1.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
2.
Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
3.
Bob Corker
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Robert Phillips Bob Corker, Jr. is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from Tennessee, serving since 2007. Corker, a member of the Republican Party, is currently the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in the 115th Congress, in 1978, Corker founded a successful construction company, which he sold in 1990. He ran for the 1994 U. S. Senate election in Tennessee, appointed by Tennessee Governor Don Sundquist, Corker served as Commissioner of Finance and Administration for the State of Tennessee from 1995 to 1996. He later acquired two of the largest real estate companies in Chattanooga, Tennessee, before being elected the 71st Mayor of Chattanooga in 2000, he served one term as mayor from 2001 to 2005. Corker announced his candidacy for the 2006 U. S. Senate election in Tennessee after Frist, Corker defeated Democratic Representative Harold Ford, Jr. in the general election, with 51% of the vote. In 2012 Corker was re-elected, defeating Democrat Mark E. Clayton, Corker was born in Orangeburg, South Carolina, the son of Jean J. and Robert Phillips Phil Corker. His family moved to Tennessee when he was 11 and he graduated from Chattanooga High School in 1970 and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Management from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville in 1974. Corker is a member of Sigma Chi fraternity, Corkers roommate in the Sigma Chi fraternity was Cleveland Browns owner Jimmy Haslam, whose brother is the current Tennessee governor Bill Haslam. During his twenties Corker participated in a trip to Haiti. Corker and his wife Elizabeth, whom he married on January 10,1987, have two daughters, the familys permanent residence is at the Anne Haven Mansion, built by Coca-Cola Bottling Company heirs Anne Lupton and Frank Harrison. In an interview with Esquire, Corker said that he started working when he was 13, collecting trash, later he worked at Western Auto and as a construction laborer. After graduating from college, he worked for four years as a construction superintendent, during this time he saved up $8,000, which he used to start a construction company, Bencor, in 1978. The companys first large contract was with Krystal restaurants, building drive-through windows, the construction company became successful, growing at 80 percent per year, according to Corker, and by the mid-1980s carried out projects in 18 states. He sold the company in 1990, in 1999, Corker acquired two of the largest real estate companies in Chattanooga, Osborne Building Corporation and Stone Fort Land Company. In 2006 he sold the properties and assets that had formed these companies to Chattanooga businessman Henry Luken. In recognition of his business success, in 2005 the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga named him to their “Entrepreneurial Hall of Fame. ”Corker has said that he believes his business background has been valuable in his political career and that experience gives unique insights and allows to weigh in, in valuable ways. As of 2008, Corkers assets were estimated at more than $19 million, Corker first ran for the United States Senate in 1994, finishing second in the Republican primary to eventual winner Bill Frist. During the primary campaign, Frists campaign manager attacked Corker, calling him pond scum, despite the rhetoric, Corker arrived in Nashville the morning after the primary to offer the Frist campaign his assistance
4.
Fred Thompson
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Fred Dalton Thompson was an American politician, attorney, lobbyist, columnist, film and television actor, and radio host. Thompson, a Republican, served in the United States Senate representing Tennessee from 1994 to 2003, Thompson served as chairman of the International Security Advisory Board at the United States Department of State, was a member of the U. S. As an actor, Thompson appeared in a number of movies, in the final months of his U. S. Senate term in 2002, Thompson joined the cast of the long-running NBC television series Law & Order, playing Manhattan District Attorney Arthur Branch. Thompson was born in Sheffield, Alabama on August 19,1942, the son of Ruth Inez and Fletcher Session Thompson, Thompson had English and distant Dutch ancestry. He attended public school in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, graduating from Lawrence County High School, thereafter, he worked days in the local post office, and nights at the Murray bicycle assembly plant. Thompson then entered Florence State College, becoming the first member of his family to attend college and he went on to earn his Juris Doctor degree from the Vanderbilt Law School in 1967. Thompson was admitted to the State Bar of Tennessee in 1967, at that time, he shortened his first name from Freddie to Fred. He worked as an assistant U. S. attorney from 1969 to 1972, successfully prosecuting bank robberies, Thompson was the campaign manager for Republican U. S. Senator Howard Bakers reelection campaign in 1972 and was minority counsel to the Senate Watergate Committee in its investigation of the Watergate scandal. In the 1980s Thompson worked as an attorney, with law offices in Nashville and Washington, D. C. handling personal injury claims and his clients included a German mining group and Japans Toyota Motors Corporation. Thompson served on corporate boards. He also did work and served on the board of directors for engineering firm Stone & Webster. Thompson was sometimes credited for supplying Republican Senator Howard Bakers famous question, What did the President know, and this question is said to have helped frame the hearings in a way that eventually led to the downfall of President Richard Nixon. A Republican staff member, Donald Sanders, found out about the White House tapes, Thompson was informed of the existence of the tapes, and he in turn informed Nixons attorney, J. Fred Buzhardt. Thereby publicly revealing the existence of recordings of conversations within the White House. National Public Radio later called that session and the discovery of the Watergate tapes a turning point in the investigation. According to historian Stanley Kutler, however, Thompson and Baker carried water for the White House and they werent going to mindlessly go down the tubes. When the Watergate investigation began to pick up speed, tapes revealed that Nixon remarked to his then-Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, Oh shit, hes dumb as hell
5.
Tom Harkin
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Thomas Richard Tom Harkin is an American politician who served as a United States Senator from Iowa from 1985 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party, he served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1985. Born in Cumming, Iowa, Harkin graduated from Iowa State University and he served in the United States Navy as an active-duty jet pilot. After serving as a Congressional aide for several years, he made two runs for the U. S. House of Representatives, losing in 1972 but winning in 1974 and he went on to serve five terms in the House. Harkin won a race for U. S. Senate in 1984 by a wide margin and he was an early frontrunner for his partys presidential nomination in 1992, but he dropped out in support of eventual winner Bill Clinton. He served five terms and at the end of his time in the senate served as chairman of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor. When he left the senate in 2015 he was the most senior senator after serving for 30 years. On January 26,2013, he announced his intention to retire from the Senate after completing his term in 2015. Harkin was born in Cumming, Iowa and his father, Patrick Francis Harkin, an Irish American, was a coal miner, and his mother, Franciska Frances Valentine, was a Slovene immigrant who died when he was ten. Tom has 3 half-siblings on his mothers side from her first marriage in Iowa to fellow Slovenian Valentine Brelih, Frances was born in Suha, Slovenia to Jakob and Marija. He still maintains his childhood house, where he and his five siblings were raised without hot running water or a furnace and he attended Dowling Catholic High School which is currently located in West Des Moines, Iowa. Harkin attended Iowa State University on a Navy R. O. T. C, scholarship and became a member of Delta Sigma Phi fraternity. He graduated with a degree in government and economics in 1962, Harkin was stationed at Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan, where he ferried aircraft to and from the airbase that had been damaged in the Vietnam War and in operational and training accidents. He was also stationed for a time at Guantanamo Bay, where he flew missions in support of U-2 planes reconnoitering Cuba, after leaving active duty in 1967, he spent three years in the Ready Reserves, and transitioned into the Naval Reserves in 1970. He retired in 1989 with the rank of commander, in 1969, Harkin moved to Washington, D. C. and began work as an aide to Democratic U. S. During his work for Smith, he accompanied a delegation that went to South Vietnam in 1970. Harkin published photographs he took during the trip and an account of the tiger cages at Con Son Island prison in Life Magazine on July 17,1970. The account exposed shocking, inhumane conditions and treatment to prisoners were subjected
6.
