1.
Lake District
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The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England. A popular holiday destination, it is famous for its lakes, forests and mountains and its associations with the early 19th century writings of William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets. It is located in the county of Cumbria, and all the land in England higher than 3,000 feet above sea level lies within the National Park, including Scafell Pike, the highest mountain in England. It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England, respectively Wast Water, the Lake District National Park includes nearly all of the Lake District, though the town of Kendal and the Lakeland Peninsulas are currently outside the park boundary. Its aim is to protect the landscape by restricting unwelcome change by industry or commerce, Most of the land in the park is in private ownership, with about 55% registered as agricultural land. Landowners include, Individual farmers and other landowners, with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners. The National Trust owns about a quarter of the total area, the Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland. United Utilities owns 8% Lake District National Park Authority The National Park Authority is based at offices in Kendal and it runs a visitor centre on Windermere at a former country house called Brockhole, Coniston Boating Centre, and Information Centres. Much of the land has statutory open access rights, which cover around 50% of the park. The lakes and mountains combine to form impressive scenery, farmland and settlement have altered the natural scenery, and the ecology has been modified by human influence for millennia and includes important wildlife habitats. However, in 2016 the English Lake District bid for World Heritage Status was submitted to UNESCO in the category of cultural landscape, a decision is expected in 2017. In December 2009, Natural England proposed extending the National Park in the direction of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and this would include land of high landscape value in the Lune Valley. The proposal was opposed by Cumbria County Council who said it would lead to less democratic control, a public inquiry was held into the proposals, which required a decision by the Secretary of State. The decision to recommend approval was announced on October 23,2015, the precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally, but is slightly larger than that of the National Park, the total area of which is about 912 square miles. The park extends just over 32 miles from east to west, the Lake District is one of the most highly populated national parks. There are, however, only a handful of settlements within this mountainous area, the towns of Keswick, Windermere, Ambleside. Villages such as Coniston, Threlkeld, Glenridding, Pooley Bridge, Broughton-in-Furness, Grasmere, Newby Bridge, Staveley, Lindale, Gosforth, the economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism. Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads, some of which are tied to agriculture
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
William Wordsworth
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William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworths magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude, a poem of his early years that he revised and expanded a number of times. It was posthumously titled and published, before which it was known as the poem to Coleridge. Wordsworth was Britains Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death from pleurisy on 23 April 1850 and his sister, the poet and diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all his life, was born the following year, and the two were baptised together. Wordsworths father was a representative of James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale and, through his connections. He was frequently away from home on business, so the young William and his siblings had little involvement with him and remained distant from him until his death in 1783. However, he did encourage William in his reading, and in particular set him to commit to memory large portions of verse, including works by Milton, Shakespeare, William was also allowed to use his fathers library. William also spent time at his mothers house in Penrith, Cumberland, where he was exposed to the moors, but did not get along with his grandparents or his uncle. His hostile interactions with them distressed him to the point of contemplating suicide, Wordsworth was taught both the Bible and the Spectator, but little else. It was at the school in Penrith that he met the Hutchinsons, including Mary, after the death of his mother, in 1778, Wordsworths father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School in Lancashire and sent Dorothy to live with relatives in Yorkshire. She and William did not meet again for nine years. Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine and that same year he began attending St Johns College, Cambridge. He received his BA degree in 1791 and he returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at Cambridge, and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting places famous for the beauty of their landscape. In 1790 he went on a tour of Europe, during which he toured the Alps extensively, and visited nearby areas of France, Switzerland. In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became enchanted with the Republican movement and he fell in love with a French woman, Annette Vallon, who in 1792 gave birth to their daughter Caroline. Financial problems and Britains tense relations with France forced him to return to England alone the following year. The circumstances of his return and his subsequent behaviour raised doubts as to his wish to marry Annette. With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to France, in 1802 Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy visited Annette, the purpose of the visit was to prepare Annette for the fact of his forthcoming marriage to Mary Hutchinson
4.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
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Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic and philosopher who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets. He wrote the poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan and his critical work, especially on William Shakespeare, was highly influential, and he helped introduce German idealist philosophy to English-speaking culture. Coleridge coined many words and phrases, including suspension of disbelief. He was an influence on Ralph Waldo Emerson and American transcendentalism. Throughout his adult life Coleridge had crippling bouts of anxiety and depression, it has been speculated that he had bipolar disorder and he was physically unhealthy, which may have stemmed from a bout of rheumatic fever and other childhood illnesses. He was treated for these conditions with laudanum, which fostered a lifelong opium addiction, Coleridge was born on 21 October 1772 in the town of Ottery St Mary in Devon, England. He had previously been Master of Hugh Squiers School in South Molton, Devon, John Coleridge had three children by his first wife. Samuel was the youngest of ten by the Reverend Mr. Coleridges second wife, Anne Bowden, probably the daughter of John Bowden, Mayor of South Molton, Devon, Coleridge suggests that he took no pleasure in boyish sports but instead read incessantly and played by himself. At that school Coleridge became friends with Charles Lamb, a schoolmate, in fancy I can almost hear him now, exclaiming Harp. Pen and ink, boy, you mean, oh aye. the cloister-pump, I suppose. Be this as it may, there was one custom of our masters and he would often permit our theme exercises. To accumulate, till each lad had four or five to be looked over, throughout his life, Coleridge idealised his father as pious and innocent, while his relationship with his mother was more problematic. His childhood was characterised by attention seeking, which has linked to his dependent personality as an adult. He was rarely allowed to return home during the term. He later wrote of his loneliness at school in the poem Frost at Midnight, With unclosed lids, from 1791 until 1794, Coleridge attended Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1792, he won the Browne Gold Medal for an ode that he wrote on the slave trade, afterwards, he was rumoured to have had a bout of severe depression. His brothers arranged for his discharge a few months later under the reason of insanity and he was readmitted to Jesus College, at Jesus College, Coleridge was introduced to political and theological ideas then considered radical, including those of the poet Robert Southey. Coleridge joined Southey in a plan, soon abandoned, to found a utopian society, called Pantisocracy
5.
Robert Southey
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Robert Southey was an English poet of the Romantic school, one of the so-called Lake Poets, and Poet Laureate for 30 years from 1813 until his death in 1843. Although his fame has long been eclipsed by that of his contemporaries and friends William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey was also a prolific letter writer, literary scholar, essay writer, historian and biographer. His biographies include the life and works of John Bunyan, John Wesley, William Cowper, Oliver Cromwell, the last has rarely been out of print since its publication in 1813 and was adapted for the screen in the 1926 British film, Nelson. He also wrote on issues, which led to a brief, non-sitting. Robert Southey was born in Wine Street, Bristol, to Robert Southey and he was educated at Westminster School, London, and Balliol College, Oxford. Southey later said of Oxford, All I learnt was a little swimming, experimenting with a writing partnership with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, most notably in their joint composition of The Fall of Robespierre, Southey published his first collection of poems in 1794. Each young man should take to himself a mild and lovely woman for his wife, it would be her part to prepare their innocent food, and tend their hardy and beautiful race. Southey was the first to reject the idea as unworkable, suggesting that they move the location to Wales. In 1799 Southey and Coleridge were involved with experiments with nitrous oxide. Southey married Edith Fricker at St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol and she was a sister of Sara Fricker, Coleridges wife. The Southeys made their home at Greta Hall, Keswick, in the Lake District, also living at Greta Hall and supported by him were Sara Coleridge and her three children, after Coleridge abandoned them, as well as the widow of poet Robert Lovell and her son. In 1808 Southey met Walter Savage Landor, whose work he admired and that same year he wrote Letters from England under the pseudonym Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella, an account of a tour supposedly from a foreigners viewpoint. From 1809 Southey contributed to the Quarterly Review and he had become so well known by 1813 that he was appointed Poet Laureate after Walter Scott refused the post. In 1819, through a friend, Southey met the leading civil engineer Thomas Telford. From mid-August to 1 October 1819, Southey accompanied Telford on an tour of his engineering projects in the Scottish Highlands. This was published in 1929 as Journal of a Tour in Scotland in 1819 and he was also a friend of the Dutch poet Willem Bilderdijk, whom he met twice, in 1824 and 1826, at Bilderdijks home in Leiden. In 1837 Southey received a letter from Charlotte Brontë, seeking his advice on some of her poems and he wrote back praising her talents, but also discouraging her from writing professionally. He said Literature cannot be the business of a womans life, years later, Brontë remarked to a friend that the letter was kind and admirable, a little stringent, but it did me good
6.
Dorothy Wordsworth
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Dorothy Mae Ann Wordsworth was an English author, poet and diarist. She was the sister of the Romantic poet William Wordsworth, Wordsworth had no ambitions to be an author, and her writings consist only of series of letters, diary entries, poems and short stories. She was born on Christmas Day in Cockermouth, Cumberland in 1771, despite the early death of her mother, Dorothy, William and their three step-brothers had a happy childhood. When in 1783, their father died and the children were sent to live with relatives, Wordsworth was sent alone to live with her aunt, Elizabeth Threlkeld, in Halifax. After she was able to be reunited with William, firstly at Racedown Lodge in Dorset in 1795 and afterwards at Alfoxden House in Somerset, the pair lived in poverty at first, and would often beg for cast-off clothes from their friends. Wordsworth was a diarist and somewhat amateur poet with little interest in becoming an established writer, I should detest the idea of setting myself up as an author, she once wrote, give Wm. the Pleasure of it. She almost published her account with William to Scotland in 1803 Recollections of a Tour Made in Scotland. Consequently, this story was widely read by the many visitors to the Lake District over more than half of the 19th century. She never married, and after William married Mary Hutchinson in 1802 and she was by now 31, and thought of herself as too old for marriage. In 1829 she fell ill and was to remain an invalid for the remainder of her life. She died at eighty-three in 1855 near Ambleside, having spent the past twenty years in, according to the biographer Richard Cavendish and her Grasmere Journal was published in 1897, edited by William Angus Knight. Dorothys works came to light just as literary critics were beginning to re-examine womens role in literature, the success of the Grasmere Journal led to a renewed interest in Wordsworth, and several other journals and collections of her letters have since been published. The Grasmere Journal and Wordsworths other works revealed how vital she was to her brothers success, William relied on her detailed accounts of nature scenes and borrowed freely from her journals. Her observations and descriptions have been considered to be as if not more so than that of her brother. In her time she was described as being one of the few poets who have lived who could have provided so vivid, archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Works by Dorothy Wordsworth at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Dorothy Wordsworth at Internet Archive
7.
