1.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
4.
Georgina Island
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Georgina Island is located in southern Ontario, Canada about an hour north from Toronto. It is the largest island within Lake Simcoe, the island is a Native reserve occupied by the Ojibwa people. It is also within the Town of Georgina and in the Regional Municipality of York, after the Trent Severn Waterway was completed, the water level increased enough to drown traditional farmlands and to require a boat for crossing to the mainland. Pope John Paul II stayed on neighbouring Strawberry Island for four days just before World Youth Day 2002 in Toronto, the island is reached by a ferry in summer and an airboat in winter. On the coldest days of winter Lake Simcoe is cold enough for an ice road to be built allowing light vehicles to drive across the frozen lake, the Womens Support Network of York Region has worked with the First Nations of Georgina Island. The Ojibwa residing along the Lake Simcoe region were of two groups, led by William Yellowhead and Joseph Snake they occupied an area in the southernmost area of Simcoe County. A third group led by John Aisance occupied an area of Kempenfelt Bay, with the creation of the Coldwater and Narrows Reserve, Yellowhead and Snake primarily settled at the Narrows, while Aisance and his people settled at Coldwater. During the American War of Independence in 1776, Europeans began to engage in relationship with the Native people for purposes of defence of British North America. The role of the government had a significant impact on the people, enforcing a policy to enrol the people. The influence of this resulted in repeated promises of protection, food, clothing, lodgings. The transformation from a strong and independent people to one of complete dependence for the most part resulted, the area between Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe represented a region of prime military vulnerability and defence for Upper Canada. This region was not only occupied by the Lake Simcoe Indians, Six Nations lies in the town of Ohsweken, Ontario
5.
Thorah Island
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Thorah Island is located in the southeast portion of Lake Simcoe, approximately four kilometres west from Beaverton, Ontario, Canada. The island, part of Brock Township, is approximately 1,450 acres in size, some land has been cleared for farming and recreational purposes but much of the agricultural land has fallen into disuse and has grown over. Centre Road runs from the east side of the island to the west side but is not much more than a dirt path, a small harbour exists on the east side of the island, directly across from Beaverton Harbour. On the west side of the island are sandy beaches. Following this sale William Napier made the first survey of the island in 1856, thorah was originally used as a recreational destination in the late nineteenth century by a group of four businessmen from Toronto who came to the island to camp and fish. The island currently has a population of 147 that include several descendants of the original group. Today the island is used by the Honey Bee Research Centre at the University of Guelph as an isolated mating station for the Buckfast Bee lines maintained by the research centre. The island was also named Canise Island by Governor John Graves Simcoe in 1793 to honour a local native chief by that name, in the above-mentioned treaty between the natives and the British the island is known as Plum Island. Neither of these names are in use today. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources provides a description of the Islands environmental characteristics
6.
Snake Island (Lake Simcoe)
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Snake Island is located in Lake Simcoe, Ontario, Canada. After the War of 1812, these islands, along with Fox Island and it is unclear if the islands were named after him. Like Georgina Island and Fox Island, Snake Island are inhabited by members with homes located along the shores of the island. There are no roads and old dirt trails connecting the residents, the only means to reach the island is by private boats to docks in front of the homes. Winter travel is by fan boats only, the interior of the island is partially covered by trees. From the 1940s until at least the mid-1960s, a camp, Camp Centennial. Vern and Marion Hickingbottom purchased the camp in the early 1950s from the owners, named Henderson. Local first nations people from the Porte, Bigcanoe and McCue families worked at the camp and operated a popular shop on the island. Some homes on the island have been rented out as cottages during the summer months, during the winter and when ice conditions permit, ice fishing is a popular activity. The commercial operators are based in Georgina, not from the island itself
7.
Orillia
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Orillia /əˈrɪliə/ is a Canadian city located in Simcoe County between Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Originally incorporated as a village in 1867, the history of what is today the City of Orillia dates back at least several thousand years. Known as the Sunshine City, the large waterfront attracts many tourists to the area every year, as do a good number of annual festivals. The site of an Ojibwa reserve from 1830 to 1838, Orillia subsequently prospered as an agricultural, transportation links with Toronto and Georgian Bay stimulated Orillias development as a commercial centre and summer resort. The village of Orillia was incorporated in 1867, became a town in 1875, the city of Orillia is located on the shores of two connected lakes, Lake Simcoe and Lake Couchiching. Both lakes are part of the Trent-Severn Waterway, travel north on Lake Couchiching, then through three locks and the only marine railway in North America leads to Georgian Bay on Lake Huron. Travel south-east across Lake Simcoe, through many locks eventually leads to Lake Ontario, from either of these Great Lakes one can connect to the St. Lawrence and thence to the Atlantic Ocean. Also, there are archaeological sites in the surrounding area that provide evidence of trading, fishing. Also of historical note, the famed French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the area that would later become Orillia in the early 17th century, ecole Samuel de Champlain, a local francophone elementary school, is named in his honour. A monument to Samuel de Champlain can also be found in Couchiching Beach Park, the book was based on Leacocks experiences in the town and the city has since the books release attempted to mimic the fictional location in as many ways as possible. The Stephen Leacock Museum, located in Orillia, is a National Historic Site, william E. Orillia was the first municipality in North America to introduce daylight saving time and had the first municipal hydro electric transmission plant in North America. Further backing the theory of a Spanish origin are the names of surrounding communities and landmarks, which include Oro for gold, Mariposa for butterfly, and Mono for monkey. Historical documents contain a second spelling of the name which was never officially recognised, Aurelia, according to the 2006 Canada Census, Orillia has a population of 30,259 living in an area of 28.61 square kilometres. The city has experienced growth, with a population increase of over 1,000 residents since the 2001 census. The median household income in 2005 for Orillia was $46,722, Orillia is governed by the Orillia City Council, which consists of 8 city councillors and a mayor. There are four wards in the city, from 1875 to 1969 was led by a reeve or mayor. From 1969 onwards the head of council was the Mayor, initial interest in Orillia came from fur traders who used the gathering place at the Narrows to do business with the many tribes that came there each spring and fall
8.
Barrie
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Barrie is a city in Central Ontario, Canada, on the shores of Kempenfelt Bay, the western arm of Lake Simcoe. Although located in Simcoe County, the city is politically independent and it is part of the Huronia region of Central Ontario. Barrie is within the part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe. In 2011 census, the population was originally reported as 135,711. The citys 2011 population was revised to 136,063. The Barrie census metropolitan area had a population of 187,013 residents, the portage linked Kempenfelt Bay through Willow Creek, connecting Lake Simcoe to the Nottawasaga River which flows into Georgian Bay off Lake Huron. Barrie played a role in the War of 1812. Today, the Nine Mile Portage is marked by signs along roads in Barrie and you can follow the scenic path from Memorial Square all the way to Fort Willow. The city was named in 1833 after Sir Robert Barrie, who was in charge of the forces in Canada and frequently commanded forces through the city. Barrie was also the destination for one branch of the Underground Railroad. In the mid-19th century, this network of secret routes allowed many American slaves to enter Barrie and this contributed to the development of nearby Shanty Bay. By 1869, Barrie was the county seat of Simcoe in the Township of Vespra with a population 3,000 and it was a station of the Northern Railway. It was pleasantly situated on Kempenfelt Bay, Lake Simcoe, there were steamers to the Muskoka Territory Orillia & Stages to Penetanguishene. During World War II, the Royal Canadian Navy named a Flower class corvette HMCS Barrie. On 7 September 1977, an aircraft dropped altitude to 500 feet in dense fog, struck the 1, 000-foot CKVR-TV tower, killing all five on the plane and destroying the tower. The stations 225-foot auxiliary tower was destroyed and there was some damage to the main studio. CKVR were back on the air using a temporary 400-foot tower and reduced power of 40,000 watts at 8, the new 1, 000-foot tower was rebuilt in 1978. On 31 May 1985, an F4 tornado struck Barrie and it was one of the most violent and deadliest tornadoes in Canadian history
9.
Coastline paradox
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The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the properties of coastlines. The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson, more concretely, the length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it. Various approximations exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size, the basic concept of length originates from Euclidean distance. In the familiar Euclidean geometry, a straight line represents the shortest distance between two points, this line has only one length, the length of basic curves is more complicated but can also be calculated. Using shorter and shorter lines will produce sums that approach the true length. A precise value for this length can be established using calculus, the following animation illustrates how a smooth curve can be meaningfully assigned a precise length, However, not all curves can be measured in this way. A fractal is by definition a curve whose complexity changes with measurement scale, whereas approximations of a smooth curve get closer and closer to a single value as measurement precision increases, the measured value of fractals may change wildly. However, this relies on the assumption that space can be subdivided indefinitely. The Planck length, many orders of magnitude smaller than an atom, is proposed as the smallest measurable unit possible in the universe, coastlines differ from mathematical fractals because they are formed by numerous small events, which create patterns only statistically. In reality, permanent features of the coastline of order of size 1 cm or less do not exist, because of erosion, in most places the minimum size is much larger than this. Thus the concept of a fractal is not applicable to the coastline. For practical considerations, a choice of minimum feature size is on the order of the units being used to measure. If a coastline is measured in kilometers, then small variations much smaller than one kilometer are easily ignored, to measure the coastline in centimeters, tiny variations the size of centimeters must be considered. Using different measurement methodologies for different units also destroys the usual certainty that units can be converted by a simple multiplication, extreme cases of the coastline paradox include the fjord-heavy coastlines of Norway, Chile and the Pacific Northwest of North America. Coastline problem Fractal dimension Gabriels Horn, a figure with infinite surface area. Post, David G. and Michael Eisen, how Long is the Coastline of Law. Thoughts on the Fractal Nature of Legal Systems, journal of Legal Studies XXIX, January 2000
10.
