1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Tavares, Florida
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Tavares is a city located in the central portion of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Lake County, the population in 2015 was 14,583, with a total of 5,000 households and an average household income of $40,000. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area, the name is a popular Portuguese surname and toponym. The city was founded by newspaper and railroad man Alexander St. Clair-Abrams in 1880, in 1883 a post office was established, which was followed by a hotel, three stores, a sawmill, and eight cottages in 1884. While St. Clair-Abrams did not achieve his dream that Tavares become the capital of Florida. St. Clair-Abrams later chartered a railroad to run from Tavares to Orlando, in 1919, Tavares incorporated as a town. Tavares is located at 28°48′6″N 81°44′1″W According to the United States Census Bureau, as of the census of 2000, there were 9,700 people,4,471 households, and 2,821 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,368.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 5,475 housing units at an average density of 772.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 98% White,7. 70% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 80% Asian,0. 07% Pacific Islander,1. 04% from other races, and 1. 10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 46% of the population,33. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the family size was 2.48. In the city, the population was out with 14. 1% under the age of 18,5. 8% from 18 to 24,19. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 56 years, for every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $31,337, and the median income for a family was $36,243. Males had an income of $28,911 versus $20,271 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,942, about 6. 6% of families and 10. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 2% of those under age 18 and 6. 9% of those age 65 or over. The Tavares Seaplane Base is a city-owned, public-use seaplane base located on Lake Dora in Tavares, the base is popular and gives rise to the citys nickname, Americas Seaplane City. The LakeXpress is Lake Countys public transportation and has been active since May 2007, LakeXpress is a fixed-route transportation service
6.
Clermont, Florida
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Clermont is a city in Lake County, Florida, United States, about 22 miles west of Orlando and 22 miles southeast of Leesburg. The population was 30,201 in 2013, the city is residential in character and its economy is centered in retail trade, lodging, and tourism-oriented restaurants and bars. It is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area, Clermont is home to the 1956 Florida Citrus Tower, one of Floridas first landmarks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.5 square miles. The Clermont area lies on the part of the Lake Wales Ridge. There are rolling hills atypical of the Florida peninsula, nearby are the Clermont Chain of lakes and Lake Apopka. The annual average variations of various measurements are, Rainfall 36.6 to 51.2 inches, Snowfall is zero,25.2 Precipitation Days 101 to 107, Sunny Days 205 to 236, July High 86.5 to 91.7 °F, Avg. Low 20.8 to 48.8 °F, Comfort Index 28 to 44, UV Index from 4.3 to 6.3, the town gets 51 inches of rain per year, more than the US average of 37 inches. On average, there are 236 sunny days per year, the July high is around 92 °F. The comfort index, which is based on humidity during the hot months, is a 28 out of 100, Clermont was founded in 1884 and named for the French birthplace of the manager of the Clermont Improvement Company, A. F. Wrotniski. The city was incorporated in 1916, the historic downtown district appearance has not changed much since 1962. The population grew 207% from 2000 to 2010, with economic growth. In spring 2010, the Clermont Landings shopping center opened with 20 shops and restaurants, the increased pollution has affected the citys lakes and other natural resources. Waterfront Park is located along Lake Minneola, The park includes picnic areas, an area, fishing piers. There are rentals of paddleboards, kayaks and bicycles, a fitness trail that is part of a 30-mile system runs through the park. As of the census of 2010, there were 28,742 people residing in the city in 11,216 households, the population density in 2000 was 812/mi². In 2000 the average density of Clermont 380/mi². The racial makeup of the city was 71. 69% White,14. 41% African American,0. 42% Native American,4. 19% Asian,5. 37% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 17. 75% of the population
7.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
Florida's 6th congressional district
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NOTE, This districts boundaries were changed in 2016. This map is not presently accurate, Floridas 6th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Florida. The district stretches from the southern Jacksonville suburbs to New Smyrna Beach and it includes the cities of St. Augustine and Daytona Beach. From 2003 to 2013 the district stretched from the St and it included all of Bradford and Gilchrist counties and portions of Alachua, Clay, Duval, Lake, Levy, and Marion counties. The district is represented by Republican Ron DeSantis. The district contains over 525,000 registered voters, of whom just over 39% are Democratic, as of January 2017, these are two former members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 6th congressional district who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Bill Young on October 18,2013 Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Florida's 11th congressional district
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Floridas 11th congressional district is an electoral district for the U. S. The district stretches from Ocala southwest to Spring Hill, from 1993 to 2013, the former 11th district had encompassed most of the city of Tampa and its suburbs and the shoreline of southeastern Hillsborough County. It also included two areas in counties, urban neighborhoods of south St. Petersburg in Pinellas County and neighborhoods in. The district is represented by Republican Daniel Webster. As of January 2017, there are four members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 11th congressional district who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Sam Gibbons on October 10,2012 Over 3 decades earlier, from 1983 to 1993, the district was based in Brevard County, including the Kennedy Space Center. In 1986, weeks before the Challenger disaster, the districts then-congressman, Bill Nelson, from 1993 to 2013 the district was based in Tampa plus the shoreline of Tampa Bay, the citys long-serving congressman Sam Gibbons retired in 1997 after nearly 35 years in the House. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
10.
Florida's 15th congressional district
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NOTE, This districts boundaries were changed in 2016. This map is not presently accurate, the district includes many of the eastern suburbs of Tampa including Brandon, Plant City, Lakeland and Bartow. From 2003–2012, the prior 15th district contained most of Brevard County south of the city of Cocoa, all of Indian River County, most of Osceola County, the district took in the cities of Kissimmee, Melbourne and Vero Beach, and Patrick Air Force Base. The district is represented by Republican Dennis A. Ross. As of January 2017, there are three members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 15th congressional district who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was E. Clay Shaw Jr. on September 10,2013,2008 Race Tracker Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
11.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
12.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
13.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
14.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
15.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
16.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
17.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
18.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
19.
Kissimmee, Florida
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Kissimmee is a city in Osceola County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 59,682 and it is the county seat of Osceola County. Kissimmee is a Principal City of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida, Metropolitan Statistical Area, the area was originally named Allendale, after Confederate Major J. H. Allen who operated the first cargo steamboat along the Kissimmee River – the Mary Belle. It was renamed Kissimmee when incorporated as a city in 1883, the etymology of the name Kissimmee is debated, apart from general agreement that it is Native American in origin. Its growth can be credited to Hamilton Disston of Philadelphia, who based his four-million acre drainage operation out of the small town, Disston had contracted with the financially wobbly state of Florida to drain its southern lands, for which he would own half of all he successfully drained. This deal made Disston the largest single landowner in the United States, disstons dredging and land speculation required a small steamboat industry to transport people and goods along the new waterway. The Kissimmee shipyard was responsible for building most of large steamships. Concurrently, the South Florida Railroad was growing and extended the end of its line from Sanford down to Kissimmee, on February 12,1885, the Florida Legislature incorporated the Kissimmee City Street Railway. But the heyday of Kissimmee was short-lived, expanding railroads began to challenge the steamships for carrying freight and passengers. By 1884, the South Florida Railroad, now part of the Plant System, had extended its tracks to Tampa, the Panic of 1893 was the worst depression the U. S. had experienced up to that time, crushing land speculation and unsound debt. Hamilton Disston closed his Kissimmee land operation, consecutive freezes in 1894 and 1895 wiped out the citrus industry. The freezes, combined with South Floridas growth and the relocation of operations to Lake Okeechobee. Kissimmee had a population of 4,310 in 1950, at that point there was some citrus packing as well as the ranching. Ranching remained an important part of the economy until the opening of nearby Walt Disney World in 1971. After that, tourism and development supplanted cattle ranching to a large measure, however, even though the Disney facility took over much of the open range cattle lands, cattle ranches still operate nearby, particularly in the southern part of Osceola County. Kissimmee Utility Authority restored power to 54 percent of the residents in the first 72 hours,85 percent were restored within one week, service was restored to all customers on August 28. Three weeks after Hurricane Charley, the area was struck by Hurricane Frances, Kissimmee is located at 28°18′14″N 81°24′46″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 17.32 square miles
20.