Charles Lamb
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Charles Lamb was an English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, best known for his Essays of Elia and for the childrens book Tales from Shakespeare, co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb. Friends with such luminaries as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth. He has been referred to by E. V. Lucas, his principal biographer, Lamb was born in London, the son of Elizabeth Field and John Lamb. Lamb was the youngest child, with a sister 11 years older named Mary and an even older brother named John, there were four others who did not survive infancy. His father John Lamb was a clerk and spent most of his professional life as the assistant to a barrister named Samuel Salt. It was there in Crown Office Row that Charles Lamb was born, Lamb created a portrait of his father in his Elia on the Old Benchers under the name Lovel. Lambs older brother was too much his senior to be a companion to the boy but his sister Mary. Lamb was also cared for by his paternal aunt Hetty, who seems to have had a fondness for him. A number of writings by both Charles and Mary suggest that the conflict between Aunt Hetty and her sister-in-law created a degree of tension in the Lamb household. However, Charles speaks fondly of her and her presence in the house seems to have brought a great deal of comfort to him. After the death of Mrs. Plummer, Lambs grandmother was in charge of the large home and, as Mr. Plummer was often absent. A picture of these visits can be glimpsed in the Elia essay Blakesmoor in H—shire, why, every plank and panel of that house for me had magic in it. Little is known about Charless life before he was seven other than that Mary taught him to read at an early age. It is believed that he suffered from smallpox during his early years, after this period of recovery Lamb began to take lessons from Mrs. Reynolds, a woman who lived in the Temple and is believed to have been the former wife of a lawyer. Mrs. E. V. Lucas suggests that sometime in 1781 Charles left Mrs. Reynolds and began to study at the Academy of William Bird. His time with William Bird did not last long, however, because by October 1782 Lamb was enrolled in Christs Hospital, Years later, in his essay Christ’s Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago, Lamb described these events, speaking of himself in the third person as L. I remember L. at school, and can well recollect that he had some peculiar advantages, which I and other of his schoolfellows had not. His friends lived in town, and were near at hand, and he had the privilege of going to see them, almost as often as he wished, through some invidious distinction, which was denied to us
8.
Hartley Coleridge
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David Hartley Coleridge was an English poet, biographer, essayist, and teacher. He was the eldest son of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge and his sister Sara Coleridge was a poet and translator, and his brother Derwent Coleridge was a scholar and author. Hartley was named after the philosopher David Hartley, Hartley was born in Clevedon, a small village near Bristol. In the Autumn of 1800 Samuel Taylor Coleridge moved his wife and young son Hartley to the Lake District. They took a home in the vale of Derwentwater, on the bank of the Greta River, about a mile away from Greta Hall, Keswick, the home of the poet Robert Southey. Hartley spent his years in the care of Robert Southey at Greta Hall. Hartley received his education from his father. In 1807 he was taken by his father and William Wordsworth to Coleorton, in North West Leicestershire, here he visited the London theatres, and the Tower of London with Walter Scott. He was also introduced to the study of chemistry by Humphry Davy, Hartley spent the next 8 years in constant companionship with his younger brother Derwent, at home and at school. Beginning in the summer of 1808 they attended school as day-scholars at Ambleside, during their time at the school they resided in Clappersgate. Their fellow students included the sons of their fathers friend, the poet Charles Lloyd, Hartley and Derwent lived in the home of an elderly woman, and enjoyed total freedom in their after-school hours. Hartley, who had no aptitude for sports, spent much of his reading and taking walks by himself. He had one friend at the time, a boy named Robert Jameson, not a fellow student. He called this imaginary paracosm Ejuxria, and laid out its geography and history with great care, Derwent believed that Hartley kept up Ejuxria into adulthood. In his time at the school Hartley was in constant contact with William Wordsworth and he pursued his studies of English in Wordsworths library at Allan Bank in Grasmere. His privilege of studying in the Wordsworth library was continued after the Wordsworth family moved to Rydal Mount, in 1815, he went to Oxford, as a scholar of Merton College. From 1816 to 1820 he was in receipt of an exhibition funded from the bequest of James Wood administered by the Worshipful Company of Bowyers of the City of London. On all subjects he spoke his mind, often, through whim or impatience, more than his mind, freely, without regard to consequences
9.
John Wilson (Scottish writer)
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John Wilson of Elleray FRSE was a Scottish advocate, literary critic and author, the writer most frequently identified with the pseudonym Christopher North of Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine. He was professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh University, John Wilson was born at Paisley, the son of John Wilson, a wealthy gauze manufacturer who died in 1796, when John was eleven years old, and Margaret Syme. He was the child, but the eldest son. He was only twelve when he entered the University of Glasgow, during this period Wilson excelled in sport as well as academic subjects, and fell in love with Margaret Fletcher, who was the object of his affections for several years. In 1803 Wilson was entered as a commoner at Magdalen College. He was inspired by Oxford, and in much of his work, notably in the essay called Old North and Young North. But his Magdalen days were not altogether happy, though he obtained a brilliant first class degree. His love affairs did not go happily, his Margaret eloped to New York with his brother, Charles and he made no close friends at his own college. He took his degree in 1807, and at twenty-two was his own master, with an income, no guardian to control him. Instead, his occupation was an estate on Windermere called Elleray and he became intimate with William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey and Thomas de Quincey. Most of his fortune was lost by the dishonest speculation of an uncle, in whose hands Wilson had carelessly left it. His mother had a house in Edinburgh, in which she was able and willing to receive her son and his family, he was not forced to give up Elleray, though he was no longer able to live there. He read law and was elected to the Faculty of Advocates in 1815, still with many outside interests, in 1822 began the series of Noctes Ambrosianae, after 1825 mostly Wilsons work. These are discussions in the form of convivial table-talk, including wonderfully various digressions of criticism, description, there was much ephemeral, a certain amount purely local, and something occasionally trivial in them. The Ettrick Shepherd, a portrait of James Hogg, one of the talkers, is a most delightful creation. Wilson left his mothers house and established himself in Ann Street, Edinburgh, with his wife and five children. His election to the chair of Moral Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh was unexpected, and his duties left him plenty of time for magazine work, and for many years his contributions to Blackwood were voluminous, in one year amounting to over fifty separate articles. Most of the best and best known of them appeared between 1825 and 1835, the death of his wife in 1837 was an exceedingly severe blow to him, especially as it followed within three years that of his friend Blackwood
10.
Thomas De Quincey
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Thomas Penson De Quincey was an English essayist, best known for his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. Many scholars suggest that in publishing this work De Quincey inaugurated the tradition of literature in the West. De Quincey was born at 86 Cross Street, Manchester, Lancashire and his father was a successful merchant with an interest in literature who died when he was quite young. Soon after his birth the family went to The Farm and then later to Greenheys, in 1796, three years after the death of his father, Thomas Quincey, his mother – the erstwhile Elizabeth Penson – took the name De Quincey. In the same year, De Quinceys mother moved to Bath, Somerset, De Quincey was a weak and sickly child. His youth was spent in solitude, and when his brother, William, came home. De Quinceys mother was a woman of character and intelligence. It is purported that at time, in 1799, De Quincey first read Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth. In 1800, De Quincey, aged fifteen, was ready for the University of Oxford and that boy, his master at Bath had said, could harangue an Athenian mob better than you or I could address an English one. He was sent to Manchester Grammar School, in order that after three years stay he might obtain a scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford, but he took flight after nineteen months. His first plan had been to reach William Wordsworth, whose Lyrical Ballads had consoled him in fits of depression and had awakened in him a reverence for the poet. From July to November 1802, De Quincey lived as a wayfarer and he soon lost his guinea by ceasing to keep his family informed of his whereabouts, and had difficulty making ends meet. Still, apparently fearing pursuit, he borrowed money and travelled to London. Having failed, he lived close to starvation rather than return to his family, discovered by chance by his friends, De Quincey was brought home and finally allowed to go to Worcester College, Oxford, on a reduced income. Here, we are told, he came to be looked upon as a strange being who associated with no one, in 1804, while at Oxford, he began the occasional use of opium. He completed his studies, but failed to take the oral examination leading to a degree and he became an acquaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, having already sought out Charles Lamb in London. His acquaintance with Wordsworth led to his settling in 1809 at Grasmere and he lived for ten years in Dove Cottage, which Wordsworth had occupied and which is now a popular tourist attraction, and for another five years at Fox Ghyll near Rydal. De Quincey was married in 1816, and soon after, having no money left and his wife Margaret bore him eight children before her death in 1837
11.
