1.
Downtown Austin
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Downtown Austin is the central business district of Austin, Texas. Downtown is located on the bank of the Colorado River. It is where the citys buildings are located, as well as being the center of government. Downtown Austin is currently experiencing a boom, with many condos. The story of Downtown Austin began with the Republic of Texas, Lamar tapped Edwin Waller to direct the planning and construction of the new town. Waller chose a site on a bluff above the Colorado River, Waller laid the new city in a simple grid pattern on a 640-acre with 14 blocks running in both directions. Much of this design is still intact in downtown Austin today. One grand avenue, which Lamar named Congress, cut through the center of town from Capitol Square down to the Colorado River, the streets running north-south were named for Texas rivers with their order of placement matching the order of rivers on the Texas state map. The east-west streets were named after trees native to the region, the citys perimeters stretched north to south from the river at 1st Street to 15th Street, and from East Avenue to West Avenue. Waller reserved key spots for public buildings and four public squares, three of Wallers original squares survive to this day, Wooldridge Park, Republic Square and Brush Square. Edwin Waller, the first mayor of Austin, designed Congress Avenue to be Austins most prominent street, planned as the widest street in the original 1839 Austin plan, the 120-foot wide Congress Avenue initially ran from the Colorado River north to the State Capitol. Not coincidentally, Congress was the most important street in Austin city life during the 19th century, early structures along Congress Avenue included government buildings, hotels, saloons, retail stores and restaurants. By the late 1840s The Avenue formed a business district. The mid-1870s introduced gaslight illumination and mule-driven streetcars as well as construction of a new Travis County courthouse at Eleventh Street, stretching from First Street north to Eleventh Street, the Congress Avenue Historic District was created on August 11,1978. Stylistically, the structures of significance reflected general Victorian form and detailing, tempered by local materials. Sixth Street is a street and entertainment district in Downtown Austin. Sixth Street itself stretches from Mopac Expressway in Old West Austin across to Interstate 35, the area around nearby 4th Street and 6th Street has been a major entertainment district since the 1970s. Many bars, clubs, music venues, and shopping destinations are located on E. 6th Street between Congress Avenue and Interstate 35 and many live music at one time or another during the week
2.
Austin, Texas
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Austin is the capital of the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. It is the 11th-most populous city in the U. S. and it is the fastest growing large city in the United States and the second most populous capital city after Phoenix, Arizona. As of the U. S. Census Bureaus July 1,2015 estimate and it is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 2,056,405 as of July 1,2016. In the 1830s, pioneers began to settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River, in 1839, the site was officially chosen to replace Houston as the new capital of the Republic of Texas and was incorporated under the name Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas and the republics first secretary of state. The city subsequently grew throughout the 19th century and became a center for government and education with the construction of the Texas State Capitol and the University of Texas at Austin. After a lull in growth from the Great Depression, Austin resumed its development into a city and, by the 1980s, it emerged as a center for technology. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including Amazon. com, cisco, eBay, Google, IBM, Intel, Oracle Corporation, Texas Instruments, 3M, and Whole Foods Market. Dells worldwide headquarters is located in nearby Round Rock, a suburb of Austin, residents of Austin are known as Austinites. They include a mix of government employees, college students, musicians, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers. The city also adopted Silicon Hills as a nickname in the 1990s due to an influx of technology. In the late 1800s, Austin was known as the City of the Violet Crown because of the glow of light across the hills just after sunset. Even today, many Austin businesses use the term Violet Crown in their name, Austin is known as a clean-air city for its stringent no-smoking ordinances that apply to all public places and buildings, including restaurants and bars. The FBI ranked Austin as the second-safest major city in the U. S. for the year 2012, U. S. News & World Report named Austin the best place to live in the U. S. in 2017. Austin, Travis County and Williamson County have been the site of habitation since at least 9200 BC. When settlers arrived from Europe, the Tonkawa tribe inhabited the area, the Comanches and Lipan Apaches were also known to travel through the area. Spanish colonists, including the Espinosa-Olivares-Aguirre expedition, traveled through the area for centuries, in 1730, three missions from East Texas were combined and reestablished as one mission on the south side of the Colorado River, in what is now Zilker Park, in Austin. The mission was in area for only about seven months
3.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Body of water
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A body of water or waterbody is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planets surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, a body of water does not have to be still or contained, Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water. Most are naturally occurring geographical features, but some are artificial, there are types that can be either. For example, most reservoirs are created by engineering dams, similarly, most harbors are naturally occurring bays, but some harbors have been created through construction. Bodies of water that are navigable are known as waterways, some bodies of water collect and move water, such as rivers and streams, and others primarily hold water, such as lakes and oceans. The term body of water can also refer to a reservoir of water held by a plant, note that there are some geographical features involving water that are not bodies of water, for example waterfalls, geysers and rapids. Arm of the sea - also sea arm, used to describe a sea loch, arroyo - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. Artificial lake or artificial pond - see reservoir or impoundment, barachois - a lagoon separated from the ocean by a sand bar. Bay - an area of water bordered by land on three sides, similar to, but smaller than a gulf, bayou - a slow-moving stream or a marshy lake. Bight - a large and often only slightly receding bay, or a bend in any geographical feature, billabong - see Oxbow lake, a pond or still body of water created when a river changes course and some water becomes trapped. Boil - see Seep Brook - a small stream, canal - an artificial waterway, usually connected to existing lakes, rivers, or oceans. Channel - the physical confine of a river, slough or ocean consisting of a bed. See also stream bed and strait, earth scientists generally use the term to describe a circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance, though colloquially the term is sometimes used to describe any sheltered bay. Basin - a region of land where water from rain or snowmelt drains downhill into another body of water, such as a river, lake, creek - an inlet of the sea, narrower than a cove. Delta - the location where a river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, distributary or distributary channel - a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. Draw - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, fjord - a submergent landform which has occurred due to glacial activity. Glacier - a large collection of ice or a river that moves slowly down a mountain. Glacial Pothole - see Kettle Gulf - a part of a lake or ocean that extends so that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar to, but larger than a bay, headland - an area of water bordered by land on three sides
7.
Reservoir
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A reservoir is a storage space for fluids. These fluids may be water, hydrocarbons or gas, a reservoir usually means an enlarged natural or artificial lake, storage pond or impoundment created using a dam or lock to store water. Reservoirs can be created by controlling a stream that drains a body of water. They can also be constructed in river valleys using a dam, alternately, a reservoir can be built by excavating flat ground or constructing retaining walls and levees. Tank reservoirs store liquids or gases in storage tanks that may be elevated, at grade level, tank reservoirs for water are also called cisterns. Underground reservoirs are used to store liquids, principally either water or petroleum, a dam constructed in a valley relies on the natural topography to provide most of the basin of the reservoir. Dams are typically located at a part of a valley downstream of a natural basin. The valley sides act as walls, with the dam located at the narrowest practical point to provide strength. In many reservoir construction projects, people have to be moved and re-housed, construction of a reservoir in a valley will usually need the river to be diverted during part of the build, often through a temporary tunnel or by-pass channel. In hilly regions, reservoirs are constructed by enlarging existing lakes. Sometimes in such reservoirs the new top water level exceeds the height on one or more of the feeder streams such as at Llyn Clywedog in Mid Wales. In such cases additional side dams are required to contain the reservoir, where water is pumped or siphoned from a river of variable quality or quantity, bank-side reservoirs may be built to store the water. Such reservoirs are usually formed partly by excavation and partly by building a complete encircling bund or embankment, the water stored in such reservoirs may stay there for several months, during which time normal biological processes may substantially reduce many contaminants and almost eliminate any turbidity. The use of reservoirs also allows water abstraction to be stopped for some time. Service reservoirs store fully treated potable water close to the point of distribution, many service reservoirs are constructed as water towers, often as elevated structures on concrete pillars where the landscape is relatively flat. Other service reservoirs can be almost entirely underground, especially in hilly or mountainous country. In the United Kingdom, Thames Water has many underground reservoirs, sometimes called cisterns, built in the 1800s. A good example is the Honor Oak Reservoir in London, constructed between 1901 and 1909, when it was completed it was said to be the largest brick built underground reservoir in the world and it is still one of the largest in Europe
8.