Sanford, Florida
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Sanford is a city in the central region of the U. S. state of Florida and is the county seat of Seminole County. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 53,570, known as the Historic Waterfront Gateway City, Sanford sits on the southern shore of Lake Monroe at the head of navigation on the St. Johns River. Native Americans first settled in the thousands of years before the city was formed. The Seminoles would arrive in the area in the 18th century, during the Second Seminole War in 1836, the United States Army established Camp Monroe and built a road that is currently known as Mellonville Avenue. The city sits approximately 20 miles northeast of Orlando, Sanford is home to Seminole State College of Florida and the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens. Its downtown attracts tourists with shops, restaurants, a marina, the Orlando Sanford International Airport, which is in the heart of the town, functions as the secondary commercial airport for international and domestic carriers in the Orlando metropolitan area. The ten-foot wide paved walkway spans a distance of miles in Sanfords downtown area along the waterfront of Lake Monroe. Phase 2, which adds over 3000 feet to the trail, was completed in 2014, the city is redoing the face of Sanford Avenue, one of the main streets, with a new brick road, wider sidewalks, trees, flowers, and benches. Sanford is connected to the central Florida commuter railway SunRail, with the station 2 miles from the downtown, to support the its green initiatives, Sanford has added five electric car charging stations. The city is proposing to replace streetlamp bulbs with LED lights, the city of Sanford also launched a redesigned city government website in 2012. The Mayaca or Jororo Indians inhabited the shores of Lake Monroe at the time of European contact, by 1760, however, war and disease had decimated the tribe, which would be replaced by the Seminole Indians. Florida was acquired by the United States from Spain in 1821, in 1835, the Seminoles burned the port of Palatka on the St. Johns River, then the major artery into Central Florida from the East Coast. Consequently, a garrison was established upstream, on the southern side of Lake Monroe near a trading post. Called Camp Monroe, the log breastwork was attacked on February 8,1837 and it would be strengthened and renamed Fort Mellon in honor of Captain Charles Mellon, the sole American casualty. General Zachary Taylor had a road connecting a string of defenses from Lake Monroe to Fort Brooke. The town of Mellonville was founded around Fort Mellon in 1842 by Daniel Stewart, in 1845, Florida became a U. S. state, and Mellonville became county seat of Orange County, formerly called Mosquito County with its county seat across the lake at Enterprise. Orange groves were planted, with the first fruit packing plant built in 1869, in 1870, General Henry Shelton Sanford bought 12,548 acres to the west of Mellonville and laid out the community of Sanford. Believing it would become a hub, he called it The Gateway City to South Florida
21.
Greater Orlando
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Its principal cities are Orlando, Kissimmee and Sanford. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget defines it as consisting of the counties of Lake, Orange, Osceola, and Seminole. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, the population of Greater Orlando is 2,134,411, by population, it is the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida, the fifth-largest in the southeastern United States, and the 26th largest in the United States. The MSA encompasses 4,012 square miles of total area, the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford MSA is further listed by the U. S. Office of Management and Budget as part of the Orlando–Deltona–Daytona Beach, Florida Combined Statistical Area. This includes the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the area of The Villages. The Combined Statistical Area was estimated to have a population of 2,818,120 in 2010, principal cities are defined by the OMB based on population size and employment. In general, a city has more non-residents commuting into the city to work than residents commuting out of the city to work. 53,570 Greater Orlando is best known for its tourism industry, famous attractions include Walt Disney World, SeaWorld Orlando and Universal Orlando. Tourism has brought to Orlando numerous hotels, restaurants, and shopping malls all ranging from low-cost to upscale options, the citrus industry has declined over the past 100 years as farmers moved orange groves further south to more frostproof areas. The Christmas 1989 impact freeze proved particularly damaging to commercial citrus farming within Greater Orlando, there are still three major orange juice plants remaining in the area, Cutrale Citrus Juices in Leesburg, Floridas Natural Growers in Umatilla, and Silver Springs Citrus in Howey-in-the-Hills. Minute Maid maintains a major juice flavoring plant in Apopka, other agricultural pursuits, particularly cattle farming, remain important parts of the Central Florida economy, but are now all located on the outer fringes of the metro area. Orlando is the largest city in Central Florida and is also a food processing center. Metro Orlando has served as a military defense and aerospace center since World War II. The most prominent defense contractor in the area is Lockheed Martin, military presence began in the 1940s, with the opening of McCoy Air Force Base and the Orlando Naval Training Center. McCoy AFB was a hub of B-52 Stratofortress operations. McCoy AFB was split between the city and NTC Orlando in 1974, and NTC Orlando closed in the mid-1990s, McCoy AFB is now the location of the Orlando International Airport. Farther north in Sanford, the Orlando Sanford International Airport was originally Naval Air Station Sanford, metro Orlandos economy has greatly diversified from tourism, and the area is now considered a primary city for the modeling, simulation and training industry. The University of Central Florida is home to more than 60,000 students, the second largest public university campus by enrollment, the Central Florida Research Park is the seventh largest research park in the United States by number of employees, and fourth largest by number of companies
22.
Sumter County, Florida
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Sumter County is a county located in the state of Florida, United States. As of September 2016, the according to county officials is 118,577. It has the oldest median age of any US county and its county seat is Bushnell, and the largest community is The Villages. Sumter County comprises Metropolitan Statistical Area of The Villages, which is included in the Orlando-Deltona-Daytona Beach, Sumter County was affected by the massive Florida tornado outbreak of February 2,2007, and declared a state of emergency. Sumter County was created in 1853 and it was named for General Thomas Sumter, a general in the American Revolutionary War. The county in the past, and to day by some, is nicknamed Hog County most likely because it is home to a large population of wild hogs. Hog hunting is still a favorite pastime of locals in the rural portions of the county. This has dramatically changed the demographics of the county and has brought in significant income, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 580 square miles, of which 547 square miles is land and 33 square miles is water. The population density was 98 people per square mile, there were 25,195 housing units at an average density of 46 per square mile. 6. 29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 2.62. According to U. S. News & World Report over half the population of Sumter County are now senior citizens. In the county, the population was out with 16. 10% under the age of 18,5. 90% from 18 to 24,23. 30% from 25 to 44,27. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 49 years, for every 100 females there were 113.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,073, and the median income for a family was $36,999. Males had an income of $27,346 versus $21,145 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,830, about 9. 60% of families and 13. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 00% of those under age 18 and 7. 70% of those age 65 or over. According to The Daily Commercial, Sumter Countys unemployment rate as of March 2009 is 13.2 percent, in March 2016, the countys unemployment rate was 6. 7%
23.
