1.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
2.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
3.
Art
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In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. The oldest documented forms of art are visual arts, which include creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature, until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis, expression, communication of emotion, during the Romantic period, art came to be seen as a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science. Though the definition of what art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency. The nature of art, and related such as creativity. One early sense of the definition of art is related to the older Latin meaning. English words derived from this meaning include artifact, artificial, artifice, medical arts, however, there are many other colloquial uses of the word, all with some relation to its etymology. Several dialogues in Plato tackle questions about art, Socrates says that poetry is inspired by the muses, and is not rational. He speaks approvingly of this, and other forms of divine madness in the Phaedrus, and yet in the Republic wants to outlaw Homers great poetic art, in Ion, Socrates gives no hint of the disapproval of Homer that he expresses in the Republic. For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, the forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is an imitation of men worse than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation—through narrative or character, through change or no change, Aristotle believed that imitation is natural to mankind and constitutes one of mankinds advantages over animals. The second, and more recent, sense of the art as an abbreviation for creative art or fine art emerged in the early 17th century. The creative arts are a collection of disciplines which produce artworks that are compelled by a drive and convey a message, mood. Art is something that stimulates an individuals thoughts, emotions, beliefs, works of art can be explicitly made for this purpose or interpreted on the basis of images or objects. Often, if the skill is being used in a common or practical way, likewise, if the skill is being used in a commercial or industrial way, it may be considered commercial art instead of fine art. On the other hand, crafts and design are considered applied art
4.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
5.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
6.
Lambik
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Lambik is a Flemish comic book character from the Belgian comic strip series Spike and Suzy by Willy Vandersteen. In the English translations he is known as Orville or Ambrose, Lambik is the breakout character of the franchise and one of the most popular and recognizable comic book characters in Belgium and the Netherlands. Lambik is a middle-aged, fairly fat man who is bald and he often wears a white shirt, a black bow tie and black pants. He is a dumb, clumsy, vain, arrogant, absent-minded, aggressive, stubborn and dominant character, but with a heart of gold and provides comic relief in the series. Lambiks popularity is so huge that he was also a character in one of Vandersteens other series, De Vrolijke Bengels. Willy Vandersteen drew Lambik in the winter of 1944-1945 on some white sheets of paper, the character was initially called Pukkel. Later he was named Lambik, based on Vandersteens favorite beer style Lambic and he made his debut in De Sprietatoom where he introduces himself as an amateur detective and part-time plumber. In later stories Lambik sometimes performs these professions again, but usually he is able to do other jobs as well, in early stories Lambik was extremely stupid, clumsy, absent-minded and untrustworthy. He often gets in the way of the characters, even betraying them sometimes. In later stories Lambik lost some of his stupidity, though not much and he has a tendency to overestimate himself and his big mouth brings the others often in serious troubles. Lambik is also easily fooled and is usually the last or only one not to realize this and he can be very cowardly and put the blame for his mistakes on others. Sometimes he gets aggressive and feels mistreated by society, which causes him to flee to other places, Lambik is also greedy and in several stories he tries to get rich, powerful, respected or a beautiful female partner. He is prone to seduction and often has to consult his conscience, over the course of the series he has betrayed his friends regularly, yet he always makes up for the damage he caused. Vandersteen saw Lambik as his character, almost an alter ego. Much like Wiske Lambik is very popular among readers because of his recognizable human errors, despite all that he is still a good person. He helps victims and people who are oppressed and always shows huge concern for his friends and this was done at request of Hergé, who wanted the series to be more in line to the style of the magazine. Lambik had a few historical ancestors, lambiorix was chieftain of the Eburones. In the 16th century a certain Evariste lived in Binche Two centuries later Johan Matheus Lambik was part of the Buckriders, Lambiks grand uncle, Hippoliet, was introduced in De Formidabele Fantast
7.
Suske & Wiske
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Spike and Suzy, Willy and Wanda or Luke and Lucy, Flemish, Suske en Wiske, French, Bob et Bobette) is a Belgian comics series created by the comics author Willy Vandersteen. It was first published in De Nieuwe Standaard in 1945 and soon became popular, although not in its earlier form, the strip adapted to the Ligne claire style, pioneered by Hergé. This change took place when the strip became serialised in Hergés Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin from 1948 to 1959, the books revolve around the adventures of the eponymous Spike and Suzy, two children, along with their friends and family. The stories combine elements of comedy, fantasy, and science fiction, such as talking animals, time travel, the strip still runs daily in the Belgian newspaper De Standaard, and new books continue to be published, as of 2016,270 albums have been published. The main characters are a group of friends, in the first regular comic, Suzy and her Aunt Sidonia meet the orphan Spike and unrelated Professor Barabas. In the next comic, they also meet Ambrose, later, in De dolle musketiers, Jerom, the strongest man in the western hemisphere, was introduced. Apart from Suzy and Aunt Sidonia, none of them are related, Spike, originally Suske, also known as Willy or Bob, is a young orphan who becomes friends with Suzy and Aunt Sidonia. This happens only in the album, Het Eiland Amoras from 1946. Spike has black hair with a small trademark spike and he started out as a hyperactive and headlong fighter, not unlike many a young male adolescent in the Seefhoek, the Antwerp neighborhood where Vandersteen grew up. Only in the first album, Spike would get out of control when he heard the battle cry Seefhoek vooruit. Replaced by Antigoon vooruit in later reprints, but as soon as his outfit evolved from mere duds towards a more tidy red polo shirt and black trousers, he became a well-behaved and obedient boy. He is smart, brave, idealistic and mostly rational, making him an emotional opposite to Suzy, where she gets in trouble with Sidonia or Ambrose, he acts as go-between to restore peace. Suzy, originally Wiske, also known as Wanda or Bobette, is the young heroine. She first appeared in the very first out-of-series prequel Rikki en Wiske in Chocowakije from 1945, where she has an older brother Rikki, but he disappears after that story to be replaced by Spike. Suzy lives together with him and her aunt Sidonia, and is dressed in a white skirt with a red stripe. In the first stories, she looks like a preschooler of about 6 years old, Vandersteen seems to have modelled her after his oldest daughter Leen, of similar age at the time. She is strong-headed, impulsive, curious and slightly foolish, aspects of her character that come naturally with a young teenager who enters puberty, and a great plot device since her repeated stubbornness and inobedience is the source of many an adventure. Since her emotions and human shortcomings often overpower her rationality, she is sensitive to paranormal and mystical happenings that are routinely dismissed by the others, Suzy is also a brave girl, especially when it comes to defending her doll Muffin, for whom she shows unconditional motherly love
8.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
9.
