1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
Srinagar
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Srinagar /ˈsriˌnʌɡʌr/ is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, the city is famous for its gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dried fruits, folk etymology draws the city name from two Sanskrit words, śrī and nagar, which would make City of Lakshmi. However, the earliest records mention the name as siri-nagar which in turn is a transformation of the original Sanskrit name sūrya-nagar. The Burzahom archaeological site located 10 km from Srinagar has revealed the presence of neolithic and megalithic cultures, according to Kalhanas 12th century text Rajatarangini, a king named Pravarasena II established a new capital named Pravarapura. Based on topographical details, Pravarapura appears to be same as the city of Srinagar. Aurel Stein dates the king to 6th century, Kalhana also mentions that a king named Ashoka had earlier established a town called Srinagari. Kalhana describes this town in terms, stating that it had 9,600,000 houses resplendent with wealth. According to Kalhana, this Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE, and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara, Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha to obtain his son Jalauka. Multiple scholars identify Kalhanas Ashoka with the 3rd century Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka despite these discrepancies, although Jina is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that Jalauka is an erroneous spelling caused by an error in Brahmi script. Ashokas Srinagari is generally identified with Pandrethan, although there is an identification with a place on the banks of the Lidder River. According to Kalhana, Pravarasena II resided at Puranadhishthana before the establishment of Pravarapura, accordining to V. A. Smith, the original name of the old town was transferred to the new town. It was also the capital during the reign of Yusuf Shah Chak, Kashmir came under Mughal rule, when it was conquered by the third Mughal padshah Akbar in 1586 CE. Akbar established Mughal rule in Srinagar and Kashmir valley, Kashmir was added to Kabul Subah in 1586, until Shah Jahan made it into a separate Kashmir Subah with seat in Srinagar. In 1846, the Treaty of Lahore was signed between the Sikh rulers and the British in Lahore, Srinagar became part of his kingdom and remained until 1947 as one of several princely states in British India. The Maharajas choose Sher Garhi Palace as their main Srinagar residence, after India and Pakistans independence from Britain, villagers around the city of Poonch began an armed protest at continued rule of the Maharaja on 17 August 1947. The Accession was accepted by India the next day, the government of India immediately airlifted Indian troops to Srinagar and prevented the tribesmen from reaching the city
3.
Aleister Crowley
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Aleister Crowley was an English occultist, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century, a prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life. Born to a wealthy Plymouth Brethren family in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire and he was educated at the University of Cambridge, where he focused his attentions on mountaineering and poetry, resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that here he was recruited into a British intelligence agency, in 1898 he joined the esoteric Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in ceremonial magic by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and Allan Bennett. Moving to Boleskine House by Loch Ness in Scotland, he went mountaineering in Mexico with Oscar Eckenstein, before studying Hindu and Buddhist practices in India. Announcing the start of the Æon of Horus, The Book declared that its followers should Do what thou wilt, in 1907, he and George Cecil Jones co-founded a Thelemite order, the A∴A∴, through which they propagated the religion. Thelemite groups were established in Britain, Australia, and North America, in 1920 he established the Abbey of Thelema, a religious commune in Cefalù, Sicily where he lived with various followers. His libertine lifestyle led to denunciations in the British press, and he divided the following two decades between France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his lifetime, being a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual and he was denounced in the popular press as the wickedest man in the world and a Satanist. Crowley has remained an influential figure over Western esotericism and the counter-culture. In 2002, a BBC poll ranked him as the seventy-third greatest Briton of all time, Crowley was born as Edward Alexander Crowley at 30 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, on 12 October 1875. His father, Edward Crowley, was trained as an engineer and his mother, Emily Bertha Bishop, came from a Devonshire-Somerset family and had a strained relationship with her son, she described him as the Beast, a name that he revelled in. The couple had married at Londons Kensington Registry Office in November 1874. Crowleys father was particularly devout, spending his time as a preacher for the sect and reading a chapter from the Bible to his wife. Following the death of their daughter in 1880, in 1881 the Crowleys moved to Redhill. At the age of 8, Crowley was sent to H. T, habershons evangelical Christian boarding school in Hastings, and then to Ebor preparatory school in Cambridge, run by the Reverend Henry dArcy Champney, whom Crowley considered a sadist. In March 1887, when Crowley was 11, his father died of tongue cancer, Crowley described this as a turning point in his life, and he always maintained an admiration of his father, describing him as his hero and his friend. Inheriting a third of his fathers wealth, he began misbehaving at school and was punished by Champney
4.
Percy Harris
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Sir Percy Alfred Harris, 1st Baronet PC was a British Liberal Party politician. He was Liberal Chief Whip and Deputy Leader of the Liberal Parliamentary Party, Sir Percy Harris was regarded as a radical Liberal with a strong social conscious which grew from representing a working class area of the East End of London. He was particularly interested in the issue of housing, a major responsibility of the London County Council. He sided with H. H. Asquith against David Lloyd George from 1918 to 1923, thereafter he sought unity within the Liberal Party. When the Liberal Party split in 1931 over the issue of Free Trade, he sided with Sir Herbert Samuel, under the leadership of Sir Archie Sinclair, he rose to prominence in the party. He was a supporter of the social policies advocated by Sir William Beveridge and was key to getting Beveridge to run for the Liberals. Harris was born in Kensington, the son of Wolf Harris a Polish immigrant. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, Harris was called to the bar by Middle Temple in 1899. In 1901 he married Marguerite Frieda Bloxam and they had two sons including Jack Harris. A great-grandson is the former Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament Matthew Taylor — which Taylor, Harris first stood for election at the 1906 General Election when he was the Liberal candidate for the Ashford Division of Kent. Ashford was a safe Conservative seat that they had won at every election since the seat was created in 1885 and he was not expected to win and in an election that saw the Liberals sweep the country Harris came within 400 votes of toppling his Conservative opponent. Harris next contested the London County Council election,1907 for the Progressive Party and he contested Bethnal Green South West alongside his running mate Stewart Headlam and they were both elected. In 1910 Harris contested the January 1910 General Election as Liberal candidate for the Harrow division of Middlesex, Harrow was a safe Conservative seat that had been unexpectedly won by the Liberal James Gibb in 1906. Gibb had decided to retire and Harris was given the task of defending the seat. Harris had attended school in Harrow so knew the area a little, in a tougher year for the Liberals, Harrow was re-taken by the Conservatives. Harris did not contest the December 1910 General Election and he then focused on his duties at the London County Council. In 1912 he was appointed as the Chief Whip for the Progressives and he retained his seat on the London County Council until 1934. In 1914 he was adopted as prospective Liberal candidate for the Harborough division of Leicestershire for the election expected to take place either in 1914 or 1915
5.
Liberal Party (UK)
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The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class
6.
Chief Whip
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In British politics, the Chief Whip of the governing party in the House of Commons is usually also appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury, a Cabinet position. The Government Chief Whip has a residence at 12 Downing Street. However, the Chief Whips office is located at 9 Downing Street. The Chief Whip can wield great power over their partys MPs, including cabinet ministers, margaret Thatcher was famed for using her Chief Whip as a cabinet enforcer. An exception was Andrew Mitchell, the Government Chief Whip in 2012, Whips in the House of Commons do not speak in debates. The Government Chief Whip is assisted by the Deputy Chief Whip, other Whips, the whips are not fully active in either of these departments, though do undertake a number of responsibilities. Assistant Whips, and Whips of opposition parties, generally do not receive such appointments, the whips, although superficially dictatorial, do act as communicators between the backbenchers and the party leadership. Ultimately if backbenchers are unhappy with the position they can threaten to revolt during a vote. This letter informs them of the schedule for the days ahead, the actual direction of their vote is communicated to them in the chamber by hand signals during the division when the time comes. The consequences of defying the party whip depend on the circumstances, theoretically at least, expulsion from the party is an automatic consequence of defying a three-line whip. Other such offences include betraying party loyalties, in 2011 Aidan Burley and his outspoken views caused expulsion from the party, losing the whip, he was de-selected for the 2015 General Election. In practice they remained Conservative MPs supporting the government on issues, Sir Bill Cash, John Redwood. Yet despite the whip, individuals are entitled to according to their own beliefs. There are some cases in which the whip is removed because an issue is a matter of conscience and these include adoption, religion and equal opportunities. The impact of a whip being imposed on a matter of conscience can be damaging for a party leader, one such case was that of Iain Duncan-Smith, who imposed a three-line whip against the adoption of children by unmarried couples. Several Conservative MPs voted against the party line, and Duncan-Smiths authority was weakened. Whips can often be brutal to backbenchers to secure their vote, a good whip will know secrets and incriminating information about Members of Parliament. A whip should know major figures in an MPs local constituency party, There have been cases where sick Members of Parliament were wheeled into the House from far afield to vote for the government on a crucial vote
7.
