1.
London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
2.
Bayswater Road
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Bayswater Road is the main road running along the northern edge of Hyde Park in London. Originally part of the A40 road, it is now designated part of the A402 road, in the east, Bayswater Road originates from the Marble Arch junction, and at its western end it continues into Notting Hill Gate. It is mostly within the City of Westminster but a portion of the roads western end lies in Kensington. It is where the fictional upper-middle class Forsyte family live in John Galsworthys The Forsyte Saga, like Oxford Street to the east, Bayswater Road follows the course of the old Roman road linking London with Silchester. Tyburn Convent Website View from a Bayswater Road CCTV camera
3.
City of Westminster
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The City of Westminster is an Inner London borough which also holds city status. It occupies much of the area of Greater London including most of the West End. It is to the west of and adjoining the ancient City of London, directly to the east of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and it was created with the 1965 establishment of Greater London. Upon creation, Westminster was awarded city status, which had previously held by the smaller Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. Aside from a number of parks and open spaces, the population density of the district is high. Many sites commonly associated with London are in the borough, including St. Jamess Palace, Buckingham Palace, the Houses of Parliament, much of the borough is residential, and in 2008 it was estimated to have a population of 236,000. The local authority is Westminster City Council, the current Westminster coat of arms were given to the city by an official grant on September 2,1964. Westminster had other arms before, which had an identical to the chief in the present arms. The symbols in the two thirds of the shield stand for former municipalities now merged with the city, Paddington. The original arms had a portcullis as the charge, which now forms the crest. The origins of the City of Westminster pre-date the Norman Conquest of England, in the mid-11th Century king Edward the Confessor began the construction of an abbey at Westminster, only the foundations of which survive today. For centuries Westminster and the City of London were geographically quite distinct, Westminster briefly became a city in 1540 when Henry VIII created the short-lived Diocese of Westminster. Following the dissolution of Westminster Abbey, a court of burgesses was formed in 1585 to govern the Westminster area, Jamess, Strand, Westminster, Pimlico, Belgravia, and Hyde Park. The Westminster Metropolitan Borough was itself the result of an amalgamation which took place in 1900. Sir John Hunt O. B. E was the First Town Clerk of the City of Westminster, the boundaries of the City of Westminster today, as well as those of the other London boroughs, have remained more or less unchanged since the Act of 1963. On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place on Westminster Bridge, Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard, five people - three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker - died as a result of the incident. More than 50 people were injured, an investigation is ongoing by the Metropolitan Police. The city is divided into 20 wards, each electing three councillors, Westminster City Council is currently composed of 44 Conservative Party members and 16 Labour Party members
4.
London Paddington station
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Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area. The site has been the London terminus of the Great Western Railway, much of the main-line station dates from 1854 and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel. It was first served by London Underground trains in 1863, as the western terminus of the Metropolitan Railway. Today, Paddington tube station is served by the Bakerloo, Circle, District and it is also the terminus for the Heathrow Express and Heathrow Connect services to and from London Heathrow Airport. It is one of 19 stations in the United Kingdom managed directly by Network Rail and it is situated in fare zone 1. The station complex is bounded at the front by Praed Street and at the rear by Bishops Bridge Road, on the west side of the station is Eastbourne Terrace, while the east side is bounded by the Paddington arm of the Grand Union Canal. The station is in a cutting, a fact obscured at the front by a hotel building. The surrounding area is residential, and includes the major St Marys Hospital, restaurants. Until recently there was little office accommodation in the area, however, recent redevelopment of derelict railway and canal land, marketed as Paddington Waterside, has resulted in new office complexes nearby. In addition to the Underground stations at Paddington, Lancaster Gate tube station on the Central line is a walk away to the south. A little further to the south lie the conjoined parks of Hyde Park, the National Rail station is officially named London Paddington, a name commonly used outside London but rarely by Londoners, who call it just Paddington, as on the London Underground map. Parts of the station, including the train shed, date from 1854. It is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail, the first station was a temporary terminus for the GWR on the west side of Bishops Bridge Road, opened on 4 June 1838. The first GWR service from London to Taplow, near Maidenhead, after the main station opened in 1854, this became the site of the goods depot. It opened on 29 May 1854, the glazed roof is supported by wrought iron arches in three spans, respectively spanning 68 feet,102 feet and 70 feet. The roof is 699 feet long, and the original roof spans had two transepts connecting the three spans and it is commonly believed that these were provided by Brunel to accommodate traversers to carry coaches between the tracks within the station. However recent research, using documents and photographs, does not seem to support this belief. The Great Western Hotel was built on Praed Street in front of the station in 1851–1854 by architect Philip Charles Hardwick, the station was substantially enlarged in 1906–1915 and a fourth span of 109 feet was added on the north side, parallel to the others
5.
National Rail
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The name and the accompanying double arrow symbol are the intellectual property of the Secretary of State for Transport. The National Rail logo was introduced by ATOC in 1999, and was used on the Great Britain public timetable for the first time in the edition valid from 26 September in that year. Rules for its use are set out in the Corporate Identity Style Guidelines published by the Rail Delivery Group, the NR title is sometimes described as a brand. As it was used by British Rail, the operator before franchising, its use also maintains continuity and public familiarity. National Rail should not be confused with Network Rail, the two networks are generally coincident where passenger services are run. Most major Network Rail lines carry traffic and some lines are freight only. About twenty privately owned operating companies, each franchised for a defined term by government. The Rail Delivery Group is the association representing the TOCs and provides core services. It also runs Rail Settlement Plan, which allocates ticket revenue to the various TOCs, and Rail Staff Travel and it does not compile the national timetable, which is the joint responsibility of the Office of Rail Regulation and Network Rail. Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain, the look and feel of signage, liveries and marketing material is largely the preserve of the individual TOCs. However, National Rail continues to use BRs famous double-arrow symbol and it has been incorporated in the National Rail logotype and is displayed on tickets, the National Rail website and other publicity. The trademark rights to the arrow symbol remain state-owned, being vested in the Secretary of State for Transport. The double arrow was already prescribed for indicating a railway station, the lettering used in the National Rail logotype is a modified form of the typeface Sassoon Bold. It is a misconception that Rail Alphabet was also used for printed material. The British Rail typefaces of choice from 1965 were Helvetica and Univers, TOCs may use what they like, examples include Futura, Helvetica, Frutiger, Bliss, and a modified version of Precious by London Midland. Several conurbations have their own metro or tram systems, most of which are not part of National Rail, LO now also possesses some infrastructure in its own right, following the reopening of the former East London line of London Underground as the East London Railway of LO. Heathrow Express and Eurostar are also not part of the National Rail network despite sharing of stations, northern Ireland Railways were never part of British Rail, which was always confined to Great Britain, and therefore are not part of the National Rail network. National Rail services have a common ticketing structure inherited from British Rail, through tickets are available between any pair of stations on the network, and can be bought from any station ticket office
6.