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
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Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey was a Scottish judge and literary critic. He was born in Edinburgh, the son of George Jeffrey, after attending the Royal High School for six years, he studied at the University of Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at Queens College, Oxford, from September 1791 to June 1792. He had begun the study of law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford and he became a member of the Speculative Society, where he measured himself in debate with Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, Francis Horner, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scottish bar in December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics hampered his legal prospects. In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to London in 1798 to try his hand at journalism and his marriage to Catherine Wilson in 1801 made the question of a settled income even more pressing. At the outset the Review did not have an editor, the first three numbers were effectively edited by Sydney Smith. On his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Archibald Constable and this article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was electrical, the English reviews were at that time practically publishers organs, with articles by hack writers instructed to obey the publishers interests. The Edinburgh Review, on the hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor. They received sixteen guineas a sheet, increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, the review was not limited to literary criticism but became the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation of 12,000, Jeffreys editorship lasted about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey Napier. Jeffreys own contributions numbered two hundred, all six being written before his resignation of the editorship. He wrote quickly, at odd moments of leisure and with special preparation. A criticism in the number of the Review on the morality of Thomas Moores poems led in 1806 to a duel between the two authors at Chalk Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the police, and Jeffreys pistol was found to contain no bullet, the affair led to a warm friendship, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh. Jeffreys wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with Charlotte, daughter of Charles Wilkes of New York, when she returned to the United States, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to Scotland, they visited several of the chief American cities, notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Jeffrey continued to look to the bar as the chief field of his ambition
12.
Irony
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Irony, in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case. Irony may be divided into such as verbal, dramatic. Verbal, dramatic, and situational irony are often used for emphasis in the assertion of a truth, other forms, as identified by historian Connop Thirlwall, include dialectic and practical irony. Also, Eric Partridge, in Usage and Abusage, writes that Irony consists in stating the contrary of what is meant, the use of irony may require the concept of a double audience. The term is used as a synonym for incongruous and applied to every trivial oddity in situations where there is no double audience. The American Heritage Dictionarys secondary meaning for irony, incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs and this sense, however, is not synonymous with incongruous but merely a definition of dramatic or situational irony. It is often included in definitions of irony not only that incongruity is present, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, The term irony has its roots in the Greek comic character Eiron, a clever underdog who by his wit repeatedly triumphs over the boastful character Alazon. The Socratic irony of the Platonic dialogues derives from this comic origin. e, the word came into English as a figure of speech in the 16th century as similar to the French ironie. It derives from the Latin ironia and ultimately from the Greek εἰρωνεία eirōneía, meaning dissimulation, Romantic irony, A self-aware and self-critical form of fiction. Cosmic irony, A contrast between the absolute and the relative, the general and the individual, which Hegel expressed by the phrase, when the audience knows that the character will die before morning. It is most often used when the author causes a character to speak or act erroneously, in tragic irony, the audience knows the character is making a mistake, even as the character is making it. Verbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers, for instance, if a man exclaims, Im not upset. But reveals an upset emotional state through his voice while truly trying to claim hes not upset, but if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that he was upset by claiming he was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction illustrates an important aspect of verbal irony—speakers communicate implied propositions that are contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. Were left in no doubt as to whos ambitious and whos honourable, the literal truth of whats written clashes with the perceived truth of whats meant to revealing effect, which is irony in a nutshell. Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker intends to communicate the opposite of what they mean, a fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue of the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm. Fowlers A Dictionary of Modern English Usage states, Sarcasm does not necessarily involve irony and irony has often no touch of sarcasm and this suggests that the two concepts are linked but may be considered separately. 2 a, a mode of satirical wit depending for its effect on bitter, caustic, the psychologist Martin, in The Psychology of Humour, is quite clear that irony is where the literal meaning is opposite to the intended and sarcasm is aggressive humor that pokes fun
13.
Romantic poetry
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Romantic poetry is the poetry of the Romantic era, an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Although many stress the notion of spontaneity in Romantic poetry, the movement was greatly concerned with the difficulty of composition. Indeed, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, another prominent English Romantic poet and critic, Romantic poetry contrasts with neoclassical poetry, which was the poetry of intellect and reason, while romantic poetry is more the product of emotion. Romantic poetry at the beginning of the century was a reaction against the set standards. According to William J. ” Belief in the importance of the imagination is a feature of romantic poets such as John Keats, Samuel Coleridge. Keats said, “I am certain of nothing but of the holiness of the Hearts affections, the secret of great art, Blake claimed, is the capacity to imagine. To define imagination, in his poem Auguries of Innocence, Blake said, To see a world in a grain of sand, And heaven in a wild flower, love for nature is another important feature of romantic poetry, as a source of inspiration. This poetry involves a relationship with nature and places. However, the romantic poets differed in their views about nature, wordsworth recognized nature as a living thing, teacher, god and everything. These feelings are developed and expressed in his epic poem The Prelude. In his poem The Tables Turn he writes, One impulse from the vernal wood Can teach you more of man, Of moral evil and good, Shelley was another nature poet, who believed that nature is a living thing and there is a union between nature and man. Wordsworth approaches nature philosophically, while Shelley emphasises the intellect, John Keats is another a lover of nature, but Coleridge differs from other romantic poets of his age, in that he has a realistic perspective on nature. He believes that nature is not the source of joy and pleasure, Coleridge believed that joy does not come from external nature, but that it emanates from the human heart. Melancholy occupies a prominent place in poetry, and is an important source of inspiration for the Romantic poets. In Ode to a Nightingale, Keats wrote, Romantic poetry was attracted to nostalgia and medievalism is another important characteristic of romantic poetry, especially in the works of John Keats and Coleridge. They were attracted to exotic, remote and obscure places, the world of classical Greece was important to the Romantics. John Keats poetry is full of allusions to the art, literature and culture of Greek, most of the romantic poets used [[supernaturalism|supernatural elements\\ in their poetry. Samuel Coleridge is the romantic poet in this regard
14.
Dove Cottage
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Dove Cottage is a house on the edge of Grasmere in the Lake District of England. It is best known as the home of the poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy Wordsworth from December 1799 to May 1808, where they spent over eight years of plain living, but high thinking. William Wordsworth married his wife Mary in 1802, and she, the family quickly expanded, with the arrival of three children in four years, and the Wordsworths left Dove Cottage in 1808 to seek larger lodgings. The cottage was occupied by Thomas de Quincey for a number of years. The cottage was acquired by the Wordsworth Trust in 1890 and opened to the public as a home museum in 1891. The house is a Grade 1 listed building, and remains unchanged from Wordsworths day. It receives approximately 70,000 visitors a year, Dove Cottage was built in the early 17th century, beside the main road from Ambleside to the south to Keswick to the north. It was probably purpose-built as a house, and it is first recorded as the Dove and Olive. It remained a house, sometimes called the Dove and Olive Branch. The building is constructed from stone, with limewashed walls. There are four rooms downstairs, and another four upstairs, the ground floor rooms retain the oak panels and slate floors often found in well-built Lakeland houses of the period, and appropriate to their original function as drinking rooms in a public house. The fireplaces were altered in the 1790s to burn rather than the traditional Lakeland peat. William Wordsworth had been born in Cockermouth in Cumberland in 1770 and he moved away to study at the University of Cambridge in 1787, and then travelled in Britain and Europe for 12 years. William first encountered Dove Cottage when on a tour of the Lake District with Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1799. William had been close to his sister Dorothy in their childhood, although they had lived together in Somerset in 1797 and in Germany in 1798, William wanted to find a permanent home for them together. Dove Cottage was empty and available for rent, and they took up residence on 20 December that year, paying £5 a year to John Benson of Grasmere. On the ground floor, the reception room was the houseplace or kitchen-parlour, by the main door. A smaller room next to the houseplace was used by the Wordsworths as Dorothys bedroom, a separate kitchen was used for the more arduous task of the domestic routine, with the fourth room being a small buttery, used as a larder
15.
Grasmere
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Grasmere is a village and tourist destination in the centre of the English Lake District. It takes its name from the adjacent lake, and is associated with the Lake Poets, the poet William Wordsworth, who lived in Grasmere for 14 years, described it as the loveliest spot that man hath ever found. Before 1974, Grasmere lay within the county of Westmorland. Today it is part of the county of Cumbria, the lake flanked by grass, gres, mere. Plus the element mere OE, ModE lake, pool, the village is on the river Rothay which flows into Grasmere lake, which lies about 0.5 km to the south. The village is overlooked from the NW by the hill of Helm Crag, popularly known as The Lion. These names are derived from the shape of rock formations on its summit, a number of popular walks begin in the village, including the ascent of Helm Crag, a longer route up to Fairfield and a moderate 200-metre ascent to Easedale Tarn. The village is also on the route of Alfred Wainwrights Coast to Coast Walk, the A591 connects Grasmere to the Vale of Keswick over Dunmail Raise to the north, and Ambleside to the south. In other directions, Grasmere is surrounded by high ground, to the west, a long ridge comes down from High Raise and contains the lesser heights of Blea Rigg and Silver How. To the east, Grasmere is bordered by the ridge of the Fairfield horseshoe. Grasmere is served by the Stagecoach 555 bus service connecting towns in and near the Lake District, such as Keswick, in summer it is also served by an open top double-decker 599 service, operated by Stagecoach, which runs between Grasmere and Bowness-on-Windermere. Grasmeres famous Rushbearing Ceremony, centred on St Oswalds Church, has ancient origins, the present-day ceremony is an annual event which features a procession through the village with bearings made from rushes and flowers. In this procession there are also six Maids of Honour, a band, the church choir. The annual Grasmere Sports take place in August and were first held in 1852 and this is the main event in the villages calendar and one of the most popular traditional events in the Lake District. Participants compete in a variety of sports, including Cumberland Wrestling, fell running, Grasmere is now home to the winner of the Get Started Award 2014 awarded by the Institute of Enterprise and Entrepreneurs, the Handmade Chocolate Shop. Todays Grasmere Gingerbread is made to a secret recipe popularised by Sarah Nelson, by the early nineteenth century, Grasmere gingerbread was already being sold as fairings, as well as being a popular seller in its own right. Poet Dorothy Wordsworth wrote in 1803 that she and her brother William craved for the gingerbread, until September 2013, Grasmeres three main church parishes gathered three times a year to celebrate mass in the Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Wayside. The former civil parish was for a time governed by a district council before becoming part of the Lakes UDC in 1934
16.
