1.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
3.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Lake Michigan
–
Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
5.
Chicago River
–
The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles that runs through the city of Chicago, including its center. The River is also noteworthy for its natural and man-made history, in 1999, this system was named a Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The river is memorialized, in part, by two blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The source of the North Branch is in the suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge. The Skokie River—or East Fork—rises from an area, historically a wetland, near Park City. It then flows southward, paralleling the edge of Lake Michigan, through wetlands, the Greenbelt Forest Preserve, South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons. The Middle Fork arises near Rondout, Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and these two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of Wilmette. From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove, the West Fork rises near Mettawa and flows south through Bannockburn, Deerfield, and Northbrook, meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, the North Branch Canal—or Ogdens Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally 50 feet wide and 10 feet deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge, just south of North Avenue, was constructed to carry the Chicago, Milwaukee and it is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. From Goose Island the North Branch continues to south east to Wolf Point where it joins the Main Stem. The source of the Main Stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan, acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T. J. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn, notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building. The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower,35 East Wacker, turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, and Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive, since the early 2000s, the south shore of the Main Stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk. It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer an escape from the busy Loop. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence, the sections between State Street and Lake Street are currently under construction and scheduled to be completed by the end of 2016. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and Main stem at Wolf Point
6.
Streeterville
–
Streeterville is a neighborhood in the Near North Side community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States, north of the Chicago River. Thus, it can be described as the Magnificent Mile plus all land east of it, the majority of the land in this neighborhood is reclaimed sandbar. Named for George Streeter, the contains a combination of hotels, restaurants, professional office centers, residential high rises, universities, medical facilities. The neighborhood had earlier experienced booms following World War I and World War II, before the American settlement of the Chicago area, the lake shoreline fluctuated from year to year as storm waves eroded parts of the shore and built up the shore elsewhere. When surveyed in 1821 the Lake Michigan shoreline north of the river ran approximately along what is now North St Clair Street, just to the east of what is now Michigan Avenue. In 1834, after a number of failed attempts to cut through the sandbar at the mouth of the river, silt and sand accumulated north of this pier, creating usable land that was later nicknamed The Sands. Squatters and a vice district encroached on the district, causing angst among the property owners, in 1857, Chicago Mayor John Wentworth evicted these trespassers from the land. In the late 1880s, George Streeter claimed that his newly acquired boat struck a sandbar just off the Chicago shoreline during a storm. Landfill dumped in an effort to land on which to build Lake Shore Drive by the Lincoln Park Board created 186 acres of new land along the lake front. Streeter claimed that newly created land was his and that it was an independent territory which he called the District of Lake Michigan. For the next few decades, Streeter persisted in his claims, a witness in Streeters 1902 land fraud trial testified that Streeter had purposely set out to contest the claims of the wealthy shoreline owners. Contractor Hank Brusser told the court that Streeter asked him to fill in portions of the shoreline in order to create confusion over land titles, according to Brusser, Streeter said that, They will have to buy us off and that Well get a million out of it. Streeter was also motivated by the profit he gained by selling and taxing the land he claimed, the local press became enamored with the story of Streeters brash personality and his self-proclaimed district. Mayor William Hale Thompson tried to evict the Streeters for selling liquor, in 1918, the courts ruled against his claim of sovereignty. Today, the district is home to some of the most expensive real estate in Chicago, investors built high-rise apartment buildings such as those in the East Lake Shore Drive Historic District, and elaborate hotels. Magnificent Mile architecture during the boom of the 1920s emphasized historicist architectural styles such as Beaux-Arts classicism, Gothic revival. The buildings redefined the Chicago skyline with stylistic variation that gave new meaning to urban context, a post-World War II construction surge occurred in the area, and in the 1950s the city pursued a plan of urban renewal. A local real estate developer named Arthur Rubloff led the revitalization of North Michigan Avenue under the banner of “The Magnificent Mile”, the success of this effort spurred the erection of more high-rise apartments and new investment in the Near North Side
7.
Near North Side, Chicago
–
The Near North Side is one of 77 defined community areas of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the northernmost of the four areas that constitute Downtown Chicago, the others being the Near West Side, Near South Side, the community area is located north and east of the Chicago River. To its east is Lake Michigan, and its boundary is the 19th-century city limit of Chicago. Of the downtown community areas, the Near North Side has the second largest total area, after the Near West Side, the highest number of skyscrapers, the Near North Side is the oldest part of Chicago. Today this is marked by Pioneer Court, the Gold Coast consists mostly of high-rise apartment buildings and stone mansions throughout. As with many neighborhoods, its borders are subject to dispute, but, generally, they are North Avenue, to the north, Chicago Avenue, to the south. The Gold Coast became the home of the super-rich in 1885, over the next few decades, Chicagos elite gradually migrated from Prairie Avenue to their new homes north of the Loop. Along almost every boulevard of the Gold Coast, upscale boutiques, also, Aston Martin, BMW, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Maserati, Rolls-Royce, and Tesla all have dealerships in the Gold Coast. Many of Chicagos best known restaurants are located here as well, carmines, Gibsons, Hugos Frog Bar, Lou Malnatis Pizzeria, Maple & Ash, the original Mortons, Nico Osteria, the Pump Room, Spiaggia, and Table Fifty-Two are in the area. The Gold Coast Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 30,1978, the Gold Coast is zoned to the following Chicago Public Schools schools, Ogden School, and Lincoln Park High School. The prestigious Latin School, is located in the neighborhood as well and it crosses portions of the community areas of southern Lincoln Park, as well as the northern Near North Side, and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. This historic district sits within the Old Town Triangle Association, a Lincoln Park neighborhood bounded by the former Ogden Avenue right-of-way, Clark Street and it sits inside the community area of Lincoln Park and is part of Chicagos 43rd ward. Old Town north of North Avenue is in Lincoln Park, and it is now an affluent gentrified neighborhood. Old Town is now considered an affluent and historic neighborhood, home to many of Chicagos older Victorian-era buildings, the neighborhood is home to St. Michaels Church, originally built to serve German immigrants, and one of only 7 to survive the great Chicago fire. St. Michaels, Holy Name Cathedral, Immaculate Conception, many of the streets and alleys, particularly in the Old Town Triangle section, predate the Great Chicago Fire and do not all adhere to the typical Chicago grid pattern. In 1927, sculptors Sol Kogen and Edgar Miller purchased and subsequently rehabilitated a house on Burton Place, near Wells Street, through the 1930s, an art colony emerged in the neighborhood as artists moved from the Towertown neighborhood near Washington Square Park. Old Town was home to many gays and lesbians from the 1950s through the 1980s and this was the first gay ghetto in Chicago, predating the current Lake View neighborhood. There were numerous gay bars, now closed, along Wells Street
8.
Community areas in Chicago
–
These areas are well-defined and static. Census data are tied to the community areas, and they serve as the basis for a variety of urban planning initiatives on both the local and regional levels, the Social Science Research Committee at University of Chicago defined seventy-five community areas during the late 1920s. At the time, these community areas corresponded roughly to neighborhoods or inter-related neighborhoods within the city, in the 1950s, with the citys annexations for OHare International Airport, a seventy-sixth community area was added. Community areas are distinct from neighborhoods in Chicago, community areas often encompass groups of neighborhoods. Although many community areas contain more than one neighborhood, they may share the same name, or parts of the name. The city center area covers a more than 4 square miles, lying roughly between Division Street on the north, Lake Michigan on the east, 26th Street on the south. This area is commercial hub. The three branches of the Chicago River meet in this area, the area known as the Loop is a section within downtown, surrounded by elevated tracks of the rapid transit network. Many of downtowns commercial, cultural, and financial institutions are located in the Loop, today, the Loop is also used to identify the larger downtown area. River North contains the Magnificent Mile, a concentration of high-end retail, the Chicago Bears play in Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The citys North Side district extends north of Central−Downtown Chicago, the West Side districts, and it is the most densely populated residential section of the city, and has a considerable middle and upper-class demographic. It contains sizable public parklands and miles of beaches along Lake Michigan to the northern limits. Residential highrises line the waterfront in the eastern North Side, the district includes Eastern European, Puerto Rican, and other ethnic enclaves. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field, the West Side is made up of neighborhoods such as Austin, Lawndale, Garfield Park, West Town, and Humboldt Park among others. Some neighborhoods, particularly Garfield Park and Lawndale, have had long-term socio-economic problems, other West Side neighborhoods, especially those closer to downtown, have been undergoing gentrification. The United Center, the home of the Chicago Bulls and Blackhawks, major parks on the West Side include Douglas, Garfield, and Humboldt Park. Garfield Park Conservatory houses one of the largest collections of plants of any U. S. city. Attractions on the West Side include the Puerto Rican Day festival, the National Museum of Mexican Art in Pilsen, the South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the citys land area, and much was annexed in the late 19th century
9.
Skyscraper
–
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
10.
Lake Shore Drive
–
Lake Shore Drive is an expressway running parallel with and alongside the shoreline of Lake Michigan through Chicago, Illinois, USA. Except for the north of Foster Avenue, Lake Shore Drive is designated as part of U. S. Highway 41. From the Chicago River south to 57th Street was named Leif Ericson Drive in 1927, the roadway was nicknamed Field Boulevard. The entire road was named Lake Shore Drive in 1946, Lake Shore Drives origins date back to Potter Palmer, who coerced the city to build the street adjacent to his lakefront property to enhance its value. Palmer built his castle at 1350 N, the drive was originally intended for leisurely strolls for the wealthy in their carriages, but as the auto age dawned it took on a different role completely. In 1937, the double-decker Link Bridge over the Chicago River opened, along with viaducts over rail yards, the lower level was intended for a railroad connection, but it was never used until LSD was rebuilt in 1986. At the time the bridge was built, it was the longest and widest bascule bridge in the world, the Lake Shore Drive and Link Bridge Photograph Album, c1937, documents the bridges construction. The album is held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago, North of the river, LSD intersected Ohio Street at grade, and then passed over Grand Avenue and Illinois Street on its way to the bridge South of the river. LSD came from the south on its current alignment, but continued straight at the north of Monroe Street. It intersected Randolph Street at grade and then continued north above the Illinois Central Railroads yard, at the river, it made a sharp turn to the right, and another sharp turn to the left onto the bridge. This reverse curve was known locally as the S-Curve or the S-Turn, the landfill used for the 1930s extension was mostly dirt, but the 1950s extension included rubble and debris from the destruction of homes razed for the construction of the Congress Expressway. Portions of the drive between Irving Park Road and Foster Avenue still contain the original concrete from the 1930s, Sheridan Road south of Foster narrows to 2 lanes of traffic with street parking on each side as well. In the 1950s and 1960s, Illinois and Cook County presented plans for an Interstate 494 to run part of LSD. After I-494 was moved to the Crosstown Expressway, a new I-694 designation was formed for the LSD upgrade that never came to be, when Wacker Drive was extended east to LSD in the 1970s, its upper level ended at LSD at the west curve. A new development at the northeast corner of the Randolph Street intersection resulted in an extension of Randolph across LSD, construction began in 1982 on a realignment of LSD south of the river. A whole new alignment was built, greatly smoothing the S-curve, the northbound side opened in October 1985, and the southbound side opened in November 1986. A new lower level was built, using the level of the bridge, and providing access to the new Wacker Drive. The old road south of Randolph became a Cancer Survivors Plaza, the rest, between Randolph and Wacker, was kept for several years as Field Boulevard, but was demolished in 1994
11.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
–
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to and was addressed as Mies, his surname, along with Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. Mies, like many of his post-World War I contemporaries, sought to establish a new style that could represent modern times just as Classical. He created an influential twentieth-century architectural style, stated with clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings made use of materials such as industrial steel. He strove toward an architecture with a framework of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of unobstructed free-flowing open space. He called his buildings skin and bones architecture and he sought an objective approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design, but he was always concerned with expressing the spirit of the modern era. He is often associated with his quotation of the aphorisms, less is more, Mies was born March 27,1886 in Aachen, Germany. He worked in his fathers stone carving shop and at several design firms before he moved to Berlin. Mies served as manager of the Embassy of the German Empire in Saint Petersburg under Behrens. His talent was recognized and he soon began independent commissions. He began his independent professional career designing upper-class homes, joining the movement seeking a return to the purity of early 19th-century Germanic domestic styles and he rejected the eclectic and cluttered classical styles so common at the turn of the 20th century as irrelevant to the modern times. In 1913, Mies married Adele Auguste Bruhn, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, during his military service in 1917, Mies fathered a son out of wedlock. In 1925 Mies began a relationship with designer Lilly Reich that ended when he moved to the United States, from 1940 until his death, artist Lora Marx was his primary companion. Mies carried on a relationship with sculptor and art collector Mary Callery for whom he designed an artists studio in Huntington, Long Island. He also was rumored to have a relationship with Edith Farnsworth. Mariannes son Dirk Lohan studied under, and later worked for, after World War I, Mies began, while still designing traditional neoclassical homes, a parallel experimental effort. He joined his avant-garde peers in the search for a new style that would be suitable for the modern industrial age
12.