Tramlink
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Tramlink is a light rail tram system serving Croydon and surrounding areas in South London, England. It began operation in 2000, the first tram system in London since 1952 and it is owned by London Trams, an arm of Transport for London, and operated by FirstGroup. The Tramlink is the fourth-busiest light rail network in the UK behind Manchester Metrolink, Tyne and Wear Metro, in 1990 Croydon Council with London Regional Transport put the project to Parliament and the Croydon Tramlink Act 1994 resulted, which gave LRT the power to build and run Tramlink. In 1996 Tramtrack Croydon Limited won a 99-year Private Finance Initiative contract to design, build, operate, TCL was a partnership comprising FirstGroup, Bombardier Transportation, Sir Robert McAlpine and Amey, and Royal Bank of Scotland and 3i. TCL kept the revenue generated by Tramlink and LRT had to pay compensation to TCL for any changes to the fares, TCL subcontracted operations to CentreWest Buses. One of the leading to its creation was that the London Borough of Croydon has no London Underground service. There are four routes, Route 1 – Elmers End to Croydon, Route 2 – Beckenham Junction to Croydon, Route 3 – New Addington to Wimbledon, and Route 4 – Therapia Lane to Elmers End. Route 2 runs parallel to the Crystal Palace to Beckenham Junction line of the Southern network between Birkbeck and Beckenham Junction – the National Rail track had been singled some years earlier. At Woodside the old station buildings stand disused, and the platforms have been replaced by accessible low platforms. From Woodside to near Sandilands and from near Sandilands almost to Lloyd Park, Tramlink follows the former Woodside and South Croydon Railway, including the Park Hill tunnels. The section of Route 3 between Wimbledon and West Croydon mostly follows the single-track British Rail route, closed on 31 May 1997 so that it could be converted for Tramlink, a partial obstruction near this point has necessitated the use of interlaced track. A Victorian footbridge beside Waddon New Road was dismantled to make way for the flyover over the West Croydon to Sutton railway line, the footbridge has been re-erected at Corfe Castle station on the Swanage Railway. In March 2008, TfL announced that it had reached agreement to buy TCL for £98m, the purchase was finalised on 28 June 2008. The background to this purchase relates to the requirement that TfL compensates TCL for the consequences of any changes to the fares, in 2007 that payment was £4m, with an annual increase in rate. In October 2008 TfL introduced a new livery, using the blue, white and green of the routes on TfL maps, the colour of the cars was changed to green, and the brand name was changed from Croydon Tramlink to simply Tramlink. These refurbishments were completed in early 2009, the tram stops have low platforms,35 cm above rail level. They are unstaffed and have automated ticket machines, in general, access between the platforms involves crossing the tracks by pedestrian level crossing. There are 39 stops, most being 32.2 m long and they are virtually level with the doors and are all wider than 2 m
7.
World Geodetic System
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The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation including GPS. It comprises a standard system for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data. The latest revision is WGS84, established in 1984 and last revised in 2004, earlier schemes included WGS72, WGS66, and WGS60. WGS84 is the coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System. The coordinate origin of WGS84 is meant to be located at the Earths center of mass, the error is believed to be less than 2 cm. The WGS84 meridian of longitude is the IERS Reference Meridian,5.31 arc seconds or 102.5 metres east of the Greenwich meridian at the latitude of the Royal Observatory. The WGS84 datum surface is a spheroid with major radius a =6378137 m at the equator. The polar semi-minor axis b then equals a times, or 6356752.3142 m, currently, WGS84 uses the EGM96 geoid, revised in 2004. This geoid defines the sea level surface by means of a spherical harmonics series of degree 360. The deviations of the EGM96 geoid from the WGS84 reference ellipsoid range from about −105 m to about +85 m, EGM96 differs from the original WGS84 geoid, referred to as EGM84. Efforts to supplement the national surveying systems began in the 19th century with F. R. Helmerts famous book Mathematische und Physikalische Theorien der Physikalischen Geodäsie. Austria and Germany founded the Zentralbüro für die Internationale Erdmessung, a unified geodetic system for the whole world became essential in the 1950s for several reasons, International space science and the beginning of astronautics. The lack of inter-continental geodetic information, efforts of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force were combined leading to the DoD World Geodetic System 1960. Heritage surveying methods found elevation differences from a local horizontal determined by the level, plumb line. As a result, the elevations in the data are referenced to the geoid, the latter observational method is more suitable for global mapping. The sole contribution of data to the development of WGS60 was a value for the ellipsoid flattening which was obtained from the nodal motion of a satellite. Prior to WGS60, the U. S. Army, the Army performed an adjustment to minimize the difference between astro-geodetic and gravimetric geoids. By matching the relative astro-geodetic geoids of the selected datums with an earth-centered gravimetric geoid, since the Army and Air Force systems agreed remarkably well for the NAD, ED and TD areas, they were consolidated and became WGS60
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
Central line (London Underground)
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The Central line is a London Underground line that runs through central London, from Ealing and Ruislip in the west to Epping, Essex in the north-east. Coloured red on the map, the line serves 49 stations. It is the longest tube line and it is also one of only two lines on the London Underground network to cross the Greater London boundary, the other being the Metropolitan. One of Londons deep-level tube railways, the trains are smaller than those on British main lines. The line was opened as the Central London Railway in 1900, crossing central London on an east–west axis and it was later extended to the western suburb of Ealing. After the Second World War, the line was expanded considerably into the recently constructed suburbs, taking over steam-hauled outer suburban routes to the borders of London and beyond to the east. This realised plans that had delayed by the war, when construction stopped. The Central line has mostly operated by automatic train operation since a major refurbishment in the 1990s. In terms of passengers, the Central line is the busiest line on the London Underground. In the year 2011/12 over 260 million passenger journeys were made on the Central line, the tunnels were bored with the nominal diameter of 11 feet 8 1⁄4 inches, increased on curves, reduced to 11 feet 6 inches near to stations. The tunnels generally rise approaching a station, to aid braking, the Central London Railway was the first underground railway to have the station platforms illuminated electrically. All the platforms were lit by Crompton automatic electric arc lamps, with the white glazed tiling, all underground Central London Railway platforms were very brightly lit. Earlier tube lines generated DC power at the required to run the trains. The line between Shepherds Bush and Bank was formally opened on 30 June 1900, public services beginning on 30 July, with a uniform fare of 2d the railway became known as the Twopenny Tube. This allowed higher-speed and lighter motors to be used, which reduced the weight of the locomotive as well as the unsprung weight. The railway also tried an alternative approach, it converted four coaches to accommodate motors, two of these experimental motor coaches were used in a 6-coach train, the control gear being operated by the system used on the Waterloo and City Railway. The modified locomotives were an improvement, but the motor coaches of an even lower weight were much better still. The CLR ordered 64 new motor cars designed to use Spragues recently developed traction control system, the CLR was exclusively using the resulting electric multiple units by 1903
10.