Cockermouth
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The mid-2010 census estimates state that Cockermouth has a population of 8,204, increasing to 8,761 at the 2011 Census. Historically a part of Cumberland, Cockermouth is situated outside the English Lake District on its northwest fringe, much of the architectural core of the town remains unchanged since the basic medieval layout was filled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The regenerated Market place is now an historical focus within the town. The town is prone to flooding, being flooded in 2005, again much more severely on 19 November 2009, Cockermouth, is the mouth of the River Cocker, and the river takes its name from the Brythonic Celtic word kukrā, meaning the crooked one. It has frequently noted on lists of unusual place names. Cockermouth is situated a few minutes travelling distance from such as Crummock Water, Loweswater. Cockermouth has a climate that is influenced by the Irish Sea. Cockermouth receives slightly below average compared to the UK average. Temperatures are also round about average compared to parts of the UK. The nearest weather station for which records are available is Aspatria. West Cumbria gets relatively little snow in comparison to The Lake District and Eastern Cumbria due to its proximity to the Irish Sea, and its low height above sea level. The Romans built a fort at Derventio Carvetiorum, now the village of Papcastle. The layout is preserved, leading the British Council for Archaeology to say in 1965 that it was worthy of special care in preservation. The town market pre-dates 1221, when the day was changed from Saturday to Monday. Market charters were granted in 1221 and 1227 by King Henry III, in recent times, the trading farmers market now only occurs seasonally, replaced by weekend continental and craft markets. The Market Bell remains as a reminder of this period, while the 1761 and Castle pub have been renovated to reveal medieval stonework and 16th and 18th century features. Much of the centre of the town is of medieval origin substantially rebuilt in Georgian style with Victorian infill, the tree lined Kirkgate offers examples of unspoilt classical late 17th and 18th century terraced housing, cobbled paving and curving lanes which run steeply down to the River Cocker. Most of the buildings are of slate and stone construction with thick walls
17.
Penrith, Cumbria
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Penrith is a market town and civil parish in the county of Cumbria, England. Penrith lies less than 3 miles outside the boundaries of the Lake District National Park, historically a part of Cumberland, Penriths local authority is currently Eden District Council, which is based in the town. Penrith was formerly the seat of both Penrith Urban and Rural District Councils, from 1974 to 2015, Penrith had no town council of its own, and was an unparished area. Penrith Town Council was formed in 2015 and the first elections to the Town Council Civil parish took place on May 7,2015, the exact etymology of the name has been debated. Several toponymists favour a derivation from the Cumbric or Welsh pen head, chief, end + Cumbric rid, on this basis, the name would mean chief ford, hill ford, ford end or Whaleys suggestion, the head of the ford or headland by the ford. Penrith, however, lies around 1 mile from the nearest crossing point on the River Eamont at Eamont Bridge, an alternative has been suggested consisting of the same pen element meaning head, end, top + the equivalent of Welsh rhudd crimson. The name red hill may refer to the large Beacon Hill to the north east of the current town, there is also a place called Redhills to the south west near the M6 motorway. The Roman fort of Voreda occupied the now known as Old Penrith. The Roman road from Manchester to Carlisle ran through the area, excavations in advance of an extension to Penrith Cemetery showed that the road survived better at the edges of the field. The cobble and gravel surfaces appeared to have been ploughed out at the centre. The road was constructed by excavating a wide, shallow trench below the level of subsoil, large cobbles were probably obtained from nearby, as they did not appear frequently within the subsoil in the excavated area. The cobbles were added to the subsoil and this was dumped back into the cut to form a stable foundation. Penrith was a district between 1894 and 1974, when it was merged into Eden District. The authoritys area was coterminous with the parish of Penrith although when the council was abolished Penrith became an unparished area. The area had previously been a urban sanitary district presided over by the Local Board of Health, as well as the town of itself the district also contained the hamlets of Carleton, Bowscar, Plumpton Head and part of the village of Eamont Bridge. The district was divided into 4 wards, North, South, East and West, from 1906 the council was based at Penrith Town Hall which had previously been two houses believed to have been designed by Robert Adam. In the 1920s Penrith Castle came into the possession of the council, the grounds were turned into a public park, and Castle Hill or Tyne Close Housing Estate was built nearby. Penrith North, part of the centre, the New Streets, most of Townhead
18.
Picturesque
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Picturesque is an aesthetic ideal introduced into English cultural debate in 1782 by William Gilpin in Observations on the River Wye, and Several Parts of South Wales, etc. Picturesque, along with the aesthetic and cultural strands of Gothic, the term “picturesque” needs to be understood in relationship to two other aesthetic ideals, the beautiful and the sublime. By the last third of the 18th century, Enlightenment and rationalist ideas about aesthetics were being challenged by looking at the experiences of beauty and sublimity as being non-rational. Aesthetic experience was not just a rational decision – one did not look at a curved form and decide it was beautiful. Picturesque arose as a mediator between these ideals of beauty and the sublime, showing the possibilities that existed in between these two rationally idealised states. As Thomas Gray wrote in 1765 of the Scottish Highlands, “The mountains are ecstatic, none but those monstrous creatures of God know how to join so much beauty with so much horror. ”See also Gilpin and the picturesque. Gilpin’s Essay on Prints defined picturesque as “a term expressive of that kind of beauty. The pictorial genre called “Picturesque” appeared already in the 17th century, as well as portraying beauty in the classical manner, eighteenth-century artists could overdo it from top to bottom. Their preromantic sensitivity could aspire to the sublime or be pleased with the picturesque and this triple definition by Hussey, although modern, is true to the concept of the epoch, as Uvedale Price explained in 1794. The examples Price gave of these three aesthetic tendencies were Handel as the sublime, a pastorale by Arcangelo Corelli as the beautiful, during the mid 18th century the idea of purely scenic pleasure touring began to take hold among the English leisured class. This new image disregarded the principles of symmetry and perfect proportions while focusing more on accidental irregularity, the irregular, anti-classical, ruins became sought after sights. Gilpin himself asked, “shall we suppose it a pleasure to the sportsman to pursue a trivial animal, than it is to the man of taste to pursue the beauties of nature. ”After 1815 when Europe was available to travel again after the wars. Though seemingly vague and far away, the Far East, China and Japan, sir William Temple was a statesman and essayist who traveled throughout Europe. His essay Upon the Gardens of Epicurus, or Of Gardening, in the Year 1685 described what he called the taste of the “Chineses” for a beauty without order. The Chineses scorn this way of planting, and say, a boy, that can tell an hundred, may plant walks of trees in straight lines, and over-against one another, and to what length and extent he pleases. And whoever observes the work upon the best India gowns, or the painting upon their best screens or purcellans, imaginations of Far Eastern irregularity and sharawadgi returns frequently in the eighteenth and nineteenth century discourse. Multiple authors have attempted to trace the etymology of sharawadgi to various Chinese and Japanese terms for garden design, E. V. Gatenby proposed English sharawadgi derived from Japanese sorowaji not being regular, an older form of sorowazu incomplete, unequal, uneven, irregular. S. Lang and Nikolaus Pevsner dismissed these two unattested Chinese terms, doubted the Japanese sorowaji, and suggested that Temple coined the word sharawadgi himself and these authors placed Temples discovery in the context of upcoming ideas on the picturesque
19.
The Prelude
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The Prelude or, Growth of a Poets Mind, An Autobiographical Poem is an autobiographical poem in blank verse by the English poet William Wordsworth. Intended as the introduction to the more philosophical Recluse, which Wordsworth never finished, The Prelude is an extremely personal, Wordsworth began The Prelude in 1798 at the age of 28 and continued to work on it throughout his life. He never gave it a title, he called it the Poem to Coleridge, the poem was unknown to the general public until published three months after Wordsworths death in 1850, its final name given to it by his widow Mary. The Prelude is widely regarded as Wordsworths greatest work, there are three versions of the poem, The 1799 Prelude, called the Two-Part Prelude, composed 1798–99, containing the first two parts of the later poem. The 1805 Prelude, which was found and printed by Ernest de Sélincourt in 1926, the 1850 Prelude, published shortly after Wordsworths death, in 14 books. The poem was intended as the prologue to a long three-part epic and philosophical poem, Wordsworth planned to write this work together with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, their joint intent being to surpass John Miltons Paradise Lost. Coleridges inspiration and interest is evidenced in his letters, for instance, in 1799 he writes to Wordsworth, I am anxiously eager to have you steadily employed on The Recluse. It would do good, and might form a Part of The Recluse. According to Monique R. Morgans Narrative Means to Lyric Ends in Wordsworths Prelude, the goal of the poem is to demonstrate his fitness to produce great poetry, and The Prelude itself becomes evidence of that fitness. It traces the growth of the mind by stressing the mutual consciousness. But its focus and mood present a sharp fundamental fall away from the neoclassical and into the Romantic. Whilst Milton in Paradise Lost rewrites Gods creation and The Fall of Man so as to justify the ways of God to men, Wordsworth chooses his own mind and imagination as a subject worthy of epic. This spiritual autobiography evolves out of Wordsworths persistent metaphor a circular journey whose end is to arrive where we started / And know that place for the first time, Wordsworths Prelude opens with a literal journey whose chosen goal is the Vale of Grasmere. The Prelude narrates a number of journeys, most notably the crossing of the Alps in Book VI and, in the beginning of the final book. In the course of the poem, such literal journeys become the vehicle for a spiritual journey—the quest within the poets memory. 1799 in poetry 1805 in poetry 1850 in poetry Complete text of 1799 Version of The Prelude at Rutgers Complete text of 1850 Version of The Prelude at Bartleby. com
20.