Bauhaus
–
The Bauhaus was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. Nonetheless, it was founded with the idea of creating a work of art in which all arts, including architecture. The Bauhaus style later became one of the most influential currents in modern design, Modernist architecture and art, design, the Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design, and typography. Although the school was closed, the continued to spread its idealistic precepts as they left Germany. The changes of venue and leadership resulted in a constant shifting of focus, technique, instructors, many Germans of left-wing views were influenced by the cultural experimentation that followed the Russian Revolution, such as constructivism. Such influences can be overstated, Gropius did not share these radical views, thus, the Bauhaus style, also known as the International Style, was marked by the absence of ornamentation and by harmony between the function of an object or a building and its design. In its first seven years, the Werkbund came to be regarded as the body on questions of design in Germany. The entire movement of German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen, beginning in June 1907, Peter Behrens pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale. Behrens was a member of the Werkbund, and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period. The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the German zeitgeist had turned from emotional Expressionism to the matter-of-fact New Objectivity, beyond the Bauhaus, many other significant German-speaking architects in the 1920s responded to the same aesthetic issues and material possibilities as the school. They also responded to the promise of a minimal dwelling written into the new Weimar Constitution, ernst May, Bruno Taut, and Martin Wagner, among others, built large housing blocks in Frankfurt and Berlin. The acceptance of modernist design into everyday life was the subject of publicity campaigns, well-attended public exhibitions like the Weissenhof Estate, films, the Vkhutemas, the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow, has been compared to Bauhaus. Founded a year after the Bauhaus school, Vkhutemas has close parallels to the German Bauhaus in its intent, organization, the two schools were the first to train artist-designers in a modern manner. Vkhutemas was a school than the Bauhaus, but it was less publicised outside the Soviet Union. With the internationalism of modern architecture and design, there were exchanges between the Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus. In addition, El Lissitzkys book Russia, an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas/Vkhutein projects there. The school was founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar in 1919 as a merger of the Grand Ducal School of Arts and Crafts and the Weimar Academy of Fine Art. Its roots lay in the arts and crafts founded by the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in 1906
13.
International Style (architecture)
–
A visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction. Glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the materials of the construction. Commissioned in 1931 by the director of the Museum of Modern Art, Alfred H. Barr Jr. The original exhibition catalogue was then followed up immediately by the book titled The International Style, the aesthetics-based definition of The International Style identified, categorized and expanded upon characteristics said to be common to Modernism across the world and its stylistic aspects. Hitchcock and Johnson identified three principles, the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on rather than preconceived symmetry. The aim of Hitchcock and Johnson was to define a style that would encapsulate this modern architecture, all the works in the 1932 Museum of Modern Art exhibition were carefully selected, only displaying those that strictly followed these rules. Many Modernists disliked the term, believing that they had arrived at an approach to architecture that transcended style, the British architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner commented, To me what had been achieved in 1914 was the style of the century. It never occurred to me to look beyond, here was the one and only style which fitted all those aspects which mattered, aspects of economics and sociology, of materials and function. It seems folly to think anybody would wish to abandon it. The exhibition Modern Architecture, International Exhibition opened on February 9,1932, at the Museum of Modern Art, in the Heckscher Building at Fifth Avenue and 56th Street in New York. In the largest exhibition space, Room C, were works by Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Room B was a section titled Housing, presenting the need for a new domestic environment” as it had been identified by historian and critic Lewis Mumford. In Room D were works by Raymond Hood and Richard Neutra, among these works was shown Alvar Aaltos Turun Sanomat newspaper offices building in Turku, Finland. The exhibition is significant for its approach to the architectural exhibition. Highly curated in nature, the 1932 exhibition was driven by a desire to promote and consolidate the theory of international modernism, as such, the exhibition featured prominently the work of the core of the modernist group. With Van Der Rohe, Corbusier, Oud, and Gropius at the forefront, moMAs then director Alfred H. Barr hired art historians Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock to curate the museums first architectural exhibition. In 1929, Johnson attended the ceremony of his sister in Wellesley College, where he met Barr. In one month, Barr would be interviewed by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller for the position of the director of the MOMA, Barr added Johnson to MOMAs Junior Advisory Committee. Hitchcock graduated in 1924 after having completed his studies in three years and spending his senior year in architecture
14.
Illinois Institute of Technology
–
It traces its history to several 19th century engineering and professional education institutions. In 1890, when advanced education was reserved for societys elite. When Armour Institute opened in 1893, it offered courses in engineering, chemistry, architecture. Illinois Tech was created in 1940 by the merger of Armour Institute, located on the west side of Chicago, Lewis Institute, established in 1895 by the estate of hardware merchant and investor Allen C. Lewis, offered liberal arts as well as science and engineering courses for men and women. At separate meetings held by their respective boards on Oct.26,1939, a Cook County circuit court decision on April 23,1940 solidified the merger. The Institute of Design, founded in Chicago by László Moholy-Nagy in 1937, Chicago-Kent College of Law, founded in 1887, became part of the university in 1969, making Illinois Institute of Technology one of the few technology-based universities with a law school. The program became the Stuart School of Business in 1999, as of April 2014, the University Tech Park at Illinois Institute of Technology is home to many companies. Today, IIT is a private, Ph. D. -granting university with programs in engineering, science, human sciences, applied technology, architecture, business, design and law. One of the 16 institutions that comprise the Association of Independent Technological Universities, through a committed faculty and close personal attention, IIT provides a challenging academic program focused by the rigor of the real world. The university and its contract research affiliate, IIT Research Institute, have an annual volume of $130 million. IIT has more than 40,000 living alumni and is known as the mater of accomplishments as well as of people. IIT architects have shaped the skyline of Chicago and cities throughout the world, IIT Research Institute has several locations throughout the United States, and the university has five campuses in the Chicago area. In 1976, the American Institute of Architects recognized the campus as one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the U. S. S. R. Crown Hall, home of IIT College of Architecture, was named a National Historic Landmark in 2001, Institute of Design, an international leader in teaching systemic, human-centered design, is located at 350 N. LaSalle Street in Chicagos River North neighborhood. The 19-acre Daniel F. and Ada L. IIT continued to expand after the merger. As one of the first American universities to host a Navy V-12 program during World War II the school saw an increase in students. Two years before the merger, German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe joined the then Armour Institute of Technology to head both Armours and the Art Institute of Chicagos architecture program, the Art Institute would later separate and form its own program
15.
Apartment
–
An apartment or a flat is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building, correctly, on a single level without a stair. In Scotland it is called a block of flats or, if its a traditional building, a tenement. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier, by leasehold tenure or rented by tenants, the term apartment is favoured in North America. In the UK, the apartment is more usual in professional real estate and architectural circles where otherwise the term flat is commonly. Technically multi-storey apartments are referred to as duplex indicating the number of floors within the property, usage generally follows the British in Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong and most Commonwealth nations. In Malaysian English, flat often denotes a housing block of lesser quality meant for lower-income groups, while apartment is more generic, in Australian English, the term flat is traditionally used, but the term unit is frequently used. More recently, the apartment is being used. Tenement law refers to the basis of permanent property such as land or rents. It may be combined as in Messuage or Tenement to encompass all the land, buildings. Most apartments are in buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are divided into apartments. The word apartment denotes a unit or section in a building. In some locations, particularly the United States, the word connotes a rental unit owned by the building owner, in the England and Wales, some flat owners own shares in the company that owns the freehold of the building as well as holding the flat under a lease. This is commonly known as a share of freehold flat, the freehold company has the right to collect annual ground rents from each of the flat owners in the building. The freeholder can also develop or sell the building, subject to the usual planning and this does not happen in Scotland, where long leasehold of residential property was formerly unusual, and is now not possible. In some countries the word unit is a general term referring to both apartments and rental business suites. The word unit is used only in the context of a specific building. This building has three units or Im going to rent a unit in this building, but not Im going to rent a unit somewhere, in Australia, a unit refers to flats, apartments or even semi-detached houses. An industrial, warehouse, or commercial space converted to an apartment is called a loft
16.
