1.
County (United States)
–
In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
2.
Arkansas
–
Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
–
A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830. Born in Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne in south central France and he followed its martial tradition, and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the American cause in its war was noble. There, he was made a general, however, the 19-year-old was initially not given troops to command. Wounded during the Battle of Brandywine, he managed to organize an orderly retreat. He served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island, in the middle of the war, he returned home to lobby for an increase in French support. He again sailed to America in 1780, and was given positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops in Virginia under his command blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American, Lafayette returned to France and, in 1787, was appointed to the Assembly of Notables, which was convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789, where representatives met from the three orders of French society—the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, after the storming of the Bastille, Lafayette was appointed commander-in-chief of the National Guard and tried to steer a middle course through the French Revolution. In August 1792, the radical factions ordered his arrest, fleeing through the Austrian Netherlands, he was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. Lafayette returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte secured his release in 1797, after the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he held for most of the remainder of his life. During Frances July Revolution of 1830, Lafayette declined an offer to become the French dictator, instead, he supported Louis-Philippe as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. Lafayette died on 20 May 1834, and is buried in Picpus Cemetery in Paris, for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States, he is sometimes known as The Hero of the Two Worlds. Lafayettes lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, males of the Lafayette family enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayettes early ancestors, Gilbert de Lafayette III, a Marshal of France, had been a companion-at-arms of Joan of Arcs army during the Siege of Orléans in 1429, according to legend, another ancestor acquired the crown of thorns during the Sixth Crusade. Lafayettes father likewise died on the battlefield, on 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a British-led coalition at the Battle of Minden in Westphalia. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother, in 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comtes apartments in Luxembourg Palace
5.
County seat
–
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
6.
Lewisville, Arkansas
–
Lewisville is a town in Lafayette County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 1,285 at the 2000 census, the town is the county seat of Lafayette County. Lewisville is located at 33°21′38″N 93°34′46″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.2 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,285 people,518 households, the population density was 583.7 people per square mile. There were 577 housing units at a density of 262. 1/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 49. 34% White,49. 34% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 70% from other races,2. 10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 25. 8% under the age of 18,7. 9% from 18 to 24,25. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males, the median income for a household in the town was $26,719, and the median income for a family was $34,712. Males had an income of $24,408 versus $16,850 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,733, about 17. 2% of families and 21. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 3% of those under age 18 and 16. 1% of those age 65 or over. Public education for elementary and secondary students is provided by the Lafayette County School District, U. S. Highway 82 Arkansas Highway 29 Arkansas Highway 313 W. W. 2002-2005 First Division I Basketball Player of the city
7.
Stamps, Arkansas
–
Stamps is a town in Lafayette County, Arkansas, United States. The population was 2,131 at the 2000 census, a post office has been in operation in Stamps since 1887. The community has the name of the local Stamps family, Stamps was the shop headquarters for the former Louisiana and Arkansas Railway until the relocation in the early 1920s to Minden in Webster Parish in north Louisiana. Stamps has frequently noted on lists of unusual place names. An early postmaster quipped Stamps is the town in the U. S. that stamps Stamps on stamps. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.2 square miles. 3.1 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,131 people,830 households, and 541 families residing in the town. The population density was 693.7 people per square mile, there were 1,003 housing units at an average density of 326.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 44. 30% White,54. 48% Black or African American,0. 52% Native American,0. 09% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander, of the population 0. 61% was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of all households 31. 7% were made up of individuals and 17. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 27. 1% under the age of 18,9. 1% from 18 to 24,23. 7% from 25 to 44,20. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $22,194, and the median income for a family was $26,591. Males had an income of $25,667 versus $17,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,440, about 22. 8% of families and 27. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 0% of those under age 18 and 24. 2% of those age 65 or over. Public education for elementary and secondary students is provided by the Lafayette County School District, the schools mascot and athletic emblem is the Cougar. U. S. Highway 82 Arkansas Highway 53 Maya Angelou George Doherty Graydon K. Kitchens, Sr. Earl T. Ricks
8.
United States Census Bureau
–
The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
9.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
10.