Lake
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A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
11.
Lake Nipigon
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Lake Nipigon is the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of the Canadian province of Ontario. It is part of the Great Lake drainage basin, lying 260 metres above sea level, the lake drains into the Nipigon River and thence into Nipigon Bay of Lake Superior. The lake and river are the largest tributaries of Lake Superior and it lies about 120 kilometres northeast of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Lake Nipigon has an area of 4,848 square kilometres — compared to 3,150 square kilometres for Lake of the Woods. The largest islands are Caribou Island, Geikie Island, Katatota Island, Kelvin Island, Logan Island, Murchison Island, Murray Island, the lake is noted for its towering cliffs and unusual green-black sand beaches composed of the fine particles of a dark green mineral known as pyroxene. The lake basin provides an important habitat for woodland caribou, abstract mafic rocks at Lake Nipigon give evidence of rift-related continental basaltic magmatism during the Midcontinent Rift System event, estimated at 1,109 million years ago. Great sills up to 150 to 200 metres thick are also related with the rifting event, the mafic and ultramafic intrusions centered on Lake Nipigon represent a failed arm of the main rift called the Nipigon Embayment. As the last Ice Age was ending, Lake Nipigon was, at times, the French Jesuit Claude Allouez celebrated the first mass beside the Nipigon River May 29,1667. He visited the village of the Nipissing Indians who had fled there during the Iroquois onslaught of 1649-50, in the Jesuit Relations the lake is called lac Alimibeg, and was subsequently known as Alemipigon or Alepigon. In the 19th century it was spelled as Lake Nepigon. This may have originated from the Ojibwe word Animbiigoong, meaning at continuous water or at waters that extends, though some sources claim the name may also be translated as deep, clear water, this description is for Lake Temagami. Today, the Ojibwa bands call Lake Nipigon Animbiigoo-zaagaigan, the 1778 Il Paese de Selvaggi Outauacesi, e Kilistinesi Intorno al Lago Superiore map by John Mitchell identifies the lake as Lago Nepigon and its outlet as F. Nempissaki. In the 1827 map Partie de la Nouvelle Bretagne, by Philippe Vandermaelen, the lake was called L. Ste Anne, while the outflowing river as R. Nipigeon. In the 1832 map North America sheet IV, by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, the lake was called St Ann or Red L. while the outflowing river as Neepigeon and the heights near the outlet of the Gull River as Neepigon Ho. By 1883, maps such as Statistical & General Map of Canada by Letts, in 1683 Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut established a fur trading post on Lake Nipigon named Fort la Tourette after his brother, Claude Greysolon, Sieur de la Tourette. The Alexis Hubert Jaillot map of 1685 suggests that this fort was somewhere in Ombabika Bay at the northeast end of the lake where the Ombabika River and Little Jackfish River empty. This post, like most of the western French posts, was closed in 1696 by order of the king, when, due to a surplus of beaver belts, the system of trading permits established in 1681 was abolished. After the Treaty of Paris, the area passed into the hands of the British, and the Hudsons Bay Company expanded its trading area to include the Lake
12.
Lac Seul
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Lac Seul is a large, crescent shaped reservoir in Kenora District, northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 241 km long and it has a maximum depth of 47.2 m, with a surface elevation of 357 m above sea level. Its level is raised in the summer and then drawn down in the months to reach points of as low as 16 feet below the maximum level. It is the second largest body of water entirely within the province of Ontario, the lake consists of open water bays, narrow channels, and islands. It is a shallow lake with many rock shoals. This provides a habitat for Walleye aka yellow pickerel and Northern pike as well as Yellow Perch. During the Lac Seul project of 1968-1972 no muskelunge aka masquinonge were noted in the catches of research nets set over those years, significant numbers of whitefish, tullibee, burbot and cisco were noted as well although they infrequently were noted in the sport fishery. Lac Seul is noted for offering some of the best fishing in Ontario. S, all fisheries of the Engliosh River system were noted for the mercury levels of the sport fish species therein. Lac Seul is located on the lake bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. Owing to this lake, much of the bottom of Lac Seul is covered with thick deposits of lacustrine silts. The water of Lac Seul is tea colored, Lac Seul provides some of the finest trophy Northern Pike and Walleye and also provides access to the vast, practically untouched wilderness surrounding it. The numerous islands on Lac Seul are considered regionally significant calving habitat for the boreal woodland caribou. In fur trade days it was part of a route west from James Bay, James Bay, Albany River, Lake St. Joseph, portage, Lac Seul, English River, Winnipeg River
13.
Lake Nipissing
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Lake Nipissing is a lake in the Canadian province of Ontario. It has an area of 873.3 km2, a mean elevation of 196 m above sea level. Excluding the Great Lakes, Lake Nipissing is the third-largest lake in Ontario and it is relatively shallow for a large lake, with an average depth of only 4.5 m. The shallowness of the lake makes for many sandbars along the lakes irregular shoreline, the lake has many islands most of which are protected under the Protection of Significant Wetlands scheme, controlled by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. The largest population centre on the shoreline is the city of North Bay. North Bay sits along the northeastern shoreline. The larger towns toward the end of the lake are Sturgeon Falls, Garden Village, Cache Bay. Lake Nipissing drains into Georgian Bay, which is a part of Lake Huron, Lake Nipissing lies about 25 km northwest of Algonquin Provincial Park. The French fur trader Étienne Brûlé was the first European to visit the lake in 1610, the first permanent European settlement on the lake dates from around 1874 with a trading post of the Hudsons Bay Company on the northwest corner in what is now Sturgeon Falls. In 1882 the North-West Mounted Police established their presence on the north east shore, the lake contains over 40 different species of fish. Numerous sport fishing lodges dot the shoreline and can also be found on several of Nipissings many islands. Most anglers target walleye, smallmouth bass, muskie, and northern pike, for various reasons, largely social, numerous stocking associations are engaged in attempts to manage the lakes walleye population. The lakes name means big water in the Algonquin language, the name Nipissing was also given to many places in the area, notably the Township of Nipissing, Nipissing District, and Nipissing University. In the days of fur trade, coureur des bois and later travelled through the lake by canoe via the Mattawa. When the fur trade started to decline in the 1880s, logging became the economic activity. After World War I, the economic activity became tourism and recreation. Unlike most lakes in Ontario, Lake Nipissing contains two volcanic pipes, which are the Manitou Islands and Callander Bay, the volcanic pipes formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of deep-origin volcanoes. Lake Nipissing lies in the Ottawa-Bonnechere Graben, a Mesozoic era rift valley that formed 175 million years ago
14.
John Graves Simcoe
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He founded York and was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury, English common law, freehold land tenure, and the abolition of slavery. His energetic efforts were partially successful in establishing a local gentry, a thriving Church of England. That being said, he is seen by many Canadians—especially those in Southern Ontario—as a founding figure in Canadian history and he is commemorated in Toronto with Simcoe Day. John Graves Simcoe was the surviving son of John and Katherine Simcoe. His parents had four children, but he was the one to live past childhood. His father was a captain in the Royal Navy who commanded the 60-gun HMS Pembroke, with James Cook as his sailing master, during the 1758 siege of Louisbourg. His father died of pneumonia on 15 May 1759 on board his ship in the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, the family then moved to his mothers parental home in Exeter. His paternal grandparents were William and Mary Simcoe and he was educated at Exeter Grammar School and Eton College. He spent a year at Merton College, Oxford, he was admitted to Lincolns Inn. He was initiated into Freemasonry in Union Lodge, Exeter on November 2,1773, in 1770, Simcoe entered the British Army as an ensign in the 35th Regiment of Foot, and his unit was dispatched to the Thirteen Colonies. Later, he saw action in the American Revolutionary War during the Siege of Boston, during the siege in July 1776, he was promoted captain in the 40th Regiment of Foot. He saw action with the company of the 40th Foot in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Simcoe commanded the 40th at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11,1777, legend has it that Simcoe ordered his men at Brandywine not to fire upon three fleeing rebels, among whom was George Washington. In 1777, Simcoe sought to form a Loyalist regiment of free blacks from Boston and it was a well-trained light infantry unit comprising 11 companies of 30 men,1 grenadier, and 1 hussar, and the rest light infantry. The Queens Rangers saw extensive action during the Philadelphia campaign, including a surprise attack at the Battle of Crooked Billet. In 1778, Simcoe commanded the attack on Judge William Hancocks house during a foraging expedition opposed by Patriot militia, killing ten Americans in their sleep, William Hancock was also killed, although he was not with the Americans. The massacre took place at night and with bayonets, on June 28 of that year, Simcoe and his Queens Rangers took part in the Battle of Monmouth, in and near Freehold, New Jersey. Simcoe was released in 1781 and rejoined his unit in Virginia and he was involved in a skirmish near Williamsburg and was at the Siege of Yorktown
15.