Mitch McConnell
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Addison Mitchell Mitch McConnell Jr. is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. A member of the Republican Party, he has been the Majority Leader of the Senate since January 3,2015 and he is the 15th Republican and the second Kentuckian to lead his party in the Senate. During the administration of President Barack Obama, McConnell was known to the left as being an obstructionist, some on the right praised him for tenacity and courage, while others criticized him for being part of the political establishment and not keeping his promises to conservatives. From early 2016, McConnell refused to schedule Senate hearings for Obamas nominee to the Supreme Court, Merrick Garland, to replace Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, who died in February 2016. Garlands nomination remained before the Senate for 294 days, from March 16,2016 until it expired on January 3,2017, McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator. McConnell was born on February 20,1942, in a hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, which is now called the Helen Keller Hospital, McConnell is the son of Addison Mitchell McConnell, and his wife, Julia. As a youth, he overcame polio and his family moved to Georgia when he was eight. When he was a teenager, his family arrived in Louisville where he attended duPont Manual High School and he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B. A. in political science in 1964. McConnell was president of the Student Council of the College of Arts and Sciences and he has maintained strong ties to his alma mater and remains a rabid fan of its sports teams. Three years later, McConnell graduated from the University of Kentucky College of Law, McConnell is of Scots-Irish and English descent. McConnell enlisted in the U. S. Army Reserve at Louisville and he received an Honorable Discharge for medical reasons after five weeks at Fort Knox. McConnell began interning for Senator John Sherman Cooper in 1964, later, McConnell was an assistant to Senator Marlow Cook and was a Deputy Assistant Attorney General under President Gerald R. Ford, where he worked alongside future Justice Antonin Scalia. In 1977, McConnell was elected the Jefferson County Judge/Executive, the top political office in Jefferson County. 1984 In 1984, McConnell ran for the U. S. Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter Dee Huddleston. The election race wasnt decided until the last returns came in, McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagans landslide victory in the presidential election. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to Switch to Mitch,1990 In 1990, McConnell faced a tough re-election contest against former Louisville Mayor Harvey I. 1996 In 1996, he defeated Steve Beshear by 12. 6%,2002 In 2002, he was re-elected against Lois Combs Weinberg by 29. 4%, the largest majority by a statewide Republican candidate in Kentucky history. 2008 In 2008, McConnell faced his closest contest since 1990 and he defeated Bruce Lunsford by 6%
7.
Jon Kyl
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Jon Llewellyn Kyl is a former United States Senator from Arizona, where he served as Senate Minority Whip, the second-highest position in the Republican Senate leadership. He currently works in the group at the law firm Covington & Burling. Representative John Henry Kyl, he was born and raised in Nebraska and he received his bachelors degree and law degree from the University of Arizona. He worked in Phoenix, Arizona as a lawyer and lobbyist before winning election to the United States House of Representatives and he was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1994 and continued to be re-elected by large margins until his retirement. In 2006, he was recognized by Time magazine as one of as one of Americas Ten Best Senators, Kyl was ranked by National Journal in 2007 as the fourth-most conservative U. S. Senator. He has been a fixture of Republican policy leadership posts, chairing the Republican Policy Committee, in December 2007 he became Senate Minority Whip. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2010, in February 2011, Kyl announced that he would not seek re-election to the Senate in 2012 and would retire at the end of his third term, which concluded on January 3,2013. He expressly ruled out running for further office except, if offered, Kyl was born in Oakland, Nebraska, the son of Arlene Pearl and John Henry Kyl, a teacher at Nebraska State Teachers College. His father served as a Congressman from Iowa after moving his family to Bloomfield, after graduating from high school in 1960, Kyl attended the University of Arizona where he earned a bachelors degree in 1964, graduating with honors. Kyl is a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity and he then earned a law degree in 1966 at the University of Arizonas James E. Rogers College of Law, and served as editor-in-chief of the Arizona Law Review. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer and lobbyist with Jennings, Strouss & Salmon in Phoenix and he also worked as an attorney at Mountain States Legal Foundation in Denver, Colorado, prior to running for office. Kyl is married to Caryll Collins, with whom he has had two children, Kyl served in the House of Representatives from 1987 to 1995. He was first elected in 1986 against Democrat Philip R. Davis, 65% to 35%. He was reelected in 1988 against Gary Sprunk of the Libertarian party, 87% to 13%, in 1990 against Democrat Mark Ivey, Jr. 61% to 39%, and in 1992 against Democrat Walter R. Mybeck, II, 59% to 27%. Kyls ascension to Minority Whip makes him the first Arizonan to hold such an influential Senate leadership post since Democrat Ernest W. McFarland served as Senate Majority Leader from 1951 to 1953, Kyl is the only Arizona Republican to hold such a powerful leadership position. Kyl is considered to be a conservative, and was ranked by National Journal as the fourth-most conservative United States Senator in their March 2007 conservative/liberal rankings, Kyl is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform’s Taxpayer Protection Pledge. The act also offered sanctions against government officials who wantonly and willfully refused to comply with the Crime Victims Rights Act, in November 2010, Kyl announced that he would oppose the New START arms control treatys ratification in the lame duck session. He was unsuccessful in this regard, as the treaty passed easily, in September 2006, working with then-Congressman Jim Leach, Jon Kyl was a major Senate supporter of Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006
8.
John Thune
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John Randolph Thune /ˈθuːn/ is an American politician and senior United States Senator from South Dakota, a member of the Republican Party. He previously served as a United States Representative for South Dakotas at-large congressional district and he became South Dakotas senior senator with the retirement of Tim Johnson in 2015. He has worked in politics and civic organizations since completing his MBA graduate degree and he is also the current dean of South Dakotas congressional delegation. Thune was born in the South Dakota state capital of Pierre, South Dakota, Thunes paternal grandfather, Nicholas Thune, was an immigrant from Norway who partnered with his brother Matt to start Thune Hardware stores in Mitchell and Murdo, South Dakota. His maternal grandfather is from Ontario, Canada, and Thunes mother was born in Saskatchewan, Thunes brother, Richard Thune, is an English teacher at Rowland High School in California. Thune was an athlete in high school, and was active in basketball, track. Thune graduated from Jones County High School in 1979 and he played college football and basketball at Biola University in California, where he graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business. Thune received the degree of Master of Business Administration from the University of South Dakota in 1984, Thune continues to be physically active and frequently competes in running events. A2012 feature by Runners World Magazine noted that Thune has been the fastest man in Congress since 2009, after completing his MBA, Thune became involved in politics. He worked as an aide for U. S. Senator James Abdnor from 1985 to 1987, in 1989, Thune moved to the state capital of Pierre, South Dakota, where he served as executive director of the state Republican Party for two years. Thune was appointed as Railroad Director of South Dakota by Governor George S. Mickelson, from 1993 to 1996, he was executive director of the South Dakota Municipal League. In 1996, Thune decided to make his first foray into electoral politics and that year, he entered the race for South Dakotas lone seat in the U. S. House of Representatives. The Almanac of American Politics said that Thune entered the 1996 race as much an underdog. Thunes primary opponent was sitting Lt, Governor Carole Hillard of Rapid City, who benefited from the support of the long-term South Dakota governor Bill Janklow. A poll released in May 1996 showed Hillard ahead of Thune 69%-15%, by relying on strong personal skills and the help of his old network of Abdnor friends, Thune won the primary, defeating Hillard 59%-41%. In the general election, Thune defeated Democrat Rick Weiland, an aide to U. S. Thune won his subsequent races for U. S. House by wide margins and he won re-election in 1998 with 75% of the vote and in 2000 with 73% of the vote
9.
United States Secretary of Education
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The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U. S. Department of Education. The Secretary advises the President on federal policies, programs, as a member of the Presidents Cabinet, this Secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency. The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the Presidents Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession and this Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the U. S. Department of Education. Parties Democratic Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eight living former Secretaries of Education, the most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler on March 30,2016. – Includes the Secretary of Education
10.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
11.
Lauro Cavazos
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Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr. is a U. S. educator and politician. He served as Secretary of Education, and was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet, a sixth-generation Texan, he was born on the King Ranch near Kingsville, Texas, where his father served as foreman of the showcase Santa Gertrudis cattle division. He was the son of Lauro F. Cavazos, Sr. through his maternal ancestry, he is a descendant of Texas Revolution heroine Francita Alavez, the Angel of Goliad. He earned B. A. and M. A. degrees in zoology from Texas Tech University, while in college, he was a member of Kappa Kappa Psi. Following a stint on the faculties of Tufts University and the Medical College of Virginia, from 1975-80, he served as Dean of the Tufts University School of Medicine. From April 15,1980, to 1988, he served as President of Texas Tech University and he was both the first alumnus and the first Hispanic to serve as Texas Tech president. A Democrat, Cavazos served as Secretary of Education from August 1988 to December 1990 during the Republican Reagan and he was forced to resign amid an investigation into improper use of frequent flyer miles in December 1990. Following his resignation, he returned to the faculty of Tufts University where he has served as Professor of Public Health and he is married to the former Peggy Ann Murdock. The couple has ten children and currently reside in Boston, Massachusetts and he is the brother of U. S. Army General Richard E. Cavazos. Lauro F. Cavazos papers Answers. com-Lauro Cavazos Cancel Our Reservations - Time Magazine article regarding use of frequent flier miles
12.