Baronet
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A baronet or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess, is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 14th century and was used by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds. A baronetcy is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage, with the exception of the Anglo-Irish Black Knight, White Knight, Baronets are not deemed members of the nobility, but rather, titled gentry. Their social rank is equivalent to the petty nobility in some countries of continental Europe. The term baronet has medieval origins, Sir Thomas de La More, describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III is known to have created eight baronets in 1328, at least one, Sir William de La Pole in 1340, was created for payment of money. Whether or not these early creations were hereditary, all have died out, in 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland, Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now known as Scottish baronetcies. As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom. Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets, firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and the younger sons of peers. These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland the privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour, the former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently. The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost the right of summons to Parliament. A similar title of rank was banneret. Like knights, baronets are accorded the style Sir before their first name, baronetesses in their own right use Dame, also before their first name, while wives of baronets use Lady followed by the husbands surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses, only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled, unlike knighthoods—which apply to the recipient only—a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line, a full list of extant baronets appears in Burkes Peerage and Baronetage, which also published a record of extinct baronetcies. A baronetcy is not a peerage, so baronets like knights and junior members of families are commoners
8.
Clifford Bax
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Clifford Bax was a versatile English writer, known particularly as a playwright, a journalist, critic and editor, and a poet, lyricist and hymn writer. The composer Arnold Bax was his brother, and set some of his words to music and he was born in Upper Tooting, south London. Education was at the Slade and the Heatherley Art School and he gave up painting to concentrate on writing. Independent wealth gave Bax time to write, and social connections and he had an apartment in Albany, the apartment complex in Piccadilly, London. He was a friend of Gustav Holst, whom he introduced to astrology, the critic James Agate, an early venture was Orpheus, a theosophical magazine he edited. His interest in the esoteric extended to editing works of Jakob Boehme, and helping Allan Bennett and his first play on the commercial stage was The Poetasters of Ispahan, and he became a fixture of British drama for a generation. He was involved in the Phoenix Society, concerned with reviving older plays, and he also edited, with Austin Osman Spare, Golden Hind, an artistic and literary magazine that appeared from October 1922 to July 1924. A cricket enthusiast, he was a friend of C. B, fry and wrote a biography of W. G. Grace. He married actress and jewellery-maker Gwendolen Daphne Bishop, née Bernhard-Smith and their daughter, Undine, was born 6 August 1911. In 1927, Bax married Vera, née Rawnsley, a painter, a book of thoughts and impressions Up Stream Mr. M. Lion Rosemary for Remembrance Circe muse The Distaff Muse, an anthology of poetry written by women with Meum Stewart W. G
9.
Rudolf Steiner
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Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist. Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the century as a literary critic. In the first, more philosophically oriented phase of this movement, Steiner advocated a form of ethical individualism, to which he later brought a more explicitly spiritual approach. He based his epistemology on Johann Wolfgang Goethes world view, in which Thinking… is no more, just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas. A consistent thread that runs from his earliest philosophical phase through his later spiritual orientation is the goal of demonstrating that there are no limits to human knowledge. Johann became an operator on the Southern Austrian Railway. Steiner entered the school, following a disagreement between his father and the schoolmaster, he was briefly educated at home. In 1869, when Steiner was eight years old, the moved to the village of Neudörfl. Before attending the Vienna Institute of Technology, Steiner had studied Kant, Fichte, Steiner later related that as a child he felt that one must carry the knowledge of the spiritual world within oneself after the fashion of geometry. One is permitted to know something which the mind alone, through its own power, in this feeling I found the justification for the spiritual world that I experienced. I confirmed for myself by means of geometry the feeling that I must speak of a world which is not seen. Steiner believed that at the age of 15 he had gained an understanding of the concept of time. At 21, on the train between his village and Vienna, Steiner met a herb gatherer, Felix Kogutzki, who spoke about the spiritual world as one who had his own experience therein. Kogutzki conveyed to Steiner a knowledge of nature that was non-academic, in 1888, as a result of his work for the Kürschner edition of Goethes works, Steiner was invited to work as an editor at the Goethe archives in Weimar. Steiner remained with the archive until 1896, during this time he also collaborated in complete editions of the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and the writer Jean Paul and wrote numerous articles for various journals. Steiners dissertation was published in expanded form as Truth and Knowledge, Prelude to a Philosophy of Freedom. Two years later, he published Die Philosophie der Freiheit, an exploration of epistemology, Steiner later spoke of this book as containing implicitly, in philosophical form, the entire content of what he later developed explicitly as anthroposophy. In 1896, Steiner declined an offer from Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to help organize the Nietzsche archive in Naumburg and her brother by that time was non compos mentis
10.
Anthroposophy
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Anthroposophy aims to attain in its study of spiritual experience the precision and clarity attained by the natural sciences in their investigations of the physical world. The philosophy has double roots in German idealism and German mysticism and was expressed in language drawn from Theosophy. The Anthroposophical Society has its center at the Goetheanum in Dornach. Modern critics, particularly Michael Shermer, have termed anthroposophys application in such as medicine, biology. Anthroposophy has also been termed the most important esoteric society in European history, the early work of the founder of anthroposophy, Rudolf Steiner, culminated in his Philosophy of Freedom. Here, Steiner developed a concept of free will based on inner experiences, by the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiners interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research. His work began to interest others interested in ideas, among these was the Theosophical Society. From 1900 on, thanks to the reception given to his ideas. During the years of his leadership, membership increased dramatically, from a few individuals to sixty-nine Lodges, by 1907, a split between Steiner and the mainstream Theosophical Society had begun to become apparent. While the Society was oriented toward an Eastern and especially Indian approach, Steiner was trying to develop a path that embraced Christianity, the split became irrevocable when Annie Besant, then president of the Theosophical Society, began to present the child Jiddu Krishnamurti as the reincarnated Christ. Steiner strongly objected and considered any comparison between Krishnamurti and Christ to be nonsense, many later, Krishnamurti also repudiated the assertion. By this time, Steiner had reached considerable stature as a spiritual teacher and he spoke about what he considered to be his direct experience of the Akashic Records, thought to be a spiritual chronicle of the history, pre-history, and future of the world and mankind. In a number of works, Steiner described a path of development he felt would let anyone attain comparable spiritual experiences. In 1912, the Anthroposophical Society was founded, after World War I, the Anthroposophical movement took on new directions. Projects such as schools, centers for those with needs, organic farms and medical clinics were established. As a spiritual basis for the movement, Steiner wrote a Foundation Stone Meditation which remains a central meditative expression of anthroposophical ideas. Steiner died just over a year later, in 1925, by 2007, national branches of the Anthroposophical Society had been established in fifty countries, and about 10,000 institutions around the world were working on the basis of anthroposophy. In the same year, the Anthroposophical Society was called the most important esoteric society in European history, anthroposophy is an amalgam of the Greek terms ἄνθρωπος and σοφία
11.
Hyde Park, London
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Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in London and one of its Royal Parks. The park is divided by the Serpentine and the Long Water, the park is contiguous with Kensington Gardens, which are often assumed to be part of Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens has been separate since 1728, when Queen Caroline divided them. To the southeast, outside the park, is Hyde Park Corner, during daylight, the two parks merge seamlessly into each other, but Kensington Gardens closes at dusk, and Hyde Park remains open throughout the year from 5 a. m. until midnight. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which the Crystal Palace, the park became a traditional location for mass demonstrations. The Chartists, the Reform League, the suffragettes, and the Stop the War Coalition have all held protests there, many protesters on the Liberty and Livelihood March in 2002 started their march from Hyde Park. Hyde Park is also a ward of the City of Westminster, the population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 12,462. Hyde Park was created for hunting by Henry Vlll in 1536, Charles I created the Ring, and in 1637 he opened the park to the general public. In 1652, during the Interregnum, Parliament ordered the then 620-acre park to be sold for ready money and it realised £17,000 with an additional £765 6s 2d for the resident deer. In 1689, when William III moved his residence to Kensington Palace on the far side of Hyde Park, public transport entering London from the west runs parallel to the Kings private road along Kensington Gore, just outside the park. In the late 1800s, the row was used by the wealthy for horseback rides, the first coherent landscaping was undertaken by Charles Bridgeman for Queen Caroline, under the supervision of Charles Withers, the Surveyor-General of Woods and Forests, who took some credit. It was completed in 1733 at a cost to the public purse of £20,000, the 2nd Viscount Weymouth was made Ranger of Hyde Park in 1739 and shortly after began digging the Serpentine lakes at Longleat. The Serpentine is divided from the Long Water by a bridge designed by George Rennie, one of the most important events to take place in the park was the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was constructed on the side of the park. The public did not want the building to remain after the closure of the exhibition and he had it moved to Sydenham Hill in South London. At the age of twenty-five, Decimus Burton was commissioned by the Office of Woods and he laid out the paths and driveways and designed a series of lodges, the Screen/Gate at Hyde Park Corner and the Wellington Arch. The Screen and the Arch originally formed a single composition, designed to provide a transition between Hyde Park and Green Park, although the arch was later moved. An early description reports, It consists of a screen of handsome fluted Ionic columns, the extent of the whole frontage is about 107 ft. The two side gateways, in their elevations, present two insulated Ionic columns, flanked by antae, all these entrances are finished by a blocking, the sides of the central one being decorated with a beautiful frieze, representing a naval and military triumphal procession
12.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer and statesman. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters and he was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement. He also contributed to the planning of Weimars botanical park and the rebuilding of its Ducal Palace and his first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants, was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. During this period, Goethe published his novel, Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, the verse epic Hermann and Dorothea, and, in 1808. Goethes comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, Goethes father, Johann Caspar Goethe, lived with his family in a large house in Frankfurt, then an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. Though he had studied law in Leipzig and had been appointed Imperial Councillor, Johann Caspar married Goethes mother, Catharina Elizabeth Textor at Frankfurt on 20 August 1748, when he was 38 and she was 17. All their children, with the exception of Johann Wolfgang and his sister, Cornelia Friederica Christiana and his father and private tutors gave Goethe lessons in all the common subjects of their time, especially languages. Goethe also received lessons in dancing, riding and fencing, Johann Caspar, feeling frustrated in his own ambitions, was determined that his children should have all those advantages that he had not. Although Goethes great passion was drawing, he became interested in literature, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. He also took pleasure in reading works on history and religion. He writes about this period, Goethe became also acquainted with Frankfurt actors, among early literary attempts, he was infatuated with Gretchen, who would later reappear in his Faust and the adventures with whom he would concisely describe in Dichtung und Wahrheit. He adored Caritas Meixner, a wealthy Worms traders daughter and friend of his sister, Goethe studied law at Leipzig University from 1765 to 1768. He detested learning age-old judicial rules by heart, preferring instead to attend the lessons of Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. In Leipzig, Goethe fell in love with Anna Katharina Schönkopf, in 1770, he anonymously released Annette, his first collection of poems. His uncritical admiration for many contemporary poets vanished as he became interested in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, already at this time, Goethe wrote a good deal, but he threw away nearly all of these works, except for the comedy Die Mitschuldigen. The restaurant Auerbachs Keller and its legend of Fausts 1525 barrel ride impressed him so much that Auerbachs Keller became the real place in his closet drama Faust Part One. As his studies did not progress, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the close of August 1768, Goethe became severely ill in Frankfurt. During the year and a half that followed, because of several relapses, during convalescence, Goethe was nursed by his mother and sister
13.
