned after World War II, due to the bay becoming too muddy and its inhabitants, mostly Italians, emigrating to Italy. However, it has since been repopulated, and is home to approximately 130 people. The buildings in the town are several hundred years old, built on the ruins of the original Roman houses, the walls date back to the 9th century. Plomin contains two churches, St George the Elder and St George the Younger, St. George the Elder contains Plomin tablet as a part of the outer wall, an 11th-century religious text written in the Glagolitic alphabet, the oldest known Slavic alphabet
17.
Matthias Flacius Illyricus
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Matthias Flacius Illyricus was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present day Croatia. Flacius was born in Labin in Istria, son of Andrea Vlacich alias Francovich and Jacobea Luciani, daughter of a wealthy and his mothers uncle was the Lutheran Baldo Lupetina who later was condemned to death in Venice for his faith. He lost his father during his early childhood, at the age of sixteen Flacius went to study in Venice where he was taught by the humanist Giambattista Cipelli. At the age of seventeen, he intended to join a monastic order and his intention, however, was diverted by his uncle, Baldo Lupetina, provincial of the Franciscans and sympathetic to the Reformation cause, who convinced him to start a university career. Flacius continued his studies in Basel in 1539, then went to Tübingen, there he came under the influence of Martin Luther. In 1544, Flacius was appointed professor of Hebrew at Wittenberg and he finished his masters degree on 24 February 1546, ranking first among the graduates. Soon, Flacius was prominent in the discussions of the time, opposing strenuously the Augsburg Interim. Melanchthon wrote of him with venom as a renegade, in 1549 Flacius moved to Magdeburg. On 7 May 1557 he was appointed professor of New Testament at the faculty in Jena but was soon involved in controversy with his colleague Victorinus Strigel on the synergistic question. Affirming the natural inability of man, he adopted a position on sin as not being an accident of human nature, human acts of piety are valueless in themselves, and humans are entirely dependent on the grace of God for salvation. Those that agreed with him on this point, for example, resisting ecclesiastical censure, he left Jena in December 1561 to found an academy at Regensburg. That assignment was not successful, so in October 1566 he accepted a call from the Lutheran community at Antwerp, thence he was driven in early 1567 by the exigencies of war, and went to Frankfurt, where the authorities stood against him. He proceeded to Strasbourg where he was received by the superintendent Johannes Marbach. Here again, his religious views caused controversies, the authorities ordered him to leave the city by May Day 1573. The prioress Catharina von Meerfeld of the Convent of White Ladies secretly harboured him and his family in Frankfurt where he fell ill, Flacius life was eventful in a turbulent epoch. But he did not polemicize with Catholics alone and his litigious temperament has caused him generally to be passed over as distasteful by historians and his characteristic formula, historia est fundamentum doctrinae, is better understood now than in his own day. In 1545, while at Wittenberg, Flacius married a pastors daughter and he had twelve children with his first wife before she died in 1564. He remarried the year in Regensburg and had six more children with his second wife
18.
Brovinje
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Brovinje is a small settlement/hamlet with a little more than 50 houses in 1950. As of the 2011 Croatian census, it had a population of 81 and it is located in the Labinština peninsula of Istria County, Croatia. Overlooking the Gulf of Kvarner in the northern Adriatic Seaincluding the island of Croatian, Cres, Italian and it is located 13 km south-east of Labin and 3 km north of Koromačno/Valmazzinghi. The first written record with the name Brovinje is recorded in the old St. Lucia church books on birth, marriages and deaths in 1705 which are held in Pazin, Brovinje is a hamlet which is under the Raša municipality. During the Austria-Hungary occupation the Austrian Littoral was established, the littoral was officially the Trieste Province, one of the two provinces of the kingdom. The other being German, Laibach, Croatian, Ljubljana, one of the two Provinces was subdivided into four districts, Gorizia, Eastern Istria and the Quarnero Islands, Trieste and Western Istria and Trieste city. In the Albona territory, called Labinština, one of these was the township of Italian, Cerovizza Croatian, the hamlet of Brovinje was one of many small hamlets, belonging to the township of Cerovica under the Austria-Hungary occupation. The headquarters of the township of Cerovica was in the office of St. Lucia in Skitača. In 1827 the census of Cerovica had 99 families in 86 houses, the house were made of stone with thatched roofs. The small country chapel ofCroatian, Sv. Ivana Krstitelja, Italian, San Giovanni Battista is just outside the hamlet Brovinje and it is used each year on August 29. The chapel was built in the 13th-14th century and it was constructed of stone with Spanish tiles roof. On the front roof it had a bell tower. Inside the small chapel there is a fresco of St. Anthony of Padua behind the marble altar, the front of the chapel had a cover to protect the people who listened to the service from the outside of the chapel. Next to the stand the ruins of the antique Abbey by the same name. Each friars living quarter is located to the rear of the house building and it is located a little north of the hamlet of Diminići. in the township/contrada of Vlakovo, Istria. The churches of St Lucia and St. Lovreč were built in the early 17th century, overlooking the chapel of Sv Ivan was the Tower of San Giovanni which local people called Turan, but writers called it Gradaz and Ivanaz. The old maps and writers called it St. Giovanni in Besca. This tower construction was said to be of the Roman era and it is located in the Gulf of Quarnero just east of the inlet of Raša canal just south of Crna Punta at the inlet of the canal
19.