Richard Riley
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Richard Wilson Riley is an American politician, the United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton and the 111th Governor of South Carolina. He is a member of the Democratic Party, Riley is the only Democrat to serve two consecutive terms as Governor in the time since the state constitution was amended to allow Governors to serve consecutive terms. Born on January 2,1933 in Greenville, South Carolina, to Edward P. Ted Riley and he graduated cum laude from Furman University in 1954 and received his law degree from the University of South Carolina. Riley served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1963 to 1966 and he served in the South Carolina Senate from 1967 to 1977. Riley was elected governor of South Carolina in 1978, during his first term, the state constitution was amended to allow governors to serve two terms. Riley was re-elected in 1982, 69-31 percent, over the Republican former journalist W. D. Workman, Jr. of Greenville, as Governor, Riley presided over the resumption of executions, despite his personal opposition to the death penalty. Rileys gubernatorial accomplishments centered upon improving funding and support for education, in this position, Heller recruited such businesses as Michelin North America and Digital Computer. State business recruitment under Heller surpassed $1 billion, Heller pursued industrial diversification, during his five years as chairman of the development board, more than 65,000 jobs were created statewide. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed Riley to his Cabinet as Secretary of Education, Riley served in this post until Clinton left office in 2001. Also in 1993, President Clinton approached Riley about an appointment to the United States Supreme Court, Clinton ultimately appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Since then, he has served as a partner in the law firm of Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP, on June 27,2007 he endorsed Hillary Clinton for President and served as a Campaign Co-Chair. In 1999, Furman University, Rileys alma mater, created the Richard W. Riley Institute of Government, Politics, winthrop University also renamed its college of education after Riley in 2000. Riley serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project, the World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity. Riley and his wife, the former Ann O. Yarborough, have three sons and one daughter
13.
Governor of Tennessee
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The Governor of Tennessee is the head of government of the U. S. state of Tennessee. The governor is the official in Tennessee state government who is directly elected by the voters of the entire state. The current governor is Bill Haslam, a Republican, Haslam won election in November 2010 and took office on January 15,2011. The Tennessee Constitution provides that the governor must be at least 30 years old, the governor is elected to a four-year term and may serve no more than two terms consecutively. The governor is the official of the Tennessee state government who is directly elected by the voters of the entire state. There are only two other U. S. states, New Jersey and Hawaii, where the governor is the state official to be elected statewide. The Tennessee Constitution provides that “The supreme executive power of state shall be vested in a governor. ”Most state department heads and some members of boards. The governor is the commander-in-chief of the army and navy. The Tennessee governor can veto laws passed by the Tennessee General Assembly and has veto authority for individual spending items included in bills passed by the legislature. In either situation, the veto can be overridden by a simple majority of both houses of the legislature. If a governor exercises the authority after the legislature has adjourned. It is uncommon for Tennessee governors to use their veto power, the state constitution empowers the governor to call the General Assembly into special session, with the subjects to be considered limited to matters specified in the call. As of 2010, the salary was set at $170,340 per year. This is the ninth highest U. S. gubernatorial salary, Haslam and his predecessor, Phil Bredesen, both were independently wealthy before taking office and refused to accept state salaries for their service as governor. Tennessee does not elect a lieutenant governor, because this has the effect of making the speaker the lieutenant governor, the speaker is often referred to by the title lieutenant governor. And was also granted this title by statute in 1951, following the lieutenant governor/senate speaker in the line of succession are the speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives, the secretary of state, and the comptroller. Governor William Blount served from 1790 to 1796, when Tennessee was known as the Southwest Territory and he was replaced by John Sevier, the states first governor. Other notable governors include Willie Blount, Sam Houston, and future U. S Presidents James K. Polk and Andrew Johnson
14.
John Shelton Wilder
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He was a Tennessee state senator from 1959 to 1961 and again from 1967 to 2009. Wilder was from Fayette County, near Memphis and he was from an affluent family with extensive agricultural and agribusiness interests. He and his family were known for fairer dealings with black farm employees, Wilder was also a prominent attorney in Somerville, the county seat of Fayette County. Wilder married his wife Marcelle in 1941 and served in the U. S. Army during World War II and he was a member of the former Fayette County Quarterly Court for 18 years. A Democrat, he was first elected to the Tennessee Senate in 1958, Wilder did not run for reelection in 1960, but returned to the state Senate in 1967. After this time, a constitutional amendment extended the length of terms in the state Senate to four years. Wilder was elected to a term in 1968 and was reelected every four years thereafter until 2008. He represented Senate District 26, which currently included Chester, Crockett, Fayette, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, McNairy, Wilder was elected Speaker of the State Senate by his fellow Senators in January 1971, which made him the states Lieutenant Governor. Under the Tennessee state constitution, the Speaker of the Senate is first in line of succession to the governorship, the title of Lieutenant Governor was granted to the Speaker of the Senate by statute in 1951. Prior to this time, the General Assembly had never had its own independent staff, or even its own offices, Wilder now oversaw a massive building project which was undertaken to correct this and make the legislative branch of state government more co-equal to the other two. Wilder defied precedent by seeking to serve as lieutenant governor for an extended period, previously, no one had served more than three consecutive terms as Speaker of the Senate since Tennessees current constitution was adopted in 1870. He faced little opposition until the mid-1980s, by then, many of the members of the Senate Democratic Caucus had tired of his leadership. There were also regional issues at stake – by this time the speakers of both houses of the legislature had been from West Tennessee for almost two decades, the dissident faction coalesced around the leadership of State Senate Majority Leader Riley Darnell from Clarksville in Middle Tennessee. When Darnell received the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1987, however, in a surprise move, Wilder was then nominated by the Republican Caucus for Lieutenant Governor. This was not out of character for Wilder, in 1979 he had acquiesced in the ouster of Governor Ray Blanton three days before his term was supposed to end after a series of controversial pardons, Wilder called the move impeachment, Tennessee style. Even when two outgoing state Senators switched parties in the mid-1990s, giving the Republicans a short-lived one-seat Senate majority and this coalition had made Wilder one of the longest-serving freely-elected legislative leaders in the world. Given his support among many Republican state senators, he faced little opposition in holding onto his State Senate seat. Unlike many lieutenant governors, particularly in states, Wilder never ran for governor
15.
Ray Blanton
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Leonard Ray Blanton was an American politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1975 to 1979. He also served three terms in the U. S. House of Representatives, from 1967 to 1973, Blanton was born near Adamsville, Tennessee, the son of Leonard and Ova Blanton. He was raised in a sharecropping family with road-building interests. While working with his familys company, he occasionally got into fights at bars in Mississippi. Blanton graduated from Shiloh High School in 1948, and obtained a degree in agriculture from the University of Tennessee in 1951. He taught school in Mooresville, Indiana, from 1951 to 1953, in 1964, Blanton was elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives, representing McNairy County. He often sat in the back of the House chamber wearing sunglasses during House proceedings, in a major upset, Blanton edged Murray for the nomination, winning by just 384 votes out of the nearly 70,000 votes cast. He went on to win the election, and was twice reelected. He instead focused on his constituents, namely by trying to acquire funding for projects in Tennessee and he spent a great deal of time at his district office responding to voter concerns, and frequently spoke to groups of students. Blanton criticized the movement, voted against extending the Voting Rights Act. Tennessee lost a district after the 1970 census, and the legislature merged most of Blantons territory with the neighboring 8th District of popular fellow Democrat. The merged district retained Blantons district number, but was geographically more Jones district, rather than run against Jones in 1972, Blanton decided to run for the U. S. Senate. He easily won the Democratic primary, and faced the Republican incumbent, Howard Baker, unlike Blanton, Baker had supported the Voting Rights Act and the lowering of the voting age, helping him make inroads among two key constituencies, black voters and young voters. Baker also tied Blanton to the more liberal Democratic presidential candidate, on election day, Baker won in a landslide,716,534 votes to 440,599. In 1974, Blanton won a twelve-person Democratic primary for governor, with just 23% of the vote, he defeated several well-financed opponents, including flamboyant East Tennessee banker Jake Butcher, Nashville news anchor Hudley Crockett, and former Senator Ross Bass. His opponent in the election was Lamar Alexander, who had been a campaign manager for the incumbent. Though Dunn and Republicans had broken the Democrats dominance of politics in 1970. On election day, Blanton defeated Alexander,576,833 votes to 455,467
16.