Inflow (hydrology)
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In hydrology, the inflow of a body of water is the source of the water in the body of water. It can also refer to the volume of incoming water in unit time. All bodies of water have multiple inflows, but often, one inflow may predominate, however, in many cases, no single inflow will predominate and there will be multiple primary inflows. For a lake, the inflow may be a river or stream that flows into the lake. Inflow may also be, strictly speaking, not flows, but rather precipitation, inflow can also be used to refer to groundwater recharge. The dictionary definition of inflow at Wiktionary
9.
Colorado River (Texas)
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The Colorado River is an 862-mile long river in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the 18th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas and its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado, near Lamesa. It flows generally southeast, out of the Llano Estacado and through the Texas Hill Country, through several reservoirs including Lake J. B. Thomas, E. V. Spence Reservoir, and Lake O. H. The river flows through several reservoirs before reaching Austin, including Lake Buchanan. Johnson, commonly referred to as Lake LBJ and Lake Travis, the Llano River joins the Colorado at Lake LBJ near Kingsland. The Pedernales River joins the Colorado at Lake Travis near Briarcliff, after passing through Austin, the Colorado River continues flowing southeast until emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, near Matagorda. The Colorado River, which red or reddish river in Spanish, was frequently confused by Spanish explorers with the Brazos River to the north. The European discoverer of two neighboring rivers called the present Colorado River the Brazos de Dios, and called the present Brazos the Colorado River. The upper Colorado River was controlled by Comanches from the early 18th century to the late 19th century, in 1757, Spanish Texas attempted to establish an outlying Catholic mission on the San Saba River, near its confluence with the Colorado River. Nearly defenseless and viewed by the Comanche tribe as a territorial invasion, the Comanche were not effectively challenged on the upper Colorado River for nearly a century. The river is an important source of water for farming, cities, major man-made reservoirs on the river include Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake in Austin. Collectively, these lakes are known as the Highland Lakes, in addition to power plants operating on each of the major lakes, waters of the Colorado are used for cooling the South Texas Nuclear Project, near Bay City. The Colorado River Municipal Water District owns and operates three reservoirs upstream of the Highland Lakes, Lake J. B, Thomas near Snyder, E. V. Spence Reservoir near Robert Lee, and O. H. Ivie Reservoir near Ballinger. Flood control and use of the Colorado River is managed by two agencies established by the Texas Legislature, the Upper Colorado River Authority, and the Lower Colorado River Authority, there are 11 major reservoirs along the Colorado River. The Colorado River is joined by five significant tributaries, Concho River, Pecan Bayou, Llano River, San Saba River, beals Creek is also a tributary fed by arroyos such as Sulphur Springs Draw, McKenzie, Seminole, Monument, Mustang, Midland, and Johnson Draws
10.
Discharge (hydrology)
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In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area. It includes any suspended solids, dissolved chemicals, or biologic material in addition to the water itself, GH Dury and MJ Bradshaw are two hydrologists who devised the models showing the relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The units that are used to express discharge include m³/s, ft³/s and/or acre-feet per day. For example, the discharge of the Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second or 190,000,000 cubic metres per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating, the discharge of a river is based on a form of the continuity equation. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the streams discharge hydrograph, the stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in a slow recession. Because the peak flow also corresponds to the water level reached during the event. The amount of precipitation correlates to the volume of water that flows out of the river. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and the level of the stream is described by a rating curve, average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, if a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the streams discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force, larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure
11.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
12.
Cooling pond
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The latter process can cause thermal pollution of the receiving waters. Cooling ponds are also used with air conditioning systems in large buildings as an alternative to cooling towers. Cooling towers are not a choice because their internal surfaces have been coated with a non-approved paint such as bitumen or epoxy. The pond receives thermal energy in the water from the plant’s condensers, once the water has cooled in the pond, it is reused by the plant. New water is added to the system to replace the water lost through evaporation, many such ponds have secondary outdoor recreational purposes that include fishing, swimming, boating, camping and picnicking. One example is Lake Anna in Virginia, which provides cooling water for the North Anna Nuclear Generating Station, pond Solar pond Deep lake water cooling
13.
First Lady of the United States
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First Lady of the United States is the informal but accepted title held by the wife of the President of the United States, concurrent with the presidents term of office. Although the first lady’s role has never been codified or officially defined, melania Trump is the current First Lady. While the title was not in use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington. During her lifetime she was referred to as Lady Washington. Since the 1790s the role of first lady has changed considerably and it has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the individual first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors. Historically, should a president be unmarried, or a widower, the use of the title First Lady to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D. C. social circles. The title first gained recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist Mary C. Ames referred to Lucy Webb Hayes as the First Lady of the Land while reporting on the inauguration of Rutherford B, the frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled The First Lady in the Land, by the 1930s, it was in wide use. Use of the later spread from the United States to other nations. The wife of the Vice President of the United States is sometimes referred to as the Second Lady of the United States, the position of the First Lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in American society, the role of the First Lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House and she organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four main themes of the first ladyship, as public woman, as political celebrity, as political activist. Martha Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital and this socializing became known as the Republican Court and provided elite women with an opportunity to play backstage political role
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Lady Bird Johnson
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Claudia Alta Lady Bird Johnson was First Lady of the United States, as the wife of the 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson. Notably well-educated for a woman of her era, she proved a capable manager and she bought a radio station, followed by a TV station, which generated revenues making them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, Lady Bird Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nations cities and highways. The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Birds Bill and she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest U. S. civilian honors. Claudia Alta Taylor was born in Karnack, Texas, a town in Harrison County and her birthplace was The Brick House, an antebellum plantation house on the outskirts of town, which her father had purchased shortly before her birth. She is a descendant of Rowland Taylor through his grandson Captain Thomas J. Taylor and she was named for her mothers brother Claud. During her infancy, her nursemaid, Alice Tittle, said that she was as purty as a ladybird, opinions differ about whether the name refers to a bird or a ladybird beetle, the latter of which is commonly referred to as a ladybug in North America. The nickname virtually replaced her first name for the rest of her life and her father and siblings called her Lady, and her husband called her Bird—the name she used on her marriage license. During her teenage years, some classmates would call her Bird to provoke her, a native of Alabama, her father had primarily English ancestry, and some Welsh and Danish. Her mother was also a native of Alabama, of English and Scottish descent and her father, Thomas Jefferson Taylor, was a sharecroppers son. He became a businessman, and owned 15,000 acres of cotton. My father was a strong character, to put it mildly. He lived by his own rules and it was a whole feudal way of life, really. Born Minnie Lee Pattillo, her mother loved opera and felt out of place in Karnack, when Lady Bird was five years old, Minnie fell down a flight of stairs while pregnant and died of complications of miscarriage. Her husband, however, tended to see blacks as hewers of wood and drawers of water, Lady Bird had two elder brothers, Thomas Jefferson Jr. and Antonio, also known as Tony. Her widowed father married twice more and his third wife was Ruth Scroggins, whom he married in 1937. She was largely raised by her maternal aunt Effie Pattillo, who moved to Karnack after her sisters death, Lady Bird also visited her Pattillo relatives in Autauga County, Alabama, every summer until she was a young woman. As she explained, Until I was about 20, summertime always meant Alabama to me
15.