Lancaster Gate
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Lancaster Gate is a mid-19th century development in the Bayswater district of central London, immediately to the north of Kensington Gardens. It consists of two terraces of houses overlooking the park, with a wide gap between them opening onto a square containing a church. Further terraces back onto the pair overlooking the park and loop around the square, until 1865 the terraces were known as Upper Hyde Park Gardens, with the name Lancaster Gate limited to the square surrounding the church. The development takes its name from Lancaster Gate, an entrance to Kensington Gardens. The terraces are stuccoed and are in a classical style featuring English Baroque details. The church, known as Christ Church, Lancaster Gate, was an asymmetrical gothic composition with a needle spire, the architects were F. & H. Francis. The Church was one of the most well known in London, the last service in the church was on 6 March 1977, and demolition began on 15 August 1977, only the tower and spire survive. The rest of the building was replaced by a scheme called Spire House in 1983. Lancaster Gate stands alongside Hyde Park Gardens as one of the two grandest of the 19th-century housing schemes lining the side of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. The development was planned in 1856-57 on the site of a nursery and tea gardens, the terraces overlooking the park were designed by Sancton Wood and those around the square by John Johnson. The exteriors are largely complete, with just a couple of 20th-century infills, many of the properties are still in residential use and command very high prices. Others are used as embassies, offices, or hotels, Lancaster Gate is also a ward of the City of Westminster Council. The population at the 2011 Census was 13,195, craven Hill Gardens Lancaster Gate tube station Leinster Gardens The Buildings of England. London 3, North West, by Bridget Cherry and Nikolaus Pevsner
11.
Bayswater
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Bayswater is an area within the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in central London. It is a district located 2.5 miles west-north-west of Charing Cross, bordering the north of Kensington Gardens. Bayswater is one of Londons most cosmopolitan areas, a local population is augmented by a high concentration of hotels. There is also a significant Arab community present here, the area has attractive streets and garden squares lined with Victorian stucco terraces, mostly now subdivided into flats and boarding houses. The property ranges from very expensive apartments to small studio flats, Queensway and Westbourne Grove are its busiest main streets, both having many ethnic-cuisine restaurants. In 1720, the lands of the Dean and Chapter are described to be the occupation of Alexander Bond, of Bears Watering, after their divorce in 1975 Catherine married jazzman Chris Barber. Trudie Styler, now his wife, lived in a basement flat two doors down, luigi Sturzo Catholic priest and politician. One of the fathers of Christian democracy and a founder of the Italian Peoples Party John Tenniel, artist and cartoonist, was born at 22 Gloucester Place, New Road, Bayswater on 28 February 1820. The Bayswater area elects a total of six councillors to Westminster City Council, currently, all six are of the Conservative Party, with the Bayswater Ward showing a more than 250-vote Conservative majority and Lancaster Gate being a safe Conservative ward. Paddington Notting Hill St Johns Wood Knightsbridge Little Venice Kensington The nearest London Underground stations are Bayswater, Queensway, Paddington, Royal Oak, in le Carrés Smileys People, the retired Russian major lives in a dingy flat on Westbourne Grove. Many of the characters in Samuel Selvons novel The Lonely Londoners live in Bayswater, the Alfred Hitchcock film Frenzy was filmed in the area. In Martin Amiss Success, the two characters live together in a flat in Bayswater, which he calls the district of transients. In Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest, Lady Bracknell indicates that the perambulator was found standing by itself in a corner of Bayswater. In Sakis short story Cross Currents, Vanessa Pennington lives on a Bayswater back street, in Evelyn Waughs novel Brideshead Revisited, Charles Ryders father lives in Bayswater. Whiteleys is frequently seen in film, e. g. Love Actually, Closer and it also has Princess Productions studios on the top floor. Scenes in Alfie were filmed around Chepstow Road, the main character in Iris Murdochs novel A Word Child, Hilary Burde, has a flatlet near Bayswater Tube Station. Scenes in The Black Windmill refer to, and were filmed around, in the Italian comics series Dylan Dog the main character lives in Craven Road. Nick Jenkins meets Uncle Giles for tea at the Ufford Hotel, riding at anchor on the sluggish Bayswater tide, in The Acceptance World, the Poisonous Seed a novel by Linda Stratmann is set almost entirely in Victorian Bayswater
12.