Enclosure
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Enclosure was the legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, in England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced and deeded or entitled to one or more owners, the process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas. Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing enclosure, the latter process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. Marxist and neo-Marxist historians argue that rich landowners used their control of processes to appropriate public land for their private benefit. The process of created a landless working class that provided the labour required in the new industries developing in the north of England. For example, In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, thompson argues that Enclosure was a plain enough case of class robbery. We should be not to ascribe to developments that were the consequence of a much broader. He impact of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure has been grossly exaggerated, Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free to adopt better farming practices, there was widespread agreement in contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with enclosed land. Following enclosure, crop yields increased while at the same time productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution, Enclosure of manorial common land was authorized by the Statute of Merton and the Statute of Westminster. Throughout the medieval and modern periods, piecemeal enclosure took place in which adjacent strips were fenced off from the common field and this was sometimes undertaken by small landowners, but more often by large landowners and lords of the manor. Significant enclosures took place to establish deer parks, some of these enclosures took place with local agreement. Most if not all emparkments were of already fenced land, there was a significant rise in enclosure during the Tudor period. These enclosures largely resulted in conversion of land use from arable to pasture – usually sheep farming and these enclosures were often undertaken unilaterally by the landowner
21.
Vernacular
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Some linguists use vernacular and nonstandard dialect as synonyms. The use of vernacular is not recent, here vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words vernaculus, varro, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term vocabula vernacula, termes de la langue nationale or vocabulary of the national language as opposed to foreign words. In general linguistics, a vernacular is contrasted with a lingua franca, for instance, in Western Europe until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in Latin, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in Romance languages are said to be in the vernacular, the Divina Commedia, the Cantar de Mio Cid, and The Song of Roland are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively. In Europe, Latin was used instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until c. 1701, in its latter stage as New Latin, in Catholicism, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at Tridentine Mass until the Second Vatican Council of 1965. Certain groups, notably Traditionalist Catholics, continue to practice Latin Mass, in India, the 12th century Bhakti movement led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular. In science, a user of the vernacular was Galileo. 1600, though some of his works remained in Latin, a later example is Isaac Newton, whose 1687 Principia was in Latin, but whose 1704 Opticks was in English. Latin continues to be used in fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular. In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese, see Varieties of Arabic and Chinese language. In the 1920s, due to the May Fourth Movement, Classical Chinese was replaced by written vernacular Chinese, the vernacular is also often contrasted with a liturgical language, a specialized use of a former lingua franca. Similarly, in Hindu culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in Sanskrit or in Tamil in Tamil country. With the rise of the movement from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in the other languages, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu. These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers, according to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed diglossia. In it, the language is bifurcated, i. e. the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances the other. The one most frequently used is the low variant, equivalent to the vernacular, the concept was introduced to linguistics by Charles A. Ferguson, but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers
22.
Guide to the Lakes
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Originally written because Wordsworth needed money, the first version was published in 1810 as anonymous text in a collection of engravings. The work is now best known from its expanded and updated 1835 fifth edition, according to Wordsworth biographer Stephen Gill, The Guide is multi-faceted. It is a guide, but it is also a prose-poem about light, shapes and it is a paean to a way of life, but also a lament for the inevitability of its passing. What holds this diversity together is the voice of authority, compounded from experience, intense observation, thought. Wordsworth was born in the Lake District and spent much of his living there. By 1810, Wordsworth was living near Grasmere with his sister and collaborator Dorothy Wordsworth, his sister-in-law, his wife, a fifth child was born to them in 1810. You will receive from them that sort of disgust which I do from bad poetry and they will please many who in all the arts are most taken by what is worthless. For example, in 1775 the poet Thomas Gray published a journal of his visit to the area, the first Lakeland visitors guide appeared in 1778, when Thomas West published a route for travellers that included advice on viewing the landscape. In 1820, Wordsworth published a second, longer version of the Guide attached to a book of sonnets he had written about the River Duddon. He explained his reasoning as follows, This Essay, which was published several years ago as an Introduction to some Views of the Lakes, in 1822, Wordsworths text was first published as a separate volume. Fourth and fifth revised editions followed in 1823 and 1835, the last of these is considered definitive. Modern editions are based on the fifth edition, published in 1835. Wordsworths emphasis on the word Minds reflects his constant interest in subject-object interactions, evident throughout the book, what the Norton Anthology calls Wordsworths Lake District chauvinism is evident in his comparisons of its lakes and mountains to those of Scotland, Wales, and Switzerland. Wordsworth begins by discussing the relative advantages of different seasons for a visit to the Lakes, fastidiousness is a wretched travelling companion, and the best guide to which in matters of taste we can entrust ourselves, is a disposition to be pleased. The description of an ascent of Scawfell is copied from a written by Dorothy Wordsworth describing her visit to this mountain in 1818. William ambiguously credits this to a letter to a friend, here Wordworth describes several itineraries a traveller might choose leading to some of the Lake Districts finest views. He includes in this section a long passage transcribed nearly intact from the 1805 journal of his sister Dorothy Wordsworth about a trip took from their home in Grasmere to Ullswater. Throughout this Guide, Wordsworth includes poems expanding on topics being discussed in prose and this section of the guidebook is an ode in blank verse by Wordsworth evoking the hard ascent and joyful descent of Kirkstone Pass, a high mountain pass between Ambleside and Patterdale
23.
Uvedale Price
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Uvedale Price was the eldest son of Robert Price, an amateur artist, by his wife the Hon. Sarah Barrington, daughter of John Shute Barrington, 1st Viscount Barrington and he served as High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1793, and was created a baronet on 12 February 1828. During his life, Price was befriended by Sir George Beaumont and his wife Margaret Beaumont and he was also a lifetime friend of the statesman Charles James Fox as well as being acquainted with William Wordsworth, and in later life, a correspondent of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. He died in 1829, having finally printed his work on Greek and his only son Robert succeeded as 2nd baronet. Well before Prices Essay or Knights poem, however, the term pictoresque was used in early 18th century France to refer to a property of being in the style of a painter, pope, in his Letter to Caryll, brought the word into English as picturesque in 1712. The term was used by various English authors throughout the 18th century before being described by Bagehot in Literary Studies as a quality distinct from that of beauty, or sublimity, for Price, the Picturesque was more specifically defined as being located between the Beautiful and the Sublime. Price contested, for example, the obsession of The Beautiful with Classical and natural symmetry, arguing instead for a less formal, Prices ideas led to much debate in artistic and literary circles, they were parodied, for example, by Jane Austen in Northanger Abbey. Price republished the Essay several times, with material. He similarly fell out with Payne Knight, whose theories of landscape betrayed a more esoteric attitude
24.
Greta Hall
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Greta Hall is a house in Keswick in the Lake District of England. It is best known as the home of the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge, front 3 storeys, with quoins and plinth, centre flush-panelled double doors, Ionic doorcase with fluted 3/4 columns, frieze, cornice and dentilled pediment. 3 sash windows on each floor, all 12-paned, in stone architraves, large segmental 2-storeyed bow on right hand return side, otherwise 3 storeys with a Venetian window. Left hand return side has a similar Venetian window and a half-bow, interior has good carved oak fireplace dated 1684 in Southeys parlour, flag floors and old ovens in kitchens, and main windows with fluted interior wood cases. Poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived there with his family from 24 July 1800 until 1803, Robert Southey and his wife came to stay with Coleridge at Greta Hall in 1803 and lived there until his death in 1843. Coleridge left Greta Hall in 1804 leaving his family in the care of Southey, sara Coleridge was born at Greta Hall Between 1872 and 1887 it was a girls’ school. In 1909 it was bought by Canon Rawnsley and rented to the headmaster of Keswick School as a boarding house. In 1921 it was bought by the governors of the school, dove Cottage Rydal Mount Wordsworth House Greta Hall Keswick home of Robert Southey
25.
Christabel (poem)
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Christabel is a long narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in two parts. The first part was written in 1797, and the second in 1800. Coleridge planned three additional parts, but these were never completed and it was published in a pamphlet in 1816, alongside Kubla Khan and The Pains of Sleep. The story of Christabel concerns a female character of the same name and her encounter with a stranger called Geraldine. Christabel goes into the woods to pray by the oak tree. Upon looking behind the tree, she finds Geraldine who says that she had abducted from her home by men on horseback. Christabel pities her and takes her home with her, supernatural signs seem to indicate that all is not well and they spend the night together, but while Geraldine undresses, she shows a terrible but undefined mark, Behold. Her bosom and half her side— / A sight to dream of, / And she is to sleep by Christabel. Her father, Sir Leoline, becomes enchanted with Geraldine, ordering a grand procession to announce her rescue and it is unclear when Coleridge began writing the poem which would become Christabel. Presumably, he prepared it beginning in 1797, during this time, he had been working on several poems for Lyrical Ballads, a book on which he collaborated with William Wordsworth. Christabel was not complete in time for the books 1798 publication, the first part of the poem was likely completed that year, however. He continued to work on Part II of the poem for the three years and finished it at Greta Hall in Keswick, where he had moved in 1800. It was also at Keswick that he became addicted to opium, a year later, he added a Conclusion. The poem is, nevertheless, considered unfinished and he later noted that he was distracted by too many possible endings. He wrote, I should have more nearly realized my ideal, the poem remained unpublished for several years. On his birthday in 1803, he wrote in his notebook that he intended to finish Christabel before the end of the year, though he would not meet his goal. The poem was first published in the collection of three poems, Christabel, Kubla Khan, A Vision, The Pains of Sleep, by the John Murray Press on 25 May 1816. While some modern critics focus upon lesbian and feminist readings of the poem and her bosom and half her side—— Prof. Pinaki Roy has offered a revisionary reading of Coleridges poem in his “Reinterpreting Geraldine, Wollstonecraft’s ‘New Woman’. ”
26.