Colorado River
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The Colorado River is one of the principal rivers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The 1, 450-mile-long Colorado River drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U. S. starting in the central Rocky Mountains in the U. S. After entering Mexico, the Colorado approaches the mostly dry Colorado River Delta at the tip of the Gulf of California between Baja California and Sonora. Known for its dramatic canyons, whitewater rapids, and eleven U. S. National Parks, the Colorados large flow and steep gradient are used for generating hydroelectric power, and its major dams regulate peaking power demands in much of the Intermountain West. Intensive water consumption has dried up the lower 100 miles of the river, beginning with small bands of nomadic hunter-gatherers, Native Americans have inhabited the Colorado River basin for at least 8,000 years. Most native peoples that inhabit the basin today are descended from groups that settled in the region beginning about 1,000 years ago. Europeans first entered the Colorado Basin in the 16th century, when explorers from Spain began mapping and claiming the area, early contact between Europeans and Native Americans was generally limited to the fur trade in the headwaters and sporadic trade interactions along the lower river. After most of the Colorado River basin became part of the U. S. in 1846, several expeditions charted the Colorado in the mid-19th century – one of which, led by John Wesley Powell, was the first to run the rapids of the Grand Canyon. American explorers collected valuable information that would later be used to develop the river for navigation, lesser numbers settled in the upper basin, which was the scene of major gold strikes in the 1860s and 1870s. Large engineering works began around the start of the 20th century, with guidelines established in a series of international. The U. S. federal government was the driving force behind the construction of dams and aqueducts in the river system, although many state. Most of the dams in the river basin were built between 1910 and 1970, the system keystone, Hoover Dam, was completed in 1935. The Colorado is now considered among the most controlled and litigated rivers in the world, as demands for Colorado River water continue to rise, the level of human development and control of the river continues to generate controversy. The Colorado begins at La Poudre Pass in the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, after a short run south, the river turns west below Grand Lake, the largest natural lake in the state. As it flows southwest, it gains strength from many tributaries, as well as larger ones including the Blue, Eagle. In a few areas, such as the marshy Kawuneeche Valley near the headwaters, arcing northwest, the Colorado begins to cut across the eponymous Colorado Plateau, a vast area of high desert centered at the Four Corners of the southwestern United States. In Utah, the Colorado flows primarily through the slickrock country and this is one of the most inaccessible regions of the continental United States. Here, the San Juan River, carrying runoff from the slope of Colorados San Juan Mountains, joins the Colorado from the east. S
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Southwestern United States
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The population of the area is around 11 million people, with over half that in Arizona, the most populous cities are Phoenix, El Paso, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Most of the area was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Spanish Empire before becoming part of Mexico and it became part of the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, the two major rivers of the region are the Colorado River, running in the northern and western areas, and the Rio Grande, running in the south. Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a dry desert. The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico. While it is the second largest desert in the United States, only a third of the desert is within the United States, El Paso is the major city in this desert, with other smaller cities being Las Cruces and Roswell in New Mexico. The Chihuahuan is a rain shadow desert, formed two mountain ranges which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area. The most prolific plants in this region are agave, yucca and creosote bushes, when people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind. Rainfall averages between 4–12 inches per year, and the deserts most widely known inhabitant is the saguaro cactus and it is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the Arizona Mountains forests and the Chihuahuan Desert. The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders, Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, also within its borders are Yuma and Prescott Arizona. The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert, bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, and the northwestern corner of Arizona. In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, the Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States. The Mojave gets less than six inches of rain annually, the most prolific vegetation is the tall Joshua tree, which grow as tall as 40 feet, and are thought to live almost 1000 years. Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, the Colorado Plateau varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of ponderosa pine trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east. Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert, the Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons. The most dramatic example is the Grand Canyon, but that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, painted deserts, sand dunes, and badlands. One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, the Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region
17.
Texas Highland Lakes
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The Texas Highland Lakes is a chain of six fresh water lakes in Central Texas formed by six dams on the lower Colorado River. The Texas Colorado River winds southeast from West Texas to Matagorda Bay, the Lower Colorado River Authority built the dams to manage floods and generate hydroelectric power in the 1930s and 1940s. The two largest lakes—Buchanan and Travis—are the reservoirs that store water supply for the region, the smaller lakes—Inks, LBJ, Marble Falls and Austin—are pass-through lakes that are operated within a certain range. Highland Lakes Lower Colorado River Authority
18.
Lake Buchanan (Texas)
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Lake Buchanan was formed by the construction of Buchanan Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority to provide a water supply for the region and to provide hydroelectric power. Buchanan Dam, a structure over 2 mi in length, was completed in 1939, Lake Buchanan was the first of the Texas Highland Lakes to be formed, and with 22,333 acres of surface water, it is also the largest. The surface of the lake area in both Burnet and Llano Counties. The lake is west of the city of Burnet, Texas, the other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake. The lake is named for Representative James P. Buchanan, who is credited with securing the funding to build the lake, Lake Buchanan was artificially created upon the completion of the adjacent Buchanan Dam in 1938. Work on the dam began in April 1931, but was suspended a year later. Work resumed in 1935, with the dam completed three years later, however, deliberate impounding of the reservoir began in May 1937. The flooding of the lake forced the community of Bluffton to relocate 5 mi westward, the abandoned community was soon inundated, however, a drought in 2011 caused Lake Buchanans water level to drop significantly, exposing the remains of the town. Lake Buchanan has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Lake Buchanan include largemouth bass, catfish, white bass, Lake Buchanan is a level-controlled reservoir, and will not be allowed to flood during periods of heavy rain. The lake level can, however, drop significantly during periods of drought, much of the property bordering Lake Buchanan is privately owned. Many lakeside cottages and homes are rented out on a regular basis, the Lower Colorado River Authority maintains three parks on the lake, Cedar Point Recreation Area, Black Rock Park, and Canyon of the Eagles. County parks and private marinas offer boating access to the lake, Fall Creek Winery, the oldest winery in the Texas Hill Country, is located at the confluence of Fall Creek and Lake Buchanan
19.
Inks Lake
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Inks Lake is a reservoir on the Colorado River in the Texas Hill Country in the United States. The reservoir was formed in 1938 by the construction of Inks Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority, located near Burnet, Texas, the lake serves to provide flood control in tandem with Lake Buchanan and features the smallest hydroelectric power plant on the Highland Lakes chain. Inks Lake was named for Roy B, Inks, one of the original board members of the Lower Colorado River Authority, and serves as a venue for outdoor recreation, including fishing, boating, swimming, camping, and picnicking. The other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, Inks Lake has been stocked with several species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Inks Lake include largemouth bass, white bass, catfish, crappie, Inks Lake is a level-controlled reservoir with less than one foot variation in water level annually. Some of the property bordering Inks Lake is privately owned, Inks Lake State Park is adjacent to the lake and includes facilities for camping, backpacking, swimming, golf, and boat access. Cliff jumping is another water activity locals and visitors enjoy at Devils Water Hole located within the confines of Inks Lake State Park on Inks Lake, in the 1990s and early 2000s, a fish restaurant was permanently moored adjacent to an RV park on a barge. The restaurant is closed, however the RV park remains, camp Longhorn, a summer camp for boys and girls founded by Tex Robertson, is adjacent to the lake. Official LCRA Inks Lake web site Inks Lake Inks Lake - Texas Parks & Wildlife Inks Lake State Park
20.
Lake Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lake Lyndon B. Johnson is a reservoir on the Colorado River in the Texas Hill Country about 45 miles northwest of Austin. The reservoir was formed in 1950 by the construction of Granite Shoals Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority, the Colorado River and the Llano River meet in the northern portion of the lake at Kingsland. The towns of Granite Shoals, Kingsland, Horseshoe Bay, Highland Haven, the boundary line separating Burnet County and Llano County runs down the center of the lake. The lake was originally called Lake Granite Shoals, in addition to his work to enact the Rural Electrification Act that formed the basis for building the Texas Highland Lakes, President Johnson owned a ranch on the lake. He and Mrs. Johnson entertained national and foreign dignitaries on the lake during his presidency and presidency. The other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, Lake LBJ along with Inks Lake and Lake Marble Falls are pass-through lakes for Lake Buchanan and Lake Travis. There is no room in Lake LBJ for additional water storage, therefore, Lake LBJ is at a near constant level, but the level can fluctuate, especially during a flood. The LCRA lowers the lake periodically for maintenance on Wirtz Dam, Lake LBJ has been stocked with several species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Lake LBJ include largemouth bass, white bass, catfish, Lake LBJ is one of the Highland Lakes infested with hydrilla, a non-native aquatic plant species, and the LCRA is undergoing treatment to eradicate the hydrilla. Most of the property bordering Lake LBJ is privately owned, the Nightengale Archaeological Center at Kingsland is a unique educational park operated by the Lower Colorado River Authority that is adjacent to Lake LBJ. The popularity of Lake LBJ is largely due to its normally constant level water which provides conditions for boating, water skiing, riding personal water craft. The lake provides cooling water for the Thomas C. Ferguson Power Plant that is located on its shores
21.