Area code 870
–
Area code 870 is a telephone area code serving Arkansas, created on April 14,1997, excluding the metropolitan areas surrounding Little Rock, Fort Smith, and Fayetteville/Springdale/Rogers. Major cities in the area include Jonesboro, Mountain Home, Pine Bluff, Texarkana. The area code was the first to split from Arkansass original area code—501, on the evening of Tuesday, January 12,2010, NANPA issued its Fourth Quarter 2009 Newsletter, which makes reference that 327 has been assigned as the new area code to overlay 870 in Arkansas. However, the exhaust date has moved back to 2020 with little-used exchanges being released, as a result, the relief date likely will be many years in the future. On June 25,2012, NANPA issued an updated Planning Letter 437, NANPA Area Code Map of Arkansas List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,870 Area Code
11.
Arkansas's 4th congressional district
–
Arkansass 4th congressional district is a congressional district located in the southwestern portion of the U. S. state of Arkansas. Notable towns in the district include Camden, Hope, Hot Springs, Magnolia, Pine Bluff, the district is represented by Republican Bruce Westerman. George W. Bush received 51% of the vote in district in 2004. John McCain won the district in 2008 with 58. 14% of the vote while Barack Obama received 39. 33%, as of April 2015, there are five former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Arkansass 4th congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die was Ray Thornton on April 13,2016, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
12.
Time in the United States
–
The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
13.
Central Time Zone
–
The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
14.
Coordinated Universal Time
–
Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
15.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
16.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
17.
2010 United States Census
–
The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
18.
American Revolutionary War
–
From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
19.
Dry county
–
A dry county is a county in the United States whose government forbids the sale of any kind of alcoholic beverages. Some prohibit off-premises sale, some prohibit on-premises sale, and some prohibit both, hundreds of dry counties exist across the United States, a majority of them in the South. A number of smaller jurisdictions also exist, such as cities, towns, and townships and these are known as dry cities, dry towns, or dry townships. Although the 21st Amendment repeals nationwide prohibition in the United States, many dry communities do not prohibit the consumption of alcohol, which could potentially cause a loss of profits and taxes from the sale of alcohol to their residents in wet areas. While state law does not allow for dry counties, laws designed to restrict the sale, consumption of alcohol is discouraged by the LDS Church. However, one states ban on alcohol may not impede interstate commerce between states that permit it, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Granholm v. Heald that states do not have the power to regulate interstate shipments of alcoholic beverages. Even prior to Amtrak, when the Santa Fe Railways Super Chief passed through Kansas, the bar closed for the duration of the transit, but the alcohol stayed on board. A2004 survey by the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association found that more than 500 municipalities in the United States are dry, thirty-six of the 82 counties in Mississippi are dry or partially dry. In Florida, three of its 67 counties are dry, all of which are located in the part of the state. A study of Arkansas noted that wet and dry counties are often adjacent, other researchers have pointed to the same phenomenon. Winn and Giacopassi observed that residents of wet counties most likely have shorter distances between home and drinking establishments.8 per 10,000 people, conversely, wet counties had 1.9 per 10,000 people. Another issue a dry city or county may face is the loss of tax revenue because drinkers are willing to drive across city, county or even state lines to obtain alcohol. Counties in Texas have experienced this problem, which led to some of its residents to vote towards going wet to see their towns come back to life commercially. Although the idea of bringing more revenue and possibly new jobs to a town may be appealing from an economic standpoint, one study finds that the shift from bans on alcohol to legalization causes an increase in crime. The study finds that a 10% increase in drinking establishments is associated with a 3 to 5% increase in violent crime, the estimated relationship between drinking establishments and property crime is also positive, although smaller in magnitude. During the eight-year run of The Andy Griffith Show and the subsequent three-year run of Mayberry R. F. D, the fictional Mayberry County, North Carolina, where Mayberry was located, was established to have been a dry county. A running gag on the show portrayed the Otis Campbell character as constantly ending up in due to his drunkenness. Otis was drunk so often, he would let himself into his jail cell using a key stored within reach of the jails two comfortable cells and sleep off the effects of alcohol
20.