Navy Pier
–
Navy Pier is a 3, 300-foot-long pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is located in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area and it is one of the most visited attractions in the entire Midwestern United States and is Chicagos number one tourist attraction. Navy Pier opened to the public on July 15,1916, many events were held at the pier, such as expositions, pageants and other types of entertainment. In the summer of 1918 the pier was used as a jail for draft dodgers. In 1927, the pier was renamed Navy Pier to honor the veterans who served in the First World War. In 1941, during World War II the pier became a center for the Navy. About 10,000 people worked, trained and resided there, the pier contained a 2, 500-seat theater, gym, 12-chair barber shop, tailor, cobbler shops, soda fountain and a vast kitchen and hospital. In 1946, as the Navy was winding down from its mission, though the maximum capacity was exceeded the school outgrew the pier and the university relocated to Circle Campus. After the university left, the Navy Pier became underutilized, in 1959, the St. Lawrence Seaway opened and increased commercial shipping activity at the pier for a short time, though business died down and left for more modern facilities at Lake Calumet. In 1976 the East End buildings were renovated and for a period the pier was alive again. But maintenance was not done and the pier went into decline, in 1989, the City of Chicago had the Urban Land Institute reimagine uses for the pier. The Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority was created, its responsibility was to manage, the MPEA undertook the redevelopment, incorporating some of ULI’s recommendations. In 1995, Navy Pier was redesigned and introduced to the public as a mixed-use venue incorporating retail, dining, entertainment, starting in 2014, the redevelopment plan called The Centennial Vision was implemented. The Centennial Vision was completed in summer 2016, the Polk Family Foundation donated $20 million to the redevelopment effort, the park and fountain at the entrance to the pier was named the Polk Brothers Park and Fountain. Navy Pier attractions include sightseeing tours from companies such as Seadog Ventures, Shoreline Sightseeing cruises and Water Taxi service, there are also dinner cruises by Entertainment Cruises on their ships the Spirit of Chicago, Odyssey II, and Mystic Blue. The pier has fireworks on Wednesday and Saturday nights during the summer, Navy Pier hosts the Fifth Third Bank Winter Wonderfest from December through January. There is an ice skating rink as well as shopping and dining in Festival Hall. There are many attractions at the Navy Pier Park, such as the Pepsi Wave Swinger, Light Tower Ride, Remote Control Boats
17.
Santiago Calatrava
–
His best-known works include the Milwaukee Art Museum, the Turning Torso tower in Malmö, Sweden, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge in Dallas, Texas, and the Museum of Tomorrow in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. His architectural firm has offices in New York City, Doha, Calatrava was born on July 28,1951, in Benimàmet, an old municipality now part of Valencia, Spain. His mothers family were of Jewish heritage, but had converted during the Spanish Inquisition of the fifteenth century. His Calatrava surname was an old one from medieval times. He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, in 1964, as the regime of General Francisco Franco ended and Spain became more open to rest of Europe, he went to France as an exchange student. In 1968, after completing school, he went to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris, but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris. He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism, at the University he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and Ibiza. In 1975 he enrolled in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, in 1981 he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture, after completing his thesis on The Pliability of three-dimensional structures. Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodidio, The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me. I was determined to put to one side all that I had learned in architecture school, I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms. As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981, he opened his own office in Zurich, the train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work, straight lines and right angles are rare. In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, the Bac de Roda Bridge in Barcelona, Spain, the bridge, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is 128 meters long, with arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network of lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports. His next bridge, the Puente del Alamillo, in Seville, Spain, was more spectacular. Built as part of the 1992 Expo 92, it is 200 meters long, crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo River and its main feature is a single pylon 142 meters high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables, and his first building in the United States, the new structure of the Milwaukee Art Museum. The concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas and its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin
18.
Chicago Spire
–
The Chicago Spire was a supertall skyscraper project at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois that failed financially after beginning construction, when originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005, the design had 116 stories and would have included a hotel and condominiums and been topped with a broadcast antenna mast. The design was by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, and Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project, on 16 March 2006, the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that days meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission. The building was proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005. It was to have had 116 stories and to include a hotel and condominiums, on March 29,2006, the Chicago city council also approved that design. As part of the process, the council passed a measure that raised the height limit on structures at the site to accommodate the 2. It would have become the second tallest building in the entire world and it would have also surpassed the CN Tower to become the tallest freestanding structure and the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. The building was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was being developed by St Patricks Athletic owner Garrett Kelleher of Shelbourne Development Group, Chicago Mayor Daley said he approved of the design, stating that it was environmentally friendly. Burton F. Natarus, who was the 42nd-ward alderman when the building was announced, said and this building belongs to Chicago and should be in Chicago. Some opposition from neighborhood residents originated from concerns with increased congestion, donald Trump immediately voiced opposition to the building, stating that the tall structure would be a target for terrorists and did not even seem to be a viable project. The opposing comment by Trump was made while he himself was developing a supertall tower in Chicago, trumps tower completed construction in January 2009, just a few blocks west of the Chicago Spire site. After several months of development in 2005, Carley failed to obtain sufficient financing for the construction of the building, Irish developer Garrett Kelleher, executive chairman of Shelbourne Development Group, Inc. acquired the land and took over the project. It was announced that he would put up 100% of the equity and he also had financial backing to acquire the land, something Carley lacked. Kelleher stated he would consider using Carleys services on the development, Kelleher later renamed the project Chicago Spire after shortly going by 400 North Lake Shore Drive, as it was no longer a Fordham project. In the final quarter of 2006, Shelbourne Development issued two press releases regarding the construction and design of the spire. A November 2006 press release stated that construction of the Chicago Spire would begin in June 2007, in early December 2006, Shelbourne Development issued another press release stating that the design of the building had been revised. This included the removal of the hotel and the antenna mast, the design change altered the twist to be consolidated towards the base of the building, which was also wider than the original plan. Additionally, the no longer tapered at the top, resulting in an increase in floor space
19.
Reddit
–
Reddit is an American social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website. Reddits registered community members can submit content, such as posts or direct links. Registered users can then vote submissions up or down to organize the posts, the submissions with the most positive votes appear on the front page or the top of a category. Content entries are organized by areas of interest called subreddits, the subreddit topics include news, science, gaming, movies, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing, among many others. The sites terms of use prohibit behaviors such as harassment, as of 2017, Reddit had 542 million monthly visitors, ranking #7 most visited web-site in US and #22 in the world. Across 2015, Reddit saw 82.54 billion pageviews,73.15 million submissions,725.85 million comments, Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005. Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006, Reddit became a direct subsidiary of Condé Nasts parent company, Advance Publications, in September 2011. As of August 2012, Reddit operates as an independent entity, Reddit is based in San Francisco, California. In October 2014, Reddit raised $50 million in a round led by Sam Altman and including investors Marc Andreessen, Peter Thiel, Ron Conway, Snoop Dogg. Their investment saw the company valued at $500 million, the site is a collection of entries submitted by its registered users, essentially a bulletin board system. The name Reddit is a play-on-words with the phrase read it, as of May 2016, these include, Note, There are over 11,400 active subreddits with a default set of 50 subreddits as of February 2016. When items are submitted to a subreddit, the users, called redditors, each subreddit has a front page that shows newer submissions that have been rated highly. Redditors can also post comments about the submission, and respond back and forth in a conversation-tree of comments, the front page of the site itself shows a combination of the highest-rated posts out of all the subreddits a user is subscribed to. Front-page rank – for both the front page and for individual subreddits – is determined by the age of the submission, positive to negative feedback ratio. Dozens of submissions cycle through these front pages daily, the sites logo and its mascot is a line drawing of an alien nicknamed Snoo. Subreddits often use themed variants of Snoo relevant to the subject, registering an account with Reddit is free and does not require an email address to complete. As of June 2015, there were 36 million user accounts, when logged in, Reddit users have the ability to vote on submissions and comments to increase or decrease their visibility and submit links and comments. Users can also create their own subreddit on a topic of their choosing, for example, as of May 2015, the Wikipedia subreddit – subtitled the most interesting pages on Wikipedia – has over 151,000 subscribers
20.
Raw Deal (1986 film)
–
Raw Deal is 1986 American action film directed by John Irvin, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Kathryn Harrold, Darren McGavin and Sam Wanamaker. The film was released in the United States on June 6,1986, on December 16,1985, in a remote wooded cabin, a mob informant is under protection by the FBI. They are ambushed by a hit squad who brutally slaughter the bodyguards, one of the agents killed is Blair Shannon, son of FBI Agent Harry Shannon, who vows revenge. Kaminsky once worked for the FBI, but five years ago he brutally beat a suspect who molested, murdered, Shannon calls Kaminsky in with an unsanctioned and possibly illegal assignment, to infiltrate Patrovitas organization and tear it up. Harry cannot do anything officially, and the FBI has a leak who has been getting agents killed, which is why Kaminsky must go in secret. Harry dangles the prospect of Kaminsky being reinstated with the FBI, leading to Kaminsky faking his own death in a chemical plant explosion and posing as convicted felon Joseph P. Brenner. While at Patrovitas casino, hidden in a basement level of a high class hotel, he makes the acquaintance of Monique, who works for Roccas top lieutenant Max Keller. Keller isnt convinced that Brenner is who he says and manages to find proof of the deception, the leak the FBI has been looking for is revealed to be Baxter, who is forced to stay close to Patrovita. Kaminsky accompanies Keller to a cemetery for a hit job, but discovers that the target is Harry Shannon, Kaminsky and Shannon manage to kill Keller and another hit man, but Shannon is severely wounded in the exchange. He tells her to go to the airport and wait for him and he then suits up, gathers an arsenal of firearms and raids one of Patrovitas gravel pits, killing everyone and stealing a large amount of drug money. Rocca and Patrovita retreat to a room, but Rocca is cut down in a barrage of gunfire. Patrovita flees into a pleading for his life, but Kaminsky mercilessly guns him down. On his way out, he encounters a whimpering Baxter and offers him a gun with the same line Baxter gave him five years earlier, Resign, Kaminsky starts to walk off, and when Baxter attempts to shoot him, Kaminsky turns and shoots Baxter dead in self-defense. The epilogue shows Kaminsky visiting Shannon, who was crippled as a result of the wound to his back and has been refusing any therapy or rehabilitation. Kaminsky has been reinstated into the FBI, and his reunion with Amy has now led to her being pregnant, Kaminsky wants Shannon to be godfather to the child, but only if Shannon will attempt to walk. Shannon cannot walk easily at first and angrily asks Kaminsky to leave him be, inspired by the love for his son and his gratitude to Kaminsky, Shannon makes a strong effort and eventually manages to walk a few feet on his own, embraced by a smiling Kaminsky. Partly due to the box office performance of Raw Deal, De Laurentiis would eventually file for bankruptcy. Initially Schwarzenegger was more interested in doing Total Recall but De Laurentiis objected as he didnt feel that Schwarzenegger was right for the leading role, patrick Swayze was cast before De Laurentiis bankruptcy
21.
Folks!
–
Folks. is a 1992 American comedy-drama film directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Tom Selleck. Its tagline is, Jon Aldrich is about to face to face with the most terrifying force known to man. his parents. It earned a Razzie Award nomination for Selleck as Worst Actor, Jon tries to get his sister, Arlene, to take care of their parents, but she wont even open the door. As a result, his father, Harry, and his mother, Mildred, have to move in with him and that is the moment that his good life starts going downhill. The company Jon works for was apparently doing illegal things which he knew nothing of, the problems for him continue to mount up as Harry continues to cause all kinds of trouble and, as a result of it, the family becomes broke. His wife, Audrey, moves out with the kids, furthermore, as a result of his severe senility, Harry continues to unintentionally injure Jon, causing him to get hearing loss, a broken hand, and a broken foot when a car runs over it. Plus, Harry puts the lives of Jons kids and himself in danger at one point by jaywalking in an intersection one morning while trying to take them for a walk with him without letting anyone know. Jon talks with Mildred who also says that she and Harry never wanted to be a burden on him and she then tells him that they have discussed it, and they want him to help them die so he can collect the insurance money. He is totally against this at first but after a while he changes his tune and he refuses at first because she would not even open the door for them but he eventually caves in and lets them stay. She also joins in on the attempts to help their parents die, hoping for a cut of the insurance money. Things slowly start looking up for Jon as Audrey eventually shows up to him that she was wrong for leaving. Upon her arrival she realizes all the injuries he has suffered since she saw him last, Jon eventually gets their lives on track. He and Audrey buy a house and his parents move in with them, Arlene is now with a man who knows how to handle her bad behaving children. At the end we find out that Harry hasnt been yelling McDonalds because he was hungry. Noted the Los Angeles Times, If gays and lesbians think theyre getting a bad rap in the movies, first Stop. or My Mom Will Shoot, now Folks. Where are the Gray Panthers when you need them, the New York Times noted that its screenwriter is best known as the screenwriter of Wheres Poppa. and he may be aspiring to comparably dark humor. But Folks tries to be tender and vicious simultaneously, and that makes for an impossible mix, a more mean-spiritedly funny actor might have carried this material better, but Mr. Selleck strives for the cuddly rather than the caustic. Mr. Ameche, mugging furiously, affects a jaw-jutting blank look, the film was not a box office success
22.