Ned McWherter
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Ned Ray McWherter was an American politician who served as the 46th Governor of Tennessee, from 1987 to 1995. Prior to that, he served as Speaker of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1973 to 1987, McWherter was born in Palmersville, Weakley County, Tennessee, the son of Harmon Ray McWherter, a sharecropper, and Lucille McWherter. He grew up in the Little Zion community near Palmersville, where he attended a one-room schoolhouse, in the early 1940s, his family moved to Ypsilanti, Michigan, where his father worked in wartime factories. In May 1945, the moved to Dresden, Tennessee, where McWherters parents purchased the City Cafe. McWherter attended Dresden High School, where he was co-captain of the football team and his college athletic career cut short, McWherter joined the Martin Shoe Company as a salesman. In 1964, McWherter founded Volunteer Distributing to distribute Anheuser-Busch beer in the Weakley area, two years later, he opened Dresdens first nursing home. McWherter served for 21 years in the Tennessee National Guard before retiring with the rank of captain and he was a member of the United Methodist Church. McWherter became actively involved in politics in the late 1950s, when he worked for the campaign of 8th district congressional candidate. In 1968, Doug Murphy, the Mayor of Martin, convinced him to run for Weakley Countys seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives, McWherter won the seat without opposition. He was reelected to the eight times, usually running unopposed. McWherter entered the House of Representatives at a turbulent time in state politics, during his first term, Republicans controlled the House for the first time in several decades. During his second, Democrats regained control of the House, but a Republican governor, to counter Dunn, Democrats chose fiery Nashville attorney James McKinney as Speaker of the House. McKinney vehemently opposed Dunns initiatives and refused to consider most of his legislation, in the House Democratic Caucus, McWherter was chosen over McKinney as the partys choice for Speaker by a single vote. One of McWherters first major issues as Speaker was a 1974 bill that sought to establish a school at East Tennessee State University in Johnson City. The bill was popular in East Tennessee, parts of which were struggling with a low doctors-per-capita ratio, Governor Dunn, however, vetoed the bill, arguing the medical school in Memphis was adequate for the states needs. This sparked cries of favoritism from East Tennesseans, after the state senate voted to override the veto, McWherter, brushing off a threat from former Memphis mayor Henry Loeb, led the House in overriding the veto, allowing the bill to become law. When Dunn ran for another term as governor in 1986, his lack of support for the school in Johnson City came back to haunt him. In 1976, McWherter supported Democratic presidential candidate Jimmy Carter, at a Carter campaign event in Memphis, McWherter expressed irritation with an ABC cameraman, prompting reporter Sam Donaldson to tell the cameraman, dont mind him, hes a nobody
17.
National Governors Association
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The National Governors Association is an organization consisting of the governors of the states, territories and commonwealths of the United States. The NGAs role is to act as a voice for governors on matters of national policy, as well as allowing governors to share best practices. The organization was founded in 1908 as the National Governors Conference, the NGA represents the governors of the fifty U. S. states and five U. S. territories. It is funded primarily by state dues, federal grants and contracts, NGA serves as a key public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government. The NGA Center for Best Practices focuses on state innovations and best practices on issues that range from education and health to technology, welfare reform, NGA also provides management and technical assistance to both new and incumbent governors. The vice chair is usually of the party to the chair. The current NGA chair is Governor Terry McAuliffe of Virginia, a Democrat, the vice chair is Governor Brian Sandoval of Nevada, a Republican. Bill Clinton is, to date, the former chair of the organization to become President of the United States. Janet Napolitano became the first female chair in 2006, formally adopted as policy in 1977, chairs preside for a one-year term and alternate party affiliation, which means that the same party never serves for two terms in a row. A similar organization in Mexico United States Conference of Mayors National Governors Association –19 official homepage of the American NGA
18.
John W. Carlin
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John William Carlin is an American politician. He served as the 40th Governor of Kansas from 1979 to 1987, and he teaches at Kansas State University and operates a website to advance civic engagement. Carlin is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One, Carlin was born in Salina, Kansas. He was raised in the Saline County, Kansas community of Smolan, Carlin attended Kansas State University and earned a degree in dairy science in 1962. He was a member of FarmHouse Fraternity, a dairy farmer, Carlin ran for a seat in the Kansas House of Representatives in 1970. He served as Speaker of the Kansas House from 1977 to 1979, in 1979 he became the youngest 20th century governor of Kansas, defeating incumbent Robert Frederick Bennett. In 1990, he lost the Democratic nomination for governor to then-State Treasurer Joan Finney and he also ran unsuccessfully for the U. S. House of Representatives in 1994, when he was defeated by Sam Brownback. Carlin chaired the National Governors Association from 1984 to 1985 and the Midwestern Governors Conference, appointed by President Bill Clinton, Carlin served as the Archivist of the United States from 1995 to 2005, in Washington, D. C. After a dispute about Executive Order 13233, Carlins term as archivist was not renewed by the Bush Administration and he served as chair of the National Historical Publications and Records Commission while serving as archivist. He has visited Duke, the University of Kansas, Wichita State University, Carlin served as a member of the Kansas Bioscience Authority from July 2006 to August 2012. In January 2015, Carlin launched a website to explore ideas, stimulate creative thinking, Carlin is also a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. Executive Order 13233 Media related to John Carlin at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN National Archives National Governors Association NNDB
19.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
20.
Maryville, Tennessee
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Maryville is a city and the county seat of Blount County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Maryvilles population was 27,465 at the 2010 census and it is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area. Maryville has received a number of accolades for its quality of life, Maryville is a short distance from popular tourist destinations such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Dollywood, Gatlinburg, and Pigeon Forge. When the first Euro-American explorers arrived in the area, they found the Great Indian Warpath and it was long used by the indigenous peoples of the area. A historic Cherokee village known as Elajay was situated at the confluence of Ellejoy Creek and its site was near the modern Heritage High School. Ensign Henry Timberlake passed through the village in 1762 while returning from his expedition to the Overhill villages to the west and he reported that it had been abandoned. In 1785, Revolutionary War veteran John Craig built a wooden palisade enclosing cabins at what is known as Fort Craig at present-day Maryville, such stations were built throughout the frontier to defend settlers against attacks from the Cherokee. On April 11,1793, when settlers believed Indian attacks were imminent,280 men, women, Craig donated 50 acres next to his fort for the founding of a new town. Incorporated as a city on July 11,1795, the settlement was named in honor of Mary Grainger Blount, Blount County was named after him. The family of Sam Houston moved to Maryville from Virginia in 1808 and his older brothers put him to work as a clerk in a store they established in town, but he ran away. Houston lived for a few years with the Cherokee at Hiwassee Island, on the Hiwassee River, after his return to Maryville about 1811, Houston started a one-room schoolhouse. He signed up for the army during the War of 1812 and rose rapidly in rank, beginning his military, the schoolhouse still stands just off US-411 near the community of Wildwood. Maryville was a center of abolitionist activity throughout the early 19th-century, it was generated mostly by the Society of Friends and they were supported by anti-slavery advocates such as Isaac L. Anderson, the founder of Maryville College. When Tennessee voted on the Ordinance of Secession in 1861, only 24% of Blount Countians voted in favor of seceding from the Union, although staunchly pro-Union throughout the Civil War, Maryville was not liberated by federal troops until May 1864. In August of that year, a Confederate cavalry raid, under the command of General Joseph Wheeler, to try to dislodge the federal soldiers, Confederates set fire to several buildings, including a store where the citys records were being kept. Polly Tool, an African-American slave, rescued most of the records and she was honored by a statue in the Blount County courthouse. In the Reconstruction Era Maryville became a hub of Radical Republican activity for East Tennessee and its local Union League provided a lively forum for political discussion, and the Freedmens Normal Institute was established on the present-day site of Maryville High School. Scott, the countrys second African-American mayor, in 1869, in the 1970s, after several department stores and other retailers moved from the downtown area to Alcoas Midland shopping center, the city spent $10 million on a renewal project called Now Town
21.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
22.
Vanderbilt University
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Vanderbilt University is a private research university founded in 1873 and located in Nashville, Tennessee. It was named in honor of shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War. Today, Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 12,000 students from all 50 U. S. states and over 90 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate, despite its urban surroundings, the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs. Vanderbilt is ranked as one of the top universities for its teaching, research opportunities. It is ranked 15th on the list of best national universities generated by U. S. News & World Report, however, lack of funds and the ravaged state of the Reconstruction Era South delayed the opening of the college. Indeed, the McTyeires had met at St. Francis Street Methodist Church in Mobile, Cornelius Vanderbilt, who was the wealthiest man in the United States at the time, was considering philanthropy as he was at an advanced age. He had been planning to establish a university on Staten Island, New York, however, McTyeire convinced him to donate $500,000 to endow Central University in order to contribute to strengthening the ties which should exist between all sections of our common country. The endowment was increased to $1 million and would be only one of two philanthropic causes financially supported by Vanderbilt. Though he never expressed any desire that the university be named after himself, McTyeire, Vanderbilt died in 1877 without seeing the school named after him. One of the trustees, Hezekiah William Foote, was a Confederate veteran. The Treasurer of the Board of Trust from 1872 to 1875, Alexander Little Page Green, whose portrait hangs in Kirkland Hall, was a Methodist preacher and a former slave owner. His son-in-law, Robert A. Young, was a Methodist minister who served as the Financial Secretary on the Board of Trust from 1874 to 1882, retiring from the board in 1902. The first building, Main Building, later known as Kirkland Hall, was designed by William Crawford Smith, in the fall of 1875, about 200 students enrolled at Vanderbilt, and in October the university was dedicated. Bishop McTyeire was named Chairman of the Board of Trust for life by Vanderbilt as a stipulation of his endowment, McTyeire named Landon Garland, his mentor from Randolph-Macon College in Virginia and then-Chancellor of the University of Mississippi, as chancellor. Garland shaped the structure and hired the schools faculty, many of whom were renowned scholars in their respective fields. However, most of this faculty left after disputes with Bishop McTyeire, when the first fraternity chapter, Phi Delta Theta, was established on campus in 1876, it was shut down by the faculty, only to be reestablished as a secret society in 1877. Meanwhile, Old Gym, designed by Dutch-born architect Peter J. Williamson, was built in 1879–1880, by 1883, the Board of Trust passed a resolution allowing fraternities on campus, and more chapters were established in 1884. During the first 40 years, the Board of Trust, and therefore the university, was under the control of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, conflicts escalated after James H. Kirkland was appointed chancellor in 1893
23.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
24.