U.S. Route 82
–
U. S. Route 82 is an east–west United States highway in the Southern United States. Created on July 1,1931 across central Mississippi and southern Arkansas, US82 eventually became a 1, the highways eastern terminus is in Brunswick, Georgia, at an intersection with Interstate 95. It is co-signed for its last half-mile with U. S. Route 17 and its western terminus is in Alamogordo, New Mexico at an intersection with U. S. Route 54 and U. S. Route 70. US82 begins at an intersection with US highways 54 and 70 north of Alamogordo, heading east out of Alamogordo the road ascends into the Sacramento Mountains, traveling through the Lincoln National Forest. While climbing steep Mexican Canyon, the passes the abandoned railroad trestles of the El Paso and Northeastern Railway. US82 crosses into Texas from New Mexico at Texas Farm to Market Road 769, turning northeastward toward Plains, US82 is co-signed with US380 from Plains to Brownfield, where it joins US62, and US380 leaves the route. US 82/62 continues northeastward toward Lubbock, in Lubbock, US82 and US62 split, where US82 is a limited access freeway west of US Route 87. From Wolfforth to downtown Lubbock, US82 is named Marsha Sharp Freeway after Marsha Sharp, former basketball coach of the Texas Tech Lady Raiders. It once again merges with US62 east of the campus of Texas Tech University, where it continues eastward through Ralls, after climbing out of Blanco Canyon, US82 eventually exits the Llano Estacado and enters the rolling plains near Dickens, Texas. US 82/SH114 continues eastward as a route until Seymour. Highways 183,277 and 283, with US183 and 283 leaving the route at Mabelle, US 82/277 continues eastward to Wichita Falls, merging with US287 just south of downtown. US82 leaves US287 at Henrietta and continues east, signed independently across the remainder of Texas, US82 enters Arkansas in downtown Texarkana, then proceeds almost due east across the flat plains of the Red River. It crosses the Red River at Garland City on a new bridge, then passes through the towns of Lewisville, at Magnolia the route joins US79 for approximately two miles before continuing eastward. The route passes through the cities of El Dorado and Strong before crossing the Ouachita River just north of Lake Jack Lee, then continues through Crossett, the route continues from there across the Mississippi River to Greenville, MS. US82 closely follows the alignment of Arkansas Highway 2. Through the entire state, the highway is four-laned with interchanges at major junctions, according to the Mississippi Department of Transportations website www. gomdot. com, construction is now underway on a U. S.82 bypass around Greenville. The new road will commence at the recently opened MS River Bridge and terminate at the current U. S.82 near Leland, cloverleaf interchanges are presently being built at the freeways junctions with MS454 and MS1. This new bypass will be the terminus for the planned freeway connector to Interstate 69
21.
Arkansas Highway 29
–
Arkansas Highway 29 is a state highway that extends 77.2 miles in South Arkansas. It runs north from the Louisiana state line to its terminus at AR301 in Antoine and it is intersected by many major thoroughfares including Interstate 30. Part of the highway is known as Bill Clinton Drive, maintained by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department the route begins at Louisiana Highway 3 at the Louisiana state line. It runs north parallel to the Union Pacific tracks, intersecting AR160 in Bradley, the route runs for 33.8 miles in Lafayette County before continuing north into Hempstead County. The route has multiple important junctions in Hope, the route meets US67, US278, US371, and Interstate 30 in Hope. The route concurs with US278 and runs around Hope as Bill Clinton Drive, AR29 runs for 41.3 miles in Hempstead County. In Nevada County, the route begins a concurrency with AR19, the route runs for 3.7 miles in Nevada County before entering Pike County. AR29 meets AR301, before terminating at that route in Antoine. The 6.7 miles in Pike County makes the route length 77.2 miles. The route terminated at Blevins in 1947, Arkansas Highway 29 Business is a 3. 0-mile-long business route in Hope. It passes the Missouri Pacific Railroad Depot-Hope and the Ethridge House, the route was designated after 1962
22.
Arkansas Highway 160
–
Arkansas Highway 160 is a designation for four state highways in Lower Arkansas. The northernmost segment of 51.55 miles runs from Farm to Market Road 249 and State Line Avenue at the Texas state line near Bloomburg, a second segment of 14.73 miles runs east from Highway 57 east to Highway 7 Business in Smackover. In southern Calhoun County, Highway 160 begins at US Route 278, a fourth segment begins at US82 and runs 22.73 miles east to US65 at Chicot Junction. Highway 160 begins at State Line Avenue as Farm to Market Road 249 near Bloomburg, Texas, the route runs underneath Interstate 49 before it crosses the Red River to enter Lafayette County. The route continues east, passing Gin City where it meets Highway 360, Conway Cemetery on the National Register of Historic Places, Arkansas Highway 160 heads southeast around Lake Erling before forming a concurrency north with Highway 53 to Walker Creek. The route enters Columbia County near Taylor where it forms a 0.13 miles officially designated exception over US371, before continuing northeast to Macedonia where it terminates at Highway 19. Highway 160 begins at Highway 57 in Mount Holly in the northwest corner of Union County, the route runs northeast to a junction with Highway 7 outside Smackover before entering the city limits. Highway 160 terminates at Highway 7 Business near Smackover High School, Arkansas Highway 160 travels south until meeting AR172, after which it begins to arrow east to join with US 63/AR15. The merge continues until Hermitage, when AR160 continues south past Ingalls, the route then angles north towards Highway 8 in Johnsville. Beyond Johnsville, AR160 becomes concurrent with AR133 until Fountain Hill, where it terminates
23.