Lake Marble Falls
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Lake Marble Falls is a reservoir on the Colorado River in the Texas Hill Country in the United States. The reservoir was formed in 1951 by the construction of Max Starcke Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority, originally named Marble Falls Dam, the dam was renamed in 1962 for Max Starcke, the second general director of the LCRA. Located near the town of Marble Falls, the lake is used as a venue for aquatic recreation and it is the newest of the Texas Highland Lakes, and at 611 acres it is the second smallest lake in the Texas Highland Lakes behind Lady Bird Lake. The other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, Lake Marble Falls has been stocked with several species of native fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Inks Lake include largemouth bass, catfish, Lake Marble Falls boasts being in the top 50 as far as Record Stripers Striped Bass in the Texas freshwater fish records. Http, //www. tpwd. state. tx. us/fishboat/fish/programs/fishrecords/freshwater/top50_striped. phtml Most of the property bordering Lake Marble Falls is privately owned, fishing and boating are popular recreational activities, including the annual Lake Marble Falls Lakefest drag boat races. Official LCRA Wirtz Dam web site Lake Marble Falls - Texas Parks & Wildlife Lake Marble Falls Lakefest
22.
Lake Travis
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Built specifically to contain floodwaters in a flash-flood prone region, Lake Travis is a reservoir on the Colorado River in central Texas in the United States. The reservoir was formed in 1942 by the construction of Mansfield Dam on the edge of Austin. Highlighting its purpose, even during its construction -- after a flood in July 1938 -- the height of the dam was raised to add storage capacity for floodwaters. The Pedernales River, a tributary of the Colorado River. The lake is used for control, water supply, electrical power generation and -- advisedly, with warnings. The other reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Austin, per its intended purpose for being built, the lake serves as the primary flood control reservoir of the Highland Lake chain. The level of the lake can vary dramatically -- with an over 96-foot range between its historical high and low -- depending on the amount of rainfall in the Colorado River basin upstream. In ranking lakes in Texas for accidental fatalities, Lake Travis has regrettably been in both first-place and tied for second-place over years. Directly due to the primary purpose, unusual hazards are presented to both boaters and swimmers due to the lakes normal, by-design, large variations in water-depth. Become-shallow waters can threaten high-speed boat passengers with lethally traumatic, unforeseen, conversely, become-deeper waters, and unexpected drop-offs, can immediately threaten swimmers lives without their being able to issue a single call for help. The use of a device is wise for swimmers, and boaters survival has in many cases hinged on driving sober. Moreover, aside from the risks of running aground at high speed. Locations of Lake Travis drownings are available at this map, statistically, over half of those who drowned in the local county have been intoxicated with alcohol and/or drugs at the time of their death. In Travis County, of the 84 accidental drowning deaths occurred during 2009 and 2010 combined,30 had blood alcohol concentrations greater than 0. 08%. And 17 of the 84 cases had illicit drugs, pain medications, another recreational use, nude sunbathing and swimming, is permitted in Hippie Hollow Park. This picturesque park is located near the end of Lake Travis. Lake Travis is generally considered one of the clearest lakes in Texas and it is a vital water supply for the nearby city of Austin, Texas and the surrounding metropolitan area. Lake Travis has been stocked with species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing
23.
Lake Austin
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Lake Austin, formerly Lake McDonald, is a water reservoir on the Colorado River in Austin, Texas. The reservoir was formed in 1939 by the construction of Tom Miller Dam by the Lower Colorado River Authority, Lake Austin is one of the seven Highland Lakes created by the LCRA, and is used for flood control, electrical power generation, and recreation. Lake Austin is a part of the Colorado River, it begins below Mansfield Dam and is fed by the outflow of Lake Travis. Its outflow through Tom Miller Dam then becomes the principal inflow for Lady Bird Lake, Lake Austin is maintained as a constant-level lake by releases of water from Lake Travis upstream. The other Highland Lake reservoirs on the Colorado River are Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, and Lake Travis upstream, and Lady Bird Lake downstream. The first lake on the site was named Lake McDonald. In 1900 a heavy rainstorm overwhelmed and destroyed the first Austin Dam, the dam began to be rebuilt in 1915, but repairs were abandoned because of a contract dispute, and the unfinished dam was again destroyed in a heavy storm later that year. In 1938 the Lower Colorado River Authority began building the Tom Miller Dam, the dam was completed, Lake Austin is a popular fishing and boating destination. The lake is considered to have an excellent stock of largemouth bass, Lake Austin has been stocked with several species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. Fish present in Lake Austin include largemouth bass, catfish, Lake Austin is one of the Texas Highland Lakes infested with hydrilla, a non-native aquatic plant species. As of March 2014, hydrilla has been eliminated from the lake through the stocking of Asian Grass Carp by the City of Austin. U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Lake Austin
24.
Longhorn Dam
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Longhorn Dam is a dam crossing the Colorado River in Austin, Texas, United States, where it creates Lady Bird Lake. Completed in 1960, the dam was built by the City of Austin as the last in a chain of Colorado River dams in central Texas begun during the Great Depression. The name refers to its location on a used for longhorn cattle drives as a part of the Chisholm Trail in the late 19th century. Longhorn Dam was constructed in the late 1950s to establish a reservoir for Austins Holly Street Power Plant. The reservoir it created, Lady Bird Lake, was originally used as a source of drinking water for the city. In 2007 the power plant was decommissioned and subsequently demolished to make way for a new urban park, today the reservoirs major uses are recreation. The stabilization of the shoreline that the dam afforded enabled substantial parkland development along the newly created lake, including Auditorium Shores. City officials have estimated the cost of repairing or replacing the dam in the tens of millions of dollars, longhorn Dam is located at 30. 2504°, -97. 7135°, with a full water level at 428 feet above sea level. The reservoir impoundment length is 5.75 miles, creating Lady Bird Lake, water release through the dam varies with rainfall and with the seasonal demand for irrigation water downstream. The dam stands 36 feet high and runs a length of 506 feet across the Colorado River and it includes nine floodgates that are used to control water release and maintain a stable water level in the reservoir
25.
KTBC (TV)
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KTBC, channel 7, is a Fox owned-and-operated television station located in Austin, Texas, United States. The station is owned by the Fox Television Stations subsidiary of 21st Century Fox, KTBC maintains studios located on East 10th Street near the Texas State Capitol in downtown Austin, and its transmitter is based at the West Austin Antenna Farm on Mount Larson. The station began in 1952 as the first station in Austin, the station carried programming from the major networks, with a large portion coming from CBS. It carried NBC programs until 1966, the year after what was known as KHFI signed on, and ABC programs until 1971. In 1995, it part of the Fox network. KTBC-TV signed on the air on November 27,1952, becoming the first television station in Austin and it was originally owned by the Texas Broadcasting Company, which was in turn owned by then-Senator Lyndon Johnson and his wife Lady Bird, alongside KTBC radio. It carried all four networks at the time, ABC, CBS, NBC. However, it was a primary CBS affiliate, in its early history, it carried roughly 65% of CBSs schedule, NBC and ABC roughly split the remaining coverage in half. In 1960, the staff of channel 7 produced a film for the Texas Department of Public Safety, KTBC-TV benefited from a quirk in the FCCs plan for allocating stations. In the early days of broadcast television, there were twelve VHF channels available and 69 UHF channels, the VHF bands were more desirable because they carried longer distances. Since there were only twelve VHF channels available, there were limitations as to how closely the stations could be spaced, after the FCCs Sixth Report and Order ended the license freeze and opened the UHF band in 1952, it devised a plan for allocating VHF licenses. Under this plan, almost all of the country would be able to receive two commercial VHF channels plus one noncommercial channel, most of the rest of the country would be able to receive a third VHF channel. Other areas would be designated as UHF islands since they were too close to cities for VHF service. The 2 networks became CBS and NBC, +1 represented non-commercial educational stations, however, Austin is sandwiched between San Antonio to the south and Waco/Temple/Bryan to the north. This created a doughnut in central Texas where there could be only one VHF license. Additionally, UHF signals usually do not travel far over long distances or over rugged terrain. As a result, KTBC-TV was the station in Austin until KHFI-TV signed on in February 1965. NBC programming continued to be broadcast solely on KTBC-TV for the next 18 months due to contractual obligations, channel 7 became an exclusive CBS affiliate when all of ABCs programming moved to KVUE when that station first signed on in September 1971
26.