Straight Talk
–
Straight Talk is an 1992 American romantic comedy film distributed by Hollywood Pictures, directed by Barnet Kellman and starring Dolly Parton and James Woods. Parton did not receive solo star-billing in any other theatrically released films until the 2012 film Joyful Noise and her previous starring films had been 9 to 5, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Rhinestone, and Steel Magnolias. Shirlee Kenyon is a country girl who, through a series of mistakes, is hired as a radio talk show host. Her show is successful but her success is based on the lie that she is actually a clinical psychologist. She has to learn that giving advice and following it can be harder than shed thought, Shirlee starts off in the film as a dance instructor living in Arkansas. After she is fired for giving advice to her clients rather than teaching them dance, after he declines and then belittles her, she decides to move there without him. Once she arrives, she is standing on a bridge enjoying the view of the city when she drops a twenty-dollar bill. He runs out to rescue her, but as he attempts to grab her and save her, Shirlee loses her balance and she refuses and the two part. Jack thanks Shirlee for wrecking his entire day, as he exits the cafe, upon completion of the show, the program director arrives, and fires Shirlee, along with the producer and engineer, whod made the mistake in putting her on the air. Shirlee accepts the position, but there is one condition, she must agree to pretend to be a clinical doctor. She doesnt want to misrepresent herself, but reluctantly accepts and becomes a popular figure as Doctor Shirlee. Jack, the reporter, suspects something when he realizes the woman who was ready to risk her life for twenty dollars is a doctor. Although his editor doesnt agree, Jack pursues the story and he begins to date Shirlee, at first in an attempt to get closer to her to uncover her story, but he soon begins to fall for her. Shirlees boyfriend from Arkansas comes Chicago to try to get her back, though his attempts fall short, afterwards, Jack develops true feelings for her and refuses to publish the story, eventually resigning from his job over the matter. This leads Shirlee to realize that Jack is, in fact, a reporter and she storms off, and refuses to take Jacks calls. All of her listeners call in and want her back, regardless of her credentials, someone calls the show and tells everyone listening to honk their horns at midnight if they want Doctor Shirlee back. Jack tracks Shirlee down on the bridge where theyd first met. When she hears the horns, Jack tells her that they are for her and she eventually goes back to the radio show, but wants to be called just Shirlee
23.
Dolly Parton
–
After achieving success as a songwriter for others, Dolly Parton made her album debut in 1967, with her album Hello, Im Dolly. However, in the new millennium, Parton achieved commercial success again and has released albums on independent labels since 2000, including albums on her own label, Parton is the most honored female country performer of all time. Achieving 25 RIAA certified Gold, Platinum, and Multi-Platinum awards, she has had 25 songs reach No.1 on the Billboard country music charts, a record for a female artist. She has 41 career top 10 country albums, a record for any artist, all-inclusive sales of singles, albums, hits collections, and digital downloads during her career have topped 100 million worldwide. Parton has received 46 Grammy nominations, in 1999, Parton was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. She has composed over 3,000 songs, notably I Will Always Love You, Jolene, Coat of Many Colors and she is also one of the few to have received at least one nomination from the Academy Awards, Grammy Awards, Tony Awards, and Emmy Awards. As an actress, she starred in such as 9 to 5, The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, Rhinestone. Parton was born in Sevier County, Tennessee, the fourth of 12 children of Robert Lee Parton, a farmer and construction worker, Partons middle name comes from her maternal great-great grandmother, Rebecca Whitted. She has described her family as being dirt poor, Partons father paid the doctor who helped deliver her with a bag of oatmeal. She outlined her familys poverty in her early songs Coat of Many Colors and they lived in a rustic, one-room cabin in Locust Ridge, just north of the Greenbrier Valley of the Great Smoky Mountains, a predominantly Pentecostal area. Music played an important role in her early life and she was brought up in the Church of God, the church her grandfather, Jake Robert Owens pastored. Her earliest public performances were in the church, beginning at age six, at seven, she started playing a homemade guitar. When she was eight years old, her uncle bought her first real guitar, Parton began performing as a child, singing on local radio and television programs in the East Tennessee area. By ten, she was appearing on The Cas Walker Show on both WIVK Radio and WBIR-TV in Knoxville, Tennessee, the day after she graduated from high school in 1964, she moved to Nashville. Her songs were recorded by other artists during this period, including Kitty Wells. She signed with Monument Records in 1965, at 19, where she was pitched as a bubblegum pop singer. She released a string of singles, but the one that charted, Happy, Happy Birthday Baby. Although she expressed a desire to record country material, Monument resisted, after her composition, Put It Off Until Tomorrow, as recorded by Bill Phillips, went to number six on the country chart in 1966, the label relented and allowed her to record country
24.
James Woods
–
James Howard Woods is an American actor and producer. On television, he is known for portraying the titular protagonist of Shark, Woods has been twice recognized by the Academy Awards as a nominee, first in the Best Actor category for Salvador and again in the Best Supporting Actor category for Ghosts of Mississippi. He is also the recipient of three Emmy Awards for the television movies Promise and My Name Is Bill W. and the animated series Hercules, Promise additionally brought him a Golden Globe Award. He has lent his voice to animated characters in The Simpsons, Family Guy, Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas. Woods was born in Vernal, Utah, and had a ten years younger than he. His father, Gail Peyton Woods, was an intelligence officer who died in 1960 after routine surgery. His mother, Martha A. operated a pre-school after her husbands death, Woods grew up in Warwick, Rhode Island, where he attended Pilgrim High School, from which he graduated in 1965. He is of part Irish descent and was raised Catholic, briefly serving as an altar boy, Woods ultimately chose to pursue his undergraduate studies at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he majored in political science. While at MIT, Woods pledged to Theta Delta Chi Fraternity and he was also an active member of the student theatre group Dramashop where he both acted in and directed a number of plays. To pursue a career in acting, he dropped out of MIT in 1969 before his graduation, Woods has said that he became an actor thanks to Tim Affleck, who was a stage manager at the Theatre Company of Boston while Woods was a student there. Woods appeared in plays before making his Broadway debut in 1970 at the Lyceum Theatre. He got the part by pretending he was British and he returned to Broadway the following year to portray David Darst in Daniel Berrigans The Trial of the Catonsville Nine. In 1971, he played Bob Rettie in the American premiere of Michael Wellers Moonchildren at the Arena Stage in Washington, the production moved to Broadway the following year and Woods won a Theatre World Award for his performance. He returned to Broadway in 1973 to portray Steven Cooper in the production of Jean Kerrs Finishing Touches. He is known for his dark, intense characters and villains, early examples include his portrayals of a sadistic murderer in 1979s The Onion Field, and of serial killer Carl Panzram in 1994s Killer, A Journal of Murder. He appeared in an episode of The Rockford Files, playing a son whose parents were murdered, one of his favorite film roles is Max, the domineering gangster, in Sergio Leones epic Once Upon a Time in America. In 1995, Woods took the role of pimp Lester Diamond in Martin Scorseses Casino and that same year, he portrayed H. R. Haldeman in Nixon, the biopic of Richard M. Nixon, directed by Oliver Stone. In one of his most prominent television roles, Woods starred in the CBS legal drama series Shark and he played an infamous defense lawyer who, after growing disillusioned when his client commits a murder, becomes a successful prosecutor with the Los Angeles County District Attorneys office
25.
While You Were Sleeping (film)
–
While You Were Sleeping is a 1995 romantic comedy film directed by Jon Turteltaub and written by Daniel G. Sullivan and Fredric Lebow. Lucy Eleanor Moderatz is a lonely fare token collector for the Chicago Transit Authority and she has a secret crush on a handsome commuter named Peter Callaghan, although they are complete strangers. On Christmas Day, she rescues him from the oncoming Chicago L train after a group of muggers push him onto the tracks. He falls into a coma, and she accompanies him to the hospital, misinterpreting her, the nurse tells his family that she is his fiancée. At first she is too caught up in the panic to explain the truth. She winds up keeping the secret for a number of reasons, she is embarrassed, Peters grandmother Elsie has a heart condition, one night, thinking she is alone while visiting Peter, she confesses about her predicament. Peters godfather Saul overhears the truth and later confronts her, but tells her he will keep her secret and she spends a belated Christmas with them and then meets Peters younger brother Jack, who is supposed to take over his fathers furniture business. He is suspicious of her at first, but he falls in love with her as they spend time together and they develop a close friendship and soon she falls in love with him as well. After New Years Eve, Peter wakes up and he does not know Lucy, so it is assumed that he must have amnesia. She and Peter spend time together, and Saul persuades Peter to propose to her again, when Jack visits her the day before the wedding, she gives him a chance to change her mind, asking him if he can give her a reason not to marry Peter. He replies that he cannot, leaving her disappointed, on the day of the wedding, just as the priest begins the ceremony, Lucy finally confesses everything and tells the family she loves Jack rather than Peter. At this point Peters real fiancée Ashley Bartlett Bacon, who happens to be married herself, arrives, as the family argues, Lucy slips out unnoticed, unsure of her future. Some time later, while Lucy is at work, Jack places an engagement ring in the tray of her booth. She lets him into the booth, and with the entire Callaghan family watching, in the last scenes of the film, they kiss at the end of their wedding, then leave on a CTA train for their honeymoon. She narrates that he fulfilled her dream of going to Florence, Italy, and explains that, ally Walker as Ashley Bartlett Bacon Monica Keena as Mary Callaghan Julia Roberts was offered the role of Lucy Moderatz but turned it down. The film was a success, grossing a total of $182,057,016 worldwide against an estimated $17,000,000 budget. It made $9,288,915 on its opening weekend of April 21–23,1995 and it was the fifteenth-highest grosser of 1995 in the United States. Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2002, AFIs 100 Years.100 Passions – Nominated Janet Maslin
26.