Simcoe County, Ontario
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Simcoe County is located in central portion of Southern Ontario, Canada. The County is situated just north of the Greater Toronto Area stretching from the shores of Lake Simcoe in the east to Georgian Bay in the west, Simcoe County forms part of the Greater Golden Horseshoe area, a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the Greater Toronto Area. The land area of the county is 4,690.24 square kilometres, the county administrative centre is located on highway 26 in Midhurst, outside of Barrie. Although not politically recognized, Simcoe County is informally split into two subregions, “South Simcoe” and “North Simcoe”, the dividing line between these two areas is Simcoe County Road 90. South Simcoe municipalities are situated at the boundary of the Greater Toronto Area. South Simcoe is also within the Toronto commuter-belt as it is home to a high proportion of people commuting to the GTA. However, North Simcoe hosts two GO Train Stations which provide daily rail service to Toronto. Simcoe County, in particular the former Wendake area near Nottawasaga Bay, was the site of the earliest French exploration and settlement of Ontario, they were the first Europeans in the area. Several historic sites, including Carhagouha and Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, the Huron capital, Ossossané, was at one time the largest aboriginal settlement in all of North America outside of Mexico. The most recent restructuring took place in 1994 which resulted in the current 16 local municipalities, the Corporation of the County of Simcoe comprises 16 local municipalities. They are counted within the census division, County Council is composed of the mayors and deputy mayors of each of the sixteen towns and townships which comprise the County of Simcoe. The head of County Council is called the Warden, who is elected for a term by the council members at the Inaugural Meeting. The Warden for the 2014 -2015 term is Gerry Marshall, though once a consideration according to the Wasaga Sun, Simcoe County has elected not to restructure itself as a regional municipality. The economy of Simcoe County is diverse and includes a range of businesses from agricultural, industrial to high-tech. Honda of Canada Manufacturing has been established in Simcoe County since 1986, in addition to the automotive industry, other industries include plastics, glass manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, aggregate resources. The County is also home to internationally known institutions like Casino Rama, Georgian College, Canadian Forces Base Borden, Lakehead University and the Ontario Provincial Police Headquarters. Agri-business is a diverse multi-faceted industry and farmland in the region is among the best in all of Canada including a section of the Holland Marsh in Bradford. Tourism is an industry in Simcoe County, providing a diversity of jobs and economic impact in a variety of sectors including accommodation, restaurants, destinations, events
16.
Regional Municipality of Durham
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It has an area of approximately 2,500 square kilometres. The regional government is headquartered in Whitby, the southern portion of the region, on Lake Ontario is primarily suburban in nature, forming the eastern end of the 905 belt of suburbs around Toronto. The northern area comprises rural areas and small towns, west Rouge was transferred from Pickering over to Scarborough, Ontario prior to creation of Durham Region in 1974 and now part of Toronto. See Durham Regional Council The Region of Durham was established in 1974 as one of new regional governments in the Province of Ontario. In addition, the region was proposed to further east to include Hope Township and the town of Port Hope. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Durham Region has a continental climate. The regional government, within its area, has sole responsibility for the following. Durham Region is a centre of the Canadian automobile industry. Oshawa is the Canadian headquarters of General Motors and home of GMs largest plant in North America, in addition, the Canadian headquarters of Volkswagen is located in the region, BMW was located in the region until moving to Richmond Hill in 2010. The worldwide recession and spike in oil prices resulted in layoffs at GM beginning in 2008. This dramatically reduced employment levels at GM, and also resulted in significant employment losses and closures in the parts industry. While a number of models are produced in Oshawa, concerns remain about GMs long-term future as a manufacturer in Canada as no production is currently slated for Oshawa beyond 2016. Ontario Power Generation is also an employer in the region. Highway 407, a privately owned toll freeway, enters the south of Highway 7. This route travels generally parallel to Highway 7, ending at Durham Regional Road 33, Highway 412, part of the Highway 407E project, connects south to Highway 401 parallel and east of Durham Regional Road 23. By 2020 Highway 407 will run all the way to Highway 35/115 in the east, Highway 7 Highway 7A Highway 12 Highway 35 Highway 48 Highway 115 Highway 2 Highway 47 Note, This is the only region of the Greater Toronto Area where the Trans Canada Highway passes through. This is a holdover from the structure in which the area now forming Clarington was part of Durham County. Neither school board is a division of the regional government
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Regional Municipality of York
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The Regional Municipality of York, also called York Region, is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the former York County in 1971, and is part of the Greater Toronto Area, the regional government is headquartered in Newmarket. The 2011 census population was 1,032,524, surpassing the mark of one million. At the Canada 2011 Census,53,989 residents inhabited rural areas in the municipality,67,551 resided in urban areas. Its growth rate of 15. 7% from 2006 to 2011 was the sixth highest amongst all census divisions in Canada, and the Government of Ontario expects its population to surpass 1.5 million residents by 2031. At a meeting in Richmond Hill on 6 May 1970, officials representing the municipalities of York County approved plans for the creation of a government entity to replace York County. The plan had been presented in 1969 by Darcy McKeough, the Ontario Minister of Municipal Affairs, the Regional Municipality of York was created by Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1970, which took effect on January 1,1971. The eastern boundary of the new town of Markham was defined to be at Yonge Street, the townships of Georgina, North Gwillimbury, and Sutton were merged into the township of Georgina, and the East Gwillimbury neighbourhood of East Gwillimbury Heights was merged into Newmarket. The boundary between Aurora and Newmarket was defined to be St. Johns Sideroad, and Newmarkets northern boundary was defined to be Green Lane. The growth centres were each restricted to grow to a population of 25,000 by 2000. The municipal realignment merged 40% of East Gwillimburys population into Newmarket, the council of East Gwillimbury voted to amalgamate with Newmarket, but Newmarket council opposed the amalgamation. In the plan presented by McKeough, the councils of the towns of Newmarket, the internal municipal realignments resulted in some politicians residing in a new municipality from that which they represented at the time of realignment. York Region covers 1,762 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south and its eastern border is shared with Durham Region, to the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest. A detailed map of the region showing its major roads, communities, York Regions landscape includes farmlands, wetlands and kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, in addition to the built-up areas of its municipalities. York Region is situated on a continental climate with warm summers. The region is governed by a known as York Regional Council. Wayne Emmerson, a mayor of Whitchurch-Stouffville, was elected to this office in December,2014. In October 2008, the York Regional Municipality was named one of Greater Torontos Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc, the economy of York Region is diverse
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Kempenfelt Bay
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Kempenfelt Bay is a 14.5 km long bay that leads into the Canadian city of Barrie, Ontario. It is as deep as 30 m in places, and is connected to the larger Lake Simcoe and it is known for its ice fishing and legends of Kempenfelt Kelly, a Loch Ness monster style prehistoric creature. Kempenfelt Bay is home each year to Kempenfest, an arts and crafts festival. Kempenfelt Bay in relation to Lake Simcoe
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Lake Couchiching
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Lake Couchiching, from the Ojibwe gojijiing meaning inlet, is a medium-sized lake in Central Ontario separated from Lake Simcoe by a narrow channel. The Trent-Severn Waterway enters Lake Simcoe by the Talbot River and exits this lake by the Severn River which empties into Georgian Bay, the lake is 16 km long, slightly less than 5 km wide and fairly shallow with an average depth of six metres. The city of Orillia is located on the channel connecting this lake with Lake Simcoe. Lakes Simcoe and Couchiching are popular spots for fishing in summer, singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot paid homage to the lake in the song Couchiching. The Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs holds its annual conference on the shores of the lake every August, camp Couchiching is also located near the lake. In a 2012 study, the lake showed a microalgae density of 2.4 × 10^7/cm^2, the lake showed low total phosphorus and high organic carbon content, when compared to Lake Simcoe. Mnjikaning Fish Weirs Satellite view of Lake Couchiching and Orillia on the lower left
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Greater Toronto Area
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The Greater Toronto Area is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. As of the 2016 census, it has a population of 6,417,516, the Greater Toronto Area is defined as the central city of Toronto, and the four regional municipalities that surround it, Durham, Halton, Peel, and York. The regional span of the Greater Toronto Area is sometimes combined with the city of Hamilton, Ontario and its region, to form the Greater Toronto. The Greater Toronto Area anchors a much larger urban agglomeration known as the Golden Horseshoe. However, it did not come into everyday usage until the mid- to late 1990s, the latter includes communities like Barrie, Guelph and the Niagara Region. The GTA continues, however, to be in use elsewhere in the Government of Ontario. For example, Oshawa, which is the centre of its own CMA, other municipalities, such as New Tecumseth in southern Simcoe County and Mono Township in Dufferin County are included in the Toronto CMA but not in the GTA. Other nearby urban areas, such as Hamilton, Barrie or St. Catharines-Niagara and Kitchener-Waterloo, are not part of the GTA or the Toronto CMA, but form their own CMAs near the GTA. Ultimately, all the places are part of the Golden Horseshoe metropolitan region, an urban agglomeration. When the Hamilton, Oshawa and Toronto CMAs are agglomerated with Brock and Scugog and it is part of the Great Lakes Megalopolis, containing an estimated 59 million people in 2011. The term Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area refers to the usual GTA plus the former Regional Municipality of Hamilton–Wentworth, the Greater Toronto Area was home to a number of First Nations groups who lived on the shore of Lake Ontario long before the first Europeans arrived in the region. At various times the Neutral, Seneca, Mohawk and Huron nations were living in the vicinity, the Mississaugas arrived in the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century, driving out the occupying Iroquois. While it is unclear as to who was the first European to reach the Toronto area, the area would later become very crucial for its series of trails and water routes that led from northern and western Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Known as the Toronto Passage, it followed the Humber River, for this reason area became a hot spot for French fur traders. In 1787, the British negotiated the purchase of more than a million acres of land in the area of Toronto with the Mississaugas of New Credit. The Town of York would later be attacked by American forces in the War of 1812 in what is now known as the Battle of York, in 1816, Wentworth County and Halton County were created from York County. In 1851, Ontario County and Peel County were separated from York, the idea for a single government municipality would not be seriously explored until the late 1940s when planners decided the city needed to incorporate its immediate suburbs. However, due to opposition from suburban politicians, a compromise was struck which resulted in the creation of Metropolitan Toronto