Mayor of Austin
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The Mayor of the City of Austin is the official head of the city of Austin in the U. S. state of Texas. The office was established in 1840 after Austin incorporated as a city in 1839, the mayor of Austin is elected by universal suffrage by the citizens of Austin to a three-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms. Austin has a form of government which means day-to-day operations of the city are run by the city manager. The mayor is the head of city government ceremonially, the mayor is technically a member of the city council and is required to preside at all meetings. The mayor is also allowed to vote on all matters that come before the city council, as of fiscal year 2014–15, the salary for the mayor is set at $82,387. The mayor is elected in a citywide election, elections occur every four years during even-numbered years. Elections are non-partisan and by majority, but if no candidate receives a majority a run-off election is called between the top two candidates who received the most votes. Per city code of ordinances, if the mayor is absent or disabled, the mayor is subject to recall by registered voters if a petition is signed and filed that contains the signatures of 10 percent of the qualified voters. If the petition is verified, an election is called at the earliest convenient available date. If the recall passes, the mayor immediately vacates office, there are two limitations to the recall process. First, no recall petition can be filed until the mayor has been in office for at least six months, second, the mayor will not be subject to more than one recall
27.
Hiking
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Hiking is the preferred term, in Canada and the United States, for a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails, in the countryside, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the word hiking is also often used in the UK, along with rambling, hillwalking, and fell walking. The term bushwalking is endemic to Australia, having been adopted by the Sydney Bush Walkers club in 1927, in New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is called tramping. It is an activity with numerous hiking organizations worldwide. In the United States, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, a day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day. However, in the United Kingdom, the walking is also used, as well as rambling. In Northern England, Including the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales, fellwalking describes hill or mountain walks, hiking sometimes involves bushwhacking and is sometimes referred to as such. This specifically refers to walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes. In extreme cases of bushwhacking, where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, the Australian term bushwalking refers to both on and off-trail hiking. Common terms for hiking used by New Zealanders are tramping, walking or bushwalking, trekking is the preferred word used to describe multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal, North America, South America, Iran and in the highlands of East Africa. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking, in North America, multi-day hikes, usually with camping, are referred to as backpacking. The idea of taking a walk in the countryside for pleasure developed in the 18th-century, in earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated with vagrancy. Thomas West, an English priest, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. To this end he included various stations or viewpoints around the lakes, published in 1778 the book was a major success. Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure, was the English poet William Wordsworth, in 1790 he embarked on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and Germany, a journey subsequently recorded in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude. His famous poem Tintern Abbey was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a tour of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworths friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799, he and Wordsworth undertook a three weeks tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the generation of Romantic poets began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland
28.
Trail
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A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
29.
Zilker Park
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Zilker Metropolitan Park is a recreational area in south Austin, Texas at the juncture of Barton Creek and the Colorado River that comprises over 350 acres of publicly owned land. It is named after its benefactor, Andrew Jackson Zilker, who donated the land to the city in 1917, the land was developed into a park during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Today the park serves as a hub for recreational activities. The large size of the park makes it a venue for large scale events such as the Austin City Limits Music Festival. The park was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 1997, the land surrounding Barton Springs was claimed by its namesake, William Barton, in the 1830s for his cattle ranch. In the 1860s it was acquired by the Rabb family, who operated mills on Barton Creek. Zilker sold his land to the City of Austin in a series of sales in 1917,1923 and 1931, in the 1930s the city transformed the ranch into a space for public recreation, building park amenities and buildings with help from the Civil Works Administration. Barton Springs Pool was given a concrete dam and a swimming area. In 1934 the park was named Zilker Metropolitan Park, after its donor, in addition to general-purpose lawns, sports fields, historical markers, concession stands and picnic areas, the park includes numerous public attractions. The Zilker Botanical Garden features several independently maintained gardens located near the center of the park, the Austin Nature & Science Center offers ecological exhibits, nature hike trails, and childrens educational programming. The Umlauf Sculpture Garden adjoins the southeast end of the park, displaying works by artist Charles Umlauf. The Zilker Hillside Theater hosts regular performances by theatre companies, including free Shakespeare in the Park every May. Barton Springs Pool adjoins the park on the east, offering public swimming, the Beverly S. Sheffield Education Center by Barton Springs Pool offers exhibits about the natural history of the Edwards Aquifer that feeds Barton Springs. Every winter the 155-foot Zilker Holiday Tree is illuminated, along with a Trail of Lights display, the Zilker Zephyr 12 in gauge miniature railway carries passengers on a tour around the park. The parks amenities and wide open spaces allow it to host a variety of events each year. Most notably, the Austin City Limits Music Festival fills the park for two weekends each fall with numerous musical performances by prominent artists
30.
Barton Springs
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Barton Springs is a set of four natural water springs located at Barton Creek on the grounds of Zilker Park in Austin, Texas, resulting from water flowing through the Edwards Aquifer. The largest spring, Main Barton Spring supplies water to Barton Springs Pool, the smaller springs are located nearby, two with man-made structures built to contain and direct their flow. The springs are the known habitat of the Barton Springs Salamander. The Barton Creek National Archeological and Historic District was formed in 1985, Barton Springs is the main discharge point for the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer of Texas, a well known karst aquifer. Geologically, the aquifer is composed of limestone from the Cretaceous period, fractures, fissures, conduits, and caves have developed in this limestone. Both physical forces, such as faulting, and chemical forces and this results in a karst aquifer made up of limestone with large void spaces. Water then enters the aquifer and fills the voids, all water discharging from Barton Springs originates as rainfall. Some of this rain falls directly onto the area of land where the limestone rock is exposed. Other rainfall enters into creeks that cross the zone. After water enters the aquifer, it flows along the created by differences in hydraulic pressure into the area of lowest hydraulic pressure. This lowest point of pressure is Barton Springs. Main Barton Spring/Parthenia is the most famous, yet least visible of the four springs as it is submerged by pool water. Located near the board in Barton Springs Pool, the springs flow is not always visible at the surface. The spring is not always available for swimming purposes, the main spring discharges an average flow of about 31 million US gallons per day. The three other springs associated with Barton Springs are Eliza, Old Mill, and Upper Barton Spring, each is significantly smaller than Main Barton Spring, discharging an average of 3 million US gallons per day. Sometimes, these dry up completely. Eliza Spring, also known as Concession Spring, is located on the side of Barton Springs Pool behind the concession stand. During the early 20th century, an amphitheater-style swimming enclosure was built around the spring and this structure is no longer open to the public due to safety concerns, and the fact that Eliza Spring has become a sensitive habitat area for the endangered Barton Springs Salamander
31.