Lyrical Ballads
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The immediate effect on critics was modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the course of English literature and poetry. A second edition was published in 1800, in which Wordsworth included additional poems, for another edition, published in 1802, Wordsworth added an appendix titled Poetic Diction in which he expanded the ideas set forth in the preface. They place an emphasis on the vitality of the voice that the poor use to express their reality. Using this language also helps assert the universality of human emotions, in the Advertisement included in the 1798 edition, Wordsworth explained his poetical concept, The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle, one of the main themes of Lyrical Ballads is the return to the original state of nature, in which people led a purer and more innocent existence. Wordsworth subscribed to Rousseaus belief that humanity was essentially good but was corrupted by the influence of society and this may be linked with the sentiments spreading through Europe just prior to the French Revolution. Poems marked were written by Coleridge, all poems were written by Wordsworth. For the 1800 edition, Wordsworth added several poems which make up Volume II, the poem The Convict was in the 1798 edition but Wordsworth omitted it from the 1800 edition, replacing it with Coleridges Love. Lewti or the Circassian Love-chaunt exists in some 1798 editions in place of The Convict, Lyrical Ballads 1798 at Project Gutenberg Lyrical Ballads 1800 vol.1 at Project Gutenberg Lyrical Ballads 1800 vol
27.
Tory
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A Tory holds a political philosophy based on a British version of traditionalism and conservatism, which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved throughout history. The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase God, King, Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a high church Anglican religious heritage, and are opposed to the liberalism of the Whig faction. In Britain, the Tory political faction originated with the Cavaliers during the English Civil War and this political philosophy remains prominent in the politics of the United Kingdom, and also appears in parts of the Commonwealth realms, particularly in Canada. It also had exponents in other parts of the former British Empire, under the Corn Laws a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices, self-sufficiency, and enhanced wages in rural employment. There were two Tory ministries after James II came to the throne, the first led by the Earl of Rochester, a significant faction took part in the ousting of James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive protestantism. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings, after the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole, Lord Butes premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this, interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent Prime Ministers. Due to these Tories leading the formation of the Conservative Party, members of that party are referred to as Tories. The word Tory derives from the Middle Irish word tóraidhe, modern Irish tóraí, outlaw, robber or brigand, from the Irish word tóir, meaning pursuit and it was originally used to refer to a Rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term was originally a term of abuse, an Irish rebel. Towards the end of Charles IIs reign there was debate about whether or not his brother, James, Duke of York. Whigs, originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drivers, was the term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled Abhorrers, the suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. Historically, the term Tory has been applied in ways to loyalists of the British monarchy. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, the word Tory had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. Since 1832, the term Tory is commonly used to refer to the Conservative Party, the term Tory or Loyalist was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the King over Parliament, during the war of independence, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war, the 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Quebec, the Bahamas, or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists
28.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
29.
Letitia Elizabeth Landon
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Letitia Elizabeth Landon, English poet and novelist, better known by her initials L. E. L. Letitia Elizabeth Landon was born on 14 August 1802 in Chelsea, London to John Landon and Catherine Jane, at the age of five, Landon began attending Mrs Rowdens school at 22 Hans Place, which counted among its alumnae Mary Russell Mitford and Lady Caroline Lamb. The family moved to the country in 1809, so that John Landon could carry out a model farm project, I never knew her to be wrong. When young, Letitia was very close to her brother, Whittington Henry. Paying for Whittington through university was one of the needs that drove Letitia to publish and she also supported his preferment and later dedicated her poem ‘Captain Cook’ to their childhood days together. Whittington went on to become a minister and published a book of Sermons in 1835, sadly, he did not show any appreciation for all his sisters financial assistance but spread false rumours about her marriage and death. Letitia also had a sister, Elizabeth Jane, who was a frail child and died in 1819. Little is known of Elizabeth but her death may well have left an impression on Letitia. The following statements from those who knew her give some idea of the known as L. E. L. Emma Roberts, from her introduction to The Zenana and other works. Gay and piquant, her complexion, dark hair, and eyes, rendered her, when in health and spirits. Her figure was slight, and beautifully proportioned, with hands and feet. A little high-backed cane chair, which gave you any idea but that of comfort, one aspect that is common to all accounts of those who knew Miss Landon is that she possessed an exceptionally high level of intelligence. Fredric Rowton in his The Female Poets of Great Britain puts it thus, Of Mrs. Macleans genius there can be but one opinion. It is distinguished by very great power, a highly sensitive and ardent imagination, an intense fervour of passionate emotion. Of mere art she displays but little and her style is irregular and careless, and her painting sketchy and rough but there is genius in every line she has written. An agricultural depression soon followed, and the family moved back to London in 1815, where John Landon made the acquaintance of William Jerdan, editor of the Literary Gazette. According to 19th-century commentator Mrs A. T. Jerdan encouraged Landons poetic endeavors, and her first poem was published under the single initial L in the Gazette in 1820, when Landon was 18. The following year, with support from her grandmother, Landon published a book of poetry, The Fate of Adelaide
30.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
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Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the major English Romantic poets, and is regarded by some as among the finest lyric, as well as most influential, poets in the English language. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not see fame during his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew steadily following his death. Shelley was a key member of a circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, and his own second wife, Mary Shelley. Shelley is perhaps best known for such poems as Ozymandias, Ode to the West Wind, To a Skylark, Music, When Soft Voices Die, The Cloud. Shelleys close circle of friends included some of the most important progressive thinkers of the day, including his father-in-law, the philosopher William Godwin and Leigh Hunt. Though Shelleys poetry and prose output remained steady throughout his life, most publishers, Shelley became a lodestone to the subsequent three or four generations of poets, including important Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. He was admired by Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, yeats, Upton Sinclair and Isadora Duncan. Henry David Thoreaus civil disobedience was apparently influenced by Shelleys non-violence in protest, Shelleys popularity and influence has continued to grow in contemporary poetry circles. Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest legitimate son of Sir Timothy Shelley, a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790–92 and he had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. He received his education at home, tutored by the Reverend Evan Edwards of nearby Warnham. His cousin and lifelong friend Thomas Medwin, who lived nearby and it was a happy and contented childhood spent largely in country pursuits such as fishing and hunting. In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, in 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, where he fared poorly, and was subjected to an almost daily mob torment at around noon by older boys, who aptly called these incidents Shelley-baits. Surrounded, the young Shelley would have his books torn from his hands and his clothes pulled at and this daily misery could be attributed to Shelleys refusal to take part in fagging and his indifference towards games and other youthful activities. Because of these peculiarities he acquired the nickname Mad Shelley, Shelley possessed a keen interest in science at Eton, which he would often apply to cause a surprising amount of mischief for a boy considered to be so sensible. Shelley would often use an electric machine to charge the door handle of his room. His friends were particularly amused when his tutor, Mr Bethell, in attempting to enter his room, was alarmed at the noise of the electric shocks. His mischievous side was again demonstrated by his last bit of naughtiness at school, despite these jocular incidents, a contemporary of Shelley, W. H. Merie, recalled that Shelley made no friends at Eton, although he did seek a kindred spirit without success
31.
John Keats
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John Keats was an English Romantic poet. He had a significant influence on a range of poets. Jorge Luis Borges stated that his first encounter with Keatss work was the most significant literary experience of his life, the poetry of Keats is characterised by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes. This is typical of poets, as they aimed to accentuate extreme emotion through the emphasis of natural imagery. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular, John Keats was born in Moorgate, London, on 31 October 1795 to Thomas Keats and his wife, born Frances Jennings. There is no evidence of his exact birthplace. Although Keats and his family seem to have marked his birthday on 29 October and he was the eldest of four surviving children, his younger siblings were George, Thomas, and Frances Mary Fanny who eventually married Spanish author Valentín Llanos Gutiérrez. Another son was lost in infancy and his father first worked as a hostler at the stables attached to the Swan and Hoop Inn, an establishment he later managed, and where the growing family lived for some years. Keats believed that he was born at the inn, a birthplace of humble origins, the Globe pub now occupies the site, a few yards from the modern-day Moorgate station. He was baptised at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and sent to a dame school as a child. His parents were unable to afford Eton or Harrow, so in the summer of 1803, he was sent to board at John Clarkes school in Enfield, the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger, more prestigious schools. In the family atmosphere at Clarkes, Keats developed an interest in classics and history, the headmasters son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an important mentor and friend, introducing Keats to Renaissance literature, including Tasso, Spenser, and Chapmans translations. The young Keats was described by his friend Edward Holmes as a character, always in extremes, given to indolence. However, at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study, in April 1804, when Keats was eight, his father died. The cause of death was a fracture, suffered when he fell from his horse while returning from a visit to Keats. Frances remarried two months later, but left her new husband soon afterwards, and the four went to live with their grandmother, Alice Jennings. In March 1810 when Keats was 14, his mother died of tuberculosis and she appointed two guardians, Richard Abbey and John Sandell, to take care of them. That autumn, Keats left Clarkes school to apprentice with Thomas Hammond, a surgeon and apothecary who was a neighbour, Keats lodged in the attic above the surgery at 7 Church Street until 1813
32.