Willy Vandersteen
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Willy Vandersteen was a Belgian creator of comic books. In a career spanning 50 years, he created a studio and published more than 1,000 comic albums in over 25 series. Considered together with Marc Sleen the founding father of Flemish comics, he is popular in Belgium. Hergé called him The Brueghel of the strip, while the creation of his own studio. Vandersteen is best known for Suske en Wiske, which in 2008 sold 3.5 million books and his other major series are De Rode Ridder with over 200 albums and Bessy with almost 1,000 albums published in Germany. Willebrord Jan Frans Maria Vandersteen was born in Antwerp in 1913 and his family lived in the Seefhoek, a poor quarter of the city, where his father Francis Vandersteen worked as a decorator and stone sculptor. His studio lay next to a printer that produced De Kindervriend, Willy Vandersteen, only four years old, read the new magazine there every week, including Blutske, an early comic strip. His mother Anna Gerard was more interested in ballet and singing, one of her favourites, Wiske Ghijs, may well have been the inspiration for the name Wiske he gave to one of the main characters in his main series Spike and Suzy. Vandersteen was creatively active from his youth and he drew pictures with crayons on sidewalks, and invented stories for his friends about knights and legends. He even convinced his friends to buy him crayons so he could depict the local cycling championship. At school as well, he was interested in telling stories. His best memory of these schooldays is of a teacher who introduced him to the works of Pieter Brueghel, outside school, he spent most of his time with comic magazines and adventure books by Jules Verne or books about Nick Carter and Buffalo Bill. At 13, he enrolled at the Academie voor Schone Kunsten in Antwerp to study sculpture, and two years later he started working as sculptor and decorator, just like his father. The same year, the moved to Deurne, a suburb of Antwerp, where he came in contact with nature and with scouting. With the scouts, he became the reporter, writing down heavily illustrated reports on their outings and adventures. Through the scouts, he came into contact with Le Boy-Scout Belge. Vandersteen made a few sequels to these adventures for his friends as amusement and he continued to follow the work of Hergé later on. Meanwhile, Vandersteen combined his studies at the Academy with his work in his fathers workshop until 1935, in between some odd jobs, Vandersteen became an avid sporter, from gymnastics over cycling to wrestling
10.
Robert Crumb
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Robert Dennis Crumb is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and he was additionally contributing to the East Village Other and many other publications, including a variety of one-off and anthology comics. Natural, and the images from his Keep on Truckin strip, sexual themes abounded in all these projects, often shading into scatological and pornographic comics. Much of his appeared in a magazine he founded, Weirdo. As his career progressed, his work became more autobiographical. In 1991, Crumb was inducted into the book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. He is married to cartoonist Aline Kominsky-Crumb, with whom he has frequently collaborated and their daughter Sophie Crumb has also followed a cartooning career. Robert Crumb was born on August 30,1943, in Philadelphia to a Catholic household of English and Scottish ancestry and his father, Charles V. Crumb, authored the book Training People Effectively, and was a Combat Illustrator for 20 years in the United States Marine Corps. His mother Beatrice was a housewife who reportedly abused diet pills, Charles and Beatrices marriage was unhappy and the children were frequent witnesses to their parents arguments. The couple had four children, sons Charles Junior and Maxon. The family moved to Milford, Delaware, when Crumb was twelve, inspired by the works of Walt Kelly, Fleischer Brothers animation, and others, Crumb and his brothers drew their own comics. Crumbs cartooning developed as his older brother Charles pushed him and provided him with constant critical feedback on his work, in 1958 the brothers self-published three issues of Foo in imitation of Harvey Kurtzmans satirical Humbug and Mad. They sold them door-to-door with little success, souring the young Crumb on the comic-book business, at fifteen, Crumb became obsessed with collecting jazz and blues records from the 1920s to the 1940s. At age 16, he abandoned the Catholic faith, Crumbs father gave him $40 when he left home after high school. His first job, in 1962, was drawing novelty greeting cards for American Greetings in Cleveland, in Cleveland he met a group of young bohemians such as Buzzy Linhart, Liz Johnston, and Harvey Pekar. Dissatisfied with greeting card work, he tried to sell cartoons to comic book companies, in 1965, cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman printed some of Crumbs work in the humor magazine he edited, Help. Crumb moved to New York, intending to work with Kurtzman, Crumb briefly illustrated bubblegum cards for Topps before returning to Cleveland and American Greetings. Crumb married Dana Morgan in 1964, nearly destitute, the couple traveled in Europe, during which Crumb continued to produce work for Kurtzman and American Greetings, and Dana stole food
11.