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Georgina, Ontario
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Georgina is a town in south-central Ontario, and the northernmost municipality in the Regional Municipality of York and therefore the Greater Toronto Area. The town is bounded to the north by Lake Simcoe, although incorporated as a town, it operates as a township, in which dispersed communities share a common administrative council. The largest communities are Keswick, Sutton and Jacksons Point, smaller communities include Pefferlaw, Port Bolster, Udora and Willow Beach. The town was formed by the merger of the Village of Sutton, the Township of Georgina and the Township of North Gwillimbury in 1971, North Gwillimbury had previously been part of Georgina, but became its own township in 1826. It took its name from the family of Elizabeth Simcoe, née Gwillim, Georgina was the proposed name for London, Ontario by John Graves Simcoe. The main centres in Georgina are the communities of Keswick, Belhaven, Sutton West, Jacksons Point, Baldwin, Virginia, Pefferlaw, Port Bolster, Udora and Willow Beach. Georgina is part of the Federal riding of York—Simcoe, represented by Peter Van Loan of the Conservative Party of Canada, Keswick is the birthplace and childhood home of former NHL goaltender Curtis Joseph Captain William Johnson, former Royal Navy officer and founder of Pefferlaw, Ontario. Noted writer Stephen Leacock settled on a farm near Egypt, a hamlet within Georgina, jim Carrey, a Canadian actor, comedian, impressionist, screenwriter, and producer. His family settled in Sutton, Ontario for his early life, Canadian Ice Fishing Championship annual event Captain William Johnsons Old Mill St
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Keswick, Ontario
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Keswick is a community located in south central Canadian province of Ontario. Situated north of Toronto on Cooks Bay, Keswick is part of the Town of Georgina, in the Canada 2016 Census, the municipal population of Keswick was 26,757. Keswick was originally known as Medina and it was a part of the Township of North Gwillimbury before becoming part of the Township of Georgina. The area was considered part of cottage country for those who lived in Toronto up until the late 1980s. Keswicks geographical coordinates are 44. 22°N,79. 45°W and it has a geographical area of 16. 25km² according to Statistics Canada. It is bound on the north by Roches Point, the east by Woodbine Avenue, the south by East Gwillimbury, included in Keswick is the Keswick Marsh, part of the Holland Marsh. Having been built mainly as a community, Keswick is fairly long north to south as it hugs the shore of Lake Simcoe. The Maskinonge River weaves through Keswick, across both of its streets, The Queensway South and Woodbine Avenue. The town boasts a number of shopping areas and attractions along the lakeshore, the majority of residents commute south to Newmarket or Toronto to work as there are no major employers in Keswick. The majority of businesses in Keswick are retail in nature, the largest is Wal-Mart which opened in 2010, the Stephen Leacock Theatre, opened in 1985, presents performances ranging from musicals and plays to orchestras and band performances. Elm Hurst Beach Association Kinsmen Club of Keswick - a division of Kin Canada which was established in 1976, the Georgina Arts Centre and Gallery, established near the end of the twentieth century and displays over 500 original paintings and photographs donated by various Canadian Artists. The site includes a schoolhouse, a store, a train station, a blacksmith shop, an apothecary. The Link offers programs geared towards health and wellness, arts and culture, youth engagement, recreation, Music in the Streets is a music festival, hosted by Connors Music, a local music store, celebrating talent from around Georgina. The Georgina Military Museum is located at the end of Keswick. Whipper Watson Park, covering almost nine acres, was upgraded in 2010, the town has become a popular destination in Ontario for swimming, boating, ice fishing, and snowmobiling. Lake Simcoe, located north of the City of Toronto, is a 3580 km² lake boarding on the Town of Georgina, Lake Simcoe is part of the Trent Severn Waterway which acts as the connection between Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay in Lake Huron. With 52 km of shoreline, lake activities include boating, swimming and fishing, Keswick houses the Georgina Ice Palace where the Georgina Blaze hockey team, Georgina Girls Hockey Association and Georgina Skating Club are headquartered. The Georgina Ice Palace is a combination library/skating rink with a park outside
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Cook's Bay
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Cooks Bay is the southernmost bay of Lake Simcoe in Ontario, Canada. It is about 60 kilometres north of Toronto, the bay has some of the best fishing areas in North America, especially for yellow perch. The town of Keswick is the largest area that the bay has access to, many marinas and motel accommodations are available. Many cottages are also present on the shores of the Northern half of the bay on both sides, Cooks Bay is southern Ontarios year round playground attracting locals and visitors from hundreds of miles away. For an inland lake it has the most consistent winds year round in Ontario and attracts windsurfers and kiters in all four seasons to play on the water, natural Resources Canada entry for Cooks Bay
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Sutton, Ontario
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Sutton is a suburban community located nearly 2 km south of Lake Simcoe in Ontario, Canada. The community was formerly a village but is now part of the Town of Georgina after amalgamation with it, Sutton is located in the Regional Municipality of York, and is situated around a small river, the Black River, that flows from the south and East. Sutton is passed by a road linking Woodbine Avenue and the highway linking Toronto, the road known as Baseline Road connects Sutton to Keswick. Sutton was once bounded with the old township of North Gwillimbury to the west, from the amalgamation, Sutton is in the central part of Georgina. The Canadian National rail runs south of Sutton and links with Toronto, population,5,938 which is a -1. 4% decrease since 2006. Sutton is sandwiched between forests and farmlands, a large forest dominates the south and southeast covering about 50 to 100 km² directly outside Sutton. The forest are made up of pine and other varieties of trees. Farmlands cover the west and southwest dominating about 50 km² and to the east, the downtown streets are aligned at a 45° angle. Snake Island is situated to the northwest, a small bay is to the northeast. Housing developments came in the century to the northern part. The subdivision 2 km to the east continued in the 1980s, housing projects later slowed in the 1990s and the 2000s and the population has slowed. Cottages are also found in the area located along the shore of Lake Simcoe, the first inhabitants were Aboriginal people, as Sutton was a rich area for hunting, fishing, and gathering thousands of years ago. Located near the shore of Lake Simcoe, the Pioneer Village is a 10-acre space with buildings to teach the history of Georgina between the years of 1850 and 1920. There is a school house, general store, train station, blacksmith shop, an apothecary. They also have many archives including family documents, land records, photos, the Pioneer village holds tours, camps, workshops, and other events throughout the season. Admission is granted by donation unless specified for a certain event, Sutton is home to many beaches including De La Salle Park, Holmes Point Park, Jacksons Point/Bonnie Park, North Gwillimbury Park, Willow Beach Conservation Area, Willow Wharf, and Youngs Harbour. These areas are popular in the summer months, attracting tourism, holding sports, activities. The Sutton Fair & Horse Show is an event that takes place at the fairgrounds located near the Sutton arena
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Jackson's Point
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Jacksons Point is a summer resort harbour located in the township of Georgina, on Lake Simcoe in Ontario, Canada. It was originally part of a land grant made to Captain William Bouchier in 1819. John Mills Jackson settled the land, which was first used as a facility for schooners travelling Lake Simcoe. As transportation improved by steamers, and the arrival of railroads by 1877, today, Jacksons Point harbour still caters to recreational boaters and campers, with the addition of small boutiques, street vendors, and live music. The Salvation Army Conference Centre & Childrens Camp is also located here, the campgrounds were first purchased by The Salvation Army in 1917, but the Army ran summer camps on the grounds for nearly a decade before that. Jim Carrey resided in the village in the early 1980s Neil Young Hopkins, Jacksons Point, Ontarios first cottage country
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Pefferlaw, Ontario