Sandra Bullock
–
Sandra Annette Bullock is a German-American actress, producer, and philanthropist. Her breakthrough role was in the film Demolition Man and she subsequently starred in several successful films including Speed, While You Were Sleeping, The Net, A Time to Kill, Hope Floats, and Practical Magic. Bullock achieved further success in the decades in Miss Congeniality, Two Weeks Notice, Crash, The Proposal. Bullocks greatest commercial success is the comedy film Minions, which grossed over US$1 billion at the box office. In 2007, she was one of Hollywoods highest-paid actresses and she was also named Most Beautiful Woman by People magazine in 2015. In addition to her career, Bullock is the founder of the production company Fortis Films. She has produced some of the films in which she starred, including Two Weeks Notice, Miss Congeniality 2, Armed and Fabulous and she was an executive producer of the ABC sitcom, George Lopez, and made several appearances during its run. Bullock was born in Arlington, Virginia and her father, John W. Bullock, was a U. S. Army employee and part-time voice coach, her mother, Helga Mathilde Meyer, was an opera singer and voice teacher. Helga was German, while John is from Birmingham, Alabama and has English, French, German, Bullocks maternal grandfather was a German rocket scientist from Nuremberg. John, who was in charge of the U. S. Armys Military Postal Service in Europe, was stationed in Nuremberg when he met Helga. They married in Germany and moved to Arlington, where John worked with the Army Materiel Command before becoming a contractor for The Pentagon, Bullock has a younger sister, Gesine Bullock-Prado, who went on to serve as vice president of Bullocks production company Fortis Films. Until the age of 18, Bullock held American-German dual citizenship and she then held only American citizenship until 2009, when she reapplied for German citizenship. Bullock was raised in Germany for 12 years, and grew up speaking German and she attended the humanistic Waldorf School in Nuremberg. As a child, while her mother went on European opera tours, Bullock usually stayed with her aunt Christl and cousin Susanne, Bullock studied ballet and vocal arts as a child and frequently accompanied her mother, taking small parts in her opera productions. She sang in the childrens choir at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. Bullock has a scar above her eye, caused by falling into a creek when she was a child. She attended Washington-Lee High School, where she was a cheerleader, after graduating in 1982, she attended East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, where she received a BFA in Drama in 1987. While at ECU, she performed in theater productions, including Peter Pan
27.
Peter Gallagher
–
Peter Killian Gallagher is an American actor, musician and writer. Since 1980, Gallagher has played roles in numerous Hollywood films. He is best known for starring as Sandy Cohen in the drama series The O. C. from 2003 to 2007. Gallagher was born in Manhattan, New York City and his mother, Mary Ann, was a bacteriologist, and his father, Thomas Francis Gallagher, Jr. was an advertising executive. Gallagher is the youngest of their three children and he is of Irish Catholic background and was raised in Armonk, New York. Gallagher graduated from Tufts University, where he had been active in theater, appearing in shows as Stephen Sondheims Company. Gallagher appeared on Broadway with Glenn Close in Tom Stoppards The Real Thing, but first achieved fame for his role in Steven Soderberghs Sex, Lies and he also starred as Sky Masterson in the 1992 Broadway hit revival of Guys and Dolls. Deeds, and a reporter exposing media ethics during a presidential debate in The Last Debate. From 2003 to 2007, Gallagher starred as Sandy Cohen, a Jewish public defender and corporate lawyer, Gallagher released an album entitled 7 Days in Memphis in 2005, on the Sony BMG label. This includes a recording of his performance of Dont Give Up On Me. He also has a video for his single Still I Long For Your Kiss, in 2005, Gallagher received the P. T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. In 2007, Gallagher received the Light on the Hill award at Tufts University, the award is given to notable alumni from Tufts who have demonstrated ambition, achievement, and active citizenship. As of March 2015, Gallagher is co-starring on Broadway in On the Twentieth Century, Gallagher is married to Paula Harwood and has two children, James and Kathryn. His daughter Kathryn is an actress and singer, and most recently performed in Deaf Wests production of Spring Awakening on Broadway as the voice of Martha, Peter Gallagher at the Internet Movie Database Peter Gallagher at the Internet Broadway Database Peter Gallagher at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
28.
Meet the Parents
–
Meet the Parents is a 2000 American comedy film written by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg and directed by Jay Roach. Starring Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller, the film chronicles a series of events that befall a good-hearted. Teri Polo, Blythe Danner, and Owen Wilson also star, Meet the Parents is a remake of a 1992 film of the same name directed by Greg Glienna and produced by Jim Vincent. Glienna—who also played the films main protagonist—and Mary Ruth Clarke co-wrote the screenplay. Universal Studios purchased the rights to Gliennas film with the intent of creating a new version, Jim Herzfeld expanded the original script but development was halted for some time. Jay Roach read the script and expressed his desire to direct the film. At that time, Steven Spielberg was interested in directing the film while Jim Carrey was interested in playing the lead role, the studio only offered the film to Roach once Spielberg and Carrey left the project. Released in the United States and Canada on October 6,2000 and distributed by Universal Studios and it went on to become one of the highest-grossing films of 2000, earning over $160 million in North America and over $330 million worldwide. Meet the Parents was well received by critics and viewers alike, winning several awards. Ben Stiller won two awards for his performance and the film was chosen as the Favorite Comedy Motion Picture at the 2001 Peoples Choice Awards. The success of Meet the Parents inspired two sequels, namely Meet the Fockers and Little Fockers released in 2004 and 2010 respectively. Meet the Parents also inspired a reality show titled Meet My Folks. Gaylord Greg Focker is a living in Chicago. He intends to propose to his girlfriend Pam Byrnes, but his plan is disrupted when he learns that Pams sisters fiance had asked Pams father for permission before proposing, Greg and Pam travel to Pams parents house to attend Pams sisters wedding. Greg hopes to propose to Pam in front of her family after receiving her fathers permission, but this plan is put on hold when the airline loses his luggage, including the engagement ring. At the Byrnes home, Greg meets Pams overbearing father Jack, mother Dina, Jack takes an instant dislike to Greg and openly criticizes him for his choice of career as a male nurse and whatever else he sees as a difference between Greg and the Byrnes family. Greg tries to impress Jack, but his efforts fail, Greg becomes even more uncomfortable after he receives an impromptu lie detector test from Jack and later learns from Pam that her father is a retired CIA counterintelligence officer. Meeting the rest of Pams family and friends, Greg still feels like an outsider and he also feels inferior to Kevin, Pams ex-fiance who, unlike him, receives nothing but warmth and friendliness from Jack
29.
Category 6: Day of Destruction
–
Category 6, Day of Destruction is a 2004 four-hour miniseries that was broadcast in the United States on CBS in two parts, with the first part aired on November 14 and the second on November 17. It was later released to DVD on February 15,2005, the miniseries focuses primarily on the city of Chicago as three unusual storm systems approach from the west, north and south and combine over the city to form a massive hurricane. At the same time a power outage cuts communications leaving a journalist. Critics were less favorable towards the film, with most panning the film for its dialog, implausible science, some reviewers did praise the films high-budget special effects and felt the film had at least some charm. In November 2005 a four-hour sequel, Category 7, The End of the World, andy Goodman is a week away from a forced retirement from his position as chief meteorologist at the National Weather Administrations Severe Weather Center. However, tornadoes level Las Vegas, a normally not prone to the storms. Concerned and upset that the system formed unnoticed and that they were unable to warn the people. Goodman receives field reports from his friend Tornado Tommy and assistance from new intern Sabrina Rogers, to get more energy, he is working with the companys largest supplier, Lexer, but the companys CEO is trying to find new ways to profit from this crisis. Benson also finds himself caught in a conflict of interest as he is having an affair with the Lexers public relations representative, Rebecca Kerns. Ambitious reporter Amy Harkin is stuck reporting on the heat wave while trying to find proof behind the scenes that Lexer and Midwest are responsible for the lack of sufficient power. Dan London, the engineer of Lexer, has also repeatedly warned Lexer that their systems are too vulnerable to hackers. He decides to blow the whistle on the company to Harkin, as the storms approach, early storms knock out the citys primary power generating plant, and Benson is forced to negotiate with Lexer for even more power. Goodman and his team are unable to warn the citizens that the storms have formed into a category 6 hurricane over the Great Lakes and will hit Chicago head on. Harkin realizes what happened to the power and rushes to find London, while Benson, unaware of what each party is doing, London quickly reverses the hacks at the same time as the energy starts flowing in from other companies. This overloads the system, knocking out the entire Midwest power grid as the hits the city. Unable to do anything further, Benson rushes to find his family after he receives word that they are trapped at a mall, Tornado Tommy drives around the city filming tornadoes and is oblivious to another tornado that is headed to his direction. He puts his camcorder in a suitcase and throws it out his window, Harkin gives Benson a ride to the mall to pick up his family, then they go to rescue her pregnant sister-in-law from an elevator. After Amys cameraman is injured while rescuing her sister-in-law, Harkin stays behind with him, the others rush to reach the airport during the 15-minute eye of the hurricane, where they are picked up in a plane piloted by Harkins brother, an air force weather pilot
30.
The Lake House (film)
–
The Lake House is a 2006 American romantic drama directed by Alejandro Agresti and starring Keanu Reeves, Sandra Bullock and Christopher Plummer. It was written by David Auburn, the film is a remake of the South Korean motion picture Il Mare. The story centers on a living in 2004 and a doctor living in 2006. For Alex the time goes from 2004 to 2006, for Kate the time goes from 2006 to 2008. This film reunites Reeves and Bullock for the first time since they co-starred in Speed in 1994, in 2006, Dr. Kate Forster is leaving a lake house that she has been renting in Madison, Wisconsin to move to Chicago. Kate leaves a note in the mailbox for the tenant to forward her mail. Two years earlier in 2004, Alex Wyler, an architect, arrives at the lake house, the house is neglected, with no sign of paw prints anywhere. During the subsequent restoration of the house, a dog runs through Alexs paint, baffled, Alex writes back, asking how Kate knew about the paw prints since the house was unoccupied until he arrived. On Valentines Day 2006, Kate witnesses an accident near Daley Plaza and tries to save the male victim. She impulsively drives back to the house, finds Alexs letter. Both Alex and Kate continue passing messages to each other via the mailbox, and each watches its flag go up and down as the message leaves and they cautiously look around each time the flag changes, hoping to somehow spot the other. It is in vain as they are alone at the mailbox and they then discover that they are living exactly two years apart. Alex eventually meets Kate at her boyfriends party but he doesnt mention their exchange of letters to her because she did not know him at that time and she later remembered the meeting as a vague memory in the past. For Alex, the meeting happened in the present but for Kate, as Alex and Kate continue to write each other, they decide to try to meet again. Alex makes a reservation at the Il Mare restaurant for March 2007 — two years into Alexs future, but only a day away for Kate, Kate goes to the restaurant but Alex fails to show. Heartbroken, Kate asks Alex not to write her again, recounting the accident a year before, both Alex and Kate leave the lake house, continuing on with their separate lives. On Valentines Day 2006 for Alex, Valentines Day 2008 for Kate, meanwhile, Kate goes to an architect to review the renovation plans for a house she wants to buy. She also learns that Alex was killed in a traffic accident exactly two years ago to the day and realizes why he never showed up for their date - he was the man who died in Daley Plaza
31.