Hempstead County, Arkansas
–
Hempstead County is a county located in the U. S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 22,609, Hempstead County is Arkansass fourth county, formed on December 15,1818, alongside Clark and Pulaski counties. The county is named for Edward Hempstead, a delegate to the U. S. Congress from the Missouri Territory and it is an alcohol prohibition or dry county. Historic Washington State Park is located in Hempstead County some nine miles northwest of Hope in the village of Washington. The state park opened in 1973 as Old Washington Historic State Park, the park offers walking tours of the historic village, which contains more than a dozen historic structures from the 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 741 square miles. Hempstead County is alternately considered as part of the regions of South Arkansas or Southwest Arkansas. The population density was 32 people per square mile, there were 10,166 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile. 8. 25% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the family size was 3.09. In the county, the population was out with 27. 30% under the age of 18,9. 60% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,21. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 93.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,622, and the median income for a family was $34,082. Males had an income of $25,830 versus $17,383 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,103, about 16. 00% of families and 20. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 20% of those under age 18 and 16. 70% of those age 65 or over. Blevins Hope Washington Clow Spring Hill Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county, each township includes unincorporated areas, some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times, however, the United States Census does list Arkansas population based on townships. Townships are also of value for purposes in terms of genealogical research
24.
Nevada County, Arkansas
–
Nevada County is a county located in the U. S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,997, Nevada County is Arkansass 63rd county, formed on March 20,1871, from portions of Hempstead, Ouachita and Columbia Counties. In contrast with the name of the state, the pronunciation for the southwestern Arkansas county is nuh-VAY-duh. It is a prohibition or dry county. Dorcheat Bayou, a 122-mile stream, begins in Nevada County and it flows south into Columbia County and then Webster Parish, Louisiana, and empties into Lake Bistineau. In the 19th century, the bayou was navigable for three to six months by steamboat from Bistineau to Minden and it is now popular for fishing and natural beauty. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 621 square miles. The county is bounded on the north by the Little Missouri River, a branch of the Ouachita River, Nevada County is alternately considered as part of the greater regions of South Arkansas or Southwest Arkansas. The population density was 16 people per square mile, there were 4,751 housing units at an average density of 8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 66. 90% White,31. 18% Black or African American,0. 38% Native American,0. 06% Asian,0. 85% from other races,1. 52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 27. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was out with 25. 20% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,26. 10% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $26,962, and the median income for a family was $33,095. Males had an income of $27,888 versus $17,920 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,184, about 18. 30% of families and 22. 80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 00% of those under age 18 and 27. 10% of those age 65 or over. Emmet Prescott Bluff City Bodcaw Cale Rosston Willisville Reader Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county, each township includes unincorporated areas, some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times, however, the United States Census does list Arkansas population based on townships
25.
Columbia County, Arkansas
–
Columbia County is a county located in the U. S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,552, the county was formed on December 17,1852, and was named for Christopher Columbus. The Magnolia, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Columbia County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 767 square miles, of which 766 square miles is land and 0.7 square miles is water. Columbia County is in South Arkansas, Columbia County, along with Union County, is home to the largest Bromine reserve in the United States. Dorcheat Bayou flows through Columbia County from its origin in Nevada County southward into Webster Parish, Louisiana, the population density was 33 people per square mile. There were 11,566 housing units at a density of 15 per square mile. 1. 05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,29. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was out with 25. 10% under the age of 18,12. 30% from 18 to 24,25. 30% from 25 to 44,21. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 90.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $27,640, and the median income for a family was $36,271. Males had an income of $31,313 versus $20,099 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,322, about 15. 80% of families and 21. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28. 70% of those under age 18 and 20. 00% of those age 65 or over. U. S. Highway 79 U. S. Highway 82 U. S. Highway 371 Highway 19 Highway 98 Highway 160 Future Interstate 69 Magnolia Municipal Airport is a airport in Columbia County. It is owned by the city of Magnolia and located three miles southeast of its central business district. Magnolia Emerson McNeil Taylor Waldo Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county, each township includes unincorporated areas, some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries. Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times, however, the United States Census does list Arkansas population based on townships. Townships are also of value for purposes in terms of genealogical research
26.