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Pefferlaw is a community within the Town of Georgina, located 3 kilometres south of the southeastern shores of Lake Simcoe and in the eastern end of the town. A river, known officially as the Pefferlaw River, runs just south of the commercial district. Pefferlaw is passed on the north by Highway 48 and Lake Ridge Road to the east, area code 905 is bounded to the west, but Pefferlaw along with Virginia Beach, Udora and Port Bolster remains in the 705 area code. The Canadian National railway passes through Pefferlaw and, until the early 1990s and this railway links Toronto with Orillia, as well as Northern Ontario with Via Rail transcontinental trains heading to Vancouver. Census information is not available for Pefferlaw and it is counted as part of the Georgina Census division. Population, about 3,000 Altitude, about 200 to 250 metres above sea level The town is centered around the Pefferlaw Dam. The dam is operated by the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority, the town features several public facilities operated by the Town of Georgina, including a public library completed in 1989, community centre, fire station, and a large multi-use park. Cedardale Church is now the place of worship in Pefferlaw, located just north of the intersection of Morning Glory Road. The York Region District School Board operates Morning Glory Public School, Pefferlaw is primarily situated in a forest setting. Farmlands are to the west, the northwest and the north, more farmlands are east of Lake Ridge Road and Pefferlaw. The forests are almost connected with the south of Sutton. The forests cover most of the area around Pefferlaw and to the south with a few farmlands as well as within the shoreline of Lake Simcoe. The forests are composed of pine and other varieties of trees. Pefferlaw was founded in the late 1820s by Captain William Johnson, a British Naval Officer who was released from service in 1815 following the Battle of Waterloo. The name, Pefferlaw, was suggested to Captain Johnson by his brother in remembrance of a field among the heather on their old homestead and means, by that time he had a sawmill, woolen mill and gristmill built at Pefferlaw. The first store in the village of Pefferlaw was built in August 1833, the second store in Pefferlaw was built by George Johnson, son of Captain William, this in 1856. Banking came to Pefferlaw with the arrival of the C. N. R, the Pefferlaw area like all early hamlets had its share of hotels – one at every crossroad. The Morning Glory Hotel was built in the 1860s and stood for years on the site of the present day Morning Glory Public School
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Udora, Ontario
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For the place in Komi Republic named Udora, see Udorsky District. Udora is a rural community in Ontario, Canada. It has a population estimated to be around 500 and is situated in the most south-eastern part of Georgina, the town was originally known as Snoddon Corners and was the location of the Snoddon Hotel. Local street names in the grounds are also in the native Estonian, with the cottages also came the Estonian Childrens Camp, which is still active to date as an Estonian language immersion camp for part of the summer. Highway 48 lies to the north while Highway 12 linking to Whitby and Orillia, within Udora Ravenshoe Road intersects with Victoria Road/Concession Road 7/Durham Road 1. Area code 705 is bounded to the north while the south of Udora is in Area code 905, the Canadian National Railway runs north of Udora, having its nearest train station in Pefferlaw. Udora is located about 10 km South of Port Bolster, at Lake Simcoe. About 20 km S/E of Sutton, about 25 to 30 km SW of Beaverton and Orillia, west of Lindsay, north of Uxbridge, about 50 km north of Whitby, about 80 km north of Toronto and NE of Newmarket, Ontario. In the centre of Udora on the road, there is a General Store doubling as a functioning post office. There is also a UPI full serve gas station and convenience store, west of Victoria lies The Udora Community Hall, opened in 1974, along with a baseball diamond, playground and basketball / tennis court. It serves as the grounds to Udora Family Fun Day. In the winter, the court also hosts a small skate rink for kids.5206 Town of Georgina Community demographics from Industry Canada
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Innisfil
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Not to be confused with Innisfail Innisfil is a town in Ontario, Canada, located on the western shore of Lake Simcoe in Simcoe County, immediately south of Barrie and 80 kilometres north of Toronto. It has historically been an area, but growth in the Barrie area. The name Innisfil comes from the Irish Inis Fáil, an ancient mythological name for Ireland, the history of Innisfil spans a period in excess of 170 years. The Town was hewn from almost unbroken virgin forests which had been home to the Huron Indians, the area encompassed 68,653 acres, including the villages of Allandale, Tollendal, Painswick, Minets Point, and Holly at the time. The first settlers were the Hewson and Soules families who came by way of the East Holland River, the Hewsons settled on March 30,1820, and the Soules in 1822. The Warnica family settled the following year, in 1823, in the now known as Painswick. The first sawmill in the Township was built at Tollendal by George McMullen in 1829, john and George Warnica completed the clearing of the bush between Barrie and Churchill. John Cayton had won the contract to open the road between Churchill and the 11th line of West Gwillimbury but only made it one mile north to the 12th and this opened the land route, known as Penetanguishene Road, which later became Highway 11 and is now Yonge Street. This route between York and Barrie was completed in the fall of 1825, along this road the settlers came, and spread out along the concession lines to clear the lands and develop their farms. There had been those who came ahead by way of the river, the only channels of communication were the public roads, and these were scant and poor. The pioneer farms cut from the forest were mostly self-sustaining, what few products there were for sale found a market in nearby Barrie, which was then little more than a village. Distant York was reached in the winter when the ice and snow made for better roads, during this period, post offices, churches, and stores were established, also a form of local government performed by commissioners was appointed under a provincial act. The first post office, then called Innisfil, was located at what is now called Barclays Corners, the first school was built in 1838 and located at Myers Corners, later called Victoria. The first church was also at Victoria, and was of Methodist denomination, milling in Innisfil was first done at Tollendal in 1835. The need for a grist mill to grind wheat is an indication of the progress toward an agricultural community, the earliest official record of a census shows that by 1842 the population of Innisfil was 762. The year 1850 marked the end of the old commissioners rule, the population had increased to 1,807 nearly tripling in under a decade. The first municipal council was established, replacing the government of appointed commissioners, the Corporation of the Township of Innisfil was born. The settlement of Allandale became more prominent with the construction of the Ontario, Simcoe, the first train from Toronto arrived in Allandale on October 11,1853
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Prehistory
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Prehistory means literally before history, from the Latin word for before, præ, and Greek ιστορία. Neighbouring civilisations were the first to follow, most other civilisations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing is known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no records from human prehistory. Clear techniques for dating were not well-developed until the 19th century and this article is concerned with human prehistory as defined here above. There are separate articles for the history of the Earth. However, for the race as a whole, prehistory ends when recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC. For example, in Egypt it is accepted that prehistory ended around 3200 BC, whereas in New Guinea the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently. The three-age system is the periodization of prehistory into three consecutive time periods, named for their respective predominant tool-making technologies, Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age. The notion of prehistory began to surface during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word primitive to describe societies that existed before written records, the first use of the word prehistory in English, however, occurred in the Foreign Quarterly Review in 1836. The main source for prehistory is archaeology, but some scholars are beginning to more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences. This view has been articulated by advocates of deep history, human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight for these questions. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology, restricted to material processes, remains and artifacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that use, such as Neanderthal or Iron Age are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate. Palaeolithic means Old Stone Age, and begins with the first use of stone tools, the Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age. The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the Lower Palaeolithic, evidence of control of fire by early humans during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at Bnot Yaakov Bridge, Israel. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, Early Homo sapiens originated some 200,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic
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Glacial Lake Algonquin
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Lake Algonquin was a proglacial lake that existed in east-central North America at the time of the last ice age. Parts of the lake are now Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan. The lake varied in size, but it was at its biggest during the period and gradually shrunk to the current Lake Huron. About 7,000 years ago, the lake was replaced by Lake Chippewa as the glaciers retreated and 3,000 years later by the current Lake Michigan. About 11,000 years before present, the Laurentian Glacier has retreated northward, forming a boundary across the edges of Lake Superior. The water level was at 605 feet above sea level, creating a body of water in the three basins of Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The lake drained through three outlets, the Chicago Outlet River, the St. Clair-Detroit River, and through the Trent Valley, the first stage occupied only the south part of the basin of Lake Huron, including Saginaw Bay. It received tributary drainage from smaller lakes in the part of the Georgian Bay. Its existence is based on evidence of the establishment and erosion of its outlet through the distributaries of the St. Clair River at St. Clair, Early Lake Algonquin 12,000 YBP formed in Lake Huron Basin. Drained through Port Huron and ancestral St. Clair River to Early Lake Erie, the Tolleston beach or Calumet beach of Lake Chicago drained across the Two Creeks waterway in central Michigan, into the early Lake Algonquin. Four water tables existed long enough to form identifiable beaches and they include the Main Algonquin, Lower Algonquin, Battlefield and the Fort Brady beach levels. By 10,500 YBP the lake gained a lower outlet across the front of the glacier, running in reverse to the modern French River, and across the divide into the ancestreal Ottawa River. The Early Lake Algonquin covered only part of Lake Huron and it included Saginaw Bay, but did not include Georgian Bay or any of the Lake Michigan or Lake Superior basins. Lake Chicago was in the portion of Lake Michigan and Lake Duluth was in the western tip of the Lake Superior basin. Lake water drained through the Port Huron outlet and down the St. Clair, as the glacial front melted northward, the lake expanded in the Huron basin. When it retreated north of Alpena, Michigan, the waters of Lake Chicago merged with Early Lake Algonquin, the two lakes were nearly the same level and no change of altitude. Each maintained its original outlets, the Port Huron outlet on the southeast, list of prehistoric lakes Lake Michigan Lake Huron Glacial Lake Algonquin shoreline map for a small part of northern Michigan, http, //geo. msu. edu/research_topics/geographic-information-systems/
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Lake Huron