Paddleboarding
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Paddleboarding participants are propelled by a swimming motion using their arms while lying, kneeling, or standing on a paddleboard or surfboard in the ocean. This article refers to traditional prone or kneeling paddleboarding, a derivative of paddleboarding is stand up paddle surfing and stand up paddleboarding. Paddleboarding is usually performed in the ocean, with the participant paddling and surfing unbroken swells to cross between islands or journey from one coastal area to another. Champion paddlers can stroke for hours and a 20-mile race is only a warm-up for well-trained watermen, ships Artist, John Webber, accompanied Captain James Cook to The Sandwich Islands in 1778, and in the lower left foreground of his 1781 engraving is depicted a Paddleboarder/Surfer Rider. Thomas Edward Blake is credited as the pioneer in construction in the early 1930s. While restoring historic Hawaiian boards in 1926 for the Bernice P. Bishop Museum and he lightened his redwood replica by drilling it full of holes, which he then covered, thus creating the first hollow board, which led to creation of the modern paddleboard. Two years later, using this same 16 ft,120 lb board, Blake won the Pacific Coast Surfriding Championship, Blake then returned to Hawaii to break virtually every established paddling record available, setting 1⁄2 mi and 100 yd records that stood until 1955. For paddleboarding, however, the principles of Blake’s 1926 design remain relevant even today. Its design, that has won more races than any other stock paddleboard. L. A. lifeguards Gibby Gibson and Buddy Bohn revived the Catalina Classic event in 1982 for a field of 10 competitors, as paddlers began ordering boards from the Mainland, local surfboard shapers like Dennis Pang moved quickly to fill the local niche. On both fronts, paddleboarding has been gaining momentum and popularity. In 1996 the sport of paddleboarding was making a comeback, once the domain of only dedicated watermen and big wave riders in the 50’s and 60’s, the sport found a new set of acolytes on the North Shore of Oahu and in Honolulu at the Outrigger Canoe Club. At that time Hawaii’s top paddler was Dawson Jones, after completing the 32 mi Catalina Classic, from Catalina Island to Manhattan Beach, Jones returned to Hawaii inspired to establish a race across the Ka’iwi Channel. In 1997, the race that is now known as the Molokai-2-Oahu Paddleboard World Championships was born, today the race sells out with both prone and stand up paddleboarders from around the world who compete in solo and team divisions. Paddleboards are divided by length into three classes, Stock,14 Foot, and Unlimited, Stock boards are 12 ft long, and best for paddlers around 180 lb or less. Stock boards are easy to accelerate and fast in choppy water, but with their short waterline, they lack the calm water top speed of 14 foot or Unlimited boards. 14 foot class boards are arguably the best all around board, at 14 ft in length, they combine many of the best characteristics of stock boards with nearly the calm water speed of Unlimited boards. Only about half of all races have a 14-foot class, Unlimited boards are the fastest boards afloat
32.
Kayak
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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of electric motors. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik, kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and these first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old, the oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Native people made many types of boat for different purposes, the baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is an open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet, made with seal skins. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them, passed on through oral tradition. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was laced to the kayak. This enabled the eskimo roll to become the method of regaining posture after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim. Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats, the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builders hips plus two fists, the typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet long by 20–22 inches wide by 7 inches deep and this measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak, because each kayak was a little different. Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of seals, though whales. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric
33.
Canoe
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A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel using a single-bladed paddle. In International Canoe Federation nomenclature used in some European countries such as the United Kingdom the term refers to kayaks. Canoes are used for racing, whitewater canoeing, touring and camping, freestyle, the intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape and length and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame, most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Canoes can be adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails, outboard motors, the word canoe comes from the Carib kenu, via the Spanish canoa. Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe, excavations in Denmark reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period. Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark, the indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes and they were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of 4.3 m and weight of 23 kg, although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good, and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the canoe was the most beautiful. Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar or yellow-cedar, different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, the Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake. The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used extensively, as did David Thompson. Its dimensions were, length approximately 11 m, beam 1.2 to 1.8 m and it could carry 60 packs weighing 41 kg, and 910 kg of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten, they could make three knots over calm waters, four to six men could portage it, bottom up
34.
Dragon boat
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A dragon boat is a human-powered watercraft. They were traditionally made in the Pearl River Delta region of Chinas southern Guangdong Province out of wood to various designs. In other parts of China, different kinds of wood are used to build these traditional watercraft and it is one of a family of traditional paddled long boats found throughout Asia, Africa, the Pacific islands and also Puerto Rico. Currently, boats are being made for competitive purposes out of fiber and other lightweight materials. But the history of boats in competition reaches as far back as the same era as the original games of Olympia in ancient Greece. Both dragon boat racing and the ancient Olympiad included aspects of religious observances, for competition events, dragon boats are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. At other times, decorative regalia is usually removed, although the drum often remains aboard for drummers to practice, Dragon boat races were traditionally held as part of the annual Duanwu Festival or Duen Ng observance in China. Not understanding the significance of Duanwu, 19th-century European observers of the racing ritual referred to the spectacle as a boat festival. This is the term that has known in the West. Duanwu is reckoned annually in accordance with the calendar system of China. In December 2007, the government of the Peoples Republic of China added Duanwu, along with Qingming and Mid-Autumn festivals. The celebration was an important part of the ancient Chinese agricultural society, Dragon boat racing was historically situated in the Chinese subcontinents southern-central rice bowl, where there were rice paddies, so were there dragon boats. Of the twelve animals which make up the traditional Chinese zodiac, all the rest are non-mythical animals, yet all twelve of the zodiac creatures were well known to members of ancient Chinese agrarian communities. Dragons were traditionally believed to be the rulers of water on earth, rivers, lakes, and seas, they also were thought to dominate the waters of the heavens, clouds, mists, and rains. There are earth dragons, mountain dragons, and sky or celestial dragons in Chinese tradition, mythical dragons and serpents are also found widely in many cultures around the world. Traditional dragon boat racing, in China, coincides with the 5th day of the 5th Chinese lunar month, the Summer Solstice occurs around 21 June and is the reason why Chinese refer to their festival as Duan Wu or Duen Ng. Both the sun and the dragon are considered to be male, the sun and the dragon are at their most potent during this time of the year, so cause for observing this through ritual celebrations such as dragon boat racing. It is also the time of farming year when rice seedlings must be transplanted in their paddy fields, Wu or Ng refers to the sun at its highest position in the sky during the day, the meridian of high noon
35.
Rowing (sport)
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Rowing, often referred to as crew in the United States, is a sport with origins back to Ancient Egyptian times. It is based on propelling a boat on water using oars, by pushing against the water with an oar, a force is generated to move the boat. The sport can be recreational, where the focus is on learning the technique of rowing, or competitive. There are a number of different boat classes in which athletes compete, modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 10th century when races were held between professional watermen on the River Thames in London, United Kingdom. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies, amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of boat clubs at the British public schools of Eton College and Westminster School. Similarly, clubs were formed at the University of Oxford, with a race held between Brasenose College and Jesus College in 1815, at the University of Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University, the International Rowing Federation, responsible for international governance of rowing, was founded in 1892 to provide regulation at a time when the sport was gaining popularity. Across six continents,150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport, Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take due to bad weather. Womens rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976, today, only fourteen boat classes race at the Olympics, Each year the World Rowing Championships is staged by FISA with 22 boat classes raced. In Olympic years only the boat classes are raced at the World Championships. The European Rowing Championships are held annually, along with three World Rowing Cups in which each event earns a number of points for a country towards the World Cup title, since 2008, rowing has also been competed at the Paralympic Games. Many other competitions often exist for racing clubs, schools, and universities in each nation. While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and this may be done on a canal, river, lake, sea, or other large bodies of water. The sport requires strong core balance, physical strength, flexibility, whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, the many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, its development in different regions of the world, and specific local requirements and restrictions. There are two forms of rowing, In sweep or sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar and this is generally done in pairs, fours, and eights. In some regions of the world, each rower in a boat is referred to either as port or starboard
36.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
37.