Orange County, Florida
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Orange County is a county in the state of Florida, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,145,956, Orange County is the central county Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The land that is Orange County was part of the first land to emerge from below the Early Oligocene sea 33. 9–28.4 million years ago and is known as Orange Island. In 1821, two counties formed Florida, Escambia to the west and St. Johns to the east, in 1824, the area to the south of St. Johns County became Mosquito County, and Enterprise was named the county seat. This massive county took up much of central Florida, Mosquito County was renamed Orange County in 1845 when Florida became a state. Several counties, such as Osceola, Seminole, Lake, Orange County was renamed from Mosquito County for the fruit that constituted the countys main product. At its peak in the early 1970s, some 80,000 acres were planted in citrus in Orange County, there was the dark green foliage of orange trees and the scent of the orange blossoms when in bloom. Fewer commercial orange groves remained by the end of the twentieth century, the majority of groves were destroyed by the freezing temperatures experienced in successive winters of 1985-1986, in particular by the January 1985 cold wave, the worst since 1899. The financial setbacks, not the first in the regions history, were too challenging for many growers. Economically destroyed, many walked away from the land and its obligations, one of the regions major land owners and growers was the Tropicana company. They, however, also rather than try to come back from these seemingly endless generational decimation. However, several packing facilities and wholesalers are still in Orange County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,003 square miles, of which 903 square miles is land and 100 square miles is water. S. 24. 85% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 08% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 23. 6% under the age of 18,12. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 8% from 25 to 44,24. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33.7 years, for every 100 females there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males, the median income for a household in the county was $50,138, and the median income for a family was $57,473. Males had an income of $40,619 versus $31,919 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,490, about 10. 0% of families and 13. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 2% of those under age 18 and 9. 4% of those aged 65 or over
24.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
25.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
26.
NAACP
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Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey. Its mission in the 21st century is to ensure the political, educational, social and their national initiatives included political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by their legal team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the status of foreign refugees. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the common term colored people. The NAACP bestows annual awards to people of color in two categories, Image Awards are for achievement in the arts and entertainment, and Spingarn Medals are for outstanding achievement of any kind and its headquarters is in Baltimore, Maryland. The NAACP is headquartered in Baltimore, with regional offices in New York, Michigan, Georgia, Maryland, Texas, Colorado. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region, local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. In the U. S. the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board, julian Bond, Civil Rights Movement activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by health-care administrator Roslyn Brock. For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was led by its executive secretary. James Weldon Johnson and Walter F. White, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years. Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action, local chapters are supported by the Branch and Field Services department and the Youth and College department. The Legal department focuses on cases of broad application to minorities, such as systematic discrimination in employment, government. The Washington, D. C. bureau is responsible for lobbying the U. S. government, the goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education. As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members, the NAACPs non-current records are housed at the Library of Congress, which has served as the organizations official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACPs history from the time of its founding until 2003, in 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing people of color and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the Southern states disenfranchisement of blacks starting with Mississippis passage of a new constitution in 1890, through 1908, southern legislatures dominated by white Democrats ratified new constitutions and laws creating barriers to voter registration and more complex election rules. In practice, this caused the exclusion of most blacks and many whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation, men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not qualify to register
27.
Thurgood Marshall
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Thurgood Marshall was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Courts 96th justice and its first African-American justice and he served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy. He was appointed as the Solicitor General by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967 and he was approved by the Senate. Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2,1908 and his original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened it to Thurgood in second grade because he disliked spelling it. His father, William Marshall, worked as a porter, and his mother Norma, as a teacher, they instilled in him an appreciation for the United States Constitution. Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and was placed in the class with the best students and he graduated a year early in 1925 with a B-grade average, and placed in the top third of the class. It is commonly reported that he intended to study medicine and become a dentist, but according to his application to Lincoln University, Marshall said his goal was to become a lawyer. Among his classmates were poet Langston Hughes and musician Cab Calloway, initially he did not take his studies seriously, and was suspended twice for hazing and pranks against fellow students. He was not politically active at first, becoming a star of the debating team, in his freshman year he opposed the integration of African-American professors at the university. Hughes later described Marshall as rough and ready, loud and wrong, in his second year Marshall participated in a sit-in protest against segregation at a local movie theater. In that year, he was initiated as a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, Marshall wanted to study in his hometown law school, the University of Maryland School of Law, but did not apply because of the schools segregation policy. Marshall instead attended Howard University School of Law, where he worked harder than he had at Lincoln, in 1933, he graduated first in his class at Howard. After graduating from law school, Marshall started a law practice in Baltimore. He began his 25-year affiliation with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1934 by representing the organization in the law school discrimination suit Murray v. Pearson, in 1936, Marshall became part of the national staff of the NAACP. In Murray v. Black students in Maryland wanting to study law had to attend segregated establishments, Morgan College, whatever system is adopted for legal education must furnish equality of treatment now. At the age of 32, Marshall won U. S. Supreme Court case Chambers v. Florida,309 U. S.227 and that same year, he founded and became the executive director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. In total, Marshall won 29 out of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court, during the 1950s, Thurgood Marshall developed a friendly relationship with J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1956, for example, he privately praised Hoovers campaign to discredit T. R. M, Howard, a maverick civil rights leader from Mississippi
28.
Willis V. McCall
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Willis Virgil McCall was an elected sheriff of Lake County, Florida. He gained national attention in the Groveland Case in 1949, in 1951 he shot two defendants in the case while transporting them to a new trial, killing one on the spot. He was not indicted for this action, during his 28-year tenure as sheriff, McCall was investigated multiple times for civil rights violations and inmate abuse, and tried for murder, but was never convicted. Willis McCall was born in Umatilla, Lake County, Florida, son of Walter and his father was a dirt farmer from Alabama. McCall was first elected as Sheriff of Lake County in 1944, at 6 feet 1 and weighing more than 200 pounds, McCall loomed large as Lake sheriff from 1945 until 1972. He wore a white felt hat, black string tie. On July 16,1949, Norma Padgett, a 17-year-old married white woman in Groveland, Florida, the next day, 16-year-old Charles Greenlee, Sam Shepherd, and Walter Irvin were arrested and jailed pending trial. Shepherd and Irvin were both U. S. Army veterans, Sheriff McCall was out of state at the time but returned the next day. This case attracted attention, McCall was frequently in the limelight. Ernest Thomas fled the county and avoided arrest, but a Sheriffs posse shot, a coroners inquest was unable to determine who killed Thomas, as he was shot many times. As word spread about the rape, an angry crowd of whites gathered at the county jail in Tavares. He had hidden Shepherd and Irvin in the basement of his Eustis, Florida home, the mob headed toward Groveland, where two of the suspects and their families lived. Unrest continued and, on the day, McCall and several prominent businessmen warned the black residents to leave town until things settled. Authorities gradually restored order in Groveland, a grand jury indicted the three rape suspects. Shepherd and Greenlee later told FBI investigators that deputies beat them until they confessed to the crime, U. S. Attorney Herbert Phillips failed to return indictments against Lake County Sheriffs deputies James Yates and Leroy Campbell for their roles. Reviews of the trial have showed it filled with flaws, McCall had told the press before the trial that two men had confessed. The all-white jury quickly convicted each of the three men, the judge sentenced Shepherd and Irvin to death. Because he was underage, at age 16 Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison, in 1951, the U. S. Supreme Court overturned Lake Countys verdict on the grounds that blacks had been improperly excluded from the jury
29.