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Lake Huron is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is shared on the north and east by the Canadian province of Ontario and on the south, the name of the lake is derived from early French explorers who named it for the Huron people inhabiting the region. The Huronian glaciation was named due to evidence collected from Lake Huron region, the northern parts of the lake include the North Channel and Georgian Bay. Across the lake to the southwest is Saginaw Bay, the main inlet is the St. Marys River and the main outlet is the St. Clair. By volume however, Lake Huron is only the third largest of the Great Lakes, being surpassed by Lake Michigan, when measured at the low water datum, the lake contains a volume of 850 cubic miles and a shoreline length of 3,827 mi. The surface of Lake Huron is 577 feet above sea level, the lakes average depth is 32 fathoms 3 feet, while the maximum depth is 125 fathoms. It has a length of 206 statute miles and a greatest breadth of 183 statute miles. Cities with over 10,000 people on Lake Huron include Sarnia, the largest city on Lake Huron, and Saugeen Shores in Canada and Bay City, Port Huron, a large bay that protrudes northeast from Lake Huron into Ontario, Canada, is called Georgian Bay. A notable feature of the lake is Manitoulin Island, which separates the North Channel and it is the worlds largest freshwater island. Major centres on Georgian Bay include Owen Sound, Wasaga Beach, Midland, Penetanguishene, Port Severn, a smaller bay that protrudes southwest from Lake Huron into Michigan is called Saginaw Bay. Historic High Water The lake fluctuates from month to month with the highest lake levels in October and November, the normal high-water mark is 2.00 feet above datum. In the summer of 1986, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their highest level at 5.92 feet above datum, the high-water records began in February 1986 and lasted through the year, ending with January 1987. Water levels ranged from 3.67 to 5.92 feet above Chart Datum, historic Low Water Lake levels tend to be the lowest in winter. The normal low-water mark is 1.00 foot below datum, in the winter of 1964, Lakes Michigan and Huron reached their lowest level at 1.38 feet below datum. As with the records, monthly low-water records were set each month from February 1964 through January 1965. During this twelve-month period, water levels ranged from 1.38 to 0.71 feet below Chart Datum, the Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. Lake Huron has the largest shore line length of any of the Great Lakes, Lake Huron is separated from Lake Michigan, which lies at the same level, by the 5-mile-wide, 20-fathom-deep Straits of Mackinac, making them hydrologically the same body of water. Aggregated, Lake Huron-Michigan, at 45,300 square miles, is technically the worlds largest freshwater lake, when counted separately, Lake Superior is 8,700 square miles larger than Huron and higher
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Lake Michigan
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Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the U. S. and it is the second-largest of the Great Lakes by volume and the third-largest by surface area, after Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Lake Michigan is shared, from west to east, by the U. S. states of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, ports along its shores include Chicago, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Gary, Indiana, and Benton Harbor, Michigan. The word Michigan originally referred to the lake itself, and is believed to come from the Ojibwa word mishigami meaning great water, some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region were the Hopewell Indians. Their culture declined after 800 AD, and for the few hundred years. The French explorer Jean Nicolet is believed to have been the first European to reach Lake Michigan, in the earliest European maps of the region, the name of Lake Illinois has been found in addition to that of Michigan, named for the Illinois Confederation of tribes. Lake Michigan is joined via the narrow, open-water Straits of Mackinac with Lake Huron, the Straits of Mackinac were an important Native American and fur trade route. The eastern end of the Straits was controlled by Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island, French coureurs des bois and voyageurs established small ports and trading communities, such as Green Bay, on the lake during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In the 19th century, Lake Michigan played a role in the development of Chicago. The first person to reach the bottom of Lake Michigan was J. Val Klump. Klump reached the bottom via submersible as part of a 1985 research expedition, in 2007, a row of stones paralleling an ancient shoreline was discovered by Mark Holley, professor of underwater archeology at Northwestern Michigan College. This formation lies 40 feet below the surface of the lake, One of the stones is said to have a carving resembling a mastodon. So far the formation has not been authenticated, Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes wholly within the borders of the United States, the others are shared with Canada. It lies in the known as the American Midwest. Lake Michigan has an area of 22,404 sq. mi, making it the largest lake entirely within one country by surface area. It is the half of Lake Michigan–Huron, which is the largest body of fresh water in the world. It is 307 miles long by 118 miles wide with a shoreline 1,640 miles long, the lakes average depth is 46 fathoms 3 feet, while its greatest depth is 153 fathoms 5 feet. It contains a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Green Bay in the northwest is its largest bay
33.
Lake Superior
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Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake is shared by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north, the US state of Minnesota to the west and it is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the worlds third-largest freshwater lake by volume and the largest by volume in North America, the Ojibwe call the lake gichi-gami, meaning be a great sea. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote the name as Gitche Gumee in The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song, according to other sources the actual Ojibwe name is Ojibwe Gichigami or Anishinaabe Gichigami. The 1878 dictionary by Father Frederic Baraga, the first one written for the Ojibway language, the first French explorers approaching the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron during the 17th century referred to their discovery as le lac supérieur. Properly translated, the expression means Upper Lake, that is, the lake was also called Lac Tracy by 17th century Jesuit missionaries. Lake Superior empties into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world in area, and the third largest in volume, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Lake Superior has an area of 31,700 square miles. It has a length of 350 statute miles and maximum breadth of 160 statute miles. Its average depth is 80.5 fathoms with a depth of 222.17 fathoms. Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubic miles of water, there is enough water in Lake Superior to cover the entire land mass of North and South America to a depth of 30 centimetres. The shoreline of the lake stretches 2,726 miles, while the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms is an almost constant 39 °F. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratigraphic, twice per year, however, the water column reaches a uniform temperature of 39 °F from top to bottom, and the lake waters thoroughly mix. This feature makes the lake dimictic, because of its volume, Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years. Annual storms on Lake Superior regularly feature wave heights of over 20 feet, waves well over 30 feet have been recorded. The lake is fed by over 200 rivers, the largest include the Nipigon River, the St. Louis River, the Pigeon River, the Pic River, the White River, the Michipicoten River, the Bois Brule River and the Kaministiquia River. Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River, there are rapids at the rivers upper end where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient. The Soo Locks were built to enable ships to bypass the rapids, the lakes average surface elevation is 600 feet above sea level
34.
Quaternary glaciation
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During this period, ice sheets expanded, notably from out of Antarctica and Greenland, and fluctuating ice sheets occurred elsewhere. It affected oceans, flooding, and biological communities, the ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo, affect a major feedback on climate cooling. The Quaternary glaciation was the first ice age to be demonstrated in geology and this was done over the 1700s and 1800s CE. Over the last century, extensive field observations have provided evidence that continental glaciers covered large parts of Europe, North America, even before the theory of worldwide glaciation was generally accepted, many observers recognized that more than a single advance and retreat of the ice had occurred. Since then other, earlier ice ages have been identified, the Quaternary glaciation is the last of five known glaciations during Earths history. The other four are the Huronian glaciation, Cryogenian, Andean-Saharan glaciation, over the past 740,000 years there have been eight glacial cycles. The entire Quaternary Period, starting 2.58 Ma, is referred to as an ice age because at least one permanent large ice sheet—the Antarctic ice sheet—has existed continuously, there is uncertainty over how much of Greenland was covered by ice during the previous and earlier interglacials. During the colder episodes—referred to as glacial ice sheets at least 4 km thick at their maximum also existed in Europe, North America. The shorter and warmer intervals between glacials are referred to as interglacials, currently, Earth is in an interglacial period, which marked the beginning of the Holocene epoch. The current interglacial began between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, which caused the ice sheets from the last glacial period to begin to disappear. Remnants of these last glaciers, now occupying about 10% of the land surface, still exist in Greenland, Antarctica. During the glacial periods, the present hydrologic system was completely interrupted throughout large areas of the world and was modified in others. Due to the volume of ice on land, sea level was approximately 120 meters lower than present, extensive evidence now shows that a number of periods of growth and retreat of continental glaciers occurred during the ice age, called glacials and interglacials. The interglacial periods of climate are represented by buried soil profiles, peat beds. No completely satisfactory theory has been proposed to account for Earths history of glaciation, the cause of glaciation may be related to several simultaneous factors, such as astronomical cycles, atmospheric composition, plate tectonics, and ocean currents. The role of Earths orbital changes in controlling climate was first advanced by James Croll in the late 19th century, later, Milutin Milanković, a Serbian geophysicist, elaborated on the theory and calculated these irregularities in Earths orbit could cause the climatic cycles known as Milankovitch cycles. They are the result of the behavior of several types of cyclical changes in Earths orbital properties. Changes in the eccentricity of Earth occur on a cycle of about 100,000 years
35.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
36.