Webster Parish, Louisiana
–
Webster Parish is a parish located in the northwestern section of the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,207, the seat of the parish is Minden. The parish is named for 19th-century American statesman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and it was created on February 27,1871 from lands formerly belonging to Bienville, Bossier, and Claiborne parishes. Webster Parish is part of the Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area, among the first settlers in Webster Parish was Newett Drew, a native of Virginia, who about 1818 established a grist mill at the former Overton community near Minden. At this time the area was Natchitoches Parish and later Overton became the Parish Seat of Claiborne Parish in 1836 until it moved in 1848. His son, Richard Maxwell Drew was born in Overton and served as a district judge state representative prior to his death in 1850 at the age of twenty-eight. R. M. Drews descendants held judicial or legislative positions in Webster Parish as well, Richard Cleveland Drew, Harmon Caldwell Drew, R. Harmon Drew, Sr. and Harmon Drew, Jr. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 615 square miles. Future Interstate 69 Interstate 20 U. S. Highway 79 U. S. Highway 80 U. S. Kennon, planning on the courthouse began in 1950, when it was determined that the previous structure had become obsolete. A modern multi-level jail was added to that courthouse in 1906 at a cost of $16,000, the new jail enabled constituents coming to the sheriffs tax office to avoid passing through the jail. W. W. Carloss, who fought in the Siege of Port Hudson, was the Webster Parish state representative from 1874 to 1888, but he thereafter moved to Lafayette County in southwestern Arkansas. From 1896 to 1900, Thomas Wafer Fuller of Minden, a descendant of a prominent area family, served as the state senator freom Webster and he was also a newspaper publisher, twice the owner of the former Webster Signal. From 1908 until his death in 1920, he was the school superintendent in Webster Parish. Leland G. Mims father-in-law, W. Matt Lowe, served on the jury between 1940 and 1954 and was the mayor of Minden from 1916 to 1920. From 1992 to 2012, Webster Parish was represented in the Louisiana House of Representatives by a member of the Doerge family, Democrat Everett Doerge, a retired educator and native of Minden, unseated the short-term Republican incumbent Eugene Eason and held the seat until his death in 1998. His widow, Jean M. Doerge, also an educator, a Democrat. She was reelected three times, twice without opposition but was term-limited in 2011, the Webster Parish representative effective in 2012 is Democrat Harlie Eugene Reynolds, a retired educator from Dubberly. In 1996, the Webster Parish Police Jury approved a $1,849,000 bid to the firm Finney Co. of Shreveport for construction of a new library facility on Est and West Street in Minden
27.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
28.
Bossier Parish, Louisiana
–
Bossier Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,979, the principal city is Bossier City, which is located east of the Red River from Shreveport, the seat of Caddo Parish. The parish was formed in 1843 from the portion of Claiborne Parish. Bossier Parish is part of the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Shreveport–Bossier City–Minden Combined Statistical Area, Lake Bistineau and Lake Bistineau State Park are included in parts of Bossier and neighboring Webster and Bienville parishes. Loggy Bayou flows south from Lake Bistineau in southern Bossier Parish, traverses western Bienville Parish, Bossier Parish is named for Pierre Bossier, a 19th-century Louisiana state senator and U. S. representative from Natchitoches Parish. Bossier Parish was spared fighting on its soil during the American Civil War, Bossier Parish is governed by a 12-member elected body, the Bossier Parish Police Jury. Eddy Shell, a prominent Bossier City educator, served on the jury from 1992 until his death in 2008. Since 1952, George Wallace, the governor of Alabama running in 1968 on the American Independent Party ticket, is the only non-Republican to have carried Bossier Parish. Senator John S. McCain of Arizona won in Bossier Parish with 32,713 votes over the Democrat Barack H. Obama of Illinois, in 2012, Mitt Romney polled 34,988 votes in Bossier Parish, or 2,275 more ballots than McCain drew in 2008. President Obama trailed in Bossier Parish with 12,956 votes, or 253 more votes than he had received in 2008, In 2011, whittington, as sheriff to succeed the long-term Larry Deen, a Democrat who later re-registered as a Republican. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has an area of 867 square miles. Four miles east of Bossier City is Barksdale Air Force Base, future Interstate 69 Interstate 20 Interstate 220 U. S. Highway 71 U. S. Highway 79 U. S. The population density was 142 people per square mile, there were 49,000 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile. 8. 15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.09. In the parish the population was out with 28. 00% under the age of 18,9. 70% from 18 to 24,30. 50% from 25 to 44,21. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $39,203, and the median income for a family was $45,542
29.