Rick Scott
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Richard Lynn Rick Scott is an American businessman and politician who has been the 45th Governor of Florida, since 2011. He is a member of the Republican Party of Florida, born in Bloomington, Illinois, Scott is a graduate of the University of Missouri, Kansas City, later receiving his law degree from Southern Methodist Universitys Dedman School of Law. He served in the United States Navy before starting his business career, joining the Dallas firm Johnson & Swanson and he resigned as chief executive of Columbia/HCA in 1997, amid a controversy over the companys business and Medicare billing practices. Scott was not implicated and no charges were leveled against him personally, Scott later became a venture capitalist. Scott announced his intention to run for governor of Florida in 2010, in 2014, he won re-election over former Republican turned Democratic challenger, former governor Charlie Crist and several third-party and/or independent candidates. Scotts net worth was estimated at $218.6 million in 2010, $83.8 million in 2012, on July 1,2015, it was reported that Scotts net worth had grown to $147 million. For the United States presidential election in 2016, Scott endorsed fellow Republican Donald Trump, born in Bloomington, Illinois, he was raised in North Kansas City, Missouri, the second of five children in a lower middle-class, financially struggling family. His mother, Esther J. worked as a clerk at J. C. Penney and his parents divorced and, in 1954, his mother married Orba Scott, Jr. a truck driver. Orba adopted Rick, who took his stepfathers surname, Scott graduated from North Kansas City High School in 1970, and then attended one year of community college and enlisted in the United States Navy, also in 1970. Scott was in the U. S. Navy for 29 months and he later bought and revived another donut shop. He was licensed by the Texas Bar to practice law on November 6,1978, on April 20,1972, Scott, who was 19 years old, married his high school sweetheart, Frances Annette Holland, who was 20, the couple has two daughters. The Scotts live in Naples and are founding members of Naples Community Church, in April 1987, Scott made his first attempt to buy the Hospital Corporation of America. While still a partner at Johnson & Swanson, Scott formed the HCA Acquisition Company with two former executives of Republic Health Corporation, Charles Miller and Richard Ragsdale, however, HCA declined the offer, and the bid was withdrawn. Then they acquired a neighboring hospital and shut it down, within a year, the remaining two were doing much better. By the end of 1989, Columbia Hospital Corporation owned four hospitals with a total of 833 beds, in 1992, Columbia made a stock purchase of Basic American Medical, which owned eight hospitals, primarily in southwestern Florida. In September 1993, Columbia did another stock purchase, worth $3.4 billion, of Galen Healthcare, at the time, Galen had approximately 90 hospitals. After the purchase, Galen stockholders had 82 percent of the stock in the combined company, eight days after the initial raid, Scott signed his last SEC report as a hospital executive before resigning. He was succeeded by Thomas F. Frist Jr, four months later the board of directors pressured Scott to resign as Chairman and CEO
30.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
31.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
32.
Guitarist
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A guitarist is a person who plays the guitar. Guitarists may play a variety of guitar family instruments such as guitars, acoustic guitars, electric guitars. Some guitarists accompany themselves on the guitar by singing or playing the harmonica, the correctness of techniques that a guitarist acquires depends on the quality of training. Learning how to play correctly is crucial for any guitarist no matter which guitar he/she plays, the guitarist may also employ various methods for selecting notes and chords, including fingering, thumbing, the barre, and bottleneck or steel-guitar slides, usually made of glass or metal. These left- and right-hand techniques may be intermixed in performance, while music is an art form in itself, playing an instrument such as the guitar has long been a popular subject for painters. Despite perceived tendencies in mainstream music diffusion, to Rock music and electric guitar, notable guitarists arrived from other genres, Rolling Stone In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine published a list called The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. This list included 100 guitarists whom the magazine editor David Fricke considered the best, the first in this list is the American guitarist Jimi Hendrix introduced by Pete Townshend, guitarist for The Who, who was, in his turn, ranked at #50 in the list. Artists who had not been included in the previous list were added, rory Gallagher, for example, was ranked in 57th place. The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time is mentioned in many biographies about artists who appear in the list, despite the appearance in other magazines like Billboard, this publication by Guitar World was criticized for including no female musicians within its selection. However, Guitar World recently published a list of Eight Amazing Female Acoustic Players, including Kaki King, TIME and others Following the death of Les Paul, TIME website presented their list of 10 greatest artists in electric guitar. As in Rolling Stone magazines list, Jimi Hendrix was chosen as the greatest guitarist followed by Slash from Guns N Roses, B. B. King, Keith Richards, Jimmy Page, and Eric Clapton. Gigwise. com, a music magazine, also ranks Jimi Hendrix as the greatest guitarist ever, followed by Jimmy Page, B. B. King, Keith Richards. There are many classical guitarists listed as notable in their respective epochs, media related to Guitarists at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Randy Rhoads
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Randall William Randy Rhoads was an American heavy metal guitarist who played with Ozzy Osbourne and Quiet Riot. A devoted student of classical guitar, Rhoads combined his music influences with his own heavy metal style. He died in an accident while on tour with Osbourne in Florida in 1982. Despite his short career, Rhoads, who was an influence on neoclassical metal, is cited as an influence by many guitarists and is included in several Greatest Guitarist lists. Rhoads was born at St. Johns Hospital in Santa Monica, the youngest of three children, he had a brother named Doug and a sister named Kathy. Doug, who performed under the name Kelle, is also a musician and their parents, Delores and William, were both music teachers. Delores had received a degree in music from UCLA and had played piano professionally. The Rhoads family did not own a stereo and the children created their own music at home to entertain themselves, Rhoads began taking folk and classical guitar lessons at approximately age 7 at his mothers music school. He soon became interested in guitar and began taking lessons at Musonia from an instructor named Scott Shelly. Shelly soon approached Delores to inform her that he could no longer teach her son, Rhoads also received piano lessons from his mother to build his understanding of music theory. Rhoads met Kelly Garni while attending John Muir Middle School and the two became best friends, according to Garni, the pair were unpopular due to the way we looked. Every time we showed up for school it was usually problematic so we pretty much avoided it and we weren’t nerds, we weren’t jocks, we weren’t dopers, we were just on our own. Rhoads taught Garni how to play guitar, and together they formed a band called The Whore, rehearsing during the day at Rodney Bingenheimers English Disco. It was during this period that Rhoads learned to lead guitar. When I met him he didn’t know how to lead guitar yet at all. He was just starting to take lessons for it and really just riffing around, with this band, Rhoads spent several months playing at backyard parties around the Los Angeles area in the mid-1970s. The pair formed a band called Violet Fox, with his older brother Kelle on drums. Violet Fox, who were together for five months, staged several performances in the Grand Salon at Musonia
34.