Thelema
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Thelema is a religion based on a philosophical law of the same name, adopted as a central tenet by some religious organizations. The law of Thelema is Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law, Love is the law, love under will. The law of Thelema was developed in the early 1900s by Aleister Crowley and he believed himself to be the prophet of a new age, the Æon of Horus, based upon a spiritual experience that he and his wife, Rose Edith, had in Egypt in 1904. An adherent of Thelema is a Thelemite, the Thelemic pantheon includes a number of deities, primarily a trio adapted from ancient Egyptian religion, who are the three speakers of The Book of the Law, Nuit, Hadit and Ra-Hoor-Khuit. Crowley described these deities as a literary convenience, the religion is founded upon the idea that the 20th century marked the beginning of the Aeon of Horus, in which a new ethical code would be followed, Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law. This statement indicates that adherents, who are known as Thelemites, should seek out and follow their own path in life. The philosophy also emphasizes the practice of Magick. The word thelema is the English transliteration of the Koine Greek noun θέλημα will, from the verb θέλω to will, wish, want or purpose. As Crowley developed the religion, he wrote widely on the topic and he also included ideas from occultism, yoga and both Eastern and Western mysticism, especially the Qabalah. The word θέλημα is rare in classical Greek, where it signifies the appetitive will, desire, sometimes even sexual, but it is frequent in the Septuagint. Early Christian writings occasionally use the word to refer to the human will, and even the will of Gods opponent, the Devil, one well-known example is in the Lords Prayer, “Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, On earth as it is in heaven. ”It is used later in the gospel, He went away again a second time and prayed, saying, My Father, if this cannot pass away unless I drink it. In his 5th-century Sermon on 1 John 4, 4–12, Augustine of Hippo gave an instruction, Love. In the Renaissance, a character named Thelemia represents will or desire in the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili of the Dominican monk Francesco Colonna, the protagonist Poliphilo has two allegorical guides, Logistica and Thelemia. When forced to choose, he chooses fulfillment of his sexual will over logic, the only rule of this Abbey was fay çe que vouldras. In the mid-18th century, Sir Francis Dashwood inscribed the adage on a doorway of his abbey at Medmenham, where it served as the motto of the Hellfire Club. Rabelaiss Abbey of Thelema has been referred to by later writers Sir Walter Besant and James Rice, in their novel The Monks of Thelema, françois Rabelais was a Franciscan and later a Benedictine monk of the 16th century. Eventually he left the monastery to study medicine, and moved to the French city of Lyon in 1532, there he wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel, a connected series of books
14.
Ordo Templi Orientis
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Ordo Templi Orientis is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. English author and occultist Aleister Crowley has become the member of the order. This Law—expressed as Do what thou wilt shall be the whole of the Law and Love is the law, similar to many secret societies, O. T. O. Membership is based on a system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds. O. T. O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica or Gnostic Catholic Church and its central rite, which is public, is called Liber XV, or the Gnostic Mass. The early history of O. T. O. is difficult to trace reliably and it originated in Germany or Austria between 1895 and 1906. Its apparent founder was Carl Kellner, a wealthy Austrian industrialist, theodor Reuss collaborated with Kellner in creating O. T. O. and succeeded him as head of O. T. O. after Kellners death. Under Reuss, charters were given to occult brotherhoods in France, Denmark, Switzerland, There were nine degrees, of which the first six were Masonic. Although these rites are considered to be irregular, they, along with the Swedenborg Rite formed the core of the newly established Order, Reuss met Aleister Crowley and in 1910 admitted him to the first three degrees of O. T. O. Only two years later, Crowley was placed in charge of Great Britain and Ireland, and was advanced to the X°, in 1913, Crowley composed the Gnostic Mass while in Moscow, which he described as being the Order’s central ceremony of its public and private celebration. In 1914, soon after World War I broke out, he moved to the United States and it was around this time that Crowley decided to integrate Thelema into the O. T. O. System, and in 1915 prepared revised rituals for use in the M∴M∴M∴, in 1917, Reuss wrote a Synopsis of Degrees of O. T. O. The same document shows that the degree of O. T. O. is also known as the Holy Royal Arch of Enoch. In 1919, Crowley attempted to work this Masonic-based O. T. O. in Detroit, the result was that he was rebuffed by the Council of the Scottish rite on the basis that O. T. O. Rituals were too similar to orthodox Masonry, Crowley subsequently rewrote the initiation rituals of the first three degrees, and in doing so removed most of those rituals ties to Masonry. He did not, however, rewrite the fourth degree ritual, Crowley wrote that Theodore Reuss suffered a stroke in the spring of 1920. In correspondence with one of Reuss officers, Crowley expressed doubts about Reuss competence to remain in office, relations between Reuss and Crowley began to deteriorate, and the two exchanged angry letters in November 1921. Crowley informed Reuss that he was availing himself of Reuss abdication from office, Reuss died on October 28,1923 without designating a successor, though Crowley claimed in later correspondence that Reuss had designated him
15.
Co-Freemasonry
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Co-Freemasonry is a form of Freemasonry which admits both men and women. It began in France in the 1890s with the forming of Le Droit Humain and it was the first Co-Masonic Order, and also the first truly international Masonic Order. Today it has members from over 60 countries worldwide, in 1879, following differences among members of the Supreme Council of France, twelve lodges withdrew from it and founded the Grande Loge Symbolique Ecossaise. One of these Lodges, Les Libres Penseurs in Le Pecq, reserved in its charter the right to women as Freemasons. On January 14,1882, Maria Deraismes, a humanitarian, feminist author and lecturer, was initiated into Les Libres Penseurs. Houbron, justified this act as having the highest interests of humanity at heart and this time La Jérusalem Lodge did not propose to initiate women itself, but to create a new order working in parallel. The main proponent of this was Dr. Georges Martin, a French senator, advocate of equal rights for women, on March 14,1893, Deraismes, Martin and several other male Freemasons founded La Respectable Loge, Le Droit Humain, Maçonnerie Mixte in Paris. They initiated, passed and raised sixteen prominent French women and this was a radical departure from most other forms of Freemasonry, for not only did the new order not require belief in a Supreme Being —it opened its doors to all of humanity who were. Just, upright and free, of age, sound judgment and strict morals.1 was thus created in Blois in 1895, but, permanently excluded in 1902. Its Mother Lodge Le Droit Humain now took over the position of Lodge Nr.1 whilst splitting up again in Paris to form Lodge Nr.4. Three lodges were founded in the provinces, Lodge Nr.1 in Lyon Lodge Nr.3 in Rouen, as a base for comparison,1871 the average wage of a worker was 4.98 frcs. A woman earned half of this sum, in 1882 a clerk at a Ministry earned 1500–2000 frcs per year. One weeks stay in Paris in 1900 for the International Exhibition cost about 100 frcs, the co-masonic News-Sheets appeared regularly until 1914—their publication was interrupted during the war, but some editions were published in French in America. Several prominent members of the Theosophical Society joined Co-Freemasonry, including Annie Besant, George Arundale, Charles W. Leadbeater, henceforth, wherever they took Theosophy, they also introduced Co-Freemasonry. Besant remained head of the Order until her death in 1933, the revised ritual was called the Dharma Ritual, also known as the Besant-Leadbeater and more recently as the Lauderdale working. Leadbeater served of the officer of the Sydney Lodge #404 and various lodges and chapters of the York. Between the mid-1990s and early 2000s a large number of lodges defected from Le Droit Humain, in other words, lodges may choose to work to either or both. The British Federation has always worked to both and it is correct that some Federations within our Order, particularly but not exclusively those in Europe, work to the perfection of humanity and not to the GAOTU
16.