Caddo Parish, Louisiana
–
Caddo Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 254,969, Caddo Parish is included in the Shreveport–Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1838, Caddo Parish was carved from Natchitoches Parish, the legislature named it for the indigenous Caddo Indians, as county seat, Shreveport is the site of the parish courthouse. Caddo Parish comprises the 1st Judicial District, located downtown on Texas Street, the courthouse contains both civil and criminal courts. The current elected judges are, Ramon Lafitte, Craig O. Marcotte, Michael A. Pitman, Karelia R. Stewart, Robert P. Waddell, Erin Leigh W. Garrett, Katherine C. Dorroh, John Mosely, Jr. Brady OCallaghan, Ramona Emanuel, the Clerk of Court is Mike Spence. In April 2015, The New Yorker published an article about the prosecution of Rodricus Crawford, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 937 square miles, of which 978 square miles is land and 58 square miles is water. According to 2012 U. S. Census Bureau estimates, Caddo Parish population was 257,093, the population density was 286 people per square mile. There were 108,296 housing units at a density of 123 per square mile. The racial makeup of the parish was 49. 1% White,40. 0% Black or African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 8% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 82% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. 5. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino,28. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.11. In the parish the population was out with 26. 80% under the age of 18,10. 20% from 18 to 24,27. 40% from 25 to 44,22. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.90 males, the median income for a household in the parish was $31,467, and the median income for a family was $38,872. Males had an income of $31,664 versus $22,074 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $17,839, about 17. 10% of families and 21. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 80% of those under age 18 and 16. 10% of those age 65 or over. Although Republican John McCain carried the state of Louisiana overall, he did not carry Caddo Parish in the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama won 51% of the vote and 55,536 votes
30.
Miller County, Arkansas
–
Miller County is a county located in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,462, Miller County is part of the Texarkana, TX-AR, Metropolitan Statistical Area. When first formed, Miller County was Arkansass sixth county, established on April 1,1820, and named for James Miller, additionally, Miller County was the first of the states counties to be formed upon the creation of the Arkansas Territory. The first five — Arkansas, Lawrence, Clark, Hempstead, the county was abolished in 1838, and later recreated on December 22,1874 from a portion of neighboring Lafayette County. Despite its proximity to Texas, Miller County residents are not exempt from Arkansass state personal income tax unless they reside within the city limits of Texarkana. Miller County is also one of two counties in Arkansas to be separated from all surrounding counties in the state by water — the Red River. In 1831 the county seat was located what is the current day Clarksville, in 1837 and 1838, Texas organized Red River and Fannin counties, respectively, in the area. Arkansas attempted to counter by making it a misdemeanor for Miller County residents to office in Texas. The attempts were unsuccessful, and in 1845 Texas was annexed by the United States. As much of Miller County was lost to Texas, the county was dissolved with the remaining territory returning to Lafayette County, the modern Miller County was re-created in 1874 from the parts of Lafayette County lying west and south of the Red River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 638 square miles. The population density was 65 people per square mile, there were 17,727 housing units at an average density of 28 per square mile. 1. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,25. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was out with 26. 50% under the age of 18,9. 70% from 18 to 24,28. 60% from 25 to 44,22. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 95.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,951, and the median income for a family was $36,665. Males had an income of $33,080 versus $21,376 for females
31.
1860 United States Census
–
The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
32.
1890 United States Census
–
The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
33.
1910 United States Census
–
The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
34.
1920 United States Census
–
In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
35.
1930 United States Census
–
The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
36.
1940 United States Census
–
The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
37.
1950 United States Census
–
Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
38.
1970 United States Census
–
Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
39.
1980 United States Census
–
Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
40.
1990 United States Census
–
Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
41.
2000 United States Census
–
This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
Lafayette County, Arkansas