New York University
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New York University is a private nonprofit research university based in New York City. Founded in 1831, NYU is considered one of the worlds most influential research universities, University rankings compiled by Times Higher Education, U. S. News & World Report, and the Academic Ranking of World Universities all rank NYU amongst the top 32 universities in the world. NYU is a part of the creativity, energy and vibrancy that is Manhattan, located with its core in Greenwich Village. Among its faculty and alumni are 37 Nobel Laureates, over 30 Pulitzer Prize winners, over 30 Academy Award winners, alumni include heads of state, royalty, eminent mathematicians, inventors, media figures, Olympic medalists, CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, and astronauts. NYU alumni are among the wealthiest in the world, according to The Princeton Review, NYU is consistently considered by students and parents as a Top Dream College. Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, declared his intention to establish in this immense, a system of rational and practical education fitting and graciously opened to all. A three-day-long literary and scientific convention held in City Hall in 1830 and these New Yorkers believed the city needed a university designed for young men who would be admitted based upon merit rather than birthright or social class. On April 18,1831, an institution was established, with the support of a group of prominent New York City residents from the merchants, bankers. Albert Gallatin was elected as the institutions first president, the university has been popularly known as New York University since its inception and was officially renamed New York University in 1896. In 1832, NYU held its first classes in rented rooms of four-story Clinton Hall, in 1835, the School of Law, NYUs first professional school, was established. American Chemical Society was founded in 1876 at NYU and it became one of the nations largest universities, with an enrollment of 9,300 in 1917. NYU had its Washington Square campus since its founding, the university purchased a campus at University Heights in the Bronx because of overcrowding on the old campus. NYU also had a desire to follow New York Citys development further uptown, NYUs move to the Bronx occurred in 1894, spearheaded by the efforts of Chancellor Henry Mitchell MacCracken. The University Heights campus was far more spacious than its predecessor was, as a result, most of the universitys operations along with the undergraduate College of Arts and Science and School of Engineering were housed there. NYUs administrative operations were moved to the new campus, but the schools of the university remained at Washington Square. In 1914, Washington Square College was founded as the undergraduate college of NYU. In 1935, NYU opened the Nassau College-Hofstra Memorial of New York University at Hempstead and this extension would later become a fully independent Hofstra University. In 1950, NYU was elected to the Association of American Universities, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, financial crisis gripped the New York City government and the troubles spread to the citys institutions, including NYU
25.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
26.
New York University School of Law
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The New York University School of Law is the law school of New York University. Established in 1835, it is the oldest law school in New York City, the school offers J. D. LL. M. and J. S. D. degrees in law, and is located in Greenwich Village, in downtown Manhattan. NYU Law is regarded as one of the most prestigious and selective law schools in the world and is ranked in the top 5 by the QS World University Rankings. U. S. News & World Report currently ranks NYU Law 6th in the nation and has ranked the law school as high as 4th in recent years. Especially renowned for its strength in public interest law, NYU is also ranked 1st in the country by U. S. News & World Report in both law and tax law. The latest edition of Chicago Professor Brian Leiters ranking of the top law schools by student quality places NYU Law 4th out of the 144 accredited schools in the United States. According to New York University School of Laws 2013 ABA-required disclosures,93. 7% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, NYU Law publishes ten student-edited law journals, including the New York University Law Review. NYU Law offers several fellowships to students admitted to the LLM Program, the Hauser Global Scholarship admits eight to ten top LLM students from all over the world. The scholarship includes full tuition waiver and reasonable accommodation costs, in addition, it offers the Hugo Grotius as well as Vanderbilt scholarships for International law studies and other branches of law respectively. The Law school has a law and business program in eight of the nations student-leaders in law. In addition, the NYU Center for Law, Economics and Organization administers the Lawrence Lederman Fellowship to facilitate the study of Law & Economics, NYU Law also hosts the original chapter of the Unemployment Action Center. Blank is currently the faculty director of the program, students are permitted to enroll in a general course of study or specialize in specific areas such as business taxation or estate planning. Many of the professors are practitioners in their respective fields. LL. M is an abbreviation for Master of Laws, an academic degree. In general, there are two types of LL. M, the majority are programs designed to expose foreign legal graduates to the American Common Law. The other programs involve post doctoral study of an area of the law such as Admiralty, Tax Law, Banking and Financial Law, Elder Law. NYU has implemented a jointly granted NYU/Osgoode LLB/LLM program in which graduates are granted the LLB as well as an LLM from NYU in only 3 and a half years instead of the normally required four. More recently, the NYU School of Law has entered into similar dual degree agreements with the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law and the University of Melbourne Law School
27.
Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
28.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
29.
University of Tennessee
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The University of Tennessee is a public sun- and land-grant university in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It hosts almost 28,000 students from all 50 states, in its 2017 universities ranking, U. S. News & World Report ranked UT 103rd among all national universities and 46th among public institutions of higher learning. Seven alumni have been selected as Rhodes Scholars, James M. Buchanan,41, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in Economics. Also affiliated with the university are the Howard H. Baker, the university is a direct partner of the University of Tennessee Medical Center, which is one of two Level I trauma centers in East Tennessee. UT is one of the oldest public universities in the United States, when Samuel Carrick, its first president and only faculty member, died in 1809, the school was temporarily closed until 1820. When it reopened, it began experiencing growing pains, thomas Jefferson had previously recommended that the college leave its confining single building in the city and relocate to a place it could spread out. Ironically, in the Summer of 1826, the trustees explored Barbara Hill as a potential site, in 1840, the college was elevated to East Tennessee University. Tennessee was a member of the Confederacy in 1862 when the Morrill Act was passed, on February 28,1867, Congress passed a special Act making the State of Tennessee eligible to participate in the Morrill Act of 1862 program. In January 1869, ETU was designated as Tennessees recipient of the Land-Grant designation, in accepting the funds, the university would focus upon instructing students in military, agricultural, and mechanical subjects. ETU eventually received $396,000 as its endowment under the program, Trustees soon approved the establishment of a medical program under the auspices of the Nashville School of Medicine and added advanced degree programs. East Tennessee University was renamed the University of Tennessee in 1879 by the state legislature, during World War II, UT was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission. The campus is headed by a Chancellor who functions as the executive officer of the campus, responsible for its daily administration. The chancellor reports to the president of the university system and is elected annually by the UT Board of Trustees at the recommendation of the system president, jimmy Cheek has been Chancellor of the Knoxville campus since February 1,2009. Joseph A. DiPietro has been president since January 1,2011. Provost and Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs Susan D. Martin is responsible for the administration of the Knoxville campus. On December 15,2016 the UT Board of Trustees confirmed Dr. Beverly J. Davenport as the next Chancellor of the Knoxville campus and she will begin her role on February 15,2017. Campus policing and security is provided by the University of Tennessee Police Department.4 percent from 2000 to 2009, many doctors and nurses at UTMC have integrated careers as teachers and healthcare professionals, and the center promotes itself as the areas only academic, or teaching hospital. The new UT Medical Center Heart Hospital received its first patient on April 27,2010, in Fall 2016, the university enrolled 21,863 undergraduate and 5,982 graduate and professional students, 50% of students are female, 50% are male
30.