Ozzy Osbourne
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John Michael Ozzy Osbourne is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He rose to prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist of the metal band Black Sabbath. He was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979 and went on to have a solo career, releasing 11 studio albums. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album 13 in 2013 and his longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal. Osbournes total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath, combined with his work, is over 100 million. As a member of Black Sabbath, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. Osbourne appeared with son Jack in the 2016 worldwide travelogue docuseries Ozzy & Jacks World Detour, Osbourne was born in the Aston area of Birmingham, England. His mother, Lillian, was Catholic but non-religious, and she worked days at a factory and his father, John Thomas Jack Osbourne, worked night shifts as a toolmaker at the General Electric Company. Osbourne has three sisters named Jean, Iris, and Gillian, and two younger brothers named Paul and Tony. The family lived in a small two-bedroom home at 14 Lodge Road in Aston, Osbourne has had the nickname Ozzy since primary school. Osbourne dealt with dyslexia at school, drawn to the stage, he took part in school plays such as Gilbert and Sullivans The Mikado and HMS Pinafore. As a Birmingham native, he has a strong Brummie accent, upon hearing their first hit single at age 14, he became a great fan of The Beatles. He credits the bands 1963 song She Loves You for inspiring him to become a musician and he said in the 2011 documentary God Bless Ozzy Osbourne that as soon as heard She Loves You on the radio, knew wanted to be a rock star for the rest of life. Osbourne left school at 15 and was employed as a construction site labourer, trainee plumber, apprentice toolmaker, car factory horn-tuner and he attempted to commit burglary, stealing a television, a handful of baby clothes, and some T-shirts. He spent six weeks in Winson Green Prison when he was unable to pay a fine after being found guilty of robbing a shop, to teach his son a lesson. In late 1967, Geezer Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed, the band played two shows, then broke up. Osbourne and Butler reunited in Polka Tulk Blues, along with guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward and they renamed themselves Earth, but after being accidentally booked for a show instead of a different band with the same name, they decided to change their name again. They finally settled on the name Black Sabbath in August 1969, the band had noticed how people enjoyed being frightened, inspired, the band decided to play a heavy blues style of music laced with gloomy sounds and lyrics
35.
Quiet Riot
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Quiet Riot is an American heavy metal band. The band was founded in 1973, by guitarist Randy Rhoads and they then changed the name to Little Women, before settling on Quiet Riot in May 1975. The band is ranked at No.100 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, the original line-up featured Rhoads and Garni with lead vocalist Kevin DuBrow and drummer Drew Forsyth. Despite several lineup changes and brief breakups, Quiet Riot continued to record, Banali revived the band in 2010, and the current lineup consists of himself on drums, lead vocalist James Durbin, bassist Chuck Wright and guitarist Alex Grossi, with no founding members remaining. Quiet Riot were one of the successful hard rock acts in Los Angeles in the mid to late 1970s. They often opened for Van Halen in several L. A. clubs, including the Starwood and KROQs Cabaret nightclub, nonetheless, Quiet Riot was unable to procure a recording contract in the United States. By 1977 they were able to secure a deal with Sony, the original four members recorded their debut album Quiet Riot, or QR I, in 1977. Vocalist Kevin DuBrow and bassist Kelly Garni did not get along, according to Garni, I was on a constant quest to get him out of the band and get a different singer. I hated him, he hated me and we could not find any way whatsoever to get along which caused a lot of tension in the band and their second album Quiet Riot II, or QR II, was recorded at The Record Plant and released in Japan in 1978. Once recording was completed, Garni left the band, DuBrow claimed that this period of the bands existence was very frustrating. We had one of the best guitar players ever in our band, in 1979, Rhoads auditioned for Ozzy Osbournes band upon the recommendation of future Slaughter bassist Dana Strum. Osbourne himself has stated that he interrupted Rhoads warm-up for the audition to hire him, shortly thereafter, Sarzo also left Quiet Riot for Osbournes band. Since no one expected Quiet Riot to reform at this point, obviously Randy thought wed never use those songs again so hed give the riffs to Ozzy whod come up with new words. Sarzo went on to say that the Osbourne song Suicide Solution originated as a Quiet Riot demo called Force of Habit, according to DuBrow, Rhoads departure from Quiet Riot didnt derail the band, it ended it. He and Forsyth continued on with the addition of guitarist Greg Leon, Quiet Riot broke up in 1980. During this period, Kevin DuBrow formed his own band called DuBrow, by 1982 guitarist Carlos Cavazo and drummer Frankie Banali had also been recruited by DuBrow. Randy Rhoads died in a crash while on tour with Ozzy Osbourne in March 1982. DuBrow contacted Sarzo and asked him to play on a track called Thunderbird, the lineup of DuBrow, Sarzo, Cavazo, and Banali had so much fun recording the track that they wound up recording more than half of an album in the process
36.
2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak
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The 2007 Groundhog Day tornado outbreak was a localized but devastating tornado event that took place in central Florida early on February 2,2007. Due to the conditions, a supercell formed and produced three tornadoes over one hour and seventeen minutes. The supercell resulted in a 70-mile trail of damage, twenty-one people were killed and 76 others were injured in the outbreak. The final tornado damaged roofs, car ports and garage doors along its path through New Smyrna Beach, the outbreak was the second-deadliest on record for Florida, with damages of $218 million. In east central Florida, a sector, a region of warm surface air between a cold front and a warm front, was positioned ahead of a progressing cold front. Large scale lift was supported by a strong jet stream aloft, with strong vertical shear evident, conducive for rotating thunderstorms. Instability increased overnight with temperatures and dew points increasing through the pre-dawn hours, for example, northwest of Orlando, temperatures were still at 75 °F, which was about 3 degrees warmer than the average high for the day and 14 degrees warmer than the average low. At 3,06 am EST, the National Weather Service issued a warning for northern Lake County until 4,00 am EST. At 3,10 am EST, the first tornado touched down near The Villages, the tornado received an EF3 rating on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and had a track length of 16.5 miles. Initially, the tornado was thought to have still been on the ground, at this time, Doppler radar indicated that a tornado was forming or was on the ground roughly 5 miles north of Umatilla. The mesocyclone that produced the first tornado restrengthened and formed another tornado near Paisley at 3,37 am EST in Lake County, a second tornado warning was issued at 3,52 am EST for Volusia County as the tornado was tracking toward the area. It went east northeast toward the Lake Mack area, exceeding 50 miles per hour, the tornado received an EF3 rating on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and traveled a total of 26 miles. A third tornado warning was issued in Volusia County at 4,13 am EST, the supercell produced its last tornado east of Interstate 95 at 4,22 am EST and dissipated five minutes later at the Intracoastal Waterway,3 miles from where it touched down. The tornado had a width of 100 yards around the time it reached peak intensity. The tornado was rated EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale and traveled for 3 miles, the outbreak was the second-deadliest on record for Florida, behind one that killed 42 people in February 1998. Damages from the outbreak totaled $218 million. This is way far more devastating, the tornadoes were the first to be rated on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, which replaced the original Fujita Scale. U. S. President George W. Bush signed a declaration to designate Sumter, Lake, Volusia, a state of emergency was declared by Governor Charlie Crist for the same counties
37.
Tornado
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A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that spins while in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, the most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour, are more than two miles in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles. Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout, waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water and these spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is dissimilar. Tornadoes have been observed and documented on every continent except Antarctica, however, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes, the Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, an F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes, Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating. The word tornado is a form of the Spanish word tronada. This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning to thunder and it most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar, however, this may be a folk etymology. A tornado is also referred to as a twister, and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone. The term cyclone is used as a synonym for tornado in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the term twister is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister. A tornado is a rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud. For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a definition of the word, for example. Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud and this results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel. There is some disagreement over the definition of cloud and condensation funnel
38.