Divergent (film)
–
Divergent is a 2014 American science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in The Divergent Series and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q and Kate Winslet. The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago where people are divided into factions based on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit any one of the factions. She soon learns that a plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society. Development of Divergent began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the rights to the novel with Douglas Wick. Principal photography began April 16,2013, and concluded on July 16,2013, production mostly took place in Chicago. Divergent was released on March 21,2014, in the United States, the film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise going towards its concepts and action, and criticism focused on its execution. Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal, comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations, despite this, the film was a financial success as it reached the #1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend. After its release, the film earned over US$288 million worldwide against its budget of US$85 million and it was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5,2014. A sequel, The Divergent Series, Insurgent, was released on March 20,2015 in the United States, in a futuristic dystopian Chicago, society is divided into five factions, Abnegation, Amity, Candor, Dauntless and Erudite. The remaining population are the Factionless, who have no status or privilege in this society, Beatrice Prior was born into Abnegation, which runs the government. Her father, Andrew Prior, serves on the council along with the head of Abnegation. Beatrice takes her test with a Dauntless woman named Tori Wu as her proctor and her results show equal attributes of multiple factions, meaning she is Divergent. Her divergence includes Abnegation, Erudite, and Dauntless, the next day at the Choosing Ceremony, Beatrices brother Caleb Prior chooses Erudite. After some indecision, Beatrice defects to Dauntless, after the ceremony, Beatrice meets Christina, Al, and Will, three other initiates from other factions who also chose Dauntless. Christina and Al are from Candor, and Will is from Erudite, Beatrice is the first to volunteer for a leap of faith from a tall building into a dark hole, landing in a net
32.
Wetland
–
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink, Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent except Antarctica, the largest including the Amazon River basin, the West Siberian Plain, the water found in wetlands can be freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. The main wetland types include swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens, and sub-types include mangrove, carr, pocosin, the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth. International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to people about wetland issues. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater as well as stormwater runoff and they may also play a role in water-sensitive urban design. A patch of land that develops pools of water after a storm would not be considered a wetland. Wetlands have unique characteristics, they are distinguished from other water bodies or landforms based on their water level. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a table that stands at or near the land surface for a long enough period each year to support aquatic plants. A more concise definition is a community composed of hydric soil, Wetlands have also been described as ecotones, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies. In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions. A wetland is an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic processes, There are four main kinds of wetlands – marsh, swamp, bog and fen. Some experts also recognize wet meadows and aquatic ecosystems as additional wetland types, the largest wetlands in the world include the swamp forests of the Amazon and the peatlands of Siberia. Under the Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty, wetlands are defined as follows, Article 2.1, may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands. Although the general definition given above applies around the world, each county, Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. This definition has been used in the enforcement of the Clean Water Act, some US states, such as Massachusetts and New York, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal governments. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season, the most important factor producing wetlands is flooding
33.
David Axelrod
–
David M. Axelrod is an American political operative and political analyst, best known as the Chief Strategist for Barack Obamas presidential campaigns. After Obamas election, Axelrod was appointed as Senior Advisor to the President, Axelrod left the White House position in early 2011 and became the Senior Strategist for Obamas successful re-election campaign in 2012. He currently serves as the director of the non-partisan Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago and is a Senior Political Commentator for CNN. He is a political writer for the Chicago Tribune, and the author of the New York Times bestselling memoir, Believer, My Forty Years in Politics. Axelrod was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, New York City and he was raised in a liberal Jewish family. His mother, Myril Bennett, was a journalist at PM, a liberal-leaning 1940s newspaper and his father, Joseph Axelrod, was a psychologist and avid baseball fan, who migrated from Eastern Europe to the United States at the age of eleven. He attended Public School 40 in Manhattan, Axelrods parents separated when he was eight years old. Axelrod traces his political involvement back to his childhood, describing the appeal of politics, he told the Los Angeles Times, I got into politics because I believe in idealism. Just to be a part of effort that seems to be rekindling the kind of idealism that I knew when I was a kid. So I find myself getting very emotional about it, at thirteen years old, he was selling campaign buttons for Robert F. Kennedy. After graduating from New Yorks Stuyvesant High School in 1972, Axelrod attended the University of Chicago, as an undergraduate, Axelrod wrote for the Hyde Park Herald, covering politics, and earned an internship at the Chicago Tribune. He lost his father to suicide in 1977, around the time of his graduation, while at the University of Chicago he met his future wife, business student Susan Landau, and they married in 1979. In June 1981, their first child, a daughter, was diagnosed with epilepsy at seven months of age, the Chicago Tribune hired Axelrod after his graduation from college. At 27, he became the City Hall Bureau Chief and a political columnist for the paper and he worked there for eight years, covering national, state and local politics, becoming their youngest political writer in 1981. Unhappy with his prospects at the Tribune, he joined the campaign of U. S, senator Paul Simon as communications director in 1984. Within weeks he was promoted to co-campaign manager, in 1985, Axelrod formed the political consultancy firm, Axelrod & Associates. In 1987 he worked on the reelection campaign of Harold Washington, Chicagos first black mayor. Axelrod is a longtime strategist for the former Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley, the Economist notes he also specializes in packaging black candidates for white voters
34.
Ryne Sandberg
–
Ryne Dee Sandberg, nicknamed Ryno, is an American former professional baseball player, coach, and manager. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Philadelphia Phillies, Sandberg established himself as a perennial All-Star and Gold Glove candidate, making 10 consecutive All-Star appearances and winning nine consecutive Gold Gloves from 1983 to 1991. His career.989 fielding percentage was a record at second base when he retired in 1997. Sandberg was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in January 2005 and he resigned from his managerial duties for the Phillies on June 26,2015, and was succeeded by Pete Mackanin. Born in Spokane, Washington, Sandbergs parents were Elizabeth, a nurse and he was named for relief pitcher Ryne Duren. Sandberg was a star in high school at North Central. The previous fall he was named to Parade Magazines High School All-America football team, one of the eight quarterbacks, the schools baseball field was named in his honor in 1985 as Ryne Sandberg Field, and his varsity number was retired in both football and baseball. Sandberg was recruited to play quarterback at NCAA Division I colleges and he opted not to attend after being selected in the 20th round of the 1978 baseball amateur draft by the Philadelphia Phillies. Sandberg made his debut as a shortstop for the Phillies in 1981. Playing for a total of 13 games, Sandberg had one hit in six at-bats for a.167 batting average during his playing stint for the Phillies. That one hit occurred at Wrigley Field using a bat borrowed from fellow-Phillies-manager Larry Bowa, however, the Phillies didnt have much room in the lineup for him at the time. The Phillies didnt think he could play shortstop, though he would have probably had trouble dislodging Larry Bowa from that spot in any event. While hed seen time in the minors at both second and third base, he was blocked from those positions by Manny Trillo and Mike Schmidt, accordingly, he was traded along with Bowa to the Cubs for shortstop Iván DeJesús prior to the 1982 season. The trade, now reckoned as one of the most lopsided deals in baseball history, however, Cubs general manager Dallas Green, a former Phillies manager, wanted a young prospect to go along with the aging Bowa. Green had largely been responsible for the Phillies drafting Sandberg in 1978, the two have remained very close over the years. Years later, Phillies general manager Paul Owens said that he didnt want to trade Sandberg, but Green, Owens then went back to his scouts, who told him Sandberg wouldnt be any more than a utility infielder. However, Sandberg had hit over.290 in the two years in a row. The trade is now considered one of the best in recent Cubs history, Sandberg is one of two Hall of Famers who came up through the Phillies farm system and earned their Hall of Fame credentials primarily as Cubs, the other being Ferguson Jenkins
35.
Chicago Cubs
–
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. The team plays its games at Wrigley Field, located on the citys North Side. The Cubs are one of two league teams in Chicago, the other, the Chicago White Sox, is a member of the American League Central division. The Cubs, first known as the White Stockings, was a member of the NL in 1876. The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series, the 1906 Cubs won 116 games, finishing 116–36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of.763, before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox by four games to two. The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, the 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports. Since the start of play in 1969, the Cubs have appeared in the postseason eight times through the 2016 season. The Cubs are known as the North Siders, a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago, there is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers. There is also a rivalry with the White Sox. The Cubs began play in 1876 as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, the White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new leagues top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at.429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the games top prize. After back-to-back pennants in 1880 and 1881, Hulbert died, and Spalding, the White Stockings, with Anson acting as player-manager, captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882, and Anson established himself as the games first true superstar. In 1885 and 86, after winning N. L. pennants, both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886. This was the genesis of what would become one of the greatest rivalries in sports. In all, the Anson-led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886. As a result, Chicagos club nickname transitioned, and by 1890 they had known as the Chicago Colts, or sometimes Ansons Colts
36.
Sammy Sosa
–
Samuel Kelvin Sammy Peralta Sosa is a Dominican former professional baseball right fielder. Sosa played with four Major League Baseball teams over his career, Sosas Major League career began with the Texas Rangers in 1989. After three seasons with the Chicago White Sox, Sosa became a member of the Cubs in 1992, Sosa hit his 400th home run in his 1, 354th game and his 5, 273rd at-bat, the quickest in National League history. In 1998, Sosa and Mark McGwire achieved national fame for their home run-hitting prowess in pursuit of Roger Maris home run record, Sosa finished his career with brief stints with the Baltimore Orioles and the Texas Rangers. With the Rangers, Sosa hit his 600th career home run to become the player in MLB history to reach the milestone. He is also the home run leader among foreign-born MLB players. Sosa is one of only three National League players since 1900 to ever reach 160 RBIs in a season, a milestone he reached in 2001, Sosa is the only player to have hit 60 or more home runs in a single season three times. Sosa is known to family and friends as Mikey and his maternal grandmother, who had suggested his birth name of Samuel, also came up with his nickname, heard the name on a soap opera she liked and decided from that moment on he would be Mikey. Sosa was born in the Dominican Republic, though born in Consuelo, his officially registered birthplace is San Pedro de Macorís, which was the largest town nearby. Both Consuelo and San Pedro de Macorís are in San Pedro de Macorís Province, Sosa made his major league debut on June 16,1989, with the Texas Rangers, wearing #17 and leading off as the starting center fielder. He hit his first career home run off Roger Clemens, later in the season, the Rangers traded Sammy to the Chicago White Sox where he would don the #25. In 1990, Sosa batted.233 with 15 home runs,70 runs batted in,10 triples, however, he also struck out 150 times, fourth most in the American League. Sosa started the 1991 season by hitting 2 home runs and driving in 5 runs, however, he would slump for the rest of the year and ended up batting.203 with 10 home runs and 33 runs batted in. He was traded to the Chicago Cubs for outfielder George Bell before the 1992 season, Sosa batted.260 with 8 home runs and 25 RBIs in his first season with the Cubs. Although not spectacular numbers, it showed that Sosa improved as a hitter, in 1993, Sosa batted.261 with 33 home runs with 93 RBIs. He also showed his speed by stealing 38 bases and he became the Cubs first 30-30 player in their history. Sosa continued to hit for power and speed in 1994 but he improved his batting average. He ended up batting.300 with 25 home runs,70 RBIs, Sosa was named to his first All-Star team in 1995
37.