Daniel Clowes
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Daniel Gillespie Clowes is an American cartoonist, graphic novelist, illustrator, and screenwriter. Most of Clowess work first appeared in Eightball, an anthology comic book series. Clowes’s illustrations have appeared in The New Yorker, Newsweek, Vogue, The Village Voice, with filmmaker Terry Zwigoff, Clowes adapted Ghost World into a 2001 film and another Eightball story into the 2006 film, Art School Confidential. Clowes was born in Chicago, Illinois, to an auto mechanic mother and his mother was Jewish and his father was from a reserved WASPish Pennsylvania family, Clowes’s upbringing was not religious. In 1979, he finished school at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. Later, he received piles of 1950s and 1960s classic titles like Archie and The Fantastic Four from his older brother, Clowes and writer Mort Todd co-created a recurring Cracked feature titled The Uggly Family. In 1985, Clowes drew the first comic to feature his character Lloyd Llewellyn and he sent the story to Fantagraphics Gary Groth, and his work soon appeared in the Hernandez brothers Love and Rockets #13. Fantagraphics published six magazine-sized, black and white issues of Lloyd Llewellyn in 1986 and 1987, and The All-New Lloyd Llewellyn, in 1989, Fantagraphics published the first issue of Clowes’s comic book Eightball. On issue #1s masthead, Clowes described the anthology as An Orgy of Spite, Vengeance, Hopelessness, Despair, Eightball lasted twenty three issues, ending in 2004. One of the most widely acclaimed American alternative comics, it won two dozen awards, and all of Clowess Eightball serials have been collected and released as graphic novels. From #1 to #18, an Eightball issue typically contained short pieces that ranged in genre from comical rant and Freudian analysis to fairy tale and cultural criticism. These issues also featured a chapter of a serial that Clowes later collected as a novel, Like a Velvet Glove Cast in Iron, Pussey. With #19, Clowes abandoned the anthology format, the oversized black and white issues #19–21 each contained a single act of Clowess three-act David Boring, which was released as a graphic novel in 2000. Clowes again changed format with #22, the first full-color Eightball, #22 included a single graphic novel-length story Ice Haven. The final issue, #23 was a full-color, single-story comic The Death-Ray released in 2004 and he designed the labels mascot, Punky, who appeared on T-shirts, paddle-balls, watches, and other merchandise. In 1994, Clowes created art for the Ramones video I Dont Want to Grow Up, after Eightball ended in 2004, Clowes began to release full-color graphic novels, beginning in 2005 with Ice Haven, a revised version of the comic that appeared in Eightball #22. In 2010 Drawn and Quarterly published Wilson, Clowes’s first graphic novel that had not been serialized in Eightball,2011 also saw the Drawn and Quarterly hardcover release of The Death-Ray, which first appeared in Eightball #23. During this period, Clowes drew the first of several New Yorker covers and contributed comics to Zadie Smith’s The Book of Other People, in 2006, after a health crisis, Clowes underwent open-heart surgery
12.
Tanino Liberatore
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Gaetano Liberatore, better known as Tanino Liberatore, is an Italian comics author and illustrator. His best known character is RanXerox. Born in Quadri, Liberatore went to school in Pescara where he met comics artist Andrea Pazienza. He later finished his studies at the University of Rome. From 1974 to 1978, he designed covers for RCA. In 1978 he met Stefano Tamburini and published his first work in Tamburinis comics magazine Cannibale, in 1978 Rank Xerox was born, a cyborg-punk, ultra strong creature created by Tamburini. Several stand alone hardcover albums ensued, translated in several languages, liberatores work has been republished in several international comics magazines. The cover of Frank Zappas The Man from Utopia album features an illustration by Tanino Liberatore, in 1984 he drew the album cover for the New York City based ska band, The Toasters, first 7-inch release, Beat Up. During this time he created a few one of a kind pieces of art work for Toasters frontman Robert Bucket Hingley. He has also done art direction for films, RanXerox, Ranx in New York RanXerox, Happy Birthday Lubna RanXerox, Amen
13.
Chris Ware
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Franklin Christenson Chris Ware, is an American cartoonist known for his Acme Novelty Library series and the graphic novels Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth and Building Stories. His works explore themes of isolation, emotional torment and depression. He tends to use a color palette and realistic, meticulous detail. His lettering and images are often elaborate and sometimes evoke the era or another early 20th-century American design style. Ware often refers to himself in the publicity for his work in self-effacing, after him, a lot of really started to scramble and go, Holy, I think I have to try harder. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Ware resides in the Chicago area of Illinois and his earliest published strips appeared in the late 1980s on the comics page of The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to numerous daily strips under different titles, Ware also had a satirical science fiction serial in the paper titled Floyd Farland. This was eventually published in 1988 as a prestige format comic book from Eclipse Comics, now embarrassed by the book, which he considers amateurish and naive, Ware is reportedly purchasing and destroying all remaining copies. While still a sophomore at UT, Ware came to the attention of Art Spiegelman, who invited Ware to contribute to Raw, Ware has acknowledged that being included in Raw gave him confidence and inspired him to explore printing techniques and self-publishing. His Fantagraphics series Acme Novelty Library defied comics publishing conventions with every issue, the series featured a combination of new material as well as reprints of work Ware had done for the Texan and the Chicago weekly paper Newcity. Wares work appeared originally in Newcity before he moved on to his current home, beginning with the 16th issue of Acme Novelty Library, Ware is self-publishing his work, while maintaining a relationship with Fantagraphics for distribution and storage. He was the editor of The Best American Comics 2007, the second installment devoted to comics in the Best American series, in 2007, Ware curated an exhibition for the Phoenix Art Museum focused on the non-comic work of five contemporary cartoonists. The exhibition, titled UnInked, Paintings, Sculpture and Graphic Works by Five Cartoonists, Ware also edited and designed the catalog for the exhibition. Wares art reflects early 20th-century American styles of cartooning and graphic design, shifting through formats from traditional comic panels to faux advertisements and cut-out toys. Ware has spoken about finding inspiration in the work of artist Joseph Cornell, although his precise, geometrical layouts may appear to some to be computer-generated, Ware works almost exclusively with manual drawing tools such as paper and ink, rulers and T-squares. He does, however, sometimes use photocopies and transparencies, Quimby the Mouse was an early character for Ware and something of a breakthrough. Rendered in the style of an early animation character like Felix the Cat, Quimbys relationship with a cat head named Sparky is by turns conflict-ridden and loving, and thus intended to reflect all human relationships. While Quimby exhibits mobility, Sparky remains immobile and helpless, subject to all the indignities Quimby visits upon him, Quimby also acts as a narrator for Wares reminiscences of his youth, in particular his relationship with his grandmother
14.