Republican Party presidential primaries, 1996
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Following the 1994 midterm elections, many prominent candidates entered what would be a crowded field. This was expected as Democratic President Bill Clinton was very unpopular in his first two years in office, eventually leading to the Republican Revolution, however, as Clinton became increasingly popular in his third year in office, several withdrew from the race or decided not to run. Former U. S. Army Gen. Colin L. Powell was widely courted as a potential Republican nominee, however, on November 8,1995, Powell announced that he would not seek the nomination. Then-Texas Governor George W. Bush was also urged by some party leaders to seek the Republican Party nomination, going into the 1996 primary contest, Senate Majority Leader and former vice-presidential nominee Bob Dole was widely seen as the front runner. S. Senator Phil Gramm of Texas and more centrist U. S, on January 29, Buchanan won a non-binding straw poll in Alaska. Most pundits dismissed Buchanans showing as insignificant, on February 6, Buchanan won the Louisiana caucus. Buchanan and Gramm had made trips to the state to campaign. Gramm was expected to win, due to being from neighboring Texas, Dole won the Iowa Caucus with 26% of the vote, a considerably smaller margin of victory than was expected. Gramms poor showing in Louisiana plus placing 5th in Iowas caucuses resulted in his withdrawal from the contest on the Sunday before the New Hampshire primary, in the New Hampshire Primary, Buchanan recorded a surprising victory over Dole, who finished in second place. Buchanans early victories and Forbes victories in Delaware and Arizona put Doles expected front runner status in doubt during the months of the primary season. Dole won every primary after including North and South Dakota, this gave him enough delegate commitments to claim status as the GOP presidential presumptive nominee. Having collected only 21 percent of the votes in Republican primaries and won 4 states. He declared however that, if Dole were to choose a running mate. Forbes also withdrew in March having won two states. Dole resigned his Senate seat on June 11 in order to focus intently on his presidential campaign. U. S. Rep. Bob Franks of New Jersey, lamar Alexander Former Governor Thomas Kean of New Jersey Former Secretary of Education Bill Bennett W. Dole was the oldest first-time presidential nominee at the age of 73 years,1 month. Former Congressman and Cabinet secretary Jack Kemp was nominated by acclamation as Doles running mate the following day, Republican Party of Texas convention delegates informally nominated Alan Keyes as their preference for Vice President. Other politicians mentioned as possible GOP V. P. nominees before Kemp was selected included, Democratic Party presidential primaries,1996
31.
Super Tuesday
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More delegates to the presidential nominating conventions can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar. Thus, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their partys nomination. In fact, convincing wins in Super Tuesday primaries have usually propelled candidates to their partys nomination, Super Tuesday is in either February or March of the presidential election year. During the 2016 election year, Super Tuesday was held on March 1, the particular states holding primaries on Super Tuesday have varied from year to year since each state decides separately. Some years have had more than one Super Tuesday, the phrase Super Tuesday has been used to refer to presidential primary elections since at least 1976. It is a term used by journalists and political pundits. In 2016, this date was dubbed the SEC Primary since many of the participating states are represented in the Southeastern Conference. Tuesday is the day for elections in the United States. State law determines how each parties delegates are chosen in that state including by either an election or a caucus. State governments are free to choose whichever date they want for their states primary or caucus, with the broadened use of the modern presidential primary system, states have tried to increase their influence in the nomination process. One tactic has been to create geographic blocs to encourage candidates to spend time in a region, the 1984 primary season had three Super Tuesdays. Decided on Super Tuesday III were delegates from five states, South Dakota, New Mexico, West Virginia, California, however, Gary Hart maintained that unpledged superdelegates that had previously announced support for Mondale would shift to his side if he swept the Super Tuesday III primary. Once again, Hart committed a faux pas, insulting New Jersey shortly before the primary day. Compounding the problem, when his wife interjected that she got to hold a koala bear, Hart replied that I wont tell you what I got to hold, while Hart won California, he lost New Jersey after leading in polls by as much as 15 points. Mondale secured the majority of delegates from the primaries, leading the way for him to take the Democratic nomination, in the 1984 Republican Party primaries, incumbent President Ronald Reagan was the only candidate to secure delegates. In the 1988 Democratic Party primaries, Southern Democrats came up with the idea of a primary in an effort to nominate a moderate candidate who would more closely represent their interests. However, Dick Gephardt, Jesse Jackson, Al Gore, and Michael Dukakis split the Super Tuesday primaries, meanwhile, George H. W. Bush secured most of the delegates in the 1988 Republican Party primaries. From 1996 to 2004, most of these Southern primaries were held the week after Super Tuesday, in 1992, Super Tuesday was on March 10
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Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000
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The primary contest began with a fairly wide field, as the Republicans lacked an incumbent President or Vice President. Texas Governor George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, the most recent Republican president, took a lead with the support of much of the party establishment. Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing establishment Republican support for Bush, in April 1998, he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice. The group, which was looking for a candidate for 2000 with good instincts, someone they could work with, was impressed. After stumbling in early debates, Bush easily won the Iowa caucuses. The main primary season, then, came down to a race between Bush and McCain, McCains campaign, centered on campaign finance reform, drew the most press coverage and the greatest popular excitement. McCains reputation as a Maverick drew support from Independents and even some Democrats, bushs campaign focused on compassionate conservatism, including a greater role for the federal government in funding education and large reductions in the income and capital gains tax rates. In the South Carolina primary, McCains momentum was halted by a strongly negative Bush campaign, in the 1970s, Bob Jones lost its tax-exempt status for failing to admit black students. Shortly after the speech, Bush attempted to downplay his speaking at Bob Jones University, bushs victories in states like California and New York as well as conservative Southern states gained him the nomination long before the Republican Convention. Rove has continually denied any such involvement, the existence of such a poll is disputed since no recording of the poll has ever been documented. Bauer and Hatch campaigned on a traditional Republican platform of opposition to legalized abortion, keyes had a far more conservative platform, calling for the elimination of all federal taxes except tariffs. Keyes also called for a return to a ban on homosexuals in the military, while most GOP candidates supported the dont ask, keyes continued to participate in the campaign for nearly all the primaries and continued to appear in the debates with frontrunners McCain and Bush. As in 1996, Forbes campaigned on making the income tax non-graduated. Although Forbes came a second to Bush in the Iowa caucuses and tied with him in the Alaska caucuses
33.
Iowa Straw Poll
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The Iowa Straw Poll was a presidential straw poll and fundraising event for the Republican Party of Iowa. It was held six times, traditionally in late summer approximately six months in advance of contested presidential Iowa caucuses, from 1979 until 2011, on the campus of Iowa State University in Ames. The event attracted both praise and criticism, with supporters noting that it raised funds for the Republican Party of Iowa, critics asserted that it catered to extremist candidates and put a financial squeeze on campaigns. On June 12,2015, the Republican Party of Iowa announced that the poll will no longer be held. The poll took place among attendees of a fundraising dinner benefiting the Iowa Republican Party, before the vote, each candidate was given an opportunity to make a short speech to the attendees. The poll has been described as a cross between a political convention and a county fair, where Iowa voters had a chance to mingle, eat barbecue and have a little fun. The party divided the venue into sections and auctioned each to the candidates, the larger areas and those closest to the entrance tended to fetch the highest price. In 2011 bidding started at $15,000 and ranged to as high as $31,000, non-Republicans were allowed to vote in the Iowa Straw Poll. Voters had their hands stamped or their thumbs dipped in ink when entering the area so that they could not vote twice. Ballots were put into electronic voting machines, as a straw poll, the Iowa Straw Polls results were non-binding and had no official effect on the presidential primaries. However, the poll was frequently seen as a first test of organizational strength in Iowa by the news media. Nevertheless, in the six times the poll was held, the winner of the Iowa Straw Poll went on to win the Iowa caucuses only three times for that election cycle. The winner of the straw poll won the Republican presidential nomination twice for that election cycle. Two additional winners of the poll would win the Republican nomination. On a more level, the Iowa Straw Poll gave a major boost to the local economy. Thousands of people, including journalists, campaign staffers, and voters, the Iowa Straw Poll was one of the Iowa Republican Partys most lucrative fundraising events. In its early years, the Iowa Straw Poll was criticized for having many voters who were not residents of Iowa, candidates would bus in supporters from other states. However, beginning with the 1999 Iowa Straw Poll, all voters were required to show proof of residence in Iowa
34.