Kensington Gardens
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Kensington Gardens, once the private gardens of Kensington Palace, are among the Royal Parks of London. The gardens are shared by the City of Westminster and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and sit immediately to the west of Hyde Park, the gardens cover an area of 270 acres. The open spaces of Kensington Gardens, Hyde Park, Green Park, Kensington Gardens are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The Gardens are fenced and more formal than Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens are open only during the hours of daylight, whereas Hyde Park is open from 5 am until midnight all year round. Kensington Gardens has been regarded as smart because of its more private character around Kensington Palace. However, in the late 1800s, Hyde Park was considered fashionable, because of its location nearer to Park Lane. Kensington Gardens was originally the section of Hyde Park, which had been created by Henry VIII in 1536 to use as a hunting ground. Bridgeman created the Serpentine between 1726 and 1731 by damming the outflow of the River Westbourne from Hyde Park. The part of the Serpentine that lies within Kensington Gardens is known as The Long Water, at its north-western end in an area known as The Italian Garden, there are four fountains and a number of classical sculptures. At the foot of the Italian Gardens is a boundary marker. The land surrounding Kensington Gardens was predominantly rural and remained undeveloped until the Great Exhibition in 1851. Many of the original features survive along with the Palace, and now there are public buildings such as the Albert Memorial, the Serpentine Gallery. The park also contains the Elfin Oak, an elaborately carved 900-year-old tree stump, the park is the setting of J. M. Barries book Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, a prelude to the characters famous adventures in Neverland. The fairies of the gardens are first described in Thomas Tickells 1722 poem Kensington Gardens, both the book and the character are honoured with the Peter Pan statue by George Frampton located in the park. Rodrigo Fresáns novel Kensington Gardens concerns in part the life of J. M. Barrie and of his creation Peter Pan, the Infocom interactive fiction game Trinity begins in the Kensington Gardens. The player can walk around many sections of the gardens, which are described in moderate detail, list of public art in Kensington Gardens Citations Bibliography Official website The Garden a poem by Ezra Pound set in Kensington Gardens
13.
Queensway tube station
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Queensway is a London Underground station on the Central line, just inside the boundary of the City of Westminster with the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. It is at the junction of Queensway and Bayswater Road, and is opposite the north-west corner of Kensington Gardens and it is between Notting Hill Gate to the west and Lancaster Gate to the east, and is in Travelcard Zone 1. It opened on 30 July 1900, as Queens Road, and was renamed on 1 September 1946, there is a crossover east of the station to allow trains to terminate there. The crossover is not often used, the station was closed between 8 May 2005 and 14 June 2006 for modernisation works. These works were prompted by the need to replace the two lifts, which had been breaking down quite frequently prior to the stations closure. In addition the station has been modernised and re-tiled, as well as having replicas of the original lamps fitted to the façade, metronet, the private maintenance contractors, were originally given a deadline of 9 May 2006 to complete the works. The station finally re-opened on 14 June 2006, during modernisation, the closest station was Bayswater on the Circle and District lines, which is also located in Queensway approximately 100 metres north of the Queensway station. While the two stations are in proximity, they are not connected. London Buses routes 70,94,148 and 390 serve the station
14.
Marble Arch tube station
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Marble Arch is a London Underground station in the City of Westminster. The station is between Lancaster Gate and Bond Street stations on the Central line, and is in Travelcard Zone 1, the station was opened on 30 July 1900 by the Central London Railway. Like all the stations on the CLR, Marble Arch was served by lifts to the platforms. The new arrangements came into use on 15 August 1932, the original surface building was later demolished. The platforms, originally lined in white tiles, were refitted with decorative vitreous enamel panels in 1985. The panel graphics were designed by Annabel Grey, the station was modernised resulting in new finishes in all areas of the station, apart from the retention of various of the decorative enamel panels at platform level. The station is named after the Marble Arch nearby and is located at the north east side of the Marble Arch junction, there is a shunting neck to the west of the station allowing trains from Oxford Circus to terminate here. London Buses routes 2,10,13,16,30,36,73,74,94,98,137,148,159,189,274,390,414 and 436 serve the station. The Mysterious Planet, a serial of Doctor Who which uses Marble Arch as a plot point, London Homesick Blues, a 1974 song by Gary P. Nunn references Marble Arch Station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Ticket hall with doors,1924 Rebuilt ticket hall,1932 More photographs of this station
15.
Travelcard Zone 1
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Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for Londons zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone, the zone contains all the central London districts, most of the major tourist attractions, the major rail terminals, the City of London, and the West End. It is about 6 miles from west to east and 4 miles from north to south, London is split into six approximately concentric zones. The boundary of Zone 1 corresponds roughly with the Undergrounds Circle line covering the West End, the Holborn district, Kensington, Paddington, every London Underground line has stations in zone 1. The zone originates from two central London zones that were created on 4 October 1981 named City and West End, the following stations are in zone 1, and were in the 1981-1983 City and West End zones as shown
16.