Wyandot people
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By the 15th century, the pre-contact Wyandots settled in the large area from the north shores of most of present-day Lake Ontario, northwards up to Georgian Bay. They were located in the part of what is now the Canadian province of Ontario around Georgian Bay. Drastically reduced in number by epidemic diseases after 1634, they were dispersed by war in 1649 from the Iroquois, today the Wyandot have a First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada. They also have three major settlements in the United States, two of which have independently governed, federally recognized tribes, due to differing development of the groups, they speak distinct forms of Wendat and Wyandot languages. Early theories placed Huron origin in the St. Lawrence Valley, with some arguing for a presence near Montreal, in 1975 and 1978, archeologists excavated a large 15th-century Huron village, now called the Draper Site, in Pickering, Ontario near Lake Ontario. In 2003 a larger village was discovered five kilometres away in Whitchurch-Stouffville, the sites each were surrounded by a palisade, as was typical of Iroquoian cultures. The Mantle Site had more than 70 multi-family longhouses, subsequently they moved from there to their historic territory on Georgian Bay, where they were encountered by Champlain in 1615. In the early 17th century, this Iroquoian people called themselves the Wendat, the Wendat historic territory was bordered on three sides, by the waters of Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe. Early French explorers referred to these natives as the Huron, either from the French huron, according to tradition, French sailors thought that the bristly hairstyle of Wendat warriors resembled that of a boar. However, these negative etymological meanings conflict with the bon Iroquois attitude held by the French fur traders and explorers, an alternate etymology is from the Algonquin words ronon, or Irri-ronon. It was pronounced Hirri-ronon by the French, eventually shortened to Hirr-on, other etymological possibilities come from the Algonquin words ka-ron or tu-ron. The Wendat were not a tribe, but a confederacy of four or more tribes with mutually intelligible languages, according to tradition, this Wendat Confederacy was initiated by the Attignawantans and the Attigneenongnahacs, who made their alliance in the 15th century. They were joined by the Arendarhonons about 1590, and the Tahontaenrats around 1610, a fifth group, the Ataronchronons, may not have attained full membership in the confederacy, and may have been a division of the Attignawantan. The largest Wendat settlement, and capital of the confederacy, was located at Ossossane, near modern-day Elmvale and they called their traditional territory Wendake. Closely related to the people of the Huron Confederacy were the Tionontate and they lived further south and were divided into two groups, the Deer and the Wolves. Considering that they formed the nucleus of the later known as the Wyandot. Tuberculosis was endemic among the Huron, aggravated by the close, despite this, the Huron on the whole were healthy, the Jesuits wrote that the Huron effectively employed natural remedies and were more healthy than we. The earliest written accounts of the Huron were made by the French, news of the Europeans reached the Huron, particularly when Samuel de Champlain explored the Saint Lawrence River in the early 17th century
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Iroquoian languages
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The Iroquoian languages are a language family of indigenous peoples of North America. They are known for their lack of labial consonants. The Iroquoian languages are polysynthetic and head-marking, today, all surviving Iroquoian languages except Cherokee and Mohawk are severely endangered, with only a few elderly speakers remaining. In 1649 in the middle-Beaver Wars, the tribes constituting the Huron, many of the survivors gathered, displaced away from Lake Erie well to the north of their previous territories, ultimately forming the Wyandot nation. Ethnographic and linguistic work with the Wyandot tribal elders yielded enough documentation for scholars to characterize and classify the Huron. The languages of the tribes that constituted the tiny Wenrohronon, the powerful Susquehannock and the confederations of the Neutral Nation and they are historically grouped together, and geographically the Wenros range on the eastern end of Lake Erie made them abutting neighbors sandwiched between the two larger confederations. To the east of the Wenro beyond the Genesee Gorge was the lands of the Iroquois, the Susquehannocks and Erie were militarily powerful and respected by neighboring tribes. These groups were called Atiwandaronk, meaning they who understand the language by the surviving Huron, the group known as the Meherrin were neighbors to the Tuscarora and the Nottoway in the American South and may have spoken an Iroquoian language. There is not enough data to determine this with certainty, attempts to link the Iroquoian, Siouan, and Caddoan languages in a Macro-Siouan family are suggestive but remain unproven. Six Nations Polytechnic in Ohsweken, Ontario offers Ogwehoweh language Diploma, an Ethnohistory of the Nottoway, Meherrin and Weanock Indians of Southeastern Virginia, Ethnohistory, Ethnohistory, Vol.14, No. 3/4,14, pp. 103–218, doi,10. 2307/480737, JSTOR480737. Chilton, Elizabeth, Social Complexity in New England, AD 1000–1600, in Pauketat, Timothy R. Loren, Diana Dipaolo, North American Archaeology, Malden, MA, Blackwell Press, pp. 138–60, OCLC55085697. Goddard, Ives, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.17, Languages, Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution, ISBN 0-16-048774-9, OCLC43957746. Lounsbury, Floyd G. Iroquoian Languages, in Trigger, Bruce G. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol.15, Northeast, Washington, DC, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 334–43, OCLC58762737. Mithun, Marianne, Untangling the Huron and the Iroquois, International Journal of American Linguistics,51, pp. 504–7, doi,10. 1086/465950, mithun, Marianne, The Languages of Native North America, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-23228-7, OCLC40467402. Rudes, Blair A. Iroquoian Vowels, Anthropological Linguistics,37, history of the Indian tribes of Hudsons River. ISBN9781557862259 Snow, Dean R. Gehring, Charles T, Starna, in Mohawk country, early narratives about a native people. An anthology of sources from 1634-1810
38.
Cartography
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Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively, the fundamental problems of traditional cartography are to, Set the maps agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing, traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Represent the terrain of the object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections, eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the maps purpose. This is the concern of generalization, reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization, orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience. This is the concern of map design, modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems. The earliest known map is a matter of debate, both because the term map isnt well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE, the oldest surviving world maps are from 9th century BCE Babylonia. One shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by Assyria, Urartu and several cities, all, in turn, another depicts Babylon as being north of the world center. The ancient Greeks and Romans created maps since Anaximander in the 6th century BCE, in the 2nd century AD, Ptolemy wrote his treatise on cartography, Geographia. This contained Ptolemys world map – the world known to Western society. As early as the 8th century, Arab scholars were translating the works of the Greek geographers into Arabic, in ancient China, geographical literature dates to the 5th century BCE. The oldest extant Chinese maps come from the State of Qin, dated back to the 4th century BCE, in the book of the Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, published in 1092 by the Chinese scientist Su Song, a star map on the equidistant cylindrical projection. Early forms of cartography of India included depictions of the pole star and these charts may have been used for navigation. Mappa mundi are the Medieval European maps of the world, approximately 1,100 mappae mundi are known to have survived from the Middle Ages. Of these, some 900 are found illustrating manuscripts and the remainder exist as stand-alone documents, the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi produced his medieval atlas Tabula Rogeriana in 1154
39.
Vincenzo Coronelli
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Vincenzo Coronelli was a Franciscan friar, cosmographer, cartographer, publisher, and encyclopedist known in particular for his atlases and globes. He spent most of his life in Venice, Vincenzo Coronelli was born, probably in Venice, August 16,1650, the fifth child of a Venetian tailor named Maffio Coronelli. At ten, young Vincenzo was sent to the city of Ravenna and was apprenticed to a xylographer, in 1663 he was accepted into the Conventual Franciscans, becoming a novice in 1665. At age sixteen he published the first of his one hundred forty separate works and he excelled in the study of both astronomy and Euclid. A little before 1678, Coronelli began working as a geographer and was commissioned to make a set of terrestrial and celestial globes for Ranuccio II Farnese, each finely crafted globe was five feet in diameter and so impressed the Duke that he made Coronelli his theologian. Coronellis renown as a theologian grew and in 1699 he was appointed Father General of the Franciscan order, Coronelli moved to the French capital in 1681, where he lived for two years. Each globe was composed of spindles of bent timber about ten feet long and this wood was then coated with a layer of plaster about an inch thick and covered in a layer of strong unfinished fabric. This was then wrapped in a layer of two very fine fabrics which provided backing for the painted information of the globes. These globes, measuring 384 cm in diameter and weighing approximately 2 tons, are displayed in the Bibliothèque nationale François Mitterrand in Paris, the globes depicted the latest information of French explorations in North America, particularly the expeditions of René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. Due to his renown he worked in various European countries in the following years, in Venice he started his own cosmographical project and published the volumes of Atlante Veneto. In his home city he founded the very first geographical society and he also held the position of Cosmographer of the Republic of Venice. Later six volumes of the Biblioteca Universale Sacro-Profana were published by Coronelli and this was a kind of encyclopedia, its compiled entries were ordered alphabetically. Coronelli died at the age of 68 in Venice, having created hundreds of maps in his lifetime, original globes by Coronelli are today located in several collections. The request for Globes started as a private commission from a highdemanding class, mostly concentrated in the northern. The art of coated cards globes with terrestrial or celestial, handwritten and often finely decorated originated in Italy, Coronelli was among the initiators of this art. Indeed, the quality of made for Louis XIV created the request for other Coronellis globes. By this intent the two globes that we today in the Salone Furietti of Angelo Mai Library arrived in Bergamo. The history of the two globes is closely tied to events and policies that have affected the city of Bergamo in the last 500 years
40.
Lake Ontario
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Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canadas most populous province, was named for the lake, in the Wyandot language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie, the last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean elevation of the lakes at 243 feet above sea level,326 feet lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles and its width is 53 statute miles. The lakes average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot, with a depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet. The lakes primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, the drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles. As with all the Great Lakes, water levels both within the year and among years. These water level fluctuations are a part of lake ecology. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution. Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near Prince Edward County, Ontario, perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presquile Bay, the bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species. Presquile, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age, the action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as todays basin. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet and this stage is known as Lake Iroquois
41.