Charlie Crist
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Charles Joseph Charlie Crist Jr. is an American attorney and politician who is the U. S. Representative for Floridas 13th congressional district and he had also previously served as the 44th Governor of Florida from 2007 to 2011. After initially leading in the race for the Republican nomination, he was overtaken in the polls by Marco Rubio, in the general election, he lost to Rubio in a three-way race, taking 30% of the vote to Rubios 49% and Democratic nominee Kendrick Meeks 20%. Crists term as Governor ended in January 2011, on December 7,2012, he joined the Democratic Party, having endorsed President Barack Obama for re-election in 2012. On November 1,2013, he announced that he was running for governor in the 2014 election, however, he was defeated by incumbent Governor Rick Scott, losing by a 1% margin. In 2016 Crist was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Floridas 13th congressional district, defeating incumbent David Jolly by a margin of 52%-48%. Crist was born in Altoona, Pennsylvania on July 24,1956, to Charles Joseph Crist, Sr. an American physician of Greek Cypriot and Lebanese descent, and Nancy, of Scots-Irish, Swiss and his family name is adapted from the original Greek name Christodoulou. Crist moved to St. Petersburg, Florida, as a child, where he attended Riviera Middle School and he is the second of four children and has three sisters, Margaret Crist Wood, Elizabeth Crist Hyden, and Catherine Crist Kennedy. He attended Wake Forest University for two years, where he played quarterback for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team, Crist earned his undergraduate degree from Florida State University where he was elected Vice President of the student body and became a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He received his J. D. from Samford University Cumberland School of Law, drawn to politics, Crist was a candidate for public office for the first time in 1986, as a Republican, in the primary race for a state Senate seat in Pinellas County. Crist was elected to a term to the Florida Senate in 1992 from the 20th District. Crist defeated longtime incumbent Democratic State Senator Helen Gordon Davis of Tampa,58.3 to 41. 7%, Crist was able to unseat Gordon Davis following the 1992 decennial redistricting process, which significantly reconfigured the districts in the Tampa Bay area. He was known as a senator, sponsoring legislation requiring inmates to serve at least 85% of their sentences before becoming eligible for parole. He supported teacher salary increases, charter schools, and a specialty license plate for Everglades conservation, chiles testified before the committee and admitted that his campaign had made the calls. Crist was reelected to the Senate in 1994 to a four-year term, Crist gained recognition in 1998 as the Republican challenger to the incumbent Democratic U. S. He lost to Graham by 26 percentage points and he was elected Education Commissioner of Florida in 2000 – a position he held until it became an appointed office 2003, due to a 1998 constitutional amendment. Crist left his position after he was elected Attorney General, in 2002 Crist was elected as the Attorney General in Florida. He received support of his candidacy from the host of Americas Most Wanted, Walsh and other supporters of his work commented and cited his work with the Center for Missing and Exploited Children
39.
State of emergency
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A government or division of government may declare that their area is in a state of emergency. This means that the government can suspend and/or change some functions of the executive and it alerts citizens to change their normal behavior and orders government agencies to implement emergency plans. Justitium is its equivalent in Roman law, where Senate could put forward senatus consultum ultimum and it can also be used as a rationale for suspending rights and freedoms guaranteed under a countrys constitution or basic law. The procedure for and legality of doing so varies by country, under international law, rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, for example, a government can detain persons and hold them without trial. All rights that can be derogated from are listed in the International Covenant for Civil, non-derogable rights are listed in Article 4 of the ICCPR, they include the rights to freedom from arbitrary deprivation of liberty and to freedom from torture and/or ill-treatment. Constitutions are contracts between the government and the individuals of that country. The International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights is an international law document signed by states, therefore, the Covenant only applies to persons acting in an official capacity, not private individuals. However, signatories to the Covenant are expected to integrate it into national legislation, although this is common protocol stipulated by the ICCPR often this is not strictly followed, enforcement is better regulated by European Convention of human rights. In some situations, martial law is declared, allowing the military greater authority to act. In other situations, emergency is not declared and de facto measures taken or decree-law adopted by the government. Ms. Nicole Questiaux and Mr. Article 4 to the International Covenant on Civil, the European Convention on Human Rights and American Convention on Human Rights have similar derogatory provisions. No derogation is permitted to the International Labour Conventions, some political theorists, such as Carl Schmitt, have argued that the power to decide the initiation of the state of emergency defines sovereignty itself. The state of emergency can, and often has been, abused by being invoked, an example would be to allow a state to suppress internal opposition without having to respect human rights. An example was the August 1991 attempted coup in the Soviet Union where the coup leaders invoked a state of emergency and this provision was much abused during dictatorships, with long-lasting states of siege giving the government a free hand to suppress opposition. State-of-emergency legislation differs in each state of Australia, in Victoria, the premier can declare a state of emergency if there is a threat to employment, safety or public order. The declaration expires after 30 days, and a resolution of either the upper or lower House of Parliament may revoke it earlier, under the Public Safety Preservation Act, a declared state of emergency allows the premier to immediately make any desired regulations to secure public order and safety. However, these regulations expire if Parliament does not agree to them within 7 days. Also, under the Essential Services Act, the premier may operate or prohibit operation of, as desired, a State of Emergency does not apply to the whole state, but rather districts or shires, where essential services may have been disrupted
40.
Sugarloaf Mountain (Florida)
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Sugarloaf Mountain is the fifth highest named point in the state of Florida. At 312 feet above sea level it is also the highest point on the geographic Florida Peninsula, the mountain is in Lake County, near the town of Clermont. Comparatively, Floridas highest point, Britton Hill, rises to 345 feet above sea level in the Florida Panhandle, however, Sugarloaf Mountain is the most prominent point in the entire state. The mountain, really a ridge with rolling dome-like peaks, rises abruptly from the flat terrain. Its prominence is thought to be 245 feet, with its highest peak having a prominence of approximately 200 feet relative to the surrounding ridge. Prior to the 20th century, Sugarloaf Mountain was a wilderness dominated by sandhill, by the 1920s, logging had stripped the mountain of its hardwood vegetation, permanently altering its native environment. Scrub began to grow on the slopes, in addition to grapes. By the 1940s, grape farming had declined due to fungal diseases, citrus plantations flourished on the flanks of Sugarloaf Mountain, providing the basis for the local economy until the 1980s, when freezes began to systematically devastate local groves. As the citrus industry faded, property on the mountain was rezoned for residential development, other lands abutting the mountain, primarily along Lake Apopka, were preserved with the intention of restoring long absent ecologies. Only a few plantations and vineyards managed to persist to the present day. Sugarloaf Mountain’s geology is tied to the formation of Florida’s sand ridges, the mountain consists of relict sand ridges and dunes formed in a marine shoreline environment approximately 2 million years ago during the Pleistocene epoch. Since the Pleistocene, the sands comprising the mountain have probably been uplifted due to rebound of the crust beneath the Florida Platform. The uplift is attributed to the karstification/erosion of the platform, which is reducing the weight on the basement rock. Sugarloaf Mountain was recently recognized for its scenic, cultural, the state of Florida designated the Green Mountain Scenic Byway, which primarily traverses the eastern side of the mountain. The route offers rare panoramic views of the landscape and access to newly acquired ecological preserves. Biking along the Byway as well as on other roads on the mountain has become popular, Sugarloaf Mountain also featured a golf course designed by the firm of Coore & Crenshaw. The course, part of the proposed private Sugarloaf Mountain Golf Club residential development, was unusual in Florida. The golf course was closed in 2012 due to low turnout, media related to Sugarloaf Mountain at Wikimedia Commons Topozone map of Sugarloaf Mountain summit
41.