Cerovica (Istria)
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Http, //www. catasti. archiviodistatotrieste. it/Divenire/ua. htm. idUa=10652011# This is the first map of a series of 19 maps broken down to magnify each part. The map I drew is the picture of the total of 20 maps showing where each settlement is located. Anyone can view this on the website, and click on the number on the right and this is the reason I drew the map. From antique times, Albona / Labin, and Fianona / Plomin were two Castles and were considered one District, in 1632 the Administrator of Dalmatia and Albania, Antonio Civran, divided the territory of Albona, LAlbonese / Croatian, Labinština into 12 fractions. The names of these fractions were, Albona/Labin, Rippenda, S. Domenica/S. Nedeglia, Dubrova, Chermenizza, Vlahovo/Vlakovo, Cerovizza/Cerovica, Vettua, Cere, Cugn, during the Austrian redivision in 1814-1818 there made two Agricultural municipalities. One was Fianona/Plomin, which consisted of Cerre, Cugn, S. Domenica/S. Nedeglia, Dubrova, Ripenda, the other was Albona/Labin, with the fractions of Chermenizza, Bergod, Vlahovo, Cerovizza. Cerovica was one of twelve Municipalities or Townships in the Labinština peninsula in Istria County, Croatia, Cerovica is also the name of a small hamlet north of Skitača in the former municipality of Cerovica. Also called St. Lucia di Albona, Skitača, the Municipality of Cerovica is located in the southern part of the District of Albona. It is made up of eight various hills some of which are cultivable land, most of the land was stony and very tough for the settlers when they clear it. The settlers lived in group of houses called hamlets Croatian, selo or Italian. Cerovica borders with the Adriatic Sea at the east and south coast, on the north is the municipality of Chermanizza. On the south west is the municipality of Vlahovo, there were no roads until the 1930-40 in the municipality of Cerovica. Only small paths (called Croatian, stasica which people and animals used to go to various places, the Cement factory in Koromačno built the road in the 1930-40 which is used today to go to Labin and other cities. In 1820 there were 405 people living in municipality of Cerovica, the people owned 107 oxen,69 cows,1098 sheep. In 1824 there were 86 houses most of which were made of dry stone walls and straw roofs. Few of the houses had roofs made with tiles, during the Austria-Hungary occupation and re-organisation the settlements which belonged to Cerovica with Skitača as the head
20.
Croatian Bureau of Statistics
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The Croatian Bureau of Statistics is the Croatian national statistics bureau. The bureau was formed in 1875 in Austria-Hungary as the Zemaljski statistički ured for the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, in 1924, the bureau was renamed to the Statistical Office in Zagreb. In 1929, after royal monarchy was proclaimed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, in 1939 with the formation of the Banovina of Croatia, the office was made subject to the presidential office on the Bans administration. In 1941 the Independent State of Croatia was formed and an Office of General State Statistics existed during this time under the control of the presidential government, in 1945 the Statistical Office of the Peoples Republic of Croatia was formed. The bureau was independent during this time, but was subject to the Yugoslavian Federal Bureau for Statistics, upon Croatian independence, the Central Bureau of Statistics was made the highest statistical body in the nation. The bureau collects and processes data for the Republic of Croatia, among other things, the bureau conducts the Croatian census. The Bureau keeps records on Croatian censa since 1857, including the recent,1991 Croatian census 2001 Croatian census 2011 Croatian census Official website
21.