Underground comix
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Underground comix are small press or self-published comic books which are often socially relevant or satirical in nature. They differ from mainstream comics in depicting content forbidden to mainstream publications by the Comics Code Authority, including drug use, sexuality. They were most popular in the United States between 1968 and 1975, and in the United Kingdom between 1973 and 1974, Robert Crumb, Gilbert Shelton, and numerous other cartoonists created underground titles that were popular with readers within the counterculture scene. Punk had its own comic artists like Gary Panter, often referred to as Tijuana bibles, these books are often considered the predecessors of the underground comix scene. Early underground comix appeared sporadically in the early and mid-1960s, the first underground comix were personal works produced for friends of the artists, in addition to reprints of comic strip pages which first appeared in underground newspapers. The United States underground comics scene emerged in the 1960s, focusing on subjects dear to the counterculture, recreational use, politics, rock music. These titles were termed comix in order to them from mainstream publications. The X also emphasized the X-rated contents of the publications, the underground comix scene had its strongest success in the United States between 1968 and 1975, with titles initially distributed primarily though head shops. Underground comix often featured covers intended to appeal to the drug culture, Crumb stated that the appeal of underground comix was their lack of censorship, People forget that that was what it was all about. We didnt have anybody standing over us saying No, you cant draw this or You cant show that and we could do whatever we wanted. American comix were strongly influenced by EC Comics and especially magazines edited by Harvey Kurtzman, kurtzmans Help. magazine featured the works of artists who would later become well known in the underground comix scene, including Crumb and Shelton. Other artists published work in magazines before becoming known in the underground scene. Perhaps the earliest of the comic strips was Frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, begun in 1962. It has been credited as the first underground comic, sheltons own Wonder Wart-Hog appeared in the college humor magazine Bacchanal #1-2 in 1962. Jack Jacksons God Nose, published in Texas in 1964, has also given that title. One guide lists two other underground comix from that year, Vaughn Bodēs Das Kampf and Charles Plymells Robert Ronnie Branaman, joel Beck began contributing a full-page comic each week to the underground newspaper the Berkeley Barb and his full-length comic Lenny of Laredo was published in 1965. In 1968, Crumb, in San Francisco, self-published his first solo comic, the title was financially successful, and developed a market for underground comix. By the end of the 1960s, there was recognition of the movement by a major American museum when the Corcoran Gallery of Art staged an exhibition, The Phonus Balonus Show
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Graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. Although the word normally refers to long fictional works, the term graphic novel is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction. It is distinguished from the comic book, which is used for comics periodicals. Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term graphic novel in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa-Alpha, the Book Industry Study Group began using graphic novel as a category in book stores in 2001. In the publishing trade, the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces. The term is sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form. As the exact definition of the novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end, the first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. In 1894 Caran dAche broached the idea of a novel in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro. In the United States there is a tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault, the 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as the undisputed king of this revival. American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing Gods Man, in 1929, the 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated, a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel #1, Anarcho, Dictator of Death, by the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, savage in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format. Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long-form narratives published initially as serials. By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on the death of the novel
16.
Steenbergen
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Steenbergen is a municipality and a town in the province of North Brabant in the south of the Netherlands. The municipality had a population of 23,717 in 2014, the municipality is mainly agricultural including a strongly growing greenhouse sector, but Steenbergen and the nearby town of Dinteloord also contain some light industry. The connection with the city of Bergen op Zoom will also be improved as a result. Steenbergen Dinteloord Nieuw-Vossemeer Kruisland Welberg De Heen It also includes the hamlet of tHaantje, Steenbergen received city rights in 1272. Guy Gibson, Wing Commander and the first CO of the RAFs 617 Squadron which he led in the Dam Busters raid in 1943, an eye-witness account detailed how his aircraft circled Steenbergen and heard its engines splutter and stop. In 2011 it was revealed the Mosquito may also have shot down in a friendly fire incident. The graves are in the RC cemetery of Steenbergen, streets have been named for both Gibson and Warwick, and one of the aircrafts propellers is located in the city park as a memorial. Media related to Steenbergen at Wikimedia Commons Official website
17.
Peter Pontiac
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Peter Pontiac was a Dutch cartoonist, comics artist and illustrator. He was the winner of the 1997 Stripschapprijs, Pontiac died on 20 January 2015, after a lengthy battle with severe liver disease. He was known for leading a life in the fringe and was addicted to heroin for several years and he illustrated various album covers for bands like Parados, Thud. The Bouncers, The Schizofrenics, Dead Moon and bootleg singles by Lou Reed, at the time of his death, Pontiac was working on a new graphic novel about his disease and awaiting death. He got money for this project through crowd funding, for Oog & Blik he did the lettering of the Dutch editions of Art Spiegelmans Maus en Robert Crumbs Introducing Kafka
18.