Volusia County, Florida
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Volusia County is located in the east-central part of the U. S. state of Florida, stretching between the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010 census, the county was home to 494,593 people and it was founded on December 29,1854, and was named for the community of Volusia, located in northwestern Volusia County. Volusia County is part of the Deltona–Daytona Beach–Ormond Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area, Volusia County was named after the then-largest-community, Volusia, when the Florida legislature divided Orange County on December 29,1854. At the time, Volusia County had as few as 600 residents, the Euchees lived in the area of Spring Gardens, about ten miles south of Volusia. The name was taken from a British man named Voluz who owned a plantation located on the St. Johns River in the late 1700s, the name originated from the last name Veluche belonging to the French or Belgian owner of the trading post in Volusia. According to some, this was during the British regime, and according to others, over time, the name Veluche became anglicized to Volusia. The town was established by and named for Jere Volusia, the settlement was named by the Spanish after the celebrated Roman jurist Volusio, who wrote 30 books and tutored Marcus Aurelius, the Roman emperor and philosopher. The land area of present-day Volusia County was inhabited by the indigenous Timucua, neither group exists today as distinct racial entities, having been decimated by war and disease after contact with European settlers. Evidence of their habitation can still be seen in areas of Volusia County such as the large shell middens at Tomoka State Park. During the British occupation of Florida, a colony was started in southeast Volusia County by Andrew Turnbull. This colony was connected to St. Augustine, the capital of East Florida, after the failure of the colony the settlers, many of Minorcan and Greek heritage made the 70-mile journey to live in St. Augustine. The Seminole Indians, descendants of the Creek tribe of Alabama, during the Second Seminole War a large sugar plantation in what is today the city of Daytona Beach was burned by the Seminole. On the east shore of the St. Johns River in Volusia, in present-day DeBary, General Winfield Scott established a fort/depot in 1836 named Fort Florida. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,432 square miles. Volusia County is bordered on the west by the St. Johns River and Lake Monroe, roughly the size of Rhode Island, Volusia is situated 50 miles northeast of Orlando,60 miles north of the Kennedy Space Center, and 89 miles south of Jacksonville. The Volusia County Government divides the county into three regions, southeast Volusia - also known as the Greater New Smyrna Beach Area, this region includes the cities of New Smyrna Beach, Edgewater, and Oak Hill, also the unincorporated areas close to these cities. Deltona is the largest city in Volusia County, five are elected by district, the county chairman and at-large representative are elected county-wide. The county council establish ordinances and policies for the county and it also reviews and approves the county budget annually
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Seminole County, Florida
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Seminole County is a county in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 422,718 and its county seat and largest city is Sanford. Seminole County is part of the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, on July 21,1821, two counties formed Florida, Escambia to the west and St. Johns to the east. In 1824, the area to the south of St. Johns County was designated Mosquito County, the countys name was changed to Orange County in 1845 when Florida became a state, and over the next 70 years several other counties were created. Seminole County was one of the last to split, Seminole County was created on April 25,1913 out of the northern portion of Orange County by the Florida Legislature. It was named for the Seminole people who lived throughout the area. The name Seminole is thought to be derived from the Spanish word cimarron, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 345 square miles, of which 309 square miles is land and 36 square miles is water. It is Floridas fourth-smallest county by area and third-smallest by total area. Seminole Countys location between Volusia County and Orange County has made it one of Floridas fastest-growing counties, the U. S. Census Bureau estimates that the population of the County has grown to 394,878 by 2003. Current 2012 estimates put the population at more than 430,838, the population density was 1,185 people per square mile. There were 147,079 housing units at a density of 477 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 82. 4% White,9. 5% Black or African American,0. 3% Native American,2. 5% Asian, <0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 1% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. 11. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the family size was 3.07. The Department of Education states that in 2003, school enrollment was approximately 72,630, as of 2006, the Seminole County School District was the 52nd largest in the nation. Population was distributed with 25. 4% under the age of 18,8. 4% from 18 to 24,32. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.90 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males. The median income for a household in the county was $49,326, males had a median income of $40,001 versus $28,217 for females
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Osceola County, Florida
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Osceola County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 268,685, Osceola County is included in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Fla. Osceola County is named for the Indian leader Osceola, whose name means Black Drink Cry, Osceola County was created in 1887. On July 21,1821, Florida was divided into two counties, named Escambia County to the west and St. Johns County to the east, in 1824, the southern part of St. Johns County became Mosquito County, with Enterprise as the county seat. In 1844, Brevard County was carved out from Mosquito County, when Florida became a state in 1845, Mosquito County was renamed Orange County. On May 12,1887, Osceola was named a county, Osceola County reached all the way down to Lake Okeechobee until 1917 when Okeechobee County was formed. S. Census Puerto Rican was the largest self-reported ancestry group, Osceola County is a charter county, and a subdivision within the State of Florida. Voters approved the County Charter in March 1992, and it took effect on October 1,1992, the structure of County government under the charter does not depart dramatically from the structure of a County government outlined in the Florida Statutes. Osceola County Government is governed by three sets of elected officials, each of which independently directs separate branches of County Government and these include, the five-member County Commission, five separate Constitutional Officers, and a number of Judicial Officers. Each independent officer has discretion to administer his or her own programs, the County Commission exercises oversight only over its own departments. Osceola County has five districts each represented by a commissioner. All the commissioners compose the Board of Commissioners that appoint a County Manager, there also is a Commission Auditor and County Attorney. Board of County Commissioners District 1 - Peggy Choudhry District 2 - Viviana Janer District 3 - Brandon Arrington District 4 - Cheryl Grieb District 5 - Fred Hawkins, Jr. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,506 square miles. The population density was 203 people per square mile, there were 128,170 housing units at an average density of 60 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 38. 2% Non-Hispanic White,13. 0% Non-Hispanic Black or African American,0. 7% Native American,3. 0% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander, and 2. 5% from two or more races. 47. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, majority of which are Puerto Ricans,36. 72% of the county population is affiliated with a religious congregation. There are 206 religious congregations in the county,19. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
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Polk County, Florida
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Polk County is located in the State of Florida. The county population was 602,095, as of the 2010 census and its county seat is Bartow, and its largest city is Lakeland. Polk County comprises the Lakeland-Winter Haven Metropolitan Statistical Area and this MSA is the 87th most populous metropolitan statistical area and the 89th most populous primary statistical area of the United States as of July 1,2012. The center of population of Florida is located in Polk County, Polk County is home to one public university, one state college, and four private universities. One Fortune 500 company – Publix Super Markets — has headquarters in the county, the first people to call Polk County home arrived close to 12,000 years ago during the last ice age as the first paleo-indians following big game southward arrived on the peninsula of Florida. These Indians thrived on the peninsula and it is estimated there were over 250,000 in 1492 when Columbus set sail for the New World. As was common elsewhere, contact with Europeans had an effect on the Indians. Smallpox, measles, and other diseases, to which the Indians had no immunity, caused widespread epidemic and those who had not succumbed to diseases such as these were often either killed or enslaved as Spanish explorers and settlers arrived. Within a few hundred years, nearly the entire population of Polk County had been wiped out. The remnants of these Indians joined with refugee Creek Indians from Georgia, for around 250 years after Ponce De Leon arrived on the peninsula, the Spanish ruled Florida. In the late 17th century, Florida went through a period in which the French. After the American Revolution, the peninsula reverted to Spanish rule. In 1819, Florida became a U. S. territory as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty, while Florida gained statehood in 1845, it was not until 1861 that Polk County was created from the eastern half of Hillsborough County. It was named in honor of former United States President James K. Polk, following the Civil War, the county commission established the county seat on 120 acres donated in the central part of the county. Bartow, the county seat, was named after Francis S. Bartow, Colonel Bartow was buried in Savannah, Georgia with military honors, and promoted posthumously to the rank of Brigadier General. The original name of the town was Fort Blount, several other towns and counties in the South changed their name to Bartow. The first courthouse built in Bartow was constructed in 1867 and it was replaced twice, in 1884 and in 1908. As the third courthouse to stand on the site, the present structure houses the Polk County Historical Museum, growth in Polk County is driven by proximity to both the Tampa and Orlando metropolitan areas along the Interstate 4 corridor