Central London Railway
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The Central London Railway, also known as the Twopenny Tube, was a deep-level, underground tube railway that opened in London in 1900. The CLRs tunnels and stations form the section of the London Undergrounds Central line. The railway company was established in 1889, funding for construction was obtained in 1895 through a syndicate of financiers and work took place from 1896 to 1900. After a rejected proposal to turn the line into a loop, it was extended at the end to Wood Lane in 1908. In 1920, it was extended along a Great Western Railway line to Ealing to serve a total distance of 17.57 kilometres. After initially making good returns for investors, the CLR suffered a decline in numbers due to increased competition from other underground railway lines. In 1913, it was taken over by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London, in 1933 the CLR was taken into public ownership along with the UERL. In November 1889, the CLR published a notice of a bill that would be presented to Parliament for the 1890 parliamentary session. The CLR was to run in a pair of tunnels under Bayswater Road, Oxford Street, New Oxford Street, High Holborn, Holborn, Holborn Viaduct, Newgate Street, Cheapside, and Poultry. Stations were planned at Queens Road, Stanhope Terrace, Marble Arch, Oxford Circus, Tottenham Court Road, Southampton Row, Holborn Circus, St. Martins Le Grand and King William Street. The tunnels were to be 11 feet in diameter, constructed with a tunnelling shield, at stations, the tunnel diameter would be 22 feet or 29 feet depending on layout. A depot and power station were to be constructed on a 1. 5-acre site on the west side of Queens Road, hydraulic lifts from the street to the platforms were to be provided at each station. The City Corporation also objected, concerned about damage to buildings close to the route caused by subsidence as was experienced during the construction of the C&SLR. The Dean and Chapter of St Pauls Cathedral objected, concerned about the risks of undermining the cathedrals foundations, Sir Joseph Bazalgette objected that the tunnels would damage the citys sewer system. In November 1890, with the C&SLR about to start operating, the eastern terminus was changed to Cornhill and the proposed Southampton Row station was replaced by one in Bloomsbury. Intermediate stations were added at Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill Gate, Davies Street, the earlier plan to connect to the C&SLR was dropped and the diameter of the CLRs tunnels was increased to 11 feet 6 inches. This time the bill was approved by both Houses of Parliament and received Royal Assent on 5 August 1891 as the Central London Railway Act,1891, in November 1891, the CLR publicised another bill. The proposals received assent as the Central London Railway Act,1892 on 28 June 1892, the money to build the CLR was obtained through a syndicate of financiers including Ernest Cassel, Henry Oppenheim, Darius Ogden Mills, and members of the Rothschild family
17.
Harry Bell Measures
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Harry Bell Measures CBE MVO was an English architect. He was responsible for a number of English improved housing developments for working men, such as the Rowton Houses in London and he designed the original station buildings for the Central London Railway, now the Central line of London Underground, which opened on 30 July 1900. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours for his efforts during the First World War,69 -79 The Drive, Hove Works for Artisans, Labourers & General Dwellings Company on Leigham Court Estate, Streatham. New College, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Measures was responsible for a number of buildings on the original section of the Central London Railway, many of which survve today as London Underground stations. He favoured terracotta as a material, constructing his station buildings using prefabrication of factory-made ceramic blocks. This allowed him to design stylistically consistent structures quite econnomically and his tunnel platforms were lined with glazed ceramic tiles. Measuress techniques influenced the work of another contemporary Underground station architect and his 1900 design for Oxford Circus station was a single-storey entrance on the corner of Argyll Street and Oxford Street, clad in pale pink terracotta and decorated in a Mannerist style. Today it is considered to be the best surviving example of Measures-designed station architecture and the entrance, and it should be noted that the red ceramic building on the western corner is by Leslie Green. Measures designed the stations on the Central London Railway, Shepherds Bush - building demolished. Holland Park - station building remains in use Notting Hill Gate - building demolished, not recognisable as a work by Measures when demolished in 2009. British Museum - station closed in 1933 when new Central line platforms opened at Holborn, chancery Lane - High Holborn station building remains but no longer used for access to station St Pauls - opened as Post Office. The station was closed in 1947 and the building has been demolished
18.
Transport for London
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Transport for London is a local government body responsible for the transport system in Greater London, England. Its head office is in Windsor House in the City of Westminster, the underlying services are provided by a mixture of wholly owned subsidiary companies, by private sector franchisees and by licensees. In 2015-16, TfL had a budget of £11.5 billion, the rest comes from government funding, borrowing, other income and Crossrail funding. On 21 January 2016, it was announced that the responsibility for franchising all of Londons inner suburban services would be transferred from the DfT to TfL. This transfer will take place as current franchises fall due for renewal, TfL was created in 2000 as part of the Greater London Authority by the Greater London Authority Act 1999. It gained most of its functions from its predecessor London Regional Transport in 2000, the first Commissioner of TfL was Bob Kiley. The first Chair was then-Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, and the first Deputy Chair was Dave Wetzel, Livingstone and Wetzel remained in office until the election of Boris Johnson as Mayor in 2008. Johnson took over as Chairman, and in February 2009 fellow-Conservative Daniel Moylan was appointed as his Deputy, TfL did not take over responsibility for the London Underground until 2003, after the controversial Public-private partnership contract for maintenance had been agreed. Management of the Public Carriage Office had previously been a function of the Metropolitan Police, Transport for London Group Archives holds business records for TfL and its predecessor bodies and transport companies. Some early records are held on behalf of TfL Group Archives at the London Metropolitan Archives. After the bombings on the underground and bus systems on 7 July 2005 and they helped survivors out, removed bodies, and got the transport system up and running, to get the millions of commuters back out of London at the end of the work day. Those mentioned include Peter Hendy, who was at the time Head of Surface Transport division, and Tim OToole, head of the Underground division, carrying open containers of alcohol was also banned on public transport operated by TfL. The Mayor of London and TfL announced the ban with the intention of providing a safer, there were Last Round on the Underground parties on the night before the ban came into force. Passengers refusing to observe the ban may be refused travel and asked to leave the premises, the Greater London Authority reported in 2011 that assaults on London Underground staff had fallen by 15% since the introduction of the ban. In an effort to reduce sexual offences and increase reporting, TfL—in conjunction with the British Transport Police, Metropolitan Police Service, TfL is controlled by a board whose members are appointed by the Mayor of London, a position held by Sadiq Khan since May 2016. The Commissioner of Transport for London reports to the Board and leads a management team with individual functional responsibilities, the body is organised in three main directorates and corporate services, each with responsibility for different aspects and modes of transport. This network is sub-divided into three service units, BCV, Bakerloo, Central, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. JNP, Jubilee, Northern and Piccadilly lines, SSL, Metropolitan, District, Circle and Hammersmith & City lines
19.