I Ching
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The I Ching, or Classic of Changes, is an ancient divination text and the oldest of the Chinese classics. The I Ching uses a type of divination called cleromancy, which produces apparently random numbers. Four numbers,6 to 9, are turned into a hexagram, the hexagrams themselves have often acquired cosmological significance and paralleled with many other traditional names for the processes of change such as yin and yang and Wu Xing. The core of the I Ching is a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou, various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. It is possible that other systems existed at this time. The name Zhou yi literally means the changes of the Zhou dynasty, the changes involved have been interpreted as the transformations of hexagrams, of their lines, or of the numbers obtained from the divination. Feng Youlan proposed that the word for changes originally meant easy, as in a form of divination easier than the oracle bones, there is also an ancient folk etymology that sees the character for changes as containing the sun and moon, the cycle of the day. Modern Sinologists believe the character to be derived either from an image of the sun emerging from clouds, the Zhou yi was traditionally ascribed to the Zhou cultural heroes King Wen of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou, and was also associated with the legendary world ruler Fu Xi. The Zhou yi itself does not contain this legend and indeed says nothing about its own origins, the Rites of Zhou, however, also claims that the hexagrams of the Zhou yi were derived from an initial set of eight trigrams. During the Han dynasty there were various opinions about the relationship between the trigrams and the hexagrams. The basic unit of the Zhou yi is the hexagram, a composed of six stacked horizontal lines. Each line is broken or unbroken. The received text of the Zhou yi contains all 64 possible hexagrams, along with the name, a short hexagram statement. The book opens with the first hexagram statement, yuán hēng lì zhēn, edward Shaughnessy describes this statement as affirming an initial receipt of an offering, beneficial for further divining. The word zhēn was also used for the divine in the oracle bones of the late Shang dynasty. It also carried meanings of being or making upright or correct, the names of the hexagrams are usually words that appear in their respective line statements, but in five cases an unrelated character of unclear purpose appears. The hexagram names could have been chosen arbitrarily from the line statements, the line statements, which make up most of the book, are exceedingly cryptic. Each line begins with a word indicating the number, base,2,3,4,5, top
17.
Jermyn Street
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Jermyn Street is a one-way street in the St Jamess area of the City of Westminster in London, England. It is to the south of, parallel, and adjacent to Piccadilly, gentlemens outfitters Hackett and DAKS are also located on Jermyn Street, as well as shoe- and boot-makers John Lobb and Foster & Son. F. Trumper, and Taylor of Old Bond Street, cigar shop Davidoff, as well as Britains oldest cheese shop, Paxton & Whitfield, trading since 1797. Among the restaurants in the street are the historic Wiltons, the new Fortnum and Mason restaurant -45 Jermyn St, tramp nightclub and the 70-seat Jermyn Street Theatre are also on the street. Jermyn Street was created by and named after Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans, as part of his development of the St Jamess area of central London, the street was first recorded as Jarman Streete in the 1667 rate books of St Martins, listing 56 properties. In 1675 there were 108 names listed, floris, a perfumers in the street, has display cabinets acquired directly from the Great Exhibition in 1851. The Gun Tavern was one of the resorts for foreigners of revolutionary tastes during the end of the 18th century. At the Brunswick Hotel, Louis Napoleon took up his residence under the name of Count DArenberg on his escape from captivity in the fortress of Ham. Twentieth-century residents included the 1930s big band singer Al Bowlly, though he did not live there, a statue of Beau Brummell stands on Jermyn Street at its junction with Piccadilly Arcade, as embodying its elegant clothing values. Aleister Crowley lived in No.93 during the Second World War up until 1 April and it was through Crowley that Nancy Cunard resided in a flat in Jermyn Street. Jermyn Street shops traditionally sell shirts and other apparel, such as hats, shoes, shaving brushes, colognes, braces. Many tailors owned or still own the houses along the street,22, Jermyn Street, for instance was once owned by Italian silk merchant Cesare Salvucci and a military tailor who rented rooms out to people such as the banker Theodore Rothschild. Most of the buildings appear in Survey of London in The Parish of St James Westminster Part 1 South of Piccadilly, Volumes 29 and 30, Vol.29, which can be viewed online. Nikolaus Pevsner writes in The Buildings of England of No 97 “ The Mid Victorian shop-front of No 97 is one of the best of its date in the West End” and “No 93 is another good one”
18.
Piccadilly
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Piccadilly is a road in the City of Westminster, London to the south of Mayfair, between Hyde Park Corner in the west and Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is part of the A4 road that connects central London to Hammersmith, Earls Court, Heathrow Airport, St Jamess is to the south of the eastern section, while the western section is built up only on the northern side. At just under 1 mile in length, Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London, Piccadilly has been a main road since at least medieval times, and in the middle ages was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook. Around 1611 or 1612, a Robert Baker acquired land in the area, shortly after purchasing the land, he enclosed it and erected several dwellings, including his home, Pikadilly Hall. Some of the most notable homes in London were built on the northern side of the street during this period, including Clarendon House. Berkeley House, constructed around the time as Clarendon House, was destroyed by a fire in 1733 and rebuilt as Devonshire House in 1737 by William Cavendish. It was later used as the headquarters for the Whig party. Burlington House has since been home to several noted societies, including the Royal Academy of Arts, the Geological Society of London, several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street. St Jamess Church was consecrated in 1684 and the area became St James Parish. The Old White Horse Cellar, at No,155, was one of the most famous coaching inns in England by the late-18th century, by which time the street had become a favourable location for booksellers. The Bath Hotel emerged around 1790, and Walsingham House was built in 1887, both the Bath and the Walsingham were purchased and demolished when the prestigious Ritz Hotel was built on the site in 1906. Piccadilly Circus station, at the east end of the street, was designed by Charles Holden and it was the first underground station to have no above-ground premises, the station is only accessible by subways from street level. The clothing store Simpsons was established at 203 -206 Piccadilly by Alec Simpson in 1936, during the 20th century, Piccadilly became known as a place to acquire heroin, and was notorious in the 1960s as the centre of Londons illegal drug trade. Today, Piccadilly is regarded as one of Londons principal shopping streets and its landmarks include the Ritz, Park Lane, Athenaeum and Intercontinental hotels, Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, the RAF Club, Hatchards, the Embassy of Japan and the High Commission of Malta. Piccadilly has inspired works of fiction, including Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest. It is one of a group of squares on the London Monopoly board, the street has been part of a main road for centuries although there is no evidence that it was part of a Roman Road, unlike Oxford Street further north. In the Middle Ages it was known as the road to Reading or the way from Colnbrook, during the Tudor period, relatively settled conditions made expansion beyond Londons city walls a safer venture. Property speculation became an enterprise and developments grew so rapidly that the threat of disease
19.
Occult
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The occult is knowledge of the hidden. In common English usage, occult refers to knowledge of the paranormal, as opposed to knowledge of the measurable, the terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. Occultism is the study of practices, including magic, alchemy, extra-sensory perception, astrology, spiritualism, religion. Alchemy was common among important seventeenth-century scientists, such as Isaac Newton, Newton was even accused of introducing occult agencies into natural science when he postulated gravity as a force capable of acting over vast distances. By the eighteenth century these unorthodox religious and philosophical concerns were well-defined as occult, inasmuch as they lay on the outermost fringe of accepted forms of knowledge and they were, however, preserved by antiquarians and mystics. Occult science is the research into or formulation of occult concepts in a manner that resembles the way natural science researches or describes phenomena. In his 1871 book Primitive Culture, the anthropologist Edward Tylor used the term occult science as a synonym for magic, Occult qualities are properties that have no known rational explanation, in the Middle Ages, for example, magnetism was considered an occult quality. Newtons contemporaries severely criticized his theory that gravity was effected through action at a distance, some religions and sects enthusiastically embrace occultism as an integral esoteric aspect of mystical religious experience. This attitude is common within Wicca and many other modern pagan religions, some other religious denominations disapprove of occultism in most or all forms. They may view the occult as being anything supernatural or paranormal which is not achieved by or through God, monistic in contrast to Christian dualistic beliefs of a separation between body and spirit, Gnostic i. e. Walker, Benjamin. Encyclopedia of the Occult, the Esoteric and the Supernatural, harold W. Percival, Joined the Theosophical Society in 1892. Blavatsky, Occultism versus the Occult Arts, Lucifer, May 1888 Bardon, true to His Ways, Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice, ISBN 1-932124-61-6. ISBN 1-57863-150-5 Forshaw, Peter, The Occult Middle Ages, in Christopher Partridge, The Occult World, London, Routledge,2014 Gettings, Fred, Vision of the Occult, ISBN 0-7126-1438-9 Kontou, Tatiana – Willburn, Sarah. The Ashgate Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism and the Occult, ISBN 978-0-7546-6912-8 Martin, W. Rische, J. Rische, K. & VanGordon, K. W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.201 p. N. B, the scope of this study also embraces the occult. ISBN 0-8028-0262-1 Partridge, Christopher, The Occult World, London, the Tree of Life, An Illustrated Study in Magic. Newton, Isaac, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel, and the Apocalypse of St. John by Sir Isaac Newton Rogers, L. W. Hints to Young Students of Occultism. Albany, NY, The Theosophical Book Company, joseph H. Peterson, Twilit Grotto, Archives of Western Esoterica Occult Science and Philosophy of the Renaissance
20.