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts is the national academy of Croatia. It was founded in 1866 as the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the institution was founded in Zagreb on 29 April 1861 by the decision of the Croatian Parliament as the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. The official sponsor was Josip Juraj Strossmayer, while the first Chairman of the Academy was the distinguished Croatian historian Franjo Rački. Đuro Daničić was elected for secretary general of the Academy, where he played a key role in preparing the Academys Dictionary, the Academys creation was the logical extension of the University of Zagreb, the institution initially created in 1669 and also renewed by bishop Strossmayer in 1874. Bishop Strossmayer also initiated the building of the Academy Palace in the Zrinjevac park of Zagreb, in 1884, the Palace also became a host of The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters that contained 256 works of art. The same is one of the most prominent art galleries in Zagreb. The Academy started publishing the academic journal Rad in 1867, in 1882, each of the individual scientific classes of the Academy started printing their own journals. In 1887, the Academy published the first Ljetopis as a book, as well as several other publications in history. Ivan Supek, Mihailo Petrović, Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger and Lavoslav Ružička were JAZU members, the Academy briefly changed name from Yugoslav to Croatian between 1941 and 1945 during the Axis client regime of the Independent State of Croatia. It has again been renamed Croatian in 1991 after Croatia gained independence from Yugoslavia and it is located in a Renaissance villa in Dubrovnik, and holds a rich manuscript and library collection. Two peer-reviewed journals are published by the Institute, which are available online, Anali in Croatian. Number of full members per department is limited to 24, only the full members may carry the title of academician. The Academy has recently been criticized to the effect that membership and activities are based on academic cronyism and his supporters within the Academy and the media decried the decision as reinforcing a politically motivated, unproductive status quo. Nenad Ban, a molecular biologist from ETH Zurich and a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina is only a corresponding member of HAZU. Matica hrvatska Official website Zakon o Hrvatskoj akademiji znanosti i umjetnosti Robert Bajruši, milan Moguš - čuvar tradicije Hrvatske akademije. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012, intelektualna krema pred vratima HAZU-a VIJENAC80 - Svjeza krv u Akademiji Katunarić, Sandra Viktorija. Upisani zlatnim slovima, Štampar, Krleža, Supek, archived from the original on 14 June 2012
22.
Buje
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Buje is a town situated in Istria, Croatias westernmost peninsula. Buje was known as the sentinel of Istria for its hilltop site located 10 km inland from the Adriatic Sea and it still commands an excellent panorama. Buje has a history, traces of life in the region date back to prehistoric times. The town developed from a Roman and Venetian settlement into a medieval town, Buje was part of the Republic of Venice from 1358 until 1797, and was part of unified Italy from 1918 to 1945. It was within the Socialist Republic of Croatia, part of communist Yugoslavia, a Baroque style church from the 16th century, built on the foundations of an ancient Roman temple, dominates the central square. The old city was protected with fortifications, part of which have been preserved to modern times. With its narrow streets and a square, the old town is a fine example of Medieval architecture with strong Venetian Renaissance architecture influences. After World War II Buje developed into an industrial, cultural, Buje has become a modern regional center, and outside of the old town center a modern city has sprung. Despite its development, the city has retained some features from its historical periods, being situated on a hill, the old town section offers views of the surrounding scenery, dominated by Mediterranean flora, vineyards, and olive groves. To its visitors today, Buje offers a blend of gentle Mediterranean climate, regional cuisine, the population of the whole city of Buje was 5,182 in March 2011. The population of the settlement of Buje proper was 2,671 in 2011, the population of the settlement of Kaštel—Castelvenere, the second-largest in the city, was 643 in 2011. According to the 2011 census results,58. 39% of the population had the Croatian language as their mother tongue. Buje—Buie has a number of Italians, and an Italian language school. It was 50% Italian in 1991, when the town’s limits included Grožnjan—Grisignana, media related to Buje at Wikimedia Commons Official website— Tourist-croatia. com, Tourism in Buje—
23.
Novigrad, Istria County
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Novigrad is a town and a municipality in Istria County in western Croatia. In Croatian it is sometimes referred to as Novigrad Istarski to distinguish it from three other Croatian towns of the same name. Novigrad is set on a peninsula on the western coast of Istria. At the 2011 census the town proper had a population of 2,622, 66% of population were ethnic Croats while the biggest minority group were Istrian Italians. There was an ancient city in the area of what is now Novigrad. In the 5th-6th centuries Novigrad was called Neapolis, from the early Middle Ages and right up until 1828 it was the seat of a bishopric that has been identified with the ancient see of Aemona. From 1270 it was under the rule of the Venetian Republic, situated on a peninsula, Novigrad has retained its medieval structure and layout, with narrow, winding streets and small shops. The fortifications belong to the era, the town wall still stands with its battlements. There are examples of architecture from the time of the Venetian empire, such as the town loggia. The present church was built in the 15th and 16th centuries on the foundations of the 8th-century basilica of Saint Pelagius that had a nave, under the present presbytery is a late Romanesque crypt. In the sacristy are 15th-century antiphonaries with beautiful simple initials, according to the 2011 census, Novigrad had 2,622 residents, with a total municipal population of 4,345. Croats comprised 66. 42% of the population, followed by Italians, Albanians, Serbs. Italians in Novigrad are organised in an association with the objective of preserving and promoting the specificity of the Italian community, antenal Bužinija Dajla Mareda Official website
24.