Teiaiagon
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Teiaiagon was an Iroquoian village on the east bank of the Humber River in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was located along the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, the site is near the current intersection of Jane Street and Annette Street, at which is situated the community of Baby Point. The establishment of the village has faded into time immemorial, percy Robinsons Toronto Before the French Regime shows Teiaiagon as being a jointly occupied village of Seneca and Mohawk. Helen Tanners Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History describes Teiaiagon as a Seneca village around the years 1685-1687, although it existed before that time, the League Iroquois engaged in escalating warfare against other Iroquoians. Étienne Brûlé passed through Teiaiagon in 1615, the village was on an important route for the developing fur trade industry, and was also surrounded by horticultural fields. It was said to be about a journey from the Toronto Lake. The ship was grounded three times, forcing the crew to stop at the mouth of the Humber River on 26 November, the surprised inhabitants of the village were hospitable and supplied them with provisions. On December 5, the set off after being cut out of the ice with axes. Before departing, La Mottes men bartered their commodities with the natives for corn, hennepin and others have recorded that the village was inhabited by as many as 5000 people and had 50 long houses. La Salle camped at Teiaiagon several other times, once in the summer of 1680, there was a 10-acre burial ground located in the central part of the village. The Senecas left the village, either pushed out by, or voluntarily for, with the removal of the Iroquois from southern Ontario by the Mississaugas, the Anishinaabe and French trade began to flourish in the region shortly after the Great Peace of Montreal of 1701. Associated with this trade, there was a very small French garrison or magasin royale located somewhere by the site of Teiaiagon from 1720-1730, in 1730 the French garrison was located downriver of the site. A store was built at the mouth of the Humber in 1750. James Bâby from Detroit in 1816 acquired the now called Baby Point. The site was relatively undisturbed as it was not farmed, the Teiaiagon area was acquired by the government for military fortress and army barracks, but then was sold to Robert Home Smith who began developing the Baby Point subdivision in 1912. In 1949, at the south-west corner of Baby Point Road and Baby Point Crescent, possibly because early European explorers had difficulty in transcribing First Nations names into European orthographic systems, numerous spelling variations exist. These include Taiaiakon, Taiaiagon, Teyeyagon, and Toioiugon, the name Teiaigon appears on a 1688 map of New France drawn by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Franquelin based on sixteen years of observation of the author. It was indicated to be on the side of a small bay
42.
Portage
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Portage or portaging is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in a river, or between two bodies of water. A place where this occurs is also called a portage. Early French explorers in New France and French Louisiana encountered many rapids, the Native Americans carried their canoes over land to avoid river obstacles. Over time, important portages were sometimes provided with canals with locks, primitive portaging generally involves carrying the vessel and its contents across the portage in multiple trips. Small canoes can be portaged by carrying them inverted over ones shoulders, historically, voyageurs often employed tump lines on their heads to carry loads on their backs. Portages can be many kilometers in length, such as the 19-kilometre Methye Portage, some portages involve very little elevation change, such as the very short Mavis Grind in Shetland, which crosses an isthmus. This section deals mostly with the freight canoes used by the Canadian Voyageurs. Portage trails usually began as animal tracks and were improved by tramping or blazing, in a few places iron-plated wooden rails were laid to take a handcart. Heavily used routes sometimes evolved into roads when sledges, rollers or oxen were used, sometimes railways or canals were built. If the second course were chosen, the boat would be controlled by the avant standing in front with a long paddle, the avant had a better view and was in charge but the gouvernail had more control over the boat. The other canoemen provided power under the instructions of the avant, going upstream was more difficult, as there were many places where the current was too swift to paddle. Where the river bottom was shallow and firm, voyageurs would stand in the canoe and push it upstream with 3-metre poles. If the shoreline was reasonably clear the canoe could be tracked or lined, that is, in worse conditions, the demi-chargé technique was used. Half the cargo was unloaded, the canoe forced upstream, unloaded, in still worse currents, the entire cargo was unloaded and carried overland while the canoe was forced upstream. In the worst case a full portage was necessary, the canoe was carried overland by two or four men The cargo was divided into standard 41-kilogram packs or pièces with each man responsible for about six. One pack would be carried by a tumpline and one on the back, to allow regular rests the voyageur would drop his pack at a pose about every 1 kilometre and go back for the next load. The time for a portage was estimated at one hour per half mile, the Diolkos was a paved trackway in Ancient Greece which enabled boats to be moved overland across the Isthmus of Corinth between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. It was constructed to high ranking Despots to conduct business in the justice system
43.
Georgian Bay
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Georgian Bay is a large bay of Lake Huron, located entirely within Ontario, Canada. The main body of the bay lies east of the Bruce Peninsula, to its northwest is the North Channel. Georgian Bay is surrounded by the districts of Manitoulin, Sudbury, Parry Sound and Muskoka, as well as the more populous counties of Simcoe, Grey, the Main Channel separates the Bruce Peninsula from Manitoulin Island and connects Georgian Bay to the rest of Lake Huron. The shores and waterways of the Georgian Bay are the domain of the Anishinaabeg First Nations peoples to the north. The bay was thus a major Algonquian-Huron trade route, Samuel de Champlain, the first European to explore and map the area in 1615–1616, called it La Mer douce, also a reference to the bays freshwater. It was named Georgian Bay by Lieutenant Henry Wolsey Bayfield of the Royal Navy in 1822, Georgian Bay is about 190 kilometres long by 80 kilometres wide. It covers approximately 15,000 square kilometres, making it nearly 80% the size of Lake Ontario. If Georgian Bay were considered a lake in its own right, it would be the fourth largest lake located entirely within Canada after Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake and Lake Winnipeg. Eastern Georgian Bay is part of the edge of the Canadian Shield, granite bedrock exposed by the glaciers at the end of the last ice age. The granite rock formations and windswept eastern white pine are characteristic of the islands, the rugged beauty of the area inspired landscapes by artists of the Group of Seven. The western part of the bay, from Collingwood north, and including Manitoulin, Drummond, Cockburn and St. Joseph islands, there are tens of thousands of islands in Georgian Bay. Most of these islands are along the east side of the bay and are known as the Thirty Thousand Islands. Manitoulin Island, lying along the side of the bay, is the worlds largest island in a freshwater lake. The Trent–Severn Waterway connects Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario, running from Port Severn in the corner of Georgian Bay through Lake Simcoe into Lake Ontario near Trenton. Further north, Lake Nipissing drains into Georgian Bay through the French River, in October 2004, the Georgian Bay Littoral was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. Archeological records reveal an Aboriginal presence in the regions of the Canadian Shield dating from 11,000 years ago. Evidence of later Paleo-Indian settlements have found on Manitoulin Island. At the time of European contact, the Ojibwe and Ottawa First Nations, the Huron and Tionontati inhabited the lands along the southern coast, having migrated from the northern shores of Lake Ontario
44.
Fishing weir
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A fishing weir, fish weir, fishgarth or kiddle is an obstruction placed in tidal waters, or wholly or partially across a river, to direct the passage of fish. A weir may be used to fish such as salmon as they attempt to swim upstream. Alternatively, fish weirs can be used to fish to a particular location. Weirs were traditionally built from wood or stones, the use of fishing weirs as fish traps dates back prior to the emergence of modern humans, and have since been used by many societies across the world. The word weir comes from the Anglo-Saxon wer, one meaning of which is a device to trap fish, the use of stone tidal weirs to catch fish has a long history dating back to the pre-sapiens phase of hominid evolution. In Ireland, fish traps in association with weirs have been found date from 8,000 years ago. Stone tidal weirs were used across the world and by 1707,160 such structures, in medieval Europe, large fishing weir structures were constructed from wood posts and wattle fences. V-shaped structures in rivers could be as long as 60 m, such weirs were frequently the cause of disputes between various classes of river users and tenants of neighbouring land. Basket weir fish traps are shown in illustrations and surviving examples have been found. Basket weirs are about two metres long and comprise two wicker cones, one inside the other — easy for fish to get into but difficult to escape. In September 2014 researchers from University of Victoria investigated what may turn out to be a 14, 000-year-old fish weir in 120 ft of water off the coast of Haida Gwaii, surviving examples, but no longer in use, can be seen in the Menai Strait. The king did not exempt himself from the regulation and by the destruction of royal weirs lost 500 marks in annual income, the Lisle Papers provide a detailed contemporary narrative of the struggle of the owners of the weir at Umberleigh in Devon to be exempted from this 1535 regulation. In 1861 Parliament banned their use except where they could be shown to have been in use prior to the Magna Carta, in Virginia, the Native Americans built V-shaped stone weirs in the Potomac River and James River. This practice was taken up by the settlers but the Maryland General Assembly ordered the weirs to be destroyed on the Potomac in 1768. Between 1768 and 1828 considerable efforts were made to destroy fish weirs that were an obstruction to navigation and from the mid-1800s, those that were assumed to be detrimental to sports fishing. In the Back Bay area of Boston, Massachusetts, wooden remains of the Boylston Street Fishweir have been documented during excavations for subway tunnels. The Boylston Street Fishweir was actually a series of weirs built. Various weir patterns were used on tidal waters to retain a variety of different species, V-shaped weirs with circular formations to hold the fish during high tides are used on the Bay of Fundy to fish herring, which follow the flow of water
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