Special edition
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A limited edition is restricted in the number of copies produced, although in fact the number may be very low or very high. A special edition implies there is material of some kind included. The term is used on DVD film releases, often when the so-called special edition is actually the only version released. Collectors edition may just be another term for special edition, popular culture widely employs Special, Deluxe, Expanded and Limited Edition in marketing, releasing subsequent, improved versions of film DVDs, music, and video games. Companies widely use special editions and incremental improvements to sell the products to consumers multiple times. In many cases, successful releases have had items made in limited numbers. These limited editions contain the best DVD edition possible of a film with special items in a box set. It is also common to have such items packaged with unique designs, with the success of DVDs, special editions of films themselves have also become fairly common. Sharing similarities with the concept of a directors cut and these generally feature additional in-movie material. The material may be footage originally deleted from the final cut, the Doctor Who television movie The Five Doctors was edited, recut, amongst various other changes, to make the Special Edition in 1999 for the first DVD release of the episode. Limited edition prints, also known as LEs, have been standard in printmaking from the century onwards. A limit to the print run is crucial, as many traditional printmaking techniques can produce a limited number of best quality impressions. Edition sizes higher than about 500 are likely to be of print reproductions of paintings, of less value. As in other fields, the use of the concept has become largely driven by marketing imperatives and these need to be distinguished from the original artists print, carefully produced directly from his work, and printed under the artists supervision. In the United States limited editions are regulated under state consumer protections laws, California became the first state to regulate the sale of limited edition art prints with the California Print Law of 1971. The state of Illinois later expanded on the California statute, however, it was not until 1986 that more comprehensive provisions, still in place today, were enacted with the passage of the Georgia Print Law. That law became the template for statutes subsequently enacted by other states, the Georgia Print Law written by State Representative Chesley V. Morton, became effective July 1,1986. The penalty for violation of the law ranges from simple reimbursement to treble damages and those found to be in violation of the law are also liable for court costs, expenses, and attorney fees
21.
Gerald Gardner (Wiccan)
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Gerald Brosseau Gardner, also known by the craft name Scire, was an English Wiccan, as well as an author and an amateur anthropologist and archaeologist. He was instrumental in bringing the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to public attention, writing some of its religious texts. Born into a family in Blundellsands, Lancashire, Gardner spent much of his childhood abroad in Madeira. After his retirement in 1936, he travelled to Cyprus, penning the novel A Goddess Arrives before returning to England. Involved for a time with Cecil Williamson, Gardner also became director of the Museum of Magic and Witchcraft on the Isle of Man, Gardner is internationally recognised as the Father of Wicca among the Pagan and occult communities. Gardners family was wealthy and upper class, running a family firm, Joseph Gardner and Sons. Specialising in the import of hardwood, the company had founded in the mid-18th century by Edmund Gardner. Geralds father, William Robert Gardner had been the youngest son of Joseph Gardner, after whom the firm had been renamed, in 1867, William had been sent to New York City, in order to further the interests of the family firm. Here, he had met an American, Louise Burguelew Ennis, after a visit to England, the couple returned to the US, where they settled in Mott Haven, Morrisania in New York State. It was here that their first child, Harold Ennis Gardner, was born in 1870 and it was here that their second child, Robert Bob Marshall Gardner, was born in 1874. In 1876 the family moved one of the neighbouring houses, Ingle Lodge. A fourth child, Francis Douglas Gardner, was born in 1886. Gerald would rarely see Harold, who went on to study Law at the University of Oxford, but saw more of Bob, who drew pictures for him, Gardner suffered with asthma from a young age, having particular difficulty in the cold Lancashire winters. His nursemaid offered to him to warmer climates abroad at his fathers expense in the hope that this condition would not be so badly affected. Subsequently, in summer 1888, Gerald and Com travelled via London to Nice in the south of France, after several more years spent in the Mediterranean, in 1891 they went to the Canary Islands, and it was here that Gardner first developed his lifelong interest in weaponry. From there, they went on to Accra in the Gold Coast. According to Gardners first biographer, Jack Bracelin, Com was very flirtatious and clearly looked on these trips as mainly manhunts, as a result, he was largely left to his own devices, which he spent going out, meeting new people and learning about foreign cultures. In Madeira, he began collecting weapons, many of which were remnants from the Napoleonic Wars
22.
Executor
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An executor is someone who is responsible for executing, or following through on, an assigned task or duty. The feminine form, executrix, may sometimes be used, the role of an executor should not be confused with that of an executioner, a person who carries out a death sentence ordered by the state or other legal authority. An executor is a term referring to a person named by the maker of a will or nominated by the testator to carry out the instructions of the will. Typically, the executor is the responsible for offering the will for probate. An executor will make sure estate taxes are calculated, necessary forms are filed and they will also assist the attorney with the estate. Additionally, the acts as a legal conveyor who designates where the donations will be sent using the information left in bequests. In most circumstances, the executor is the representative of the estate for all purposes, the executor holds legal title to the estate property, but may not use the title or property for his/her own benefit, unless permitted by the terms of the will. A person who deals with a persons property without proper authority is known as an executor de son tort. When there is no will, a person is said to have died intestate—without testimony, as a result, there is no tangible testimony to follow, and hence there can be no executor. If there is no will or the named in a will do not wish to act. The generic term for executors or administrators is personal representative, in England and Wales, when a person dies intestate in a nursing home, and has no family members who can be traced, those responsible for their care automatically become their executors. Under Scottish law, a representative of any kind is referred to as an executor. In some countries, such as the United States, an executor is entitled to compensation for his or her services. For example, in California the executor is entitled to 4% of the first $100K of estate value, 3% of the next $100K, and so on. In other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the executor is not automatically entitled to compensation, in recent years, custom executors insurance policies have entered the marketplace. These are currently available in countries including Canada, England, many find such cover an attractive proposition as the vast majority of wills allow reasonable expenses, such as the cost of the policy, to be reclaimed from the deceaseds estate
23.
Warburg Institute
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The Warburg Institute is a research institution associated with the University of London in central London, England. A member of the School of Advanced Study, its focus is the study of cultural history and it is concerned with the histories of art and science, and their relationship with superstition, magic, and popular beliefs. Its researches are historical, philological and anthropological, based originally in Hamburg, Germany, in 1933 the collection was moved to London, where it became incorporated into the University of London in 1944. In 2015, the Institute welcomed its new Director, Professor David Freedberg, the Institute was formed in Hamburg, Germany, from the library of Aby Warburg, a student of Renaissance art and culture, and a scion of the wealthy Jewish Warburg family. As an art historian, Warburg had become dissatisfied with an approach to art history and was interested in a more philosophical. While studying the culture of Renaissance Florence, he interested in the influence of antiquity on modern culture. Warburg was joined in 1913 by the Vienna art historian Fritz Saxl, neo-Kantian Philosopher and professor at the newly founded University Ernst Cassirer used it, and his students Erwin Panofsky and Edgar Wind worked there. The original Warburg Library building in Hamburg is now a research institute, the Institute moved to the Imperial Institute Buildings in 1937. In 1944 it became associated with the University of London, Henri Frankfort succeeded Saxl as Director in 1949, and in 1955 was succeeded by Gertrud Bing, who had joined the organization in 1922. During her term as Director, the Institute moved to its current home at the University in 1958, Bing was succeeded by Ernst Gombrich in 1959. Trapp was Director, and from 1991 to 2001, Nicholas Mann, in 1994 the Warburg became a founding institute of the University of Londons School of Advanced Study. Recent directors have been Charles Hope, Peter Mack and David Freedberg, several students and scholars who had used the Warburg resources or studied there protested this planned merge. A petition on Change. org to save the Warburgs independence was started by Brooke Palmieri, in only two months, the petition had almost twenty five thousand signatures. In recent years, the University has charged a proportion of its total expenditure to the Warburg Institute, as a result. In November 2014, a judgement established that the Universitys conduct in this regard was not acceptable, the Institute occupies a large building in the University of Londons Bloomsbury campus in the central London Borough of Camden. The Warburg Institute maintains a library of more than 350,000 volumes. These volumes, except for a number of rare and valuable books, are kept on open shelves and are accessible to all. The Institute also holds a large photographic collection and the archives of Aby Warburg
24.