Pula
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Pula or Pola is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia and the eighth largest city in the country, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 57,460 in 2011. Like the rest of the region, it is known for its climate, smooth sea. The city has a tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding. It has also been Istrias administrative centre since ancient Roman times, evidence of the presence of Homo erectus 1 million years ago has been found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula/Pola. Pottery from the Neolithic period, indicating human settlement, has found around Pula – Pola. In the Bronze Age, a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called gradine, many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in the area around Pula/Pola. The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube, the inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians. Greek pottery and a part of a statue of Apollo have been found, Greek tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians, mentioned in the context of the story of Jason and Medea, who had stolen the golden fleece. The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called Polai, the town was elevated to colonial rank between 46–45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic, under Julius Caesar. During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000 and it became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction. After Octavians victory, the town was demolished and it was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavians daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea. The colony was part of Venetia et Histria, a region of Roman Italy, great classical constructions were built of which a few remain. A great amphitheatre, Pula Arena, was constructed between 27 BC –68 AD, much of it still standing to this day, the Romans also supplied the city with a water supply and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates, a few of these gates still remain, the triumphal Arch of the Sergii, the Gate of Hercules and the Twin Gates. During the reign of emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed into Res Publica Polensis, the town was the site of Crispus Caesars execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesars execution in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, when their rule ended, Pola came under the rule of the Exarchate of Ravenna. During this period Pola prospered and became the port of the Byzantine fleet. The Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century, from 788 on Pola was ruled by the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne, with the introduction of the feudal system
25.
Rovinj
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Rovinj/Rovigno is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 14,294. Located on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, it is a popular tourist resort, istriot, a Romance language once widely spoken in this part of Istria, is still spoken by some of the residents. The town is bilingual, Italian and Croatian, hence both town names are official and equal. Rovinj/Rovigno was already a settlement of Venetian or Illyrian tribes before being captured by the Romans, who called it Arupinium or Mons Rubineus, built on an island close to the coast, it became connected to the mainland much later, in 1763, by filling in the channel. Rovigno was eventually incorporated into the Byzantine Empire, later becoming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna in the 6th century, before being taken over by the Frankish Empire in 788. For the following centuries it was ruled by a succession of feudal lords. From 1283 to 1797 Rovigno was one of the most important towns in Istria governed by the Republic of Venice, during this period three town gates were constructed and Rovinj was fortified by two rows of defensive walls, remains of which can still be seen today. Nearby the Rovinj/Rovigno pier one can find one of the old town gates, the Balbis Arch, dating from 1680, the first city statute was proclaimed in 1531. Following the fall of Venice in 1797 and the ensuing Napoleonic interlude, Rovigno became part of the Austrian Empire, according to the last Austrian census in 1911,97. 8% of the population was Italian-speaking. It then belonged to Kingdom of Italy from 1918 to 1947, the original town name Rovigno was then changed into Rovinj. During the post-war period many Italian inhabitants left Rovinj/Rovigno, which led to significant changes to Rovinj/Rovignos demographic structure, following Croatias independence in 1991, the town became one of the most important centers of Istria County, an administrative unit encompassing most of Istria. Rovinj/Rovigno is today the third most populous town in the county, behind Pula/Pola, Rovinj/Rovigno is one of nine settlements officially designated as towns in Istria County in western Croatia. It has a Mediterranean climate, with the average temperature 4.8 °C in January and 22.3 °C in July, the average annual temperature is 16 °C. Sea temperature is more than 20 °C from the mid-June to September, the average annual sea temperature is 16.6 °C. From May to September the Rovinj/Rovigno receives more than 10 sunshine hours a day, the rainfall averages 941 mm a year and average air humidity is 72 percent. Originally the peninsula on which the city lies was an island, the latter was filled in 1763. In 2007 there were 13,562 people living in Rovinj/Rovigno,76. 31% are Croats, while ethnic minorities include Italians, Serbs, Albanians and Bosniaks. The busiest area is the centre of Rovinj/Rovigno, extending from the main bus station towards the old part of town
26.