Alice Cooper
–
Alice Cooper is an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spans over five decades. He has drawn equally from horror films, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a macabre, the band reached their commercial peak with the 1973 album Billion Dollar Babies. Furnier adopted the name as his own name in the 1970s. In 2011, he released Welcome 2 My Nightmare, his 19th album as a solo artist, in 2011, the original Alice Cooper band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage, with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the worlds most beloved heavy metal entertainer. Away from music, Cooper is an actor, a golfing celebrity, a restaurateur, and, since 2004. Cooper was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Ella Mae and his father was a preacher in The Church of Jesus Christ headquartered in Monongahela, Pennsylvania. He has English, Huguenot French, Irish, Scottish, and he was named after his uncle, Vincent Collier Furnier, and the writer Damon Runyon. His paternal grandfather, Thurman Sylvester Furnier, was an apostle in the Church of Jesus Christ, Cooper was active in his church at the ages of 11 and 12. While growing up in Detroit, Cooper attended Washington Elementary School, in 1964, 16-year-old Furnier was eager to participate in the local annual Lettermans talent show, so he gathered fellow cross-country teammates to form a group for the show. Because they did not know how to play any instruments at the time, they dressed up like the Beatles and mimed their performance to Beatles songs. As a result of winning the talent show and loving the experience of being onstage and they soon renamed themselves The Spiders, featuring Furnier on vocals, Glen Buxton on lead guitar, John Tatum on rhythm guitar, Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar, and John Speer on drums. Musically, the group was inspired by such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Kinks, the Doors. For the next year the band performed regularly around the Phoenix area with a huge black spiders web as their backdrop, in 1965, the Spiders recorded their first single, Why Dont You Love Me, with Furnier learning the harmonica for the song. The singles B-side track was the Marvin Gaye Tamla Records hit Hitch Hike, the single was recorded at Copper State Recording Studio and issued by local micro-imprint Santa Cruz Records. By 1967, the band had begun to make regular trips to Los Angeles to play shows. They soon renamed themselves Nazz and released the single Wonder Whos Lovin Her Now, backed with future Alice Cooper track Lay Down and Die, around this time, drummer John Speer was replaced by Neal Smith. By the end of the year, the band had relocated to Los Angeles, in 1968, the band learned that Todd Rundgren also had a band called Nazz, and found themselves in need of another stage name
38.
Scottie Pippen
–
Scottie Maurice Pippen is an American retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association. Nicknamed Pip, he is most remembered for his time with the Chicago Bulls, Pippen, along with Michael Jordan, played an important role in transforming the Bulls team into a championship team and for popularizing the NBA around the world during the 1990s. Considered one of the best small forwards of all time, Pippen was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team eight consecutive times and he was a seven-time NBA All-Star and was the NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1994. He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History during the 1996–97 season and he played a key role on both the 1992 Chicago Bulls Championship team and the 1996 Chicago Bulls Championship team which were selected as two of the Top 10 Teams in NBA History. During his 17-year career, he played 12 seasons with the Bulls, one with the Houston Rockets and four with the Portland Trail Blazers, Pippen is also the only player to have won an NBA title and Olympic gold medal in the same year twice. He was a part of the 1992 U. S. Olympic Dream Team which beat its opponents by an average of 44 points and he wore number 8 during both years. Pippen is an inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. On November 8,2005, the Chicago Bulls retired his number #33, while his college, University of Central Arkansas, Scottie Pippen was born on September 25,1965, in Hamburg, Arkansas, the youngest of 12 children born to Ethel and Preston Pippen. Pippens mother was 6 feet tall and his father was 61 and his parents could not afford to send their other children to college. His father worked in a mill until a stroke paralyzed his right side, prevented him from walking. Playing point guard, he led his team to the state playoffs and he was not offered any college scholarships. Pippen began his playing career at the University of Central Arkansas in Conway after being discovered by then-UCA Head coach Don Dyer as a 61 walk-on. He did not receive recognition in college because the school played in the NAIA. He eventually had a growth spurt to 68, and his per game averages of 23.6 points,10 rebounds,4. He was selected fifth overall in the 1987 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics and traded to the Chicago Bulls for Olden Polynice, Scottie made his NBA debut on November 7,1987 when the Chicago Bulls faced the Philadelphia 76ers as their first game of the season. He finished the game with 10 points,2 steals,4 assists and 1 rebound in 23 minutes of play, the Bulls won their season-opening game 104–94. With fellow Bull Michael Jordan as a motivational and instructional mentor, Pippen refined his skills, Jordan and Pippen frequently played one-on-one outside of team practices simply to hone each others skills on offense and defense. Pippen claimed the starting small forward position during the 1988 NBA Playoffs and these feats earned Pippen his debut NBA All-Star selection in 1990
39.
Chicago Bulls
–
The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago. The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference Central Division. The team was founded on January 16,1966, the team plays its home games at the United Center, an arena shared with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League. The Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s and they are known for having one of the NBAs greatest dynasties, winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two three-peats. All six championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, the Bulls are the only NBA franchise to win multiple championships and never lose an NBA Finals series in their history. The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995–96 NBA season, setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015–16 NBA season. The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a season. Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history, Michael Jordan and Derrick Rose have both won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls, for a total of six MVP awards. The Bulls share rivalries with the Detroit Pistons, New York Knicks, Miami Heat, the Bulls rivalry with the Pistons was highlighted heavily during the late 1980s and early 1990s. On January 16,1966 Chicago was granted an NBA franchise to be called the Bulls, the Chicago Bulls became the third NBA franchise in the city, after the Chicago Stags and the Chicago Packers/Zephyrs. The Bulls founder, Dick Klein, was the Bulls only owner to play professional basketball. He served as the Bulls president and general manager in their initial years, after the 1966 NBA Expansion Draft, the newly founded Chicago Bulls were allowed to acquire players from the previously established teams in the league for the upcoming 1966–67 season. The team started in the 1966–67 NBA season, and posted the best record by a team in NBA history. In their first two seasons, the Bulls played most of their games at the International Amphitheatre, before moving to Chicago Stadium. Fan interest was diminishing after four seasons, with one game in the 1967–68 NBA season having an attendance of 891. The Bulls under Williams and head coach Dick Motta qualified for four straight playoffs and had attendances grow to over 10,000, in 1972, the Bulls set a franchise win-loss record at 57 wins and 25 losses. During the 1970s, the Bulls relied on Jerry Sloan, forwards Bob Love and Chet Walker, point guard Norm Van Lier, the team made the conference finals in 1975 but lost to the Golden State Warriors,4 games to 3. After four 50-win seasons, Williams returned to Philadelphia, and Motta decided to become GM as well, the Bulls ended up declining, winning only 24 games in the 1975–1976 season
40.
Goldie Hawn
–
Goldie Jeanne Hawn is an American actress, director, producer, and occasional singer, who rose to fame on televisions Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. She is the mother of actors Oliver Hudson, Kate Hudson and Wyatt Russell and she founded The Hawn Foundation in 2003. Hawn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the role in the 1980 film Private Benjamin. She is set to star in her first film in 15 years with a role in Snatched. Hawn was born in Washington, D. C. the daughter of Laura, a jewelry shop/dance school owner, and Edward Rutledge Hawn and she was named after her mothers aunt. Her father was a Presbyterian of German and English descent, her mother was Jewish, the daughter of immigrants from Hungary, and Hawn was raised Jewish. Hawn has often said to descend from Edward Rutledge, the youngest signatory of the Declaration of Independence. Hawn began taking ballet and tap dance lessons at the age of three, and danced in the corps de ballet of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo production of The Nutcracker in 1955. She made her debut in 1961, playing Juliet in a Virginia Shakespeare Festival production of Romeo. By 1964, she ran and taught in a ballet school, in 1964, Hawn made her professional dancing debut in a production of Can-Can at the Texas Pavilion of the New York Worlds Fair. She began working as a professional dancer a year later and appeared as a dancer in New York City. Her next role, which brought her to international attention, was as one of the regular cast members on the 1968–1973 sketch comedy show, Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. On the show, she would break out into high-pitched giggles in the middle of a joke. Noted equally for her attitude as for her bikini and painted body. Her Laugh-In persona was parlayed into three film appearances in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Cactus Flower, Theres a Girl in My Soup. After Hawns Academy Award win, her career took off. She starred in a string of average and successful comedies starting with Theres a Girl in My Soup, $. She continued proving herself in the league with the 1974 satirical dramas The Girl from Petrovka and The Sugarland Express
41.
Kurt Russell
–
Kurt Vogel Russell is an American actor. He began acting on television in the western series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters, in the late 1960s, he signed a ten-year contract with The Walt Disney Company where, according to Robert Osborne, he became the studios top star of the 1970s. Russell was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance in Silkwood. A and he was nominated for an Emmy Award for the television film Elvis, also directed by Carpenter. Russell starred in films, including Overboard, Tombstone, Stargate, Death Proof. Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, Russell is the son of actor Bing Russell and he has three sisters, Jill, Jamie and Jody. In 1969, he graduated from Thousand Oaks High School in southern California and his sister Jill is the mother of baseball player Matt Franco. On April 24,1963, Russell guest starred in the ABC series Our Man Higgins and he played Peter Hall in the 1963 episode Everybody Knows You Left Me on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry The Eleventh Hour. Later, he played the character in the ABC western series The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters. In NBCs The Virginian, he played the mistaken orphan whose father was an outlaw played by Rory Calhoun who was still alive, Russell played a similar role as a kid named Packy Kerlin in the 1964 episode Blue Heaven for the western series Gunsmoke. He appeared in five episodes of Daniel Boone in various roles, at age 13, Russell played the role of Jungle Boy on an episode of CBSs Gilligans Island, which aired on February 6,1965. He guest-starred on ABCs western The Legend of Jesse James, in 1966, Russell played a 14-year-old Indian boy, Grey Smoke, adopted by the Texas Rangers in the episode Meanwhile, Back at the Reservation of the NBC western series Laredo. In the story line, he works for a gang, but the Rangers take him under their wing. In 1966, Walt Disney wrote Kurt Russell on a piece of paper as his final words, in January 1967, Russell played Private Willie Prentiss in the episode Willie and the Yank, The Mosby Raiders in Walt Disneys Wonderful World of Color. While filming the Sherman Brothers theatrical film musical The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band, flippen and Tom Tryon appeared in the episode Charade of Justice of the NBC western series The Road West starring Barry Sullivan. In a March 1966 episode of CBSs Lost in Space entitled The Challenge, he played Quano, in 1971, he co-starred as a young robber released from jail, alongside James Stewart in Fools Parade. Later, he guest-starred in an episode of Room 222 as an high school student who assumed the costumed identity of Paul Revere to warn of the dangers of pollution. In 1966, Russell was signed to a contract with The Walt Disney Company, where he became, according to Robert Osborne. Russell, like his father, had a baseball career, while in the field turning the pivot of a double play early in the season, the incoming runner at second base collided with him and tore the rotator cuff in Russells right shoulder
42.