Aeon of Horus
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In the religion of Thelema, it is believed that the history of humanity can be divided into a series of aeons, each of which was accompanied by its own forms of magical and religious expression. The first of these was the Aeon of Isis, which Thelemites believed occurred during prehistory, and finally the third aeon, the Aeon of Horus, which was controlled by the child god, symbolised by Horus. In this new aeon, Thelemites believe that humanity will enter a time of self-realization and self-actualization, within the Thelemite religion, each of these aeons is believed to be characterized by their magical formula, the use of which is very important and fundamental to the understanding of. It was characterized by pagan worship of the Mother and Nature, in his Equinox of the Gods Crowley describes this period as simple, quiet, easy, and pleasant, the material ignores the spiritual. Lon Milo DuQuette remarked that this aeon was the Age of the Great Goddess, continuing with this idea, he remarked that this period was when the cult of the Great Goddess was truly universal. She was worshipped by countless cultures under myriad names and forms and it would also be a mistake for us to conclude that the magical formula of this period manifested exclusively through the worship of any particular anthropomorphic female deity. The classical and medieval Aeon of Osiris is considered to be dominated by the paternal principle and this Aeon was characterized by that of self-sacrifice and submission to the Father God while man spoke of his father and mother. Crowley says of this Aeon in his Heart of the Master, Formula of Osiris, whose word is IAO, so that men worshiped Man, thinking him subject to Death, even so conceived they of the Sun as slain and reborn with every day, and every year. Crowley also says of the Aeon of Osiris in Equinox of the Gods, The second is of suffering and death, christianity and all cognate religions worship death, glorify suffering, deify corpses. The modern Aeon of Horus is portrayed as a time of self-realization as well as a growing interest in all things spiritual, the Word of its Law is Thelema, which is complemented by Agape, and its formula is Abrahadabra. Individuality and finding the individuals True Will are the dominant aspects, its formula is that of growth, in consciousness and love, concerning the Aeon of Horus, Crowley wrote. The crowned and conquering child, who not, nor is reborn. Even so goeth the Sun, for as it is now known that night is but the shadow of the Earth, so Death is but the shadow of the Body, that veileth his Light from its bearer. But it would be a mistake to view this new aeon simply as another tick on a great cosmic clock, the Age of Aquarius, profoundly significant as it is, is only one aspect of a far greater new spiritual age. Some Thelemites believe that the Aeon of Maat will eventually replace the present one, according to one of Crowleys early students, Charles Stansfeld Jones, the Aeon of Maat has already arrived or overlaps the present Aeon of Horus. Chaos magic is seen by some as having evolved from portions of the Thelemic religion, relevant personalities and organizations, Peter J. Carroll, Ray Sherwin, and the Illuminates of Thanateros. Not all Thelemites believe in a succession of Aeons. Sometimes Crowley compared the Word of Horus with other formulas, whose reigns appear to overlap with the Aeon of Osiris and/or Isis
25.
City of the Pyramids
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The final text added to the list was The Vision and the Voice, a vivid account of Crowleys astral travels through the thirty Enochian Aethyrs. These texts formed the final mystical backbone of Crowleys system and this Will does not spring from conscious intent, but from the interplay between the deepest Self and the entire Universe. Therefore, the enlightened Thelemite is one who is able to eliminate or bypass the consciousness-created desires, conflicts, and habits, theoretically, at this point, the Thelemite acts in alignment with Nature, just as the stream flows downhill, with neither resistance nor lust of result. The ability to accomplish this Great Work requires a great deal of preparation and effort, the Tree of Life is a tool used to categorize and organize various mystical concepts. At its most simple level it is composed of ten spheres, or emanations, within the western magical tradition, the Tree is used as a kind of conceptual filing cabinet. Each sephira and path is assigned various ideas, such as gods, cards of the Tarot, astrological planets and signs, elements, the path of attainment is largely defined by the Tree of Life. The aspirant begins in Malkuth, which is the material world of phenomena, with the ultimate goal being at Kether. Through various exercises and practices, he or she attains certain spiritual and mental states that are characterized by the various sephiroth that ascend the Tree and you must keep on hanging everything that comes your way upon its proper bough. For to him the Universe will then begin to appear as a coherent, part of the reason why the Qabalah is so important is that it is the key to understanding the Holy Books. Most of them, including The Book of the Law, are written in abstract, poetic, through the use of the Qabalah, and especially the function of gematria, the normally opaque meaning of the texts can be made clear. Thelemites can also use of gematria to link words and concepts and to validate revelations given to them in magical operations. Another key element to Thelemic mysticism is the ability to concentrate and this skill has two modalities, the first is the rapid, accurate, and efficient movement of thought and the other is the stopping of thought altogether. In the first, it is the manipulation of all ideas into one idea, All the subsidiary work — awareness, one-pointedness, mindfulness and the rest — is intended to train you to this. Concentration is essentially the prerequisite for all sustained success, not only in spiritual practices, the general program for developing concentration is borrowed almost completely from the practice of Yoga within the Hindu and Buddhist systems. Crowley gives an overview of the techniques in two books, Eight Lectures on Yoga and in the section called Mysticism in his opus. The Body of Light — Crowleys term for the subtle body — is the aspect of self that can leave the corporeal body and carry ones senses. Crowley writes of it in Book 4, The work of the Body of Light—with the technique of Yoga—is the foundation of Magick, the Body of Light must be developed and trained with exactly the same rigid discipline as the brain in the case of mysticism. There must be no selection of special experience which appeals to ones immediate desire, one must go steadily through all possible pylons
26.
PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
27.
Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
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Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, or the Gnostic Catholic Church, is a Gnostic church organization. It is the arm of the Ordo Templi Orientis, an international fraternal initiatory organization devoted to promulgating the Law of Thelema. Thelema is a philosophical, mystical and religious system elaborated by Aleister Crowley, the word Catholic denotes the universality of doctrine and not a Christian or Roman Catholic belief set. The chief function of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica is the public and private performance of the Gnostic Mass, according to William Bernard Crow, Crowley wrote the Gnostic Mass under the influence of the Liturgy of St. Basil of the Russian Church. Its structure is influenced by the initiatory rituals of the Ordo Templi Orientis. Its most notable separation from similar rites of other churches is a Priestess officiating with a Priest, Deacon, in addition to the Eucharist, baptism, confirmation, marriage, and last rites are offered by E. G. C. Marriage is not limited to couples of opposite gender, about the Gnostic Mass, Crowley wrote in The Confessions of Aleister Crowley. The Ritual of the Gnostic Catholic Church, I prepared for the use of the O. T. O. The central ceremony of its public and private celebration, corresponding to the Mass of the Roman Catholic Church and it is the single most commonly performed ritual at O. T. O. Bodies, with many locations celebrating the Mass monthly or more frequently, bodies make some or all of these celebrations open to interested members of the public, so the Mass is often an individuals first experience of the O. T. O. Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica has a structure of clergy, assisting officers. Before 1997, the two systems were more loosely correlated, but since there have been strict rules concerning minimum O. T. O. degrees required to serve in particular E. G. C. Membership in Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica is similar to the Roman Catholic Church, clergy must be initiate members of O. T. O. While laity may affiliate to E. G. C. through baptism, novice clergy are initiate members who participate in the administration of E. G. C. Sacraments, although they have not yet taken orders, the first ordination in E. G. C. is that of the diaconate. Second Degree initiates of O. T. O. who have confirmed in E. G. C. can be ordained as Deacons. The sacerdotal ordination admits members to the priesthood, sacerdotal ordinands must hold at least the K. E. W. degree of O. T. O. A degree only available by invitation, the Priesthood is responsible for administering the sacraments through the Gnostic Mass and other ceremonies as authorized by their supervising Bishops
28.
Fraternitas Saturni
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Fraternitas Saturni is a German magical order, founded in 1926 by Eugen Grosche a. k. a. Gregor A. Gregorius and four others and it is one of the oldest continuously running magical groups in Germany. The lodge is, as Gregorius states, concerned with the study of esotericism, mysticism, today its purpose is in working on the spiritual evolution of humanity by means of development and advancement of the individual being. This is to be attained by mental and ethical schooling of the personality, the FS adopts a system of degrees, ending with the 33rd as highest degree to reach this goal. The lodge claims further no political or economical objectives and it propagates ideals of freedom, tolerance and fraternity. The Fraternitas Saturni was founded in the wake of the so-called Weida Conference in 1925 and it succeeded the Collegium Pansophicum, Orient Berlin, a Rosicrucian magical order founded by Heinrich Traenker, a notable German occultist of the time. The Weida Conference was meant to consolidate Aleister Crowleys claims to be the Outer Head of Ordo Templi Orientis, the conference consisted of Crowleys entourage of Leah Hirsig, Dorothy Olsen, and Norman Mudd and the members of Heinrich Traenkers Pansophia Lodge. Traenker had served as a X° National Grand Master of the German O. T. O. under Theodor Reuss up until Reusss death, also attending the conference were the notable film pioneer Albin Grau and Gregor A. Gregorius. The conference was not an event and Traenker withdrew his support of Crowley. Following these differences the Pansophical Lodge would be closed in 1926. Those brothers of the Pansophia Lodge who accepted the teachings of Crowley would join Grosche in founding the Fraternitas Saturni -, on Easter 1928, the Fraternitas Saturni was officially founded in Berlin. The Lodge made an acceptance of the Book of the Law. The FS still thought of him as an important teacher and included the Law of Thelema in most of its teachings and this resulted in the FS developing a different take on the idea of Thelema, which is reflected in the rituals and magical techniques of the brotherhood. The emphasis of the FS lies more on astrological and Luciferian teachings, rather than on Qabalah, because of its unique approach to modern occultism, the FS is considered by many modern authors to be the most influential German magical order. In 1936, the Fraternitas Saturni was prohibited by the Nazi regime, Gregorius as well as other leaders of the lodge emigrated in order to avoid imprisonment, but in the course of the war Grosche was arrested for a year by the Nazi government. After World War II Gregorius reformed the FS, the end of World War II saw the reactivation of Fraternitas Saturni. First from Riesa in Eastern Germany and later from Berlin, Gregorius tried to contact the Brothers, by 1957 lodges existed in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Stuttgart, with the Grand Lodge in Berlin. In 1960 the FS had, according to its membership list, about 100 members, following Grosches death in 1964, the lodge experienced confusion concerning the position of Grandmaster
29.