Underground map
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The Tube map is a schematic transport map of the lines, stations and services of the London Underground, known colloquially as the Tube, hence the maps name. The first schematic Tube map was designed by Harry Beck in 1931, since then, it has been expanded to include more of Londons public transport systems, including the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, TfL Rail, Tramlink and the Emirates Air Line cable car. As a schematic diagram, it does not show the locations but rather the relative positions of the stations, lines, the stations connective relations. The basic design concepts have been adopted for other such maps around the world. A regularly updated version of the map is available from the official Transport for London website. In 2006, the map was voted one of Britains top 10 design icons which included Concorde, Mini, Supermarine Spitfire, K2 telephone box, World Wide Web. As Londons early transport system was operated by a variety of independent companies, there were no complete maps of the network and these maps were not typically schematic and were simply the line overlaid on a regular city map. There was no integration of the services, nor was there any co-operation in advertising. In 1907, The Evening News commissioned a map titled The Evening News London Tube Map. This map was the first to all of the lines with equal weight given to each line. In addition, it was the first to use a different color for each line, the problem of truncation remained for nearly half a century. This freed the design to enable flexibility in the positioning of lines. The routes became more stylised but the arrangement remained, largely, the 1932 edition was the last geographic map to be published, before Becks diagrammatic map was introduced. The first diagrammatic map of Londons rapid transit network was designed by Harry Beck in 1931. To this end, Beck devised a map, consisting of stations, straight line segments connecting them. To make the map clearer and to emphasise connections, Beck differentiated between ordinary stations and interchange stations, London Underground was initially sceptical of his proposal — it was an uncommissioned spare-time project, and it was tentatively introduced to the public in a small pamphlet in 1933. However, it became popular, and the Underground has used topological maps to illustrate the network ever since. Despite the complexity of making the map, Beck was paid just ten guineas for the artwork, after its initial success he continued to design the Tube map until 1960, a single 1939 edition by Hans Scheger being the only exception
20.
London Buses
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London Buses is the subsidiary of Transport for London that manages bus services within Greater London. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met, operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers, in 2002, TfL introduced the first spider maps. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname spider maps, the maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in PDF format via the Internet from the TfL website. The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited, East Thames Buses was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses, after 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when East Thames Buses was formed, separated by a wall from LBSL. The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, over 8000 scheduled buses operate on over 700 different routes. Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys, Buses in the London Buses network accept Travelcards, Oyster card products and contactless debit and credit cards. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey, but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card, passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis. Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult, children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard, without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfLs Travel Information Centres, there are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18. The Freedom Pass scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, people who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time. Each company has its own operating code, and every bus garage in London has its own garage code, however, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. These have been known to tear and get dirty quickly, however there have been improvements with LED Backlights and the SmartBlind system installed on newer vehicles
21.
London Buses route 46
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
22.
London Buses route 94
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London Buses route 94 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Acton Green and Piccadilly Circus, it is operated by London United, route 94 commenced operating on 22 September 1990 to replace the withdrawn section of route 88 between Acton Green and Oxford Circus, it then ran parallel to route 88 to Trafalgar Square. On 13 July 1991 it was diverted to East Acton DuCane Road, at the same time it was extended at all times to Trafalgar Square. Route 94 gained a service in the form of N94 in July 1999. It was the first night bus and was introduced by the General, on 24 January 2004, route 94 was converted to one man operation with the AEC Routemasters replaced by Alexander ALX400 bodied Dennis Trident 2s. Twenty Alexander Dennis Enviro400Hs entered service on the route in late 2010, route 94 was featured on the BBC Radio 4 program Today in December 2003 as part of a story by guest editor Gillian Reynolds on the withdrawal of the Routemaster. It also appeared on the front of the annual Britains Buses calendar for the same year
23.
London Buses route 148
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
24.
London Buses route 274
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This is a list of Transport for London contracted bus routes in London, England, as well as commercial services that enter the Greater London area. Bus services in London are operated by Abellio London, Arriva London, CT Plus, Go-Ahead London, Metroline, Quality Line, RATP Group Stagecoach London, Sullivan Buses, Tower Transit, tfL-sponsored operators run more than 500 services. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a route number was easier for the travelling public to remember. Bus routes run by London Transport were grouped as follows, the 1924 London Traffic Act imposed numbering known as the Bassom Scheme named after Chief Constable Arthur Ernest Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who devised it. Variant and short workings for many decades used letter suffixes, the numbers reflected the company that operated the route. The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Transport was formed, *Except 603 and 607, the number of Mobility Buses routes have declined because low-floor and wheelchair accessible buses run on all London Buses routes except for the heritage route. Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route and this is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. There are also 24-hour routes, which run day and night, the vast majority run the same route at all times. Route 65 is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service and these bus routes are not contracted to TfL and are therefore not London Buses. All but three run from the villages and towns outside Greater London to destinations within and they are painted in a colour chosen by the operator, so are not necessarily red like London Buses, and most of them do not accept Oyster cards. These routes are operated with a London Service Permit issued by TfL so they are recognised by TfL bus maps, there are four special express routes that run during the Notting Hill Carnival, 2X, 36X, 205X and 436X. This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore, services withdrawn before 1994 are not listed. Category, London bus operators Atkin, Michael, THIS SCEPTRED ISLE, The Guardian Carr, Ken, The London Bus Guide
25.
London Buses route N207
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The London Night Bus network is a series of night bus routes that serve Greater London. Services broadly operate between the hours of 23,00 and 06,00, the first night bus was introduced in 1913. A few more services were introduced over the decades, before all ceased during World War II. Services resumed after the war, increasing as trams and trolleybuses were replaced in the late 1950s and 1960s, in April 1984, the number of routes was increased from 21 to 32. At this point the service required 80 buses, by August 2013 this had grown to 890. Originally the night bus network had its own structure. Up until the mid-2000s, all routes had N prefixes, Services are operated by private operators under contract to London Buses. The Night Bus contracts are often bundled with that of the equivalent daytime route and awarded for a five-year period, with some London Underground lines operating a 24-hour service from August 2016 on weekends, a further eight routes commenced 24 hour operation on Friday and Saturday nights. Further changes are expected as the Night Tube network is expanded, in May 2015, the Night Bus network was the subject of The Night Bus, a Channel 4 documentary. Currently there are 52 night bus routes in London, there are also 72 daytime routes which run 24 hours a day. Trafalgar Square has the highest concentration of bus routes with 28 routes either commencing from or operating via there. Many of these routes are extensions or variations of daytime routes, Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a service to destinations served by tube or train during the day. London Buses route N1 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, running between Thamesmead and Tottenham Court Road station, it is operated by London General. History Route N1 commenced operating on 28 June 1995 between Plumstead garage and Trafalgar Square and it was originally operated by London Central, being taken over by First London in November 1998. In January 2000 it was extended beyond Plumstead to Thamesmead, in October 2005, the route was taken over by East Thames Buses. In October 2009, East Thames Buses was sold to London General, running between Crystal Palace and Trafalgar Square, it is operated by Arriva London. History Route N2 commenced operating on 13 April 1984 between West Norwood station and Trafalgar Square, in October 1984, it was extended north from Trafalgar Square to Friern Barnet
26.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
27.