Joost Swarte
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Joost Swarte is a Dutch cartoonist and graphic designer. He is best known for his ligne claire or clear style of drawing. Comic series and characters by Swarte include Katoen en Pinbal, Jopo de Pojo, Anton Makassar, Dr Ben Cine and Niet Zo, Maar Zo- Passi, in 1971 he started his own comic magazine Modern Papier and made regular contributions to the Dutch comic magazine Tante Leny Presenteert. International recognition started around 1980 when Swarte took part for the first time in the comic show Salon International de la Bande Dessinée in Angoulême. His work has translated into English, French, Spanish. Swarte, Hors Serie, a survey of his work, was published by Futuropolis in 1984, in 1985, he founded the publishing house Oog & Blik with Hansje Joustra. Joost published his own comics and silkscreens, as well as books by other cartoonists, in 1992, Swarte initiated the Stripdagen, a biennial international comic event held in Haarlem. In recent years, Swarte has created illustrations for the New Yorker magazine. In 2007 Swarte, a scout, designed the Dutch 2007 Europa stamp with the subject one hundred years of scouting. Apart from comics and graphic design, Swarte has also designed furniture, leaded and stained glass windows, murals, for his hometown Haarlem he designed a theatre building that was built in cooperation with Mecanoo Architects. Swarte received numerous prizes for his work. In 2004, Joost Swarte received a knighthood from Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
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Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
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Animator
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An animator is an artist who creates multiple images, known as frames, which give an illusion of movement called animation when displayed in rapid sequence. Animators can work in a variety of fields including film, television, Animation is closely related to filmmaking and like filmmaking is extremely labor-intensive, which means that most significant works require the collaboration of several animators. The methods of creating the images or frames for an animation piece depends on the artistic styles. Other artists who contribute to animated cartoons, but who are not animators, include layout artists, storyboard artists, in hand-drawn Japanese animation productions, such as in Hayao Miyazakis films, the key animator handles both layout and key animation. Some animators in Japan such as Mitsuo Iso take full responsibility for their scenes, one important distinction is between character animators and special effects animators. Usually, a young artist seeking to break into animation is hired for the first time in one of these categories, historically, the creation of animation was a long and arduous process. Each frame of a scene was hand-drawn, then transposed onto celluloid. These finished cels were placed together in sequence over painted backgrounds and filmed. Animation methods have become far more varied in recent years, todays cartoons could be created using any number of interesting methods, mostly using computers to make the animation process cheaper and faster. These more efficient animation procedures have made the job less tedious. Audiences generally find animation to be more interesting with sound. Voice actors and musicians, among other talent, may contribute vocal or music tracks, some early animated films asked the vocal and music talent to synchronize their recordings to already-extant animation. Nowadays, visual development artists will design a character as a 2D drawing or painting, texture artists paint the character with colorful or complex textures, and technical directors set up rigging so that the character can be easily moved and posed. For each scene, layout artists set up cameras and rough blocking. Despite those constraints, the animator is still capable of exercising significant artistic skill, more recently, Chris Buck has remarked that animators have become actors with mice. Some studios bring in acting coaches on feature films to help work through such issues. Each finished film clip is then checked for quality and rushed to a film editor, Animation Computer animation Computer graphics Key frame Sweat box Animation Toolworks Glossary, Who Does What In Animation How An Animated Cartoon Is Made
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Illustrator
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An illustrator is an artist who specializes in enhancing writing or elucidating concepts by providing a visual representation that corresponds to the content of the associated text or idea. The illustration may be intended to clarify complicated concepts or objects that are difficult to describe textually, illustration is the art of making images that work with something and add to it without needing direct attention and without distracting from the thing they illustrate. The other thing is the focus of the attention, and the role is to add personality. A cartoon illustration can add humor to stories or essays, use reference images to create scenes and characters. This can be as simple as looking at an image to inspire artwork, or creating character sketches. Some traditional illustration techniques include watercolor, pen and ink, airbrush art, oil painting, pastels, wood engraving, and linoleum cuts. Traditional illustration seems to have come full circle, from falling out of favor to photography in the early 1990s to being superseded by CGI, universities and art schools offer specific courses in illustration so this has become a new avenue into the profession. Many illustrators are freelance, commissioned by publishers or advertising agencies, most scientific illustrations and technical illustrations are also known as information graphics. Among the information graphics specialists are medical illustrators who illustrate human anatomy, often requiring years of artistic. A particularly popular medium with illustrators of the 1950s and 1960s was casein, the immediacy and durability of these media suited illustrations demands well. The artwork in both types of paint withstood the rigors of travel to clients and printers without damage, digital illustration is the technique of using a computer to produce original artwork. Digital illustrators use a combination of software and image editing software to create computer art. Digital illustration is not merely the manipulation of images with software, computer illustration or digital illustration is the use of digital tools to produce images under the direct manipulation of the artist, usually through a pointing device such as a tablet or a mouse. Computers dramatically changed the industry and today many cartoonists and illustrators create digital illustrations using computers, graphics tablets, software such as Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop are now widely used by those professionals
22.
Spirou (magazine)
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Spirou magazine is a weekly Franco-Belgian comics magazine published by the Dupuis company. In 1936, the experienced publisher Jean Dupuis put his sons Paul, first appearing in April 1938, it was a large format magazine, available only in French and only in Wallonia. On 27 October 1938 the Dutch edition named Robbedoes appeared as well, Spirou and Robbedoes soon became very popular and the magazine doubled its pages from 8 to 16. After the invasion of the Germans, the magazine gradually had to stop publishing American comics and they were at first continued by local artists and later replaced with new series. Together with Dineur and Sirius, they filled the magazine with a number of new series, Spirou resumed publication only weeks after Belgium was liberated, but now on a much smaller format. Jijé was the author, providing pages from multiple series each week. Some American comics reappeared as well, in 1946 and 1947, the team was joined by some of the main contributors to Spirou for the next decades, including Victor Hubinon, Jean-Michel Charlier and Eddy Paape. After a few years, these artists started their now classic series like Buck Danny by Hubinon and Charlier and Lucky Luke by Morris, while Franquin took over Spirou from Jijé. Gradually, the American comics and reprints were replaced by new, European productions, the golden ages culminated in the 1950s with the introduction of more authors and series like Peyo, René Follet, Marcel Remacle, Jean Roba, Maurice Tillieux and Mitacq. In 1954, Jijé created the western comic Jerry Spring. By 1960, the magazine had achieved a structure and had grown to 52 pages, mainly filled with new, European comics, coupled with some text pages. Most of the comics were long-running series which were published as albums of 44 or 64 pages, generating a constant source of revenue for the artists. In the next decades, the sales of albums would become the focus, reducing the importance of the magazine which became more of a breeding ground for new talent. The magazine demonstrated the pleasure that had gone in creating it, some of the main authors temporarily started working for other magazines, with Morris the only major name who definitely left the magazine. Their replacements, like Berck, had trouble filling the void, around 1959–1960, the first mini-récits appeared. This was an experiment in which the pages of the magazines could be removed. Only in the early 1970s a number of new success series, the main contributor for the next decades was Raoul Cauvin, a lithographer who worked as a cameraman for the Dupuis animation studios and wrote stories for series like Musti. He became the story writer for Dupuis, with major series like Sammy with Berck, Les Tuniques Bleues with Lambil
23.