Typhonian Order
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The Typhonian Order, previously known as the Typhonian Ordo Templi Orientis, is a self-initiatory magical order based in the United Kingdom that focuses on magickal and typhonian concepts. It was originally led by British occultist Kenneth Grant and his partner Steffi Grant, the original O. T. O. was founded by the wealthy German industrialist Carl Kellner. After Kellners death in 1905, Theodor Reuss became Outer Head of the Order, in 1920, Reuss suffered a stroke, leading Aleister Crowley to question his competence to continue as Outer Head of the Order. By 1921, Crowley and Reuss were exchanging letters, culminating in Reuss expulsion of Crowley from O. T. O. Crowley then informed Reuss that he was proclaiming himself Outer Head of the Order, Reuss died in 1923 without naming a successor, and Crowley was subsequently elected and ratified as Outer Head of the Order in a Conference of Grand Masters in 1925. World War II then intervened, destroying the European branches of O. T. O. karl Germer was incarcerated by the Nazis. By the end of the war, the sole surviving O. T. O, organization was Agapé Lodge in California, where Germer moved after he was released from internment in 1941. After Crowleys death, Germer was his successor for some time. Karl Germer disliked this new manifesto so much that he expelled Grant from the O. T. O. Grant responded by declaring himself the Outer Head of the Order, assuming the XII° degree, a document published in 1998 in Volume 2, Number 2 of Starfire purported to demonstrate that Crowley appointed Grant as Outer Head of the Order in 1947, before Crowleys demise. A statement published in March 2009 in Volume 2, Number 3 of Starfire, however, acknowledges that it has subsequently established the document was a fake. The Typhonian Order is among the most well-known Thelemic magical orders, in particular, it has influenced Dragon Rouge and was instrumental in the creation of Nemas Maat Magick movement. In Brazil the movement known as Shaitan-Aiwaz Lodge was based on the structure of Typhonian Order and is led by occultist Fernando Liguori. P. Crowleys depiction of Lam does indeed presage descriptions and representations of entities which have come to be known as the grey aliens in U. F. O. It must be emphasized that the Typhonian Order does not appear to interpret its alleged contacts with praeter-human intelligences in a literal fashion. Rather, Lam and entities from the Cthulhu Mythos are conventions of a sort which enable humans to interact with something non-human, organizationally, it is believed that the Typhonian Order has shifted from a formal hierarchy to a less hierarchical structure. Ordo Templi Orientis Left Hand Path Evans, Dave, Aleister Crowley and the 20th Century Synthesis of Magick
30.
The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
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The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn is an esoteric community of magical practitioners, many of whom come from pagan backgrounds. The OSOGD was founded by Sam Webster in 2002 and based on the principles of the open-source software movement, the organization grew out of a series of workshops on ceremonial magic held by Webster in 2001. According to Sam Webster, The Open Source Order is founded on the principle that true spirituality is omnipresent, sufficiently skilled practitioners can and do modify the practices to serve specific purposes or to take advantage of the century-plus development in the craft to improve their effect. In temple work, the OSOGD uses Egyptian, Enochian and Thelemic godforms in preference to the Judeo-Christian Archangels typical of the original Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. According to the Manifesto, OSOGD teaches a progressively tiered system of spiritual development designed to invoke the Higher or Divine Genius latent in every human being. To actually join the Order, a person must have access to its Lodge. The Order does not conduct distance initiations, and requires that all initiates attend initiation rituals in person, the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn draws heavily from Eastern sources, Thelema, Paganism, and the works of Aleister Crowley. Interview with Sam Webster of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn on Thelema Coast to Coast #28, new-time religion in NewsForge, The Online Newspaper for Linux and Open Source. Open to Revisions Search Magazine, Volume 6, Issue 19, retrieved July 27,2009 Krengel, Eric. Open Source Religion Explored Again -- Beyond the Western Traditions, January 16,2007 OSOGD, the Manifesto of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn. Not In Kansas Anymore - A Curious Tale of How Magic is Transforming America, ISBN 0-06-072678-4 Website of The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
31.
Kenneth Anger
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Kenneth Anger is an American underground experimental filmmaker, actor and author. Working exclusively in short films, he has produced almost forty works since 1937 and his films variously merge surrealism with homoeroticism and the occult, and have been described as containing elements of erotica, documentary, psychodrama, and spectacle. He has also focused upon occult themes in many of his films, being fascinated by the English poet and mystic Aleister Crowley, and is an adherent of Thelema, the religion Crowley founded. He began making films when he was ten years old, although his first film to gain any recognition. The controversial nature of the led to him being put on trial on obscenity charges. A friendship and working relationship began subsequently with pioneering sexologist Alfred Kinsey, moving to Europe, Anger produced a number of other shorts inspired by the artistic avant-garde scene on the continent, such as Rabbits Moon and Eaux dArtifice. The latter would become infamous for its many dubious and sensationalist claims, many of which were later disproven, following his failure to produce a sequel to Lucifer Rising, Anger retired from filmmaking in the early 1980s, instead publishing the book Hollywood Babylon II. At the dawn of the 21st century he once more returned to filmmaking, producing shorts for various film festivals, Anger was born in Santa Monica, California, as Kenneth Wilbur Anglemyer on February 3,1927. His father, Wilbur Anglemyer, was of German ancestry, and had been born in Troy, Ohio, while his mother, Lillian Coler. The pair had met at Ohio State College and after marrying had their first child, Jean Anglemyer, in 1918, followed by a second, Robert Bob Anglemyer, in 1921. That year they moved to Santa Monica to be near Lillians mother, Bertha Coler and it was here that Wilbur got a job working as an electrical engineer at Douglas Aircraft, bringing in enough money so that they could live comfortably as a middle-class family. Kenneth, their third and final child, was born in 1927 and his brother Bob later claimed that being the youngest child, Kenneth had been spoilt by his mother and grandmother, and as such had become somewhat bratty. His grandmother, Bertha, was a big influence on the young Kenneth and it was she who first took Kenneth to the cinema, to see a double bill of The Singing Fool and Thunder Over Mexico and also encouraged his artistic interests. She herself later moved into a house in Hollywood with another woman, Miss Diggy and he developed an early interest in film, and enjoyed reading the movie tie-in Big Little books. He would later relate that I was a prodigy who never got smarter. He retrospected his attendance at the Santa Monica Cotillon where child stars were encouraged to mix with non-famous children and through this met Shirley Temple, with whom he danced on one occasion. It was in 1935, he would claim, that he had the chance to appear in a Hollywood film. Set photographs and studio production reports in fact contradict Angers claims, Angers unofficial biographer, Bill Landis, remarked in 1995 that the Changeling Prince was definitely Anger as a child, visually, hes immediately recognizable
32.
Marjorie Cameron
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Marjorie Cameron Parsons Kimmel, who professionally used the mononym Cameron, was an American artist, poet, actress, and occultist. A follower of Thelema, the new movement established by the English occultist Aleister Crowley, she was also the wife of rocket pioneer. Born in Belle Plaine, Iowa, Cameron volunteered for services in the United States Navy during the Second World War, after which she settled in Pasadena, California. There she met Parsons, who believed her to be the Elemental woman that he had invoked in the stages of a series of sex magic rituals called the Babalon Working. They entered a relationship and were married in 1946 and their relationship was often strained, although Parsons sparked her involvement in Thelema and occultism. After Parsons death in an explosion at their home in 1952, Cameron came to suspect that her husband had been assassinated, the group soon dissolved, with many of its members concerned by Camerons increasingly apocalyptic predictions. Returning to Los Angeles, Cameron befriended the socialite Samson De Brier, among her friends were the filmmakers Curtis Harrington and Kenneth Anger. Rarely remaining in one place for long, during the 1950s and 1960s she lived for periods in Joshua Tree, San Francisco, in 1955 she gave birth to a daughter, Crystal Eve Kimmel. Although health problems at times prevented her from working, she produced enough art, Camerons recognition as an artist increased after her death, when her paintings made appearances in exhibitions across the U. S. As a result of increased attention on Parsons, Camerons life also gained greater coverage in the early 2000s, Cameron was born in Belle Plaine, Iowa, on April 23,1922. Her father, the railway worker Hill Leslie Cameron, was the child of a Scots-Irish family, while her mother. She was their first child, followed by three siblings, James, Mary, and Robert. They lived on the north side of town, although life was nevertheless hard due to the Great Depression. Relating that one of her friends had committed suicide, she characterized herself as a rebellious child. Nobody would let their kid near me and she enjoyed going to the cinema, and had sexual relationships with various men, falling pregnant, her mother performed an illegal home abortion. In 1940, the Cameron family relocated to Davenport in order for Hill to work at the Rock Islands Arsenal munitions factory, Cameron completed her final year of high school education at Davenport High School, there having romantic relations with both a man and a woman. Leaving school, she worked as a display artist in a department store. Following the entry of the United States into the Second World War, in February 1943 she signed up for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, prime Minister Winston Churchill in May 1943
33.