University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago is a private research university in Chicago, Illinois. It holds top-ten positions in national and international rankings and measures. The university currently enrolls approximately 5,700 students in the College, Chicagos physics department helped develop the worlds first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the viewing stands of universitys Stagg Field. The university is home to the University of Chicago Press. With an estimated date of 2020, the Barack Obama Presidential Center will be housed at the university. Both Harper and future president Robert Maynard Hutchins advocated for Chicagos curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences, the University of Chicago has many prominent alumni. 92 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university as professors, students, faculty, or staff, similarly,34 faculty members and 16 alumni have been awarded the MacArthur “Genius Grant”. Rockefeller on land donated by Marshall Field, while the Rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment, it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings. The original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy Chicagoans like Silas B, Cobb who provided the funds for the campus first building, Cobb Lecture Hall, and matched Marshall Fields pledge of $100,000. Organized as an independent institution legally, it replaced the first Baptist university of the same name, william Rainey Harper became the modern universitys first president on July 1,1891, and the university opened for classes on October 1,1892. The business school was founded thereafter in 1898, and the law school was founded in 1902, Harper died in 1906, and was replaced by a succession of three presidents whose tenures lasted until 1929. During this period, the Oriental Institute was founded to support, in 1896, the university affiliated with Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice, several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910, in 1929, the universitys fifth president, Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office, the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. In 1933, Hutchins proposed a plan to merge the University of Chicago. During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals finished construction, also, the Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created. Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression, during World War II, the university made important contributions to the Manhattan Project. The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, in the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood
38.
University of Oklahoma
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The University of Oklahoma is a coeducational public research university located in Norman, Oklahoma. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma, in Fall 2016 the university had 31,250 students enrolled, most located at its main campus in Norman. Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members, the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs,160 masters programs,75 doctorate programs, David Lyle Boren, a former U. S. Senator and Oklahoma Governor, has served as the president since 1994. The school is ranked first among universities in enrollment of National Merit Scholars. Located on its Norman campus are two prominent museums, the Fred Jones Jr, Museum of Art, specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma. The school, well known for its programs, has won 7 NCAA Division I National Football Championships. Its baseball team has won 2 NCAA national championships and the softball team won the national championship in 2000,2013. Oklahomas admission into the union in 1907 led to the renaming of the Norman Territorial University as the University of Oklahoma, Norman residents donated 407 acres of land for the university 0.5 miles south of the Norman railroad depot. The universitys first president ordered the planting of trees before the construction of the first campus building because he could not visualize a treeless university seat. Landscaping remains important to the university, the universitys first president, David Ross Boyd, arrived in Norman in August 1892, and the first students enrolled that year. The university established a School of Pharmacy in 1893 because of demand for pharmacists in the territory. Three years later, the university awarded its first degree to a pharmaceutical chemist, the Rock Building in downtown Norman held the initial classes until the universitys first building opened on September 6,1893. On January 6,1903, the only building burned down. Construction began immediately on a new building, as other towns hoped to capitalize by convincing the university to move. President Boyd and the faculty were not dismayed by the loss, mathematics professor Frederick Elder said, What do you need to keep classes going. Two yards of blackboard and a box of chalk, as a response to the fire, English professor Vernon Louis Parrington created a plan for the future development of the campus. Most of the plan was never implemented, but Parringtons suggestion for the core formed the basis for the North Oval
39.
Nebraska Crew
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The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Crew Club is the intercollegiate rowing club at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The rowing team is known as Nebraska Crew in the Mid-West. The mens team was founded in 1969 and the team in 1972. The clubs colors are scarlet and cream, with scarlet blades, with the slogan Row Big Red. The Cornhusker men and women gladly row for Nebraska, UNLCC has a boathouse on campus at 16th and Y Streets in Lincoln. What was formerly an autobody repair shop, and then an empty building on campus, practices are held at both the boathouse and the lake, with many indoor rowing machines and one of the few indoor rowing tanks in the midwestern United States. The club has the use of Branched Oak Lake, which is 25 miles northwest of Lincoln. The 1, 800-acre lake allows for 2,500 meters of rowing from the dam to the dock, the Lincoln West Optimist Club allows the club to store their boats, dock, and trailer on site year-round
40.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
41.
Deep Eddy Pool
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Deep Eddy Pool is a historic, man-made swimming pool in Austin, Texas. Deep Eddy is the oldest swimming pool in Texas and features a built during the Depression era by the Works Progress Administration. The pool began as a hole in the Colorado River, became a resort in the 1920s. Deep Eddy began simply as a hole in the Colorado River that flows through Austin. Cold springs rose from the banks and people swam in the river where a large boulder formed an eddy. Eilers, Sr. bought the surrounding the swimming hole. The pool served as the centerpiece of a resort, the Deep Eddy Bathing Beach, which featured cabins, camping, lorenas Diving Horse was one popular attraction. As seen in photographs, a ramp led to a 50-foot-tall diving platform over the pools deep end from which the horse. Other pool amenities included a zip line across the pool and a slide, while other attractions included a diving baby. In 1935, the City of Austin bought the property for $10,000, two weeks after the purchase, a massive flood on the Colorado River destroyed the bathhouse and other improvements, and filled the pool with mud and debris. The Works Progress Administration rebuilt the bathhouse and the pool opened as a park in July 1936. Over time, the city has put the property to a variety of uses, while the pool continues in operation, the city separated the western edge of the land as a park and playground named after A. J. The city also converted Deep Eddys bathhouse to alternative uses including a service as a wildlife science exhibit. In 2004, for safety reasons, the city removed the 70-year-old, Deep Eddy Pool is listed as a historic landmark on the National Register of Historic Places and has been the inspiration of various works of art. Texas musician Jimmie Dale Gilmore wrote the song Deep Eddy Blues about the pool and the nearby bar, Deep Eddy Pool is popular with adult recreational swimmers for its lap swimming pool and with children for its large wading pool. The pool is fed with clear, cold water from a hand-dug 35-foot well, water temperature varies between 65 and 75 °F. The lap swimming pool is open during daylight hours all year. The lap and the pool are open from March 14 through October 31,2015,8, 00am to 8
42.
Barton Springs Pool
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Barton Springs Pool is a recreational outdoor swimming pool that is filled entirely with water from nearby natural springs. It is located on the grounds of Zilker Park in Austin, the pool exists within the channel of Barton Creek and utilizes water from Main Barton Spring, the fourth largest spring in Texas. The pool is a venue for year-round swimming, as its temperature maintains as stable 68 °F in the winter and summer. Long before Barton Springs Pool was built, the springs were considered sacred and were used for rituals by the Tonkawa Native American tribe who inhabited the area. Spanish explorers first found the springs in the 17th century, in 1837, soon after incorporation of the city of Austin, William Barton, the springs namesake, settled the area. Barton named the three separate springs after his three daughters, Parthenia, Eliza, and Zenobia and he, and subsequent owners of the property, recognized its value as a tourist attraction, and promoted it vigorously, thus leading to the swimming holes lasting popularity. The last private owner of the property, Andrew Jackson Zilker, during the 1920s, the city undertook a construction project to create a larger swimming area by damming the springs and building sidewalks. The bathhouse was constructed in the 1940s and modeled after the design of the bathhouse at Deep Eddy Pool, the pool is usually open to the public from 5, 00am to 10, 00pm, Friday through Wednesday. During this time, the floodgates on the dam are closed. At the upper end of the pool, another dam prevents water from Barton Creek from entering the pool by diverting it through a tunnel under the sidewalks. Although admission to the pool is free from November through mid March, from mid March to October a small fee is charged for entry after 8, every evening after 9, 00pm during the charging season, admission is free until closing. Summer passes, valid from Memorial Day to Labor Day, are also available, lifeguards are usually present except before 8, 00am, when swimmers are cautioned to swim at your own risk. The pool is surrounded by grassy slopes which are ideal for sunbathing, topless sunbathing is permitted, as in the rest of Austin. Items prohibited from entering the facility include coolers, food, non-resealable beverages other than water, glass containers, alcohol, loud speakers, pets other than service animals, flotation devices are permitted at either end of the pool, but not allowed in the middle. On Thursdays, the pool is closed for cleaning from 9, 00am until 7, the floodgates are sometimes partially opened, lowering the water level in the pool by several feet. In the deep end, a hose is used to push debris toward the downstream dam. Overgrown vegetation is trimmed on cleaning days. Once a year the pool is closed for weeks for more extensive cleaning
43.