Umag
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University of Magallanes is a university in the southern Chilean city of Punta Arenas. It is a state university and It is part of the Chilean Traditional Universities. The University of Magallanes was established in 1981 during the reforms of the Chiles military regime as the successor of Universidad Técnica del Estados Punta Arenas section. Universidad Técnica del Estado had established the Punta Arenas section in 1961, the University of Magallanes have campuses in Punta Arenas and Puerto Natales as well as a university centre in Puerto Williams. University of Magallanes publishes the humanities and social sciences journal Magallania twice a year, the university has full accreditation in all areas and ranks among upper-middle range of universities within the country. In December,2015 the University of Magallanes was notified by the National Accreditation Commission of the evaluation in all obligatory areas. The University is accredited by four years until December 2019, currently there are 5 faculties 2 Autonomous Schools and 1 Interdisciplinary Institute who perform academic tasks undergraduate, graduate, research and extension. The university registers its origin in 1961, giving its first courses in Mechanics, through the following 50 years, developed through various stages and denominations. In its origin was created as a campus of the Technical State University, three years later in 1964 was denominated University College of Punta Arenas. In March 1981 became the Magellan Professional Institute and finally on October 3 of the same year acquired its actual formalization as University of Magallanes, the School of Medicine was established in January 2014 being Dr. Marcelo Navarrete Signorile its founding director. This was an independent project, promoted and coordinated by universities in different countries. Since 2008 to date, the university started a process of redesign to focus on competences, skills development. During the redesign process the university ascribed to the Credit Transfer, as to 2015 80% of the courses are redesigned and denominated in Credits. Universidad de Magallanes — official homepage Consorcio de Universidades Estatales
27.
Bale, Croatia
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Bale/Valle is a small town and municipality in Istria County, Croatia. The origins of the settlement lie in the Roman stronghold of Castrum Vallis, the municipality covers a total area of 81.65 km2 and has a total population of 1,127. The town is bilingual, Italian and Croatian, hence both town names are official and equal. Bale/Valle is connected to the Croatian highway network by an exit on the A9 motorway, dinosaur fossils, most notably those of Histriasaurus, were found near the town and are kept at the town museum. Holy Spirit Church built in the 15th century
28.
Motovun
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Motovun is a village in central Istria, Croatia. The population of the village itself is 531, with a total of 983 residents in the municipality,192 of the residents speak Italian as their mother language, the Parenzana was a narrow gauge railroad that ran from Trieste to Poreč/Parenzo between 1902-1935, passed valley below the town. Motovun/Montona is a town that grew up on the site of an ancient city called Castellieri. It is situated on a hill 270 metres above sea level with houses scattered all over the hill, on the inner walls are several coats-of-arms of different Motovun/Montona ruling families and two gravestones of Roman inhabitants. In the 10th and 11th centuries it belonged to the Bishop of Parenzo/Poreč, from 1278 it was taken over by Venice and surrounded by solid walls which are still intact today, and used as a walkway with unique views over the four corners of Istria. It is an example of Venetian colonial architecture. The late-Renaissance church of St. Stephen was built right at the beginning of the 17th century according to sketches probably designed by the well-known Venetian architect Andrea Palladio, the water cisterns in the square in front of the church date from the 14th and 15th centuries. Since this fungus grows underground, it is gathered with the aid of specially trained dogs, the most common tree in the forest is the English or brown oak. On the slopes of the hill, grapes for famous Istrian wines are grown, the Teran, Motovun is known among todays population of Istria as the city of Veli Jože, the good gentle giant who represents the Croatian people of Istria. The story written by the nationalist Vladimir Nazor, one of the most important Croatian writers of the 20th century, the story was based on local folktales as a response to the national struggles of the Croats for equality with the politically dominant ethnic German and Italian community. The tale is known today throughout Croatia, while the character of Veli Jože is quite correctly linked with the city, since 1999, Motovun has hosted the international Motovun Film Festival for independent and avant-garde films from the U. S. and Europe. The community is divided on the issue, as many welcome the development as an aid to jobs. An environmental impact study has now been completed, motovuns ground plan is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 10 kuna banknote, issued in 1993,1995,2001 and 2004. Montona was the birthplace of race car driver Mario Andretti and his twin brother Aldo in 1940, the brothers raced hand-crafted wooden cars through the steep streets. After World War II Istria became a part of Croatia, a constituent unit of Yugoslavia. His family, like other ethnic Italians, emigrated. They lived in a camp near Lucca from 1948 to 1955, the Andretti family resettled in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, United States. Montona was also the birthplace in 1495 of prominent Renaissance Italian music printer Andrea Antico and he started publishing in Rome in 1510 and after obtaining a patent from Pope Leo X he published polyphonic music and music for organ
Croatia
Istria