Lon Milo DuQuette
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Lon Milo DuQuette, also known as Rabbi Lamed Ben Clifford, is an American writer, lecturer, musician, and occultist, best known as an author who applies humor in the field of Western Hermeticism. He and his partner Charles Dennis Harris, opened for Hoyt Axton, Arlo Guthrie, in 1972, he quit the music business and for the next 25 years he pursued his interest in mysticism, particularly the work of Aleister Crowley. DuQuette began writing professionally in 1988 and has since published 16 books, a 2005 gift of a ukulele re-ignited his interest in music. Two self-released CDs and a new record contract followed, in 2012, DuQuette released Im Baba Lon on Ninety Three Records, his first studio album in 40 years. On September 3,2012, Ninety Three released the follow-up and he is married to his high school sweetheart, Constance Jean Duquette. They live in Costa Mesa, California and have one son and he is perhaps best known as an author who injects humor into the serious subjects of magick and the occult. His autobiography, My Life with the Spirits, is currently a required text for two classes at DePaul University, Chicago, many of DuQuettes books have been dedicated to analyzing and exploring the works of Aleister Crowley, an English occultist, author, poet and philosopher. DuQuette occasionally appears on radio and television as a guest expert on subjects involving the occult and he is on the faculty of the Omega Institute for Holistic Studies in Rhinebeck, New York where he teaches The Western Magical Tradition. Since 1975 DuQuette has been a National and International governing officer of Ordo Templi Orientis, since 1996 he has been O. T. O. s United States Deputy Grand Master. He is also an Archbishop of Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, the arm of O. T. O. DuQuette, Lon Milo, & Aleister Crowley, Christopher Hyatt, Enochian World of Aleister Crowley, Enochian Sex Magick, DuQuette, Lon Milo, & Christopher Hyatt, Sex Magic, Tantra & Tarot, The Way of the Secret Lover, New Falcon,1991. DuQuette, Lon Milo, & Aleister Crowley, Christopher Hyatt, Aleister Crowleys Illustrated Goetia, Sexual Evocation, DuQuette, Lon Milo, Tarot of Ceremonial Magick, A Pictorial Synthesis of Three Great Pillars of Magick, Enochian, Goetia, Astrology, Weiser Books,1995. DuQuette, Lon Milo, Angels, Demons & Gods of the New Millennium, DuQuette, Lon Milo, My Life With the Spirits, The Adventures of a Modern Magician, Weiser Books,1999. DuQuette, Lon Milo, The Chicken Qabalah of Rabbi Lamed Ben Clifford, Dilettantes Guide to What You Do and Do Not Need to Know to Become a Qabalist, Weiser Books,2001. DuQuette, Lon Milo, The Magick of Aleister Crowley, A Handbook of the Rituals of Thelema, DuQuette, Lon Milo, Understanding Aleister Crowleys Thoth Tarot, Weiser Books,2003. DuQuette, Lon Milo, The Book Of Ordinary Oracles, Weiser Books,2005, DuQuette, Lon Milo, The Key to Solomons Key, Secrets of Magic and Masonry, Ccc Publishing,2006. DuQuette, Lon Milo, Accidental Christ, The Story of Jesus as Told by His Uncle, DuQuette, Lon Milo, Enochian Vision Magick, Weiser Books,2008. DuQuette, Lon Milo, Low Magick, Its All In Your Head and you Just Have No Idea How Big Your Head Is, Llewellyn Publications,2010
34.
J. F. C. Fuller
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With 45 books and many articles, he was a highly prolific author whose ideas reached army officers and the interested public. He explored the business of fighting, in terms of the relationship between warfare and social, political, and economic factors in the civilian sector, Fuller emphasized the potential of new weapons, especially tanks and aircraft, to stun a surprised enemy psychologically. Fuller was highly controversial in British politics because of his support for the organized fascist movement and he was also an occultist and Thelemite who wrote a number of works on esotericism and mysticism. Fuller was born in 1878 at Chichester in West Sussex, the son of an Anglican clergyman, Fuller was commissioned into the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry, and served in South Africa from 1899 to 1902. He helped plan the attack at the 20 November 1917 Battle of Cambrai. His Plan 1919 for a fully mechanised offensive against the German army was never implemented, after 1918 he held various leading positions, notably as a commander of an experimental brigade at Aldershot. Chief instructor of Camberly Staff College from 1923, he became assistant to the chief of the Imperial General Staff in 1926. In what came to be known as the Tidworth Incident, Fuller turned down the command of the Experimental Mechanized Force, the appointment also carried responsibility for a regular infantry brigade and the garrison of Tidworth Camp on Salisbury Plain. He was promoted to general in 1930 and retired three years later to devote himself entirely to writing. After retirement, Fuller served as a reporter during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, on his retirement in 1933, impatient with what he considered the inability of democracy to adopt military reforms, Fuller became involved with Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Fascist movement. As a member of the British Union of Fascists he sat on the partys Policy Directorate and was considered one of Mosleys closest allies and he was also a member of the clandestine far right group the Nordic League. In the 1930s the German Army implemented tactics similar in ways to Fullers analysis. Like Fuller, theorists of Blitzkrieg partly based their approach on the theory that areas of large enemy activity should be bypassed to be surrounded and destroyed. Blitzkrieg-style tactics were used by several nations throughout the Second World War, predominantly by the Germans in the invasion of Poland, Western Europe, N. Tukhachevsky et al. in the 1920s based on their experiences in the First World War and the Russian Civil War. Fuller was the only present at Nazi Germany’s first armed manoeuvres in 1935. On April 20,1939 Fuller was an honoured guest at Hitlers 50th birthday parade, afterwards Hitler asked, I hope you were pleased with your children. Fuller replied, Your Excellency, they have grown up so quickly that I no longer recognise them, during World War II, 1939-45, Fuller was under suspicion for his Nazi sympathies. He continued to out in favour of a peaceful settlement with Germany
35.
Kenneth Grant
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Kenneth Grant was an English ceremonial magician and prominent advocate of the Thelemite religion. A poet, novelist, and writer, he founded his own Thelemite organisation, born in Ilford, Essex, Grant developed an interest in occultism and Asian religion during his teenage years. Crowley instructed Grant in his practices, initiating him into his own occult order. When Crowley died in 1947, Grant was seen as his heir apparent in Britain, founding the London-based New Isis Lodge in 1954, Grant added to many of Crowleys Thelemite teachings, bringing in extraterrestrial themes and influences from the work of H. P. This was anathema to Germer, who expelled Grant from the O. T. O. in 1955, in 1949, Grant befriended the occult artist Austin Osman Spare, and in ensuing years helped to publicise Spares artwork through a series of publications. During the 1950s he also came to be interested in Hinduism, exploring the teachings of the Hindu guru Ramana Maharshi. He was particularly interested in the Hindu tantra, incorporating ideas from it into the Thelemic practices of sex magic. On Germers death in 1969, Grant proclaimed himself Outer Head of the O. T. O. this title was disputed by the American Grady McMurtry, Grants Order became known as the Typhonian Ordo Templi Orientis, operating from his Golders Green home. Grants writings and teachings have proved a significant influence over other currents of occultism, including magic, the Temple of Set. They also attracted academic interest within the study of Western esotericism, particularly from Henrik Bogdan, Grant was born on 23 May 1924 in Ilford, Essex, the son of a Welsh clergyman. By his early years, Grant had read widely on the subject of Western esotericism and Asian religions. He had made use of a magical symbol ever since being inspired to do so in a visionary dream he experienced in 1939, he spelled its name variously as Aashik, Oshik. He was never posted abroad, and was ejected from the army aged 20 due to a medical condition. Grant was fascinated by the work of the occultist Aleister Crowley and he also requested that Michael Houghton, proprietor of Central Londons esoteric bookstore Atlantis Bookshop, introduce him to Crowley. Houghton refused, privately remarking that Grant was mentally unstable, persisting, Grant wrote letters to the new address of Crowleys publishers, asking that they pass his letters on to Crowley himself. These resulted in the first meeting between the two, in autumn 1944, at the Bell Inn in Buckinghamshire, after several further meetings and an exchange of letters, Grant agreed to work for Crowley as his secretary and personal assistant. Now living in poverty, Crowley was unable to pay Grant for his services in money. In March 1945, Grant moved into a cottage in the grounds of Netherwood
. PMID 20772338.