Ealing Broadway station
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Ealing Broadway is a National Rail and London Underground station in Ealing, west London. On the National Rail network the station is on the Great Western Main Line,5 miles 56 chains down-line from London Paddington and is situated between Acton Main Line and West Ealing, the station and the main line trains serving it are currently operated by Great Western Railway. From late 2017 Transport for London will take over the running of the station and it is in Travelcard Zone 3. As the only station in the area when it opened, it was initially named Ealing, but was renamed Ealing Broadway in 1875. District Railway services commenced on 1 July 1879, when the DR opened a branch from Turnham Green on its Richmond line and it was also intended to use the connection for a service to Uxbridge Vine Street station, but this was never introduced. The original brick-built DR station was replaced with a stone-faced building sometime between 1907 and 1916. Prior to World War I, plans were made by the GWR to construct a new, mainly freight, the Central London Railway would use the line by extending its tracks the short distance north from its terminus at Wood Lane, to meet the new GWR tracks. CLR services to two new platforms at Ealing Broadway, built between the GWR and DR stations, started on 3 August 1920, with, initially, just one intermediate stop at East Acton. The line also carried GWR steam freight trains until 1938, when the links at Ealing Broadway and west of North Acton were removed, originally separate companies, by 1920 the DR and the CLR were both owned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London. Despite this, the CLR services operated via the GWR station building, the GWR-built station was demolished in 1961 and replaced by a low concrete structure containing shops and a ticket hall, with a high-rise office building above. On Platform 9 there are roundels of a style dating from c. 1908. On 16 November 1937, a steam railcar overran signals and crashed into the signal box. On 20 December 1973, a passenger train was derailed when an unsecured inspection door on the locomotive hauling it struck point rodding, causing a set of points to move under the train. Ten people were killed,94 were injured, on 23 June 2015, a woman aged 36 and her 16-year-old daughter were killed at Ealing Broadway station at 18,10 BST. They were killed when they fell in front of a First Great Western Intercity 125, the investigation into the incident is still ongoing, and British Transport Police have stated that the deaths are not being treated as suspicious. The identities of the deceased have yet to be released, the combined station has nine platforms, four National Rail. Trains do not stop at platforms 1 and 2, except during engineering works or other disruption, platforms 1 and 3 are on lines leaving London, while 2 and 4 are on lines into London. Most of the National Rail platforms are open to the elements, two Central line, which have a shared awning canopy
28.
West Ruislip station
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It is the western terminus of the LU Central lines West Ruislip branch, with Ruislip Gardens as the next Underground station towards central London. The Central line and Chiltern Railways platforms and ticket hall are managed by LU. The closest station on the Metropolitan line and Piccadilly line is Ickenham which is 1.1 km from West Ruislip Station, the station was opened on 2 April 1906 as Ruislip & Ickenham by the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway. Prior to the Second World War plans had been made for a number of extensions to the Central line, had the Central line extension been completed as planned, the next station would have been Harefield Road. The additional tracks were constructed by the GWR on behalf of the LPTB and on 30 June 1947, on the same date the station name was changed to West Ruislip. Central line services began running from West Ruislip on 21 November 1948, the station building was built by British Railways for London Underground and was not completed until the 1960s and at about the same time the sub-title was omitted from the station name. Some Central line stations with older signage still show the name on the line diagrams on their platforms. The station was transferred from the Western Region of British Rail to the London Midland Region on 24 March 1974, the London Borough of Hillingdon announced in June 2011 that it would be lobbying Transport for London to have the Central line extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge tube station. Such a project would require a business case approved by TfL, London bus routes U1 and U10 serve the station. West Ruislip station is aligned approximately east-west with the station buildings on the road overbridge across the lines at the western end of the station. The station has four platforms, two each for London Underground and National Rail services, the London Underground tracks are south of the National Rail ones and operate from an island platform whilst the National Rail platforms are outside of their tracks. The National Rail platforms are served by a separate station building north of the tracks. In a legacy of the scheme to continue the extension to Denham. The intended alignment of the tracks can be seen from the width of the unused railway land south of the existing tracks. Two sidings west of the station to the north of the lines provide layover facilities for works trains. The Chiltern platforms can be reached from the car park walkway without tickets, London Buses routes U1 and U10 serve the station. Ruislip Ickenham Adjacent to the station is the site of RAF West Ruislip which was until 2006 a co-located US Navy facility and elementary school. The site is currently undergoing commercial development, Hendry, R. Preston, Hendry, R. Powell
29.