Goose Gossage
–
Richard Michael Goose Gossage is a former Major League Baseball right-handed relief pitcher. During a 22-year baseball career, he pitched for nine different teams, spending his best years with the New York Yankees, although Gossage is otherwise generally referred to as Rich in popular media, a baseball field named after him bears the name Rick. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he was one of the earliest manifestations of the dominating modern closer, with facial hair. He also is the leader in blown saves. Respected for his impact in games, Gossage recorded the final out to clinch a division, league. His eight All-Star selections as a reliever were a record until Mariano Rivera passed him in 2008 and he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008. Gossage attended Wasson High School in Colorado Springs, Colorado, the Chicago White Sox selected him in the ninth round of the 1970 MLB draft. Gossage led the American League in saves in 1975, after the 1976 season, the White Sox traded Gossage and Terry Forster to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Silvio Martinez and Richie Zisk. He became an agent after the 1977 season, and signed with the New York Yankees. Gossage again led the AL in saves in 1978 and 1980, one of his most impressive performances was on September 3,1978, in a game vs. the Seattle Mariners. Replacing Sparky Lyle in the top of the 9th with runners on second and third and no outs and he missed some of the 1979 season with the Yankees with a thumb injury sustained in a locker-room fight with teammate Cliff Johnson. Ron Guidry, the reigning Cy Young Award winner, volunteered to go to the bullpen to replace him, in 1983, his last season with the Yankees, Gossage broke Sparky Lyles club record of 141 career saves, Dave Righetti passed his final total of 150 in 1988. Gossage holds the Yankees career record for ERA and hits per nine innings among pitchers with at least 500 innings for the team, in eight of his first ten seasons as a closer, Gossages ERA was less than 2.27. Over his career, right-handed hitters hit.211 against him, Gossage became upset with Yankees owner George Steinbrenner for meddling with the team. In 1982, he called Steinbrenner the fat man upstairs, Gossage became a free agent after the 1983 season, and insisted that he would not resign with New York. He signed with the San Diego Padres, on August 17,1986, Gossage struck out Pete Rose in Roses final major-league at bat. Before the 1988 season, the Padres traded Gossage and Ray Hayward to the Cubs for Keith Moreland, released by the Cubs in March 1989, he signed with the San Francisco Giants in April. The Yankees selected Gossage off of waivers in August and he pitched for the Fukuoka Daiei Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball in 1990
43.
Chicago White Sox
–
The Chicago White Sox is an American professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. The White Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. The White Sox play their games at Guaranteed Rate Field. They are one of two league clubs in Chicago, the other is the Chicago Cubs, who are a member of the National League Central division. The team is owned by Jerry Reinsdorf. One of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Chicago team was established as a major baseball club in 1900. The club was called the Chicago White Stockings, but this was soon shortened to Chicago White Sox. The team played games at South Side Park before, in 1910. The White Sox won the 1906 World Series with a team dubbed the Hitless Wonders, and the 1917 World Series led by Eddie Cicotte, Eddie Collins. The 1919 World Series was marred by the Black Sox Scandal, in response, Major League Baseballs new Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis banned the players from Major League Baseball for life. In 1959, led by Early Wynn, Nellie Fox, Luis Aparicio and manager Al Lopez and they won the AL pennant in 2005, and went on to win the World Series. The White Sox originated as the Sioux City Cornhuskers of the Western League, in 1894, Charles Comiskey bought the Cornhuskers and moved them to St. Paul, Minnesota, where they became the St. Paul Saints. In 1901, the Western League broke the National Agreement and became the new major league American League, the very first season in the American League ended with a White Stockings championship. However, that would be the end of the season as the World Series did not begin until 1903, the franchise, now known as the Chicago White Sox, made its first World Series appearance in 1906, beating the crosstown Cubs in six games. The White Sox would win a pennant and second World Series in 1917, beating the New York Giants in six games with help from stars Eddie Cicotte. The Sox were heavily favored in the 1919 World Series, huge bets on the Reds fueled speculation that the series had been fixed. This set the franchise back, as they did not win another pennant for 40 years. The White Sox did not finish in the half of the American League again until after club founder Charles Comiskey died and passed ownership of the club to his son
44.
Mickey Rooney
–
Mickey Rooney was an American actor, producer, vaudevillian, comedian and radio personality. In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death, a versatile performer, he became a celebrated character actor later in his career. Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney the best there has ever been, clarence Brown, who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles, National Velvet and The Human Comedy, said he was the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with. Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his debut at the age of six. At thirteen he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Nights Dream, critic David Thomson hailed his performance as one of cinemas most arresting pieces of magic. In 1938, he co-starred in Boys Town, at nineteen he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms, and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939. At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25, he made films, which made him one of MGMs most consistently successful actors. Rooney was the top box office attraction from 1939 to 1941, and one of the actors of that era. Drafted into the Army during World War II, he served two years entertaining over two million troops on stage and radio and was awarded a Bronze Star for performing in combat zones. Returning from the war in 1945, he was too old for juvenile roles but too short to be a movie star. Nevertheless, Rooneys popularity was renewed with well-received supporting roles in such as Requiem for a Heavyweight, Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. In the early 1980s, he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies, Rooney made hundreds of appearances on TV, including dramas, variety programs, and talk shows, and won an Emmy in 1964, with another Emmy plus a Golden Globe for his role in Bill. At his death, Vanity Fair called him the original Hollywood train wreck and he struggled with alcohol and pill addiction and married eight times, the first time to Ava Gardner. Despite earning millions during his career, he had to file for bankruptcy in 1962 due to mismanagement of his finances. Shortly before his death in 2014 at age 93, he alleged mistreatment by some members and testified before Congress about what he alleged was physical abuse. By the end of his life, his millions in earnings had dwindled to an estate that was valued at only $18,000 and he died owing medical bills and back taxes, and contributions were solicited from the public. His mother was a chorus girl and a burlesque performer. When Rooney was born, they were appearing in a Brooklyn production of A Gaiety Girl, Rooney later recounted in his memoirs that he began performing at the age of 17 months as part of his parents routine, wearing a specially tailored tuxedo
45.
Joakim Noah
–
Joakim Simon Noah is a professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association. Born in New York City to a Swedish mother and a French father, he holds American, Swedish and he played college basketball for the Florida Gators, winning back-to-back NCAA championships in 2006 and 2007. The Chicago Bulls selected Noah with the ninth pick in the 2007 NBA draft. Noah is a two-time NBA All-Star, and was named to the All-NBA First Team in 2014 and his grandfather Zacharie Noah was a Cameroonian professional soccer player, winner of the Coupe de France in 1961. Noah lived in Paris, France from 1988 to 1998 and returned to New York City at age 13 and he played high school basketball for the United Nations International School, Poly Prep Country Day School and Lawrenceville School. Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals. com, Noah was listed as the No.19 power forward, Noah accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida, where he played for coach Billy Donovans Florida Gators mens basketball team from 2004 to 2007. Noah was a member of Donovans 2004 recruiting class, a group included four freshmen who would have a dramatic impact on the Gators basketball program during the next three seasons. During his 2004–05 freshman year, he played 9.4 minutes per game, almost unknown at the beginning of the season, Noahs projected draft position improved over time. By the end of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship, however, Noah, along with teammates Al Horford and Corey Brewer, announced at the Gators national championship celebration that they would return for their junior seasons. Noah and the Florida Gators would go on to repeat as 2006–07 national champions, Noah was named the Most Outstanding Player of the NCAA Tournaments Minneapolis Regional after leading the Gators over top-seeded Villanova in the final game with 26 points,15 rebounds, and 5 blocks. In the final game, he scored 16 points, made 9 rebounds, the next year after the Gators won the 2006 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament, they went forward to the next year with five returning starters. Noah started off the tournament with 17 points and 12 rebounds in 24 minutes of play in a win vs. the Jackson State Tigers, in the second round, Noah scored nine points and had nine rebounds in a win vs. the Purdue Boilermakers. He had a tournament high,14 points and 14 rebounds in the Elite Eight in a win vs. the Oregon Ducks. In the championship game vs. the Ohio State Buckeyes, he was in a match-up against the future 2007 NBA Draft number one pick, regardless, he was still able to score eight points and grab three rebounds, although getting into foul trouble. He also was perfect from the throw line, making six shots on six attempts. With the help of Noah on both the offensive and defensive sides of the ball, the Florida Gators were able to win their second NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship in two years, the Chicago Bulls selected Noah as the ninth overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft. Noah and his teammates at Florida, Corey Brewer and Al Horford, Horford was chosen third overall by the Atlanta Hawks, and Brewer was chosen seventh overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves. On November 6,2007, Noah made his season debut off the bench after missing the first three games with a sprained ankle
46.
Helen Reddy
–
Helen Maxine Lamond Reddy is an Australian singer, actress, and activist. In the 1970s, she enjoyed success, especially in the United States. Six made the Top 10 and three reached No,1, including her signature hit I Am Woman. She is often referred to as the Queen of 70s Pop, Reddy placed 25 songs on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart,15 made the Top 10 and eight reached No. In 1974, at the inaugural American Music Awards, she became the first artist to win the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and she was the first Australian to have three No.1 hits in the same year. In television, she was the first Australian to host her own weekly primetime variety show on an American network. Reddy retired from performance in 2002, returned to university in Australia and earned her degree. In 2011, after singing Breezin Along with the Breeze with her sister, Toni Lamond, for Tonis birthday and her song I Am Woman played a large role in popular culture and became an anthem for second-wave feminism. She came to be known as a feminist poster girl or a feminist icon, in 2011, Billboard named her the No.28 adult contemporary artist of all time. Helen Reddy was born into a well-known Australian show business family in Melbourne and her mother, Stella Campbell, was an actress, and her father, Maxwell David Max Reddy, was a writer, producer, and actor. Her half-sister, Toni Lamond, and her nephew, Tony Sheldon, are actor-singers and she has Irish, Scottish and English ancestry. Her great grandfather, Scotsman Thomas Lamond, was a mayor of Waterloo, New South Wales, whose patron was Hercules Robinson. Her maternal grandmother, Stella Lamond, sang and danced in small parts at the Majestic Theatre in Sydney, patsy Reddy, New Zealands Governor-General, is a distant cousin. Reddy was born during World War II, six weeks before the bombing of Pearl Harbor and her father was a sergeant in the Australian Army with a unit of entertainers, he served alongside one of his actor friends, Peter Finch. They were serving together in New Guinea at the time of Helens birth and her father returned to service during the Korean War. At age four, she joined her parents on the Australian vaudeville circuit, singing and dancing, she recalled, It was instilled in me, so between the ages of 12 and 17, I got rebellious and decided this was not for me. I was going to be a housewife and mother, despite possessing only $200 and a return ticket to Australia, she elected to remain in the United States with 3-year-old Traci and pursue a singing career. Reddy recalled her 1966 appearance at the Three Rivers Inn in Syracuse, Wald recalled that he and Reddy married three days after meeting and, along with daughter Traci, the couple took up residence at the Hotel Albert in Greenwich Village