Robert Burns
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Robert Burns, also known as Rabbie Burns, the Bard of Ayrshire, Ploughman Poet and various other names and epithets, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is also in English and he also wrote in standard English, and in these writings his political or civil commentary is often at its bluntest. Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, in 2009 he was chosen as the greatest Scot by the Scottish public in a vote run by Scottish television channel STV. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected songs from across Scotland. His poem Auld Lang Syne is often sung at Hogmanay, and he was born in a house built by his father, where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old. William Burnes sold the house and took the tenancy of the 70-acre Mount Oliphant farm, here Burns grew up in poverty and hardship, and the severe manual labour of the farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution. By the age of 15, Burns was the principal labourer at Mount Oliphant, during the harvest of 1774, he was assisted by Nelly Kilpatrick, who inspired his first attempt at poetry, O, Once I Lovd A Bonnie Lass. In the summer of 1775, he was sent to finish his education with a tutor at Kirkoswald, despite his ability and character, William Burnes was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve his circumstances. Subsequently, the family became integrated into the community of Tarbolton, to his fathers disapproval, Robert joined a country dancing school in 1779 and, with Gilbert, formed the Tarbolton Bachelors Club the following year. His earliest existing letters date from this time, when he began making overtures to Alison Begbie. In spite of four songs written for her and a suggestion that he was willing to marry her, Robert Burns was initiated into masonic Lodge St David, Tarbolton, on 4 July 1781, when he was 22. This venture accordingly came to an end, and Burns went home to Lochlea farm, during this time he met and befriended Captain Richard Brown who encouraged him to become a poet. He continued to write poems and songs and began a book in 1783. The case went to the Court of Session, and Burnes was upheld in January 1784, a fortnight before he died. During the summer of 1784 Burns came to know a group of girls known collectively as The Belles of Mauchline, one of whom was Jean Armour, the daughter of a stonemason from Mauchline. His first child, Elizabeth Paton Burns, was born to his mothers servant, Elizabeth Paton, while he was embarking on a relationship with Jean Armour, Burns signed a paper attesting his marriage to Jean, but her father was in the greatest distress, and fainted away. To avoid disgrace, her parents sent her to live with her uncle in Paisley, although Armours father initially forbade it, they were eventually married in 1788
33.
Lord Byron
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George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS, commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet, peer, politician, and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems, Don Juan and Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. Byron is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential and he travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years with the struggling poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in his life, Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi, ethel Colburn Mayne states that George Gordon Byron was born on 22 January 1788 in a house on 24 Holles Street in London. However, Robert Charles Dallas in his Recollections states that Byron was born in Dover and he was the son of Captain John Mad Jack Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, a descendant of Cardinal Beaton and heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byrons father had seduced the married Marchioness of Carmarthen and, after she divorced her husband. His treatment of her was described as brutal and vicious, in order to claim his second wifes estate in Scotland, Byrons father took the additional surname Gordon, becoming John Byron Gordon, and he was occasionally styled John Byron Gordon of Gight. Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as George Byron Gordon, at the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron of Rochdale, becoming Lord Byron, and eventually dropped the double surname. Byrons paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Foulweather Jack Byron, vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as the Wicked Lord. He was christened, at St Marylebone Parish Church, George Gordon Byron after his maternal grandfather George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of James I of Scotland, Mad Jack Byron married his second wife for the same reason that he married his first, her fortune. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her husband to France in 1786. He was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where Byron spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husbands continuing to borrow money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands and it was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791. When Byrons great-uncle, the wicked Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, described as a woman without judgment or self-command, Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him, and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent and she once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as a lame brat. Langley-Moore questions the Galt claim that she over-indulged in alcohol, upon the death of Byrons mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon
34.
Windermere
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Windermere is the largest natural lake in England. It is a lake formed in a glacial trough after the retreat of ice at the start of the current interglacial period. It has been one of the countrys most popular places for holidays and summer homes since the arrival of the Kendal, historically forming part of the border between Lancashire and Westmorland, it is now within the county of Cumbria and the Lake District National Park. The word Windermere is thought to translate as Winand or Vinands lake, the specific has usually been identified with an Old Swedish personal name Vinandr, genitive singular Vinandar. Although the personal noun is of restricted distribution even in Sweden. Another possibility is that it refers to a Continental Germanic personal noun, alternative spellings may be Wynhendermere and Wynenderme The second element is Old English mere, meaning lake or pool. It was known as Winander Mere or Winandermere until at least the 19th century. Until the 19th century, the lake was, indeed, not much used by or known to the native inhabitants of the area. The name Windermere or Windermer was used of the parish that had taken its name from the water. The extensive parish included most of Undermilnbeck, Applethwaite, Troutbeck and Ambleside-below-Stock, that is, the parish church was at Bowness in Undermilnbeck. Windermere is long and narrow, like many other ribbon lakes and it was formed 13,000 years ago during the last major ice age by two glaciers, one from the Troutbeck valley and the other from the Fairfield Horseshoe. When the glaciers melted the lake filled with the meltwater, which was held in by moraine deposited by the glaciers, the lake has two separate basins – north and south – with different characteristics influenced by the geology. This consists of volcanic rocks in the north basin and softer shales in the south. The lake is drained from its southernmost point by the River Leven and it is replenished by the rivers Brathay, Rothay, Trout Beck, Cunsey Beck and several other lesser streams. The lake is surrounded by foothills of the Lake District which provide pleasant low-level walks, to the north. This affects the length of the lake, which is 18.08 km long if measured from the bridge at Newby Bridge. The lake varies in width up to a maximum of 1.49 km, with a maximum depth of 66.7 m and an elevation above sea level of 39 m, the lowest point of the lake bed is well below sea level. The village of Windermere is about 20 minutes walk from Millerground and it did not exist before the arrival of the railway in 1847
35.
Harriet Martineau
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Harriet Martineau was a British social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first female sociologist. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing, a feat for a woman in the Victorian era. A young Princess Victoria enjoyed reading Martineaus publications, the queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838—an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau said of her own approach to writing, when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious and she believed a thorough societal analysis was necessary to understand womens status under men. The novelist Margaret Oliphant said as a lecturer and politician she was less distinctively affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female. Martineau introduced feminist sociological perspectives into her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, the sixth of eight children, Harriet Martineau was born in Norwich, England, where her father Thomas was a textile manufacturer. A highly respected Unitarian, he was deacon of the Octagon Chapel. Harriets mother was the daughter of a sugar refiner and a grocer, the Martineau family was of French Huguenot ancestry and professed Unitarian views. Her uncle was the surgeon Philip Meadows Martineau, whom she had enjoyed visiting at his nearby estate, Martineau was closest to her brother James, who became a clergyman in the tradition of the English Dissenters. According to the writer Diana Postlethwaite, Harriets relationship with her mother was strained and lacking affection, Martineau claimed her mother abandoned her to a wet nurse. Her ideals on domesticity and the faculty for housewifery, as described in her book Household Education. Her mother urged all her children to be well-read, but at the time opposed female pedantics with a sharp eye for feminine propriety. Her daughters could never be seen in public with a pen in their hand and her mother strictly enforced proper feminine behaviour, pushing her daughter to hold a sewing needle as well as the pen. Martineau began losing her senses of taste and smell at an age, becoming increasingly deaf. It was the beginning of health problems in her life. In 1821 she began to write anonymously for the Monthly Repository, a Unitarian periodical, in 1829, the familys textile business failed. Martineau, then 27 years old, stepped out of the roles of feminine propriety to earn a living for her family. Along with her needlework, she began selling her articles to the Monthly Repository, earning accolades and her regular work with the Repository helped establish her as a reliable and popular freelance writer
36.
Sociology
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Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organisation, networks, and institutions. It is a science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder. Many sociologists aim to research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare. Subject matter ranges from the level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems. The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality, the range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques, the linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields, Sociology is distinguished from various general social studies courses, which bear little relation to sociological theory or to social-science research-methodology. The US National Science Foundation classifies sociology as a STEM field, Sociological reasoning pre-dates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the stock of Western knowledge and philosophy. The origin of the survey, i. e, there is evidence of early sociology in medieval Arab writings. The word sociology is derived from both Latin and Greek origins, the Latin word, socius, companion, the suffix -logy, the study of from Greek -λογία from λόγος, lógos, word, knowledge. It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès in an unpublished manuscript, Sociology was later defined independently by the French philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, in 1838. Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society, Comte had earlier used the term social physics, but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the understanding of the social realm. Comte believed a positivist stage would mark the final era, after conjectural theological and metaphysical phases, Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is not to claim that French sociologists such as Durkheim were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. To be sure, beginnings can be traced back well beyond Montesquieu, for example, Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For Isaiah Berlin, Marx may be regarded as the father of modern sociology
37.