Tintin (magazine)
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Tintin magazine was a weekly Franco-Belgian comics magazine of the second half of the 20th century. Originally published by Le Lombard, the first issue was released in 1946, Tintin magazine was part of an elaborate publishing scheme. There were several ongoing stories at any time, giving wide exposure to lesser-known artists. Tintin was also available bound as a hardcover or softcover collection, not every comic appearing in Tintin was later put into book form, which was another incentive to subscribe to the magazine. If the quality of Tintin printing was high compared to American comic books through the 1970s, Raymond Leblanc and his partners had started a small publishing house after World War II, and decided to create an illustrated youth magazine. They decided that Tintin would be the hero, as he was already very well known. Business partner André Sinave went to see Tintin author Hergé, Hergé, who had worked for Le Soir during the war, was being prosecuted for having allegedly collaborated with the Germans, and thus was without a publisher. After consulting with his friend Edgar Pierre Jacobs, Hergé agreed, the first issue, published on 26 September 1946, was in French. It featured Hergé, Jacobs, Paul Cuvelier and Jacques Laudy as artists, a Dutch edition, entitled Kuifje, was published simultaneously. 40,000 copies were released in French, and 20,000 in Dutch, for Kuifje, a separate editor-in-chief was appointed, Karel Van Milleghem. He invented the famous slogan The magazine for the youth from 7 to 77, for decades, Hergé had artistic control over the magazine, even though he was sometimes absent for long periods and new work of his became rarer. His influence is evident in Vandersteens Suske en Wiske for which Hergé imposed a stronger attention to the stories, editing. These stamps could be exchanged for various gifts not available in commercial establishments, other brands, mostly from food companies, affiliated themselves with the Tintin voucher system, they could be found on flour, semolina boxes, etc. A Tintin soda existed, and even Tintin shoes, the French Railways Company went as far as to propose 100 km of railway transportation for 800 stamps. Among the gifts, there were super chromos extracted from the magazine issues, at the time the vouchers were initiated, the magazine was selling 80,000 copies in Belgium and only 70,000 in France. Due to the success of the vouchers, the circulation in France quickly rose to 300,000 a week, the vouchers disappeared by the end of the 1960s. In the 1960s the magazine kept on attracting new artists, the editorial line was clearly bent towards humor, with Greg, Jo-El Azara, Dany and Dupa. Other authors joined the magazine, like William Vance and Hermann, in the 1970s the comics scene in France and Belgium went through important changes
24.
Pilote
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Pilote was a French comic magazine published from 1959 to 1989. Showcasing most of the major French or Belgian comics talents of its day the magazine introduced major series such as Astérix, Barbe-Rouge, Blueberry, Achille Talon, Pilote also published several international talents such as Hugo Pratt, Frank Bellamy and Robert Crumb. Following the publication of an issue number 0 on June 1. The magazine was started by experienced comics writers Goscinny and Charlier, Pilote was marketed by Radio-Luxembourg, and featured editorials written by popular radio personalities of the day. The 300,000 copies of the first issue sold out in one day, unlike Belgian competitive magazines, such as Tintin and Spirou, the magazine was, already from the beginning, more directly aimed at an adolescent audience. Charlier and Goscinny handled most of the initial writing, financial problems arose in 1960, but were resolved when the magazine was bought out by Dargaud publishers. Dargaud expanded the magazine with new series, including Charlier and Giraud’s Blueberry. In 1967 the popular science-fiction series Valérian et Laureline debuted and in 1968 the popular Western comedy Lucky Luke was transferred to Pilote from Spirou magazine, other notable appearances included series from the British comics magazine Eagle such as Fraser lAfricain and Winston Churchill by Frank Bellamy. Partly as a result, Dargaud reduced Pilote’s publication schedule from weekly to monthly in 1974, at this time, a new generation of artists also started publishing in Pilote, namely Caza, Lauzier, and FMurr. Their comics reflected the new, more adult direction, sales initially improved but a steady erosion took place through the 1980s as interest in the medium declined. Pilote was merged with the comics magazine Charlie Mensuel in 1986 and continued as Pilote et Charlie until 1988, however, declining sales prompted Dargaud to suspend publication after what became the final issue on October 1,1989. After 1989, there has no regular publications of the magazine
25.
Wimmen's Comix
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Wimmens Comix, later titled Wimmins Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Wimmens Comix #1 featured the comic strip featuring an out lesbian. Wimmens Comix was a pad for many cartoonists careers, and inspired other small-press and self-published titles like Dyke Shorts. Many of the creators from the It Aint Me Babe comic went on to contribute to Wimmens Comix, the first issue was edited by musician and artist Patricia Moodian. Later issues were edited by a different editor, or different editors who shared the job, in 1975, regular contributors Aline Kominsky-Crumb and Diane Noomin left to start their own title, Twisted Sisters. Many Wimmens Comix contributors, including Aline Kominsky-Crumb, Penny Van Horn, Carol Tyler, Last Gasp published issues #1-10, when the title moved to Renegade Press for issues #11–13. Rip Off Press published the three issues, #14–16. In 1992, for issue #17, the title of the comic was changed to Wimmins Comix following a discussion over the politics of words containing man or men. Every issue of Wimmens Comix is reprinted in The Complete Wimmens Comix, tits & Clits Comix Dueben, Alex. An Oral History of Wimmen’s Comix Part 1, The Comics Journal, an Oral History of Wimmen’s Comix Part 2, The Comics Journal. Wimmens Comix at Lambieks Comiclopedia Wimmens Comix at the Comic Book DB Diane Noomins Wimmen and Comix Presentation at the 2003 UF Comics Conference Wimmens Comix @ Last Gasp
26.