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Marion County, Florida
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Marion County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 331,298, Marion County comprises the Ocala, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Marion County was created in 1844 from portions of Alachua, Mosquito, until 1853, Marion County included most of what are now Lake and Sumter counties. In 1849, Putnam County was created and took the northeast portion of Marion, levy County’s creation took some of the western portion of Marion in 1877. The county is named after General Francis Marion of South Carolina, a large share of the early settlers being natives of South Carolina likely caused the name to be selected. The Act creating the county of Marion of the Territory of Florida was signed on March 14,1844, by the territorial governor, many of the early settlers of Marion County were from South Carolina. The county motto is Kingdom of the Sun, farms in the county are known for breeding champion race horses such as Affirmed and Needles. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,663 square miles. Marion County is generally composed of rolling hills, some high, the majority of its trees consist of live oaks, pine, and palm trees. Marion County is considered the southernmost county in North Central Florida, and it is about a two-hour drive from many of Floridas major cities, Orlando is 75 minutes to the southeast while Daytona Beach is about 90 minutes to the east. Tampa is about 75 minutes to the southwest, jacksonville is roughly a two-hour drive northeast. Miami is about five hours to the southeast, fort Lauderdale is about a four-hour drive from Marion County. Marion County also has three lakes at its opposite borders. Orange Lake is in the far part of Marion County. Lake Kerr is in the part of the county, near the town of Salt Springs. Lake Weir, the largest of the three, is in the far southern region near the border with Lake County, part of Lake George is in Marion County also. Marion County is inland, centered between the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the west, because of this, Marion County is not affected as much by hurricanes as the more coastal counties to its east and west are. It has however been impacted by major hurricanes within the record including ones that would produce tremendous damage if they were to happen again
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Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge
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The refuge was opened in 1964 in order for both migrating and wintering birds to have habitats. In 1982, the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center reported that the refuge included 18,400 acres of water, the refuge currently has over 30,000 acres of water, which includes marshes and swamps. Activities for visitors include boating, hiking, and wildlife viewing, bodies of water are managed so that only desired plants grow. Law enforcement officials are present in order to protect the animals, touring by boat is the only way to explore a large part of the refuge. The Lake Woodruff Wilderness Area is part of the refuge, alligators, bald eagles, and limpkins are among the wildlife that can be found in the area. Deer hunting is allowed, but the hunting is managed, when the land was bought in 1964, the management did not have the money to help the wildlife. They did not have money left after paying salaries. With a large donation of money in 1979, the managers were able to start working on the important projects that they were unable to do before and it wasnt until 1979 that the number of fishermen, who had been few, tripled. Projects that were funded through the donation included regulating the amount of water, improving hiking trails,215 species of birds, including species that are threatened or endangered, can be found in the refuge. A2011 article from the journal Southeastern Naturalist documented 22 species of amphibian and 50 species of reptiles that researchers found within the refuge, the report concluded that the refuges census of species, will help people understand the changes in amount of species within the Florida ecosystem. Bodies of water are set aside for manatees to breed, the refuges volunteers document the amount of wildlife and restore their habitats, according to current needs. Many ducks over-winter in the refuge, a drought in 1988 affected the nests of ducks that migrate to the refuge. The extent of aquatic plants for ducks, at minimum, is 450 acres, media related to Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge at Wikimedia Commons Official Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge homepage
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Ocala National Forest
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The Ocala National Forest ls the second largest nationally protected forest in the U. S. State of Florida. It covers 607 square miles of Central Florida and it is located three miles east of Ocala and 16 miles southeast of Gainesville. The Ocala National Forest, established in 1908, is the oldest national forest east of the Mississippi River, the word Ocala is thought to be a derivative of a Timucuan Indian term meaning fair land or big hammock. The forest is headquartered in Tallahassee, as are all three National Forests in Florida, but there are local district offices located in Silver Springs. The Ocala National Forest lies between the Ocklawaha and St. Johns Rivers in Central Florida, in descending order of land area it is located in parts of Marion, Lake, Putnam, and Seminole counties. The Ocala National Forest is in the conifer forests and the Florida sand pine scrub ecoregions. Dry, sandy areas support Florida longleaf pine sandhills and Florida peninsula inland scrub, longleaf pine sandhills are woodlands dominated by longleaf pine. Inland scrub consists of sand pines growing amid shrublands of evergreen oaks, both of these pine communities are sustained by frequent fires. The Ocala National Forest contains a proportion of remaining inland scrub habitat and is noted for its sand pine scrub ecosystem. The forest contains the largest concentration of sand pine in the world as well as some of the best remaining stands of pine in central Florida. Where fire is absent, southern coastal plain oak domes and hammocks can grow and these are small stands of thick evergreen oaks. The forest contains several slow-moving rivers and numerous wet prairies, blackwater rivers support southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests of baldcypress along their banks. The forests spring-fed rivers support southern coastal plain hydric hammocks, hammocks of evergreen and hardwood trees, the prairies are Floridian highlands freshwater marshes. Southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps are large, seasonally flooded depressions of baldcypress, the Ocala National Forest receives more visitors than any other national forest in the Sunshine State. Millions annually visit the forest, which is one of Central Floridas last remaining traces of forested land, the forest’s porous sands and largely undeveloped character provide an important recharge for the Floridan Aquifer. The Rodman Reservoir system forms most of the northern and north western border as part of the Ocklawaha River Basin, the Ocala Forest is also known for having over 600 natural lakes and ponds. Between the river boundaries of this Forest lie central highlands, coastal lowlands, swamps, springs and hundreds of lakes, near the Juniper Prairie Wilderness and Juniper Springs is The Yearling Trail, the location where The Yearling was filmed. Ocala has a variety of wildlife
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
Florida's Turnpike runs north and south from Southeastern and Central Florida. Three interechanges exist in the county; US 27/SR 19 (Exit 285), southbound US 27 (Exit 289) and the more recently built County Road 470 (Exit 296).
US 27 is the main local road through western Lake County, running south to north. It spans from Four Corners to The Villages.
US 441 is another south to north US highway running through Mount Dora from Orange County around Lake Dora, where it merges with SR 44, has a wrong-way concurrency with SR 19 in Tavares, and lets go of SR 44 in Leesburg only to join US 27 as they both head into Marion County.
SR 19 is a mostly scenic north and south road from SR 50 in Groveland through Tavares, Eustis, and Ocala National Forest.
SR 33 is the north-south road from Lakeland in Polk County to Groveland. A county extension exists as a hidden route along SR 50 to Mascotte, where it become an exposed county road leading to US 27 in Okahumpka.
SR 40 is the northernmost east-west route in Lake County, and runs through Ocala National Forest.
SR 44 runs east and west through Central Lake County from west of Leesburg where it joins southbound US 441 until it breaks away near Mount Dora and heads northeast into Volusia County.
SR 46 starts at an interchange with US 441 and County Road 46 in Mount Dora and through Sorrento and Mount Plymouth along the northern border of Orange County.
SR 50 is the main east-west road through southern Lake County.
Lake County, Florida