Ed Bryant
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Edward Glenn Bryant, usually known as Ed Bryant, American politician, is a former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee. From 1991–1993, he served as the United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee, on December 12,2008, Bryant was sworn in as a U. S. Magistrate Judge for the Western District of Tennessee, Bryant was born and raised in Jackson, Tennessee. His mother was a nurse, while his father was an electrician. Bryant attended Tennessee Technological University for a year before transferring to the University of Mississippi, as a student, he was active in the Sigma Nu fraternity. Bryant was also selected to the leadership organization of Omicron Delta Kappa. He received a commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant in the United States Army through the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps, initially serving in the Military Intelligence Corps, Bryant was later selected to serve in the Judge Advocate Generals Corps. During his time in the U. S. Bryant served another year in the Tennessee Army National Guard, upon returning to Jackson, Tennessee, he joined the law firm of Waldrop & Hall and was later elected President of the Madison County Bar Association. Bryant first became active in a high-profile way in 1988 when he served as an early organizer for the abortive presidential bid of conservative televangelist Pat Robertson. Earlier that year, Eighth District Congressman Ed Jones decided not to run for reelection, Bryant won the Republican nomination for the district, a largely Democratic area mostly in the northwestern part of the state. He lost in the election to Union City attorney and state representative John S. Tanner. Bryant resumed the practice of law, having appointed as United States Attorney for the Western District of Tennessee by President George H. W. Bush in 1991. He later moved to Henderson, near Jackson, located in the neighboring Seventh Congressional District, when Seventh District Congressman Don Sundquist did not run for re-election in 1994, Bryant won the Republican primary for the district. The 7th is as heavily Republican as the neighboring 8th is heavily Democratic—in fact, under the circumstances, Bryants victory in November was a foregone conclusion. In his three subsequent re-elections, Bryant never failed to receive under 60% of the vote, Bryant defeated him by over 30 points, and was unopposed in 1998. He was best known as one of the House managers in the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, Bryant was regarded by many as one of the less strident and pompous and more personable managers. This is supposedly why Monica Lewinsky chose Bryant to be the manager to interview her about the case, the circumstances resulted in his piecing together a hurried, underfinanced campaign. Bryant was opposed by governor of Tennessee, U. S. Secretary of Education
35.
Bob Clement
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Robert Nelson Bob Clement is a Tennessee politician and a member of the Democratic Party. Clement is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One, Clement is the son of former Governor Frank G. Clement. During his fathers run for governor in 1962, Bob joined his father on the campaign trail. Clement graduated from Hillsboro High School in Nashville and he went on to attend the University of Tennessee, graduating in 1967. He served in the National Guard from 1969 to 1971 and also served in the reserves until 2001, Clement considered buying a telephone company while still at UT, but his father refused to lend him the money. However, he did quite a bit about the Tennessee Public Service Commission. He wanted to get a job on the staff. When Fowler, who held the East Tennessee seat on the commission, ran for a fourth term in 1972. He overwhelmed Republican nominee Tom Garland in the election in what was otherwise largely a very good year for Republicans in Tennessee running for major offices. At 32, he was the youngest person elected to statewide office in Tennessee history. In 1978, Clement announced he would run for the Democratic nomination for governor, in 1979, President Jimmy Carter tapped him for an unexpired term on the Board of Directors of the Tennessee Valley Authority. In 1982, Clement announced his candidacy for the 7th Congressional District, the seat was being vacated by five-term incumbent Republican Robin Beard, who was leaving it to run against Senator Jim Sasser, and had been renumbered from the 6th in redistricting. Clement won the Democratic nomination, but lost the election to Don Sundquist. It was the first time that a Democrat had come within single digits in the 7th District, Clement said years later that hed made a mistake by trying to run the same kind of campaign that his father had in his glory days. Temporarily out of politics, Clement remained active in Democratic circles and he also had a large network of contacts through his ongoing service in the National Guard. In 1983, Clement became president of Cumberland University, a private junior college in Lebanon,30 miles east of Nashville. The nadir probably occurred when it was forced, for reasons, to sell its once-renowned law school to what is now Samford University in Birmingham. During Clements tenure, the school regained four-year college, and shortly later and he also tripled the schools private donations
36.
No Child Left Behind Act
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The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was a U. S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and it supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills, to receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels. The act did not assert a national achievement standard – each state developed its own standards, the bill passed in the Congress with bipartisan support. By 2015, criticism from right, left, and center had accumulated so much that a bipartisan Congress stripped away the national features of No Child Left Behind and its replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act, turned the remnants over to the states. The legislation was proposed by President George W. Bush on January 23,2001 and it was coauthored by Representatives John Boehner, George Miller, and Senators Edward Kennedy and Judd Gregg. The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on May 23,2001, President Bush signed it into law on January 8,2002. No Child Left Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students, schools that receive Title I funding through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate Yearly Progress in test scores. If the schools results are poor, then steps are taken to improve the school. Schools that miss AYP for a consecutive year are publicly labeled as In Need of Improvement. Students have the option to transfer to a school within the school district. Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free tutoring, a fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school, the plan is implemented if the school unsuccessfully hits its AYP targets for the sixth consecutive year. Common options include closing the school, turning the school into a school, hiring a private company to run the school. The objectives must be set with the goal of having all students at the proficient level or above within 12 years, AYP must be primarily based on state assessments, but must also include one additional academic indicator. The AYP objectives must be assessed at the school level, schools that failed to meet their AYP objective for two consecutive years are identified for improvement. School AYP results must be reported separately for each group of students identified above so that it can be determined whether each student group met the AYP objective, at least 95% of each group must participate in state assessments. States may aggregate up to three years of data in making AYP determinations, the act requires states to provide highly qualified teachers to all students. Each state sets its own standards for what counts as highly qualified, similarly, the act requires states to set one high, challenging standard for its students
37.
Scotch-Irish Americans
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While an estimated 36 million Americans reported Irish ancestry in 2006, and 6 million reported Scottish ancestry, an additional 5.4 million identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The term Scotch-Irish is used primarily in the United States, with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots people and these included 200,000 Scottish Presbyterians who settled in Ireland between 1608-1697. Many English-born settlers of this period were also Presbyterians, although the denomination is today most strongly identified with Scotland, when King Charles I attempted to force these Presbyterians into the Church of England in the 1630s, many chose to re-emigrate to North America where religious liberty was greater. Later attempts to force the Church of Englands control over dissident Protestants in Ireland were to lead to further waves of emigration to the trans-Atlantic colonies, the term Scotch-Irish is first known to have been used to refer to a people living in Northeastern Ireland. In a letter of April 14,1573, in reference to Ulster, Elizabeth I of England wrote, We are given to understand that a nobleman named Sorley Boy and others, who be of the Scotch-Irish race. This term continued in usage for over a century before the earliest known American reference appeared in a Maryland affidavit in 1689/90, today, Scotch-Irish is an Americanism, rarely used in England, Ireland or Scotland. Smaller numbers of migrants came from Wales and the southeast of England, and others were Protestant religious refugees from Flanders, the German Palatinate. What united these different national groups was a base of Calvinist religious beliefs and that said, the large ethnic Scottish element in the Plantation of Ulster gave the settlements a Scottish character. Upon arrival in North America, these migrants at first usually identified simply as Irish, at first, the two groups had little interaction in America, as the Scots-Irish had become settled decades earlier, primarily in the backcountry of the Appalachian region. Many of the new Irish migrants also went to the interior in the 19th century, attracted to jobs on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, the usage Scots-Irish developed in the late 19th century as a relatively recent version of the term. The word Scotch was the favored adjective for things of Scotland, including people, until the early 19th century and it was never properly used as a noun. People in Scotland refer to themselves as Scots, as a noun, although referenced by Merriam-Webster dictionaries as having first appeared in 1744, the American term Scotch-Irish is undoubtedly older. An affidavit of William Patent, dated March 15,1689, in a case against a Mr. Matthew Scarbrough in Somerset County, Maryland and it was no more sin to kill me then to kill a dogg, or any Scotch Irish dogg. Leyburn cites the following as early American uses of the term before 1744, another Church of England clergyman from Lewes, Delaware, commented in 1723 that great numbers of Irish have transplanted themselves and their families from the north of Ireland. The Oxford English Dictionary says the first use of the term Scotch-Irish came in Pennsylvania in 1744,1744 W. MARSHE Jrnl,21 June in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 177, The inhabitants are chiefly High-Dutch, Scotch-Irish, some few English families and its citations include examples after that into the late 19th century. In Albions Seed, Four British Folkways in America, historian David Hackett Fischer asserts and it is true that many sailed from the province of Ulster. Part of much larger flow which drew from the lowlands of Scotland, the north of England, Many scholars call these people Scotch-Irish
38.
Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)
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Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Boy Scouting program of the Boy Scouts of America. The designation Eagle Scout was founded one hundred years ago. Only four percent of Boy Scouts are granted this rank after a review process. The requirements necessary to achieve this rank take years to fulfill, since its founding, the Eagle Scout rank has been earned by more than two million young men. Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges, the Eagle Scout must demonstrate Scout Spirit, an ideal attitude based upon the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership. This includes a service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout, additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. The Boy Scouts of Americas highest award was conceived as the Wolf Scout. The August 1911 version of the handbook changed this to Eagle Scout, the medal illustrated in the handbook was a profile of an eagle in flight, but was changed to the current design before any were issued. In their original conceptions, Life Scout, Star Scout and Eagle Scout were not ranks, Eagle Scout was awarded to any First Class Scout who had earned 21 merit badges. The first Eagle Scout medal was awarded in 1912 to Arthur Rose Eldred, Eldred was notified that he was to be awarded the rank of Eagle Scout in a letter from Chief Scout Executive James West, dated August 21,1912. The design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized by the National Council, so the medal was not awarded until Labor Day, Eldred was the first of three generations of Eagle Scouts, his son and grandson hold the rank as well. As of 2009, more than two million Scouts have earned the rank, in the 1960s, the Kansas City area awarded more Eagle Scout badges than any other council in the country, resulting in the creation of the Eagle Scout Memorial there in 1968. In 1982, 13-year-old Alexander Holsinger, of Normal, Illinois, was recognized as the one-millionth Eagle Scout, about 2.25 million Scouts had earned Eagle Scout through January 2014. In 2012,57,976 Eagle Scout awards were presented, four Nobel Prize laureates are known to be Eagle Scouts, Dudley R. Additionally he must plan, develop, and lead a service project—the Eagle Project—that demonstrates both leadership and a commitment to duty, after all requirements are met, he must complete an Eagle Scout board of review. He can complete the board of review after his 18th birthday as long as all other requirements are completed before his 18th birthday, Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements based on abilities, if approved by the council. Eagle Scout may be awarded posthumously, if and only if all requirements except the board of review are completed before death, a board of review may be held and the award presented to the Scouts family
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Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
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The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America. It is awarded to an Eagle Scout for distinguished service in his profession, other requirements include significant accomplishment in ones career and a solid record of continued community volunteer involvement. It is one of only two BSA awards given to adults that is dependent upon the recipients having been awarded Eagle Scout as a youth, recipients of the DESA are known as Distinguished Eagle Scouts. The award consists of a gold eagle suspended from a red, white, recipients may wear a small gold eagle device on the Eagle Scout square knot on the Scout uniform. The eagles use the design as on the Eagle Scout medal. The Distinguished Eagle Scout medal is worn in place of the regular Eagle Scout medal for Eagle Scout-related ceremonies, the recipient is also presented with an engraved bronze plaque featuring a Gold Eagle. The DESA was first introduced in 1969 and is awarded by the National Eagle Scout Association and this was the only time this gold badge was awarded. The DESA does not have an order of issue like the numbers assigned to each NOESA recipient. On January 16,1969 the first ten DESAs were approved, alphabetically, Alden G. Barber is the first DESA recipient. Based upon the date of the original Eagle Scout rank, Zenon C. R. Hansen, of the nine Eagle Scouts who received the Medal of Honor for valor in combat, five were eligible for the DESA. Of those five, three have been awarded the DESA, Mitchell Paige, Leo K. Thorsness, and Thomas R. Norris, the other two died in 2007 without a DESA nomination being processed. Of the 24 men who traveled to the moon, three were Eagle Scouts, Neil Armstrong, Jim Lovell, and Charles Duke, all three were awarded the DESA. Armstrong and Lovell are also among the 28 recipients of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, of the 13 men who have served as the Chief Scout Executive, eight were Eagle Scouts. Of those eight, seven have been awarded the DESA, at least two known father/son pairs have received the DESA, as well as one pair of brothers. Through 2015, only 11 recipients of the NOESA have gone on to receive the DESA, the first was Wayne K. Stenehjem who received his NOESA in 2011 and his DESA in 2013. Additionally, Larry A. Dale is the first to both awards in the same year,2015
40.
Phi Beta Kappa Society
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The Phi Beta Kappa Society - the oldest honor society for the liberal arts and sciences in the United States - is widely recognized and considered as the nations most prestigious honor society. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the arts and sciences and to induct the most outstanding students of arts. Phi Beta Kappa stands for Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Cybernētēs, according to Phi Beta Kappa, they have chapters in about 10% of American higher learning institutions, and about 10% of these schools Arts and Sciences graduates are invited to join the society. Although most students are elected their senior year, many colleges elect a limited number of extremely select students in their junior year. There is an initiation fee, which is sometimes covered by the inductees university. There had been earlier fraternal societies at the College, but these, Society, founded in 1750, were Latin-letter societies, their names were taken from initial letters of a secret Latin motto. William and Mary alumnus and third U. S. President Thomas Jefferson was perhaps the most famous member of the F. H. C, other notable members of the original Society included Col. James Innes, St. George Tucker, and George Wythe. Jefferson noted that When I was a student of Wm. & Mary college of this state, Society, confined to the number of six students only, of which I was a member, but it had no useful object, nor do I know whether it now exists. The best opinion is that the society did not survive the invasion by British forces during the Revolution, a second Latin-letter fraternity at William and Mary was the P. D. A. John Heath, chief organizer of Phi Beta Kappa, according to tradition earlier sought but was refused admission to the P. D. A, though he may instead have disdained to join it. The new society was intended to be purely of domestic manufacture, without any connexion whatever with anything European, either English or German. The founders of Phi Beta Kappa declared that the society was formed for congeniality and to good fellowship, with friendship as its basis and benevolence. Like the older, Latin-letter fraternities, the Phi Beta Kappa was a secret society, the new society was given the motto, Φιλοσοφία Βίου Κυβερνήτης or in Latin letters Philosophia Biou Kybernētēs, which means in English The Love for Knowledge be the Guide of Life. Greek was chosen, because Greek was in Roman times the language of science like Latin in medieval times, one official historian of the society, William T. The heading on the original list of states, A List of the members. This new complex of gestures was created to allow the recognition of members in any foreign country or place. A second chapter was founded at Yale College in late 1780, a third, at Harvard College in 1781, from these new chapters, the Phi Beta Kappa evolved from a fraternity with principally academic and some social purposes to an entirely honorary organization recognizing scholastic achievement. Further chapters appeared at Union College in 1817, Bowdoin College in 1825, the original chapter at William and Mary was re-established
41.
Sigma Chi
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Sigma Chi is a social fraternity in North America. The fraternity has 244 active chapters across the United States and Canada and has initiated more than 300,000 members, the fraternity was founded on June 28,1855 at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio by members who split from the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Sigma Chi is divided into five entities, the Sigma Chi Fraternity, the Sigma Chi Foundation. Like all fraternities, Sigma Chi has its own colors, insignia, according to the fraternitys constitution, the purpose of this fraternity shall be to cultivate and maintain the high ideals of friendship, justice, and learning upon which Sigma Chi was founded. Sigma Chi was founded in 1855 by Benjamin Piatt Runkle, Thomas Cowan Bell, William Lewis Lockwood, several members of Miami Universitys Delta Kappa Epsilon chapter were also members of the Erodelphian Literary Society. In the fall of 1854 the literary society was to elect its Poet and he was supported by five of his brothers, but four others supported another man who was not a member of the fraternity. Although Thomas Bell and Daniel Cooper were not members of Erodelphian they had aligned themselves with the four dissenting members, the chapter had twelve members total and were evenly divided on the issue. Both sides saw this as a matter of principle and over the few months their friendships became distanced. In February 1855 Runkle and his companions planned a dinner for their brothers in an attempt to seal the rift, whitelaw Reid, one of the other brothers who supported the Delta Kappa Epsilon member as poet, was the only one to arrive. Reid brought a Delta Kappa Epsilon alumnus named Minor Millikin from a nearby town, Reid had told Millikin his side of the dispute and they had arrived to punish the group for not supporting their Delta Kappa Epsilon brother. The leaders of the rebellion, Runkle and Scobey, were to be expelled from the fraternity, the other four would be allowed to stay in the fraternity. Runkle resigned, and after the parent chapter at Yale University was contacted, the six men decided to form their own fraternity along with William Lewis Lockwood, a student from New York who had not joined a fraternity. On June 28,1855, the organization was founded under the name Sigma Phi Fraternity, Lockwood used his business training to help organize the fraternity in its early years. The eventual theft of Sigma Phis constitution, rituals, seals and it is possible this action could have been forced upon the group as there was already a Sigma Phi Society. Much of Sigma Chis heraldry was inspired by the story of the Emperor Constantine from the Battle of Milvian Bridge against Maxentius. The White Cross and the motto In Hoc Signo Vinces are examples of the Constantine link, although many of the symbols of Sigma Chi relate to Christianity, Sigma Chi is not a Christian fraternity. Benjamin Piatt Runkle was born in West Liberty, Ohio, Runkle helped design the badge of Sigma Chi based on the story of Constantine and the vision of the Cross. Runkle was known for having a fierce pride and was suspended from Miami University when he fought a member of Beta Theta Pi for sneering at his badge, when the Civil War began Runkle joined the Union Army
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