Fredric Wertham
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His best-known book was Seduction of the Innocent, which suggested that comic books were dangerous to children. Werthams criticisms of comic books helped spark a U. S, congressional inquiry into the comic book industry and the creation of the Comics Code. He called television a school for violence, and said If I should meet an unruly youngster in an alley, I prefer it to be one who has not seen Bonnie. Wertham was born on March 20,1895 in Munich, under the name Friedrich Ignatz Wertheimer and he did not change his name legally to Fredric Wertham until 1927. He studied at Kings College London, at the Universities of Munich and Erlangen and he was very much influenced by Dr. Emil Kraepelin, a professor of psychology at the University of Munich, and worked briefly at the Kraepelin Clinic in Munich in 1922. Kraepelin emphasized the effects of environment and social background on psychological development, around this time Wertham corresponded and visited with Sigmund Freud, who influenced him in his choice of psychiatry as his specialty. In 1922 he accepted an invitation to come to the United States and work under Adolf Meyer at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore and he became a United States citizen and married the sculptress Florence Hesketh in 1927. In 1935 he testified for the defense in the trial of Albert Fish, in 1946, Wertham opened the Lafargue Clinic in the basement of St. Philips Church in Harlem, a low-cost psychiatric clinic specializing in black teenagers. The clinic was financed by voluntary contributions, many of his other conjectures, particularly about hidden sexual themes, were met with derision within the comics industry. And yet because he had the name doctor people took what he said seriously, Seduction of the Innocent also analyzed the advertisements that appeared in 1950s comic books and the commercial context in which these publications existed. Wertham objected to not only the violence in the stories but also the fact that air rifles and knives were advertised alongside them. Wertham claimed that retailers who did not want to sell material with which they were uncomfortable, in extensive testimony before the committee, Wertham restated arguments from his book and pointed to comics as a major cause of juvenile crime. Beaty notes Wertham repeated his call, national legislation based on the public health ideal that would prohibit the circulation and display of comic books to children under the age of fifteen. The committees questioning of their witness, EC publisher William Gaines. Werthams original research materials for Seduction of the Innocent became available in 2010, Carol Tilley, Assistant Professor at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of Illinois, investigated his research and found his conclusions to be largely baseless. Wertham manipulated, overstated, compromised, and fabricated evidence—especially that evidence he attributed to personal clinical research with young people—for rhetorical gain, Werthams views on mass media have largely overshadowed his broader concerns with violence and with overprotecting children from psychological harm. To promote this book Wertham made two appearances on the Mike Douglas Show where he ended up debating his theories with the co-hosts, Barbara Feldon. Much to Werthams frustration, no publishers were interested in publishing it and this led to an invitation for Wertham to address the New York Comic Art Convention
27.
Disney comics
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Disney comics are comic books and comic strips featuring Walt Disney characters. The first Disney comics were newspaper strips appearing from 1930 on, in 1940, Western Publishing began producing Disney comic books in the United States. The most notable American Disney comics books are Walt Disneys Comics and Stories, in recent decades, Disney comics have seen a decline of popularity in their country of origin. In the rest of the world Disney comics have very successful. The first Disney comics appeared in newspapers, syndicated by King Features with production done in-house by a Disney comic strip department at the studio. The Mickey Mouse daily comic strip began on January 13,1930, featuring Mickey as an optimistic and it was initially written by Walt Disney with art by Ub Iwerks and Win Smith. Beginning with the May 5,1930 installment the art chores were taken up by Floyd Gottfredson, Gottfredson continued with the strip until 1975. A Sunday strip started January 10,1932 with a topper Silly Symphony strip, Silly Symphony initially related the adventures of Bucky Bug, the first Disney character to originate in the comics. It subsequently printed adaptations of some of the Symphony cartoons, several extended periods of stories involving Pluto and Little Hiawatha along with adaptations of Snow White, by late 1935 the strip was a standalone half-page, not strictly a topper for the Mickey Sunday. Donald Duck made his first comics appearance in the Silly Symphony adaptation of the 1934 Disney short The Wise Little Hen. As Donalds popularity grew, he became the star of the Silly Symphony strip for an extended run, a Donald Sunday strip was begun December 10,1939. An oddity is in the 1930s a Disney strip was done seemingly outside the purview of the Strip Dept. for a national audience and it was created by Fred Spencer, an animator at the studio. Entitled Mickey Mouse Chapter, it appeared in the International DeMolay Cordon the monthly newsletter of Demolay beginning with its Dec.1932 issue through May 1933 and this was a two tier black and white strip depicting happenings in the Demolay Chapter formed by Mickey and his barnyard friends. Spencer and Walt Disney were both members of Demolay, while the last installment promised the series would return in the Sept.1933 issue without explanation it did not. The extant installments have been reprinted as part of the first volume of Sunday Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson published in 2013 by Fantagraphics, the Silly Symphony Sunday-only strip ended July 12,1942. This was replaced with an adaptation of Bambi, after the conclusion of which a José Carioca Sunday only strip was launched which ran until it in turn was replaced by Uncle Remus in 1945, greg Crosby headed the department from 1979 to 1989. Besides the strips described above the other Disney strips distributed over the included, Uncle Remus. Treasury of Classic Tales True Life Adventures Scamp Mickey Mouse and His Friends, advance publicity for the strip noted Greenes participation and the strip carried the byline By Ward Greene
28.
Rolf Kauka
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Rolf Kauka was a comic artist, most famous for the series Fix and Foxi. In 1951, Rolf Kauka founded Kauka Publishing, aside from Rolf Kauka’s original comic characters, Kauka Publishing introduced to German audiences such international series as Asterix and The Smurfs from France and Belgium. Some characters received Germanized names, for instance Spirou & Fantasio / Pit & Pikkolo, Gaston Lagaffe / Jojo, in 1973, Kauka sold his publishing house to the English publisher IPC and the Dutch publishing group VNU. He maintained his right of authority, but removed himself from the publishing world. In 1975 he founded the Kauka Comic Academy in Munich, where he concentrated on the training and continuing education of young writers and illustrators, at the end of the 1970s the publishing consortium was dissolved and Bauer/VPM began publishing Fix & Foxi. Tom and Biberherz - Old West adventure series, peppercorn Family - the last series created by Rolf Kauka. Rolf Kauka also directed the animated film Maria dOro und Bello Blue and this article incorporates text translated from the corresponding German Wikipedia article as of August 17,2005
29.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5
30.