Rydal Mount
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Rydal Mount is a house in the small village of Rydal, near Ambleside in the English Lake District. It is best known as the home of the poet William Wordsworth from 1813 to his death in 1850 and it is currently operated as a writers home museum. Wordsworth was born in Cockermouth in Cumberland in 1770, and knew the Lake District well from his childhood and he moved away to study at the University of Cambridge in 1787, and then travelled in Britain and Europe for 12 years. He spent over 8 years at Dove Cottage in nearby Grasmere from 1799 to 1808, after a period in Allan Bank in Grasmere, the Wordsworths moved to Rydal Mount in 1813. Both Grasmere and Windermere lakes can be seen from the grounds of Rydal Mount. William designed the layout of the gardens at Rydal, and he said that those grounds were his office as opposed to the spacious office/writing room in his house. On the high side of the grounds, tucked away from the main house and this hut consisted merely of a bench with a small roof, but it provided shelter from the frequent rains and escape from the house. He lived the rest of his life there until his death at the age of 80, the Wordsworths continued to rent this property for 46 years, following Williams death in 1850 to the death of his wife, Mary, in 1859. Rydal Mount was acquired in 1969 by Mary Henderson, Williams great great granddaughter and it remains in the ownership of the Wordsworth family, and has been opened to the public since 1970. Rydal, Cumbria Rydal Hall Rydal Water Doras Field Official website Rydal Mount Guide to the Lake District
38.
Bryan Procter
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Bryan Waller Procter was an English poet. Born at Leeds, Yorkshire, he was educated at Harrow School, on leaving school he was placed in the office of a solicitor at Calne, Wiltshire, remaining there until about 1807, when he returned to London to study law. After his marriage in 1824 to Miss Skepper, daughter of Mrs Basil Montague, he returned to his profession as a conveyancer, and was called to the bar in 1831. In the following year he was appointed commissioner of lunacy—an appointment annually renewed until his election as one of the Commissioners in Lunacy constituted by the Lunacy Act 1845. Most of his verse was composed between 1815, when he began to contribute to the Literary Gazette, and 1823, or at latest 1832 and his daughter, Adelaide Anne, was also a poet. He was also the author of Effigies poetica, Life of Edmund Kean, Essays and Tales in Prose, Charles Lamb, a Memoir and he was perhaps not an impartial critic. The results are varied, and lack unity, but they abound in pleasant touches, with here and there the flash of a higher, though casual, inspiration. Just hours before his last duel in 1837 Pushkin sent a collection by Cornwall to an author, Mrs. Ishimova. William Makepeace Thackeray dedicated Vanity Fair to B. W, wilkie Collins dedicated The Woman In White to B. W. Procter. Second only to Byron, an essay on Barry Cornwall and Keats from TLS, September 3,2008
39.
Felicia Hemans
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Felicia Dorothea Hemans was an English poet. Two of her lines, The boy stood on the burning deck. Family legend gave the Wagners a Venetian origin, family heraldry an Austrian one, the Wagners country address was North Hall near Wigan, they sent two sons to Eton College. Of three daughters, only Felicity married, her husband George Browne joined his father-in-laws business and succeeded him as Tuscan, Felicia Dorothea Browne was the fourth of six Browne children to survive infancy. Of her two sisters, Elizabeth died about 1807 at the age of eighteen and Harriett Mary Browne married first the Revd T. Hughes, Harriett collaborated musically with Felicia and later edited her complete works. Felicia was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, a granddaughter of the Venetian consul in that city and her fathers business soon brought the family to Denbighshire in North Wales, where she spent her youth. The marriage took her away from Wales, to Daventry in Northamptonshire until 1814, during their first six years of marriage, Felicia gave birth to five sons, including Charles Isidore Hemans, and then the couple separated. Tales and Historic Scenes was the collection came out in 1819. From 1831 onwards, she lived in Dublin, where her brother had settled. Her major collections, including The Forest Sanctuary, Records of Woman and Songs of the Affections were immensely popular and her last books, sacred and profane, are the substantive Scenes and Hymns of Life and National Lyrics, and Songs for Music. She was by now a literary figure, highly regarded by contemporaries such as Wordsworth, and with a popular following in the United States. When she died of dropsy, Wordsworth and Walter Savage Landor composed memorial verses in her honour and she is buried in St. Anns Church, Dawson Street. Felicia Hemans works appeared in nineteen individual books during her lifetime, after her death in 1835 they were republished widely, usually as collections of individual lyrics and not the longer, annotated works and integrated series that made up her books. To many readers she offered a womans voice confiding a womans trials, to others a lyricism apparently consonant with Victorian chauvinism and sentimentality. Among the works she valued most were the unfinished Superstition and Revelation and the pamphlet The Sceptic, in her most successful book, Records of Woman, she chronicles the lives of women, both famous and anonymous. Hemans poem The Homes of England is the origin of the stately home in English. The first line of the runs, The stately Homes of England. Despite her illustrious admirers, her stature as a serious poet gradually declined, a jocular reference by Saki in The Toys of Peace suggests simultaneously that she was a household word and that Saki did not take her seriously
40.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
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John Close
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John Close, also known as Poet Close, was born on 11 August 1816 at Gunnerside and died at Kirkby Stephen on 15 February 1891. He was an enterprising and prolific writer of working class origin who catered to the English Lake District tourist trade, of only local significance before 1860, what brought him national notoriety was his being granted and then stripped of a Civil List pension that year. Poet Close was born in the Yorkshire Swaledale as the son of Jarvis Close, both the 1841 and 1851 census record John as still living with his parents in Kirkby Stephen. In 1842 he published The Book of the Chronicles, Winter Evening Tales of Westmorland and this was a miscellany of prose and verse, featuring Kirkby Stephen under the name “Little-Town” and his own poems ascribed to one of his many aliases, Tom Dowell. It was printed in Appleby and the many errors and omissions so annoyed him that in 1846 he established himself as a printer. The Dictionary of National Biography remarked of Close that “he may be termed a survival of the old packman-poet” or itinerant ballad seller and his published broadsides and ballads on local subjects were not always appreciated, however. In 1856 he was sued for libel, resulting in £300 damages being awarded against him and this was granted in April 1860 and resulted in questions being asked in Parliament about the bestowal of such recognition on a hitherto unknown Lake Poet and the pension was rescinded. Close received instead a royal grant of £100 in compensation and continued for the thirty years to issue printed statements relating to his wrongs. Closes egalitarian sympathy was later manifested by his account of a meeting with the former slave James Watkins during his lecturing tour of Britain in 1861. Punch also wrote several burlesques of the poets huckstering verse, including “The Laureate to his Princess of Bonny, what came to Closes rescue just in time was the growing tourist trade that followed the opening of Kirkby Stephen railway station in 1861. During the season he sold his books there and at a stall near the landing stage at Bowness-on-Windermere. A sketch of the author going about his commercial business later reached the Confederate States of America through the medium of a report in the magazine The Land We Love. An indefatigable self-promoter and in a position to publish his own work regardless of quality and he also formed an alliance with local photographer Moses Bowness. While the latter mass-produced publicity photographs of him and sold his books, Close wrote about and those for tourist consumption ranged from the two-page “Impromptu Poem, On the Beauties of Windermere and Carvers Memorial Church” to the 64 illustrated pages of “Poet Closes Grand Lake Book”. As a local character, Close frequently included news of himself as well. 72 pages of correspondence, poems, and commentary were given to Poet Close and His Pension, Shewing how it was Got, who Took it from Him, and what the Queen Sent Him from the Royal Bounty. His prolific publications also included an annual Christmas Book which, in addition to his own verses, news and correspondence, in 1858 Close had married Eliza Early, by whom he was to have four sons and a daughter. After his death in 1891, he was buried in Kirkby Stephen cemetery, the memory of this colourful character survived in a number of ways
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James Payn
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James Payn, was an English novelist. Payns father, William Payn, was clerk to the Thames Commissioners and he was among the most popular men of his time, and served as president of the Union. Before going to Cambridge he had published verses in Leigh Hunts Journal, and while still an undergraduate put forth a volume of Stories from Boccaccio in 1852. In the same year he left Cambridge, he met and shortly afterwards married Miss Louisa Adelaide Edlin, sister of Judge Sir Peter Edlin and they had nine children, the third of whom, Alicia Isabel, married The Times editor George Earle Buckle. Payn then settled down in the Lake District to a career and contributed regularly to Household Words. In 1858 he removed to Edinburgh to act as joint-editor of the latter periodical and he became sole editor in 1860, and conducted the magazine with much success for fifteen years. He removed to London in 1861, in the pages of the Journal he published in 1864 his most popular story, Lost Sir Massingberd. In 1883 he succeeded Leslie Stephen as editor of the Cornhill Magazine and he was also literary adviser to Messrs Smith, Elder & Company. His publications included a Handbook to the English Lakes, and various volumes of essays, Maxims by a Man of the World, Some Private Views. A posthumous work, The Backwater of Life, revealed much of his own personality in a mood of kindly and he died in London, on 25 March 1898. A biographical introduction to The Backwater of Life was furnished by Sir Leslie Stephen, articles The Critic on the Hearth, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. V, January/June 1879. An Indo-Anglian Poet, The Gentlemans Magazine, Vol. CCXLVI, two Infant Phenomenons, The Gentlemans Magazine, Vol. CCXLVI, January/June 1880. Sham Admiration in Literature, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. VII, the Pinch of Poverty, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. VII, January/June 1880. Success in Fiction, The North American Review, Vol.140, on Conversation, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XLII, July/December 1897. On Old Age, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. XLII, Short Stories The Midway Inn, The Nineteenth Century, Vol. V, January/June 1879. Uncle Locks Legacy, Short Stories, Vol. XI, September/December 1892, a Successful Experiment, Short Stories, Vol. XI, September/December 1892. In Short Stories from Black and White, Chapman & Hall,1893, in Stories by English Authors, Charles Scribners Sons,1901. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Payn