Barton Creek
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Barton Creek is a tributary that feeds the Colorado River as it flows through the Texas Hill Country. The creek passes through Barton Creek Greenbelt and is fed by Barton Springs, the creek begins in northern Hays County and flows 40 miles east through Austin, draining into the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone in southwest Austin. The stream then reemerges at Barton Springs and proceeds toward Lady Bird Lake, during the 17th and 18th centuries, Barton Creek is believed to have hosted Tonkawa and Comanche Indian camps. The creek is named after William Barton, who built a house near Barton Springs in 1837, as Austin grew the springs became a popular resort, and the natural swimming hole was replaced with a pool some time during the 1930s. Development in Austin in the 1970s and 1980s began to both the creeks water quality and wildlife. Heavy rainfall often led to contamination of the due to runoff. Following public outcry, the Austin City Council passed the Barton Creek watershed ordinance in 1980, the middle part of the creek runs through Barton Creek Greenbelt, a public recreation space of protected land surrounding the creek. In 1994 The Nature Conservancy purchased land surrounding the creek to establish the Barton Creek Habitat Preserve. During rainy seasons, upper Barton Creek hosts water recreation including kayaking, tubing, the Lower Barton Creek Greenbelt features these water sports year-round with swimming in Barton Springs Pool, and kayaking and canoeing in the creek fed with the discharge from the springs. Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge List of rivers of Texas Extensive photo collection of Barton Creek at Fractasia Barton Creek Habitat Preserve
44.
Austin Dam failure
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The Austin Dam, also referred to as The Great Granite Dam failure was a catastrophic dam failure near Austin, Texas that killed several dozen people in 1900. The destruction of the dam drained the Lake McDonald reservoir and left the city of Austin without electrical power for a number of months. At 11.20 a. m. on April 7, when the level had reached a height of 11.07 feet above the crest of the dam. Observers at three different points all agree in their testimony how it first opened and as though the mad current had simply pushed its way through the structure. Sooner than it takes to write these words the two sections, each about 250 feet long, were shoved or pushed into the lower positions, there was not the slightest overturning. As soon as the sections were broken out, the partially pent-up waters rushed through the gap, two of the employees miraculously escaped by climbing through a belt hole in the dynamo room. These workmen were pumping water from the portions of the power house. Subsequent attempts to rebuild the dam were unsuccessful, the dam was finally replaced by the Tom Miller Dam in the 1940s
45.
Austin City Limits Music Festival
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The Austin City Limits Music Festival is an annual music festival held in Zilker Park in Austin, Texas on two consecutive three-day weekends. Inspired by the PBS concert series of the name, the festival is produced by Austin-based company C3 Presents. The reputation of the ACL television show helped contribute to the success of the first festival, the ACL Music Festival has eight stages where musical groups from genres including rock, indie, country, folk, electronic and hip hop perform for fans. Approximately 450,000 people attend the festival each year, in addition to the music performances, there are food and drinks, an art market, a kids area for families, and other activities for attendees. Founded in 2002, the festival began as a one-weekend event, on August 16,2012, Austin City Council members voted unanimously to allow the Austin City Limits Music Festival to expand to two consecutive weekends beginning in 2013. Austin is known for its food, and the festival is no different, Austin Eats is the name of the festival food court that was modeled after the Jazz Fest in New Orleans. Austin Eats features all of Austin’s finest restaurants and caters to each individual festivalgoer, with gluten-free and vegetarian options, this food is far from funnel cakes and turkey legs. Restaurants featured include Torchy’s Tacos, Stubbs B-B-Q, and Amy’s Ice Creams, all vendors accept cash and there are ATMs located around the facility. Recycling bins are provided and festivalgoers are encouraged to be conscious when disposing of their food wastes, festivalgoers are given unique opportunities to give back to the community during their time at the festival. ACL Cares is a section of the festival that supports good causes and encourages support from the thousands of attendees of the festival, organizations like KLRU and The Nature Conservancy have been involved in past years. ACL Cares aims to make a difference in the local Austin community, certain organizations that are involved in ACL Cares are HeadCount, United Way for Greater Austin, Austin Music Foundation, Keep Austin Beautiful, and many others. Local artists have a creative and business opportunity to showcase their talent at the ACL Art Market. This section of the aims to support local artists as well as give the festivalgoers the opportunity to walk away from the festival with more than a T-shirt. The market is located in the center of Zilker Park and all booths are open throughout the duration of the festival, the historic Austin City Limits television series focused for many years on Texas singer/songwriters, country and folk performers, and instrument specialists. That has changed as the television series now resembles the Festival lineup and spotlights artists of every musical genre from rhythm and blues to rock, jazz. Now that the festival is a destination, it brings major bands to the television show that might not otherwise have made the trip. In past years, Pearl Jam, My Morning Jacket, Wilco, Austin City Limits Music Festival is held over 2 weekends, September 30 - October 2 and October 7–9,2016. This years lineup features more than 130 artists, including Radiohead, Kygo, Kendrick Lamar, Mumford & sons, LCD Soundsystem, Austin City Limits Music Festival is held over 2 weekends, October 2–4 and October 9–11,2015
46.
Auditorium Shores
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Auditorium Shores is an urban park located in downtown Austin, Texas, within the larger Town Lake Park. Its name refers to its location between the former Palmer Auditorium and the shores of Lady Bird Lake, the park is known as the site of major music performances at South by Southwest and Fun Fun Fun Fest, as well as a number of other events. Auditorium shores is located on the shore of Lady Bird Lake. To its south are the Long Center and Palmer Events Center, the Town Lake Hike and Bike Trail passes through the park from west to east near the shore, one of the trails major trailheads adjoins Auditorium Shores. The site includes a statue of late Austin resident Stevie Ray Vaughan. The park is known for its large off-leash dog area by the water and it was also the site of the Austin Aqua Festival in the 1980s and 90s, and currently hosts some events for the Austin Food & Wine Festival. The park was opened in 1959 in conjunction with the completion of Palmer Auditorium, Auditorium Shores and the surrounding Town Lake Park received some improvements and renovations in conjunction with Palmer Auditoriums repurposing as the Long Center in 1999. The City Councils decision to make these changes created some controversy, in 2015 the Austin City Council gave the East Lawn of the park the name Vic Mathias Shores, in honor of Vic Mathias, a former Austin business leader who co-founded the Austin Aqua Festival. In November,1998, City of Austin voters authorized creation of the Town Lake Park Community Events Center Venue Project, the parkland extended from Barton Springs Road to Lady Bird Lake and from South First Street to Lee Barton Drive, thus including Auditorium Shores Park. Under a Memorandum of Understanding, in Spring 1999, project stakeholders and nationally recognized professional planners, the staff presentation of the covenants to City Council made no mention of rental tax dollars being redirected to O&M, and the covenants were adopted on consent without discussion. Jim Smith’s August 2000 financial update to Council insisted that the financing was on track and might even be accelerated. Council remained uninformed of the waterfall until Spring 2002, the stakeholders who had brought the project successfully to the City and had been given a formal oversight role were not informed at all until mid-2003. The financial impact of the scheme on the park project was devastating. Phase I of the park, the landscaping around the PEC, had been covered during the facility construction. Phase II, the development of what is now known as Butler Park, was delayed twice, for three and a half years, resulting in a $4.43 million cost in lost park features. The waterfall guaranteed that all subsequent funding that the voters had authorized for park funding was being redirected to PEC operations, phases III and IV, covering the Auditorium Shores and lakefront area, were removed from the financial plan altogether, with staff citing insufficient funding. The Convention Center Department enriched its employees personally with the windfall from the car rental tax redirection, the department had historically funded events center operations shortfalls from the Citys hotel/motel occupancy tax, but the waterfall freed the bed tax revenue for other purposes. The bonuses were questionably justified for years, having been supported by performance reviews that Convention Center Department Director Bob Hodge falsified, no other City department had ever had such a bonus pay program