Webcomic
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Webcomics are comics published on a website. While many are published exclusively on the web, others are published in magazines. Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic, readership levels vary widely, many are read only by the creators immediate friends and family, while some of the largest claim audiences well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics and they sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. There are several differences between webcomics and print comics, with webcomics the restrictions of the traditional newspapers or magazines can be lifted, allowing artists and writers to take advantage of the webs unique capabilities. The freedom webcomics provide allows artists to work in nontraditional styles, clip art or photo comics are two types of webcomics that do not use traditional artwork. A Softer World, for example, is made by overlaying photographs with strips of typewriter-style text, pixel art, such as that created by Richard Stevens of Diesel Sweeties, is similar to that of sprite comics but instead uses low-resolution images created by the artist himself. However, it is common for artists to use traditional styles and layouts. Some webcomics stretch the boundaries of taste, taking advantage of the fact that internet censorship is virtually nonexistent in countries like the United States, Webcomics come in a large variation of formats throughout the world. Comic strips, generally consisting of three or four panels, have traditionally been a format for webcomics. Other webcomics may mimic the pages of comic books and graphic novels. Such a format proved successful in South-Korean webcomics when JunKoo Kim implemented an infinite scrolling mechanism in Line Webtoon in 2004. Some webcartoonists, such as political cartoonist Mark Fiore or Charley Parker with Argon Zark, incorporate animations or interactive elements into their webcomics. The first comics to be shared through the Internet were created in the mid-1980s, services such as CompuServe and Usenet were used before the World Wide Web started to rise in popularity in 1993. Early webcomics were usually derivatives from strips in newspapers, but when the Web became widely popular in the mid-1990s. By the year 2000, various webcomic creators were financially successful, unique genres and styles became popular during this period. In the second half of the 2000s, webcomics became less financially sustainable due to the rise of social media, however, crowdsourcing through Kickstarter and Patreon also became popular in this period, allowing readers to donate money to webcomic creators directly. The 2010s also saw the rise of webtoons in South Korea, in March 1995, Bebe Williams launched the webcomics portal Art Comics Daily, an online gallery of several webcomics
31.
Order of Orange-Nassau
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The Order of Orange-Nassau is a civil and military Dutch order of chivalry founded on 4 April 1892 by the Queen regent Emma, acting on behalf of her under-age daughter Queen Wilhelmina. The Order is a chivalric order open to everyone who has earned special merits for society and these are people who deserve appreciation and recognition from society for the special way in which they have carried out their activities. The lower grades of the order are comparable with the ranks of the Order of the British Empire in the UK, in 1841 William II of the Netherlands, as Grand Duke of Luxembourg, created the Order of the Oak Crown. Although this was not a Dutch order, honours were regularly conferred on Dutch people. After the death of William III, Luxembourg, according to the House-treaty, in the modern age, the Orange-Nassau is still the most active civil and military decoration of the Netherlands, and ranks after the Order of the Netherlands Lion. The Order is typically awarded each year on the Monarchs official birthday with around 3500 appointments to the Order made public, the Order is also used to honour foreign princes, ministers, dignitaries and diplomats. In 1994, the Dutch honours system was revised after almost thirty years of discussion. This revision by law intended to create a more democratic system, disconnecting the level of the honours from rank. In principle, since everyone in Dutch society can be honoured. An honour is awarded on the basis of special, personal merits for society. Before this revision the Order consisted of five grades with additional Honorary Medals, the Honorary medals were only affiliated with the Order and bearers were not formally included in the Order. In 1996, the Honorary medals were abolished and replaced by the Member Class of the Order of Orange-Nassau, which is reserved only for Dutch citizens. The Order of Orange-Nassau has two divisions, civil and military, the former denoted by a wreath of laurel on the badges, the King or Queen Regnant of the Netherlands is the Grand Master of the Order of Orange-Nassau. For the grades of Knight and Member, the badges are made of silver, for the other grades, the silver is gilded. For the grades of Knight Grand Cross, Grand Officer and Commander, for the grades of Officer and Knight, they have a diameter of 46 mm. For the grade of Member, a diameter of 35 mm, until 1996, the Order of Orange-Nassau consisted of five grades. In addition, Honorary medals were issued in Gold, Silver and Bronze, but these were affiliated with the Order. Now no longer issued, these were replaced by the sixth grade, recipients wore the medal on a ribbon on the left chest
32.
Will Eisner
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William Erwin Will Eisner was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, in 1978, he popularized the term graphic novel with the publication of his book A Contract with God. He was a contributor to formal comics studies with his book Comics. The Eisner Award was named in his honor, and is given to recognize achievements each year in the comics medium, Eisners father Shmuel Samuel Eisner was born March 6,1886, in Kolomyia, Austria-Hungary, and was one of eleven children. He aspired to be an artist, and as a teenager painted murals for rich patrons, to avoid conscription in the army, he moved to New York before the outbreak of World War I. There he found getting work difficult as his English skills were poor and he made what living he could painting backdrops for vaudeville and the Jewish theater. Eisners mother, Fannie Ingber, was born to Jewish parents from Romania April 25,1891 and her mother died on her tenth birthday, and was quickly followed by her father. Family introduced Shmuel and Fannie, who were distant relatives and they had three children, son Will Erwin, born on his fathers birthday in 1917, son Julian, born February 3,1921, and daughter Rhoda, born November 2,1929. Eisner was born in Brooklyn, New York City and he grew up poor, and the family moved frequently. Young Eisner often got into physical confrontations when subject to antisemitism from his schoolmates, young Eisner was tall and of sturdy build, but lacked athletic skills. He was a consumer of pulp magazines and film, including avant-garde films such as those by Man Ray. To his mothers disappointment, Eisner had his fathers interest in art, Eisners mother frequently berated his father for not providing the family a better income, as he went from one job to another. Without success he also tried his hand at such ventures as a furniture retailer, the family situation was especially dire following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that marked the beginning of the Great Depression. In 1930, the situation was so desperate that Eisners mother demanded that he, at thirteen and he entered working life selling newspapers on street corners, a competitive job where the toughest boys fought for the best locations. Eisner attended DeWitt Clinton High School, with influences that included the early 20th-century commercial artist J. C. Leyendecker, he drew for the newspaper, the literary magazine and the yearbook. Upon graduation, he studied under Canadian artist George Brandt Bridgman for a year at the Art Students League of New York, contacts made there led to a position as an advertising writer-cartoonist for the New York American newspaper. Eisner also drew illustrations for pulp magazines, including Western Sheriffs
33.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