Epping tube station
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Epping is a London Underground station in the Epping Forest District of Essex, serving as the north-eastern terminus of the Central line. Located in Travelcard Zone 6, it is one of eight London Underground stations in the Epping Forest District, the station before Epping is Theydon Bois, which is about three minutes travelling time away. In 1856, the Eastern Counties Railway opened a railway between Stratford and Loughton. In 1865, its successor, the Great Eastern Railway, added an extension from Loughton to Ongar. The popularity of the led to the doubling of the track between Loughton and Epping in 1892. The line was served, with 50 trains operating between Liverpool Street and Loughton each day, a further 22 continuing to Epping and 14 more to Ongar. Loughton to Epping became part of the London Underground Central line on 25 September 1949, british Railways ran the service until 1957 when the line was electrified and became part of the Central line. On 2 November 1981, Blake Hall closed and trains passed through the station, on 30 September 1994 London Underground withdrew the service between Epping and Ongar and subsequently sold this section of the Central line. This later became the privately owned preserved line Epping Ongar Railway, Epping station saw a growth in passenger numbers in the mid 1990s due to the closures of nearby North Weald, Blake Hall and Ongar stations. This growth has continued due to significant development in Epping itself, as of 11 May 2008 an e-petition calling for the reopening of North Weald and Ongar stations was created on the Downing Street website. It closed on 11 December 2008 with 1012 signatures, part of the Epping-Ongar line is now a heritage railway, the Epping Ongar Railway. Epping Station was a stop on the proposed London Underground Chelsea-Hackney line and this scheme is currently being pursued by the developers of Crossrail. It would have taken over the Central line from Leytonstone and continue to Epping serving as its terminus, however, as of 2013, the route options for this proposed line no longer include the Epping branch. Local bus Routes 7,87,381,382,418,419,420,380,501,541,900, the longest possible journey on the London Underground without changing trains is the Central line route between West Ruislip and Epping. Epping station counts approximately 6,200 users daily, Epping has the largest public London Underground station car park with 519 spaces. Londons Abandoned Tube Stations - Epping to Ongar branch Epping station in 1952 Epping station in 1953
30.
Hainault tube station
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Hainault is a London Underground station in Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge. The station is on the Central line between Fairlop and Grange Hill stations, since 2 January 2007 the station is in Travelcard Zone 4. This station is home to one of the three Central line depots. The station was opened on 1 May 1903 as part of the Great Eastern Railways Fairlop Loop branch line from Woodford to Ilford. The line was designed to stimulate suburban growth but was closed on 1 October 1908 due to a lack of custom, in 1923, GER was merged with other railway companies to form the London & North Eastern Railway under the 1921 Railways Act. As part of the 1935–1940 New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board, although work on this commenced in 1938, it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and work only recommenced in 1946. Steam train services serving Hainault were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, the line from Newbury Park to Hainault had been electrified for empty train movements to the new depot at Hainault from 14 December 1947. The services to Woodford via Grange Hill were reintroduced on 21 November 1948, alterations at Hainault included a new island platform on the west side of the station to allow the bulk of services via Gants Hill to be terminated here as well as allowing access to Hainault Depot. This, situated to the north of the station, is the train depot on the eastern end of the line. The depot building was completed in 1939 but was used by the US Army Transportation Corps until 1945, the depot was in use for Central line stock from 14 December 1947. From the mid-1960s until the early 1990s the Woodford-Hainault section was operated separately from the rest of the Central line. The three car units had a 1938 tube stock middle carriage and these trains were adapted for Automatic Train Operation, the Woodford-Hainault section became the testing ground for ATO on the Victoria line. Some Victoria line trains were used to operate this section and named FACT. The station has recently been the focus of a refurbishment programme, the ticket office has been refurbished, a new Station Supervisors Office in the ticket hall was completed in June 2009 and lifts have been installed to allow step-free access to the platforms. The lifts are the shallowest on the London Underground network, having a descent of just 0.67 metres, Central line trains take just 65 seconds on average to travel between the two stations. However the minimum walking or driving distance between the two stations is considerably longer, London Bus routes 150,247 and night route N8 serve the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Hainault LNER station,1935 Hainault station rebuilt,1948 Booking hall,1955 View of platforms,1955 Hainault station,2001
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Woodford tube station
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Woodford is a London Underground station in Woodford area of the London Borough of Redbridge, North East London. The station is on the Central line, between South Woodford and Buckhurst Hill stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4, the station is also a terminus for services via the Hainault loop. The station was opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch from Leyton to Loughton. Further alterations were carried out by the company, the Great Eastern Railway. The extension was delayed by World War II and electric services commenced as far as Loughton on 21 November 1948, the original goods yard, which was closed in the late 1960s, now forms the car park. During the planning of the Victoria line, route options included a continuation of the line from Walthamstow Central to Woodford or South Woodford stations, however, in 1961, the decision was taken to build only as far as Walthamstow Central. The main western entrance is located off The Broadway with access to the car park. The eastern entrance is located on Snakes Lane East and this entrance is closed after 21,00 and intercom is used to ask staff to unlock the gates at other times if necessary. The ticket office on that entrance is no longer in use. There are 3 platforms, one side and one island platform, the station had gone through refurbishment works. The stanchions have been repainted in green with tactile strips work completed. Extensive PA and Help Points have been added with new public address system, an ‘owl’ has also appeared suspended from the girder. London Bus routes 275,549 and W14 serve the station
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Theydon Bois tube station
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Theydon Bois is a London Underground station in Theydon Bois within the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is served by the Central line and is between Debden and Epping, for the purposes of fare charging it is in Zone 6. The station was opened as Theydon by the Great Eastern Railway on 24 April 1865 and it opened as an intermediate station on their Loughton–Ongar extension, the GER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923. Milk trains to Liverpool Street were a feature in the timetable until the underpass from Leyton to Stratford was built. As part of the New Works Programme, 1935–1940, the LNER branch was transferred to London Underground, in 2015, advocacy by a local group forced a proposed 80-space commuter car park to seek planning permission before being constructed on land adjacent to the station. The station was one of the first on the Underground network to operate without a ticket office. London bus route 541 serves the station
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Debden tube station
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Debden is a London Underground station on the Central line in the east of Loughton, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. The station is between Loughton and Theydon Bois and it is located in Station Approach off Chigwell Lane and is in Travelcard Zone 6. The station was opened on 24 April 1865 by the Great Eastern Railway as part of an extension of the railways Loughton branch to Epping. Initially called Chigwell Road, it was renamed on 1 December 1865 as Chigwell Lane. It was the setting for the Victorian ballad The Chigwell Stationmasters Wife, Chigwell Lane was one of a number of GER stations that saw a temporary suspension of passenger services, due to the need to make economies during the First World War. The station was closed from 22 May 1916 until 3 February 1919, as a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with other railway companies in 1923 to form part of the London & North Eastern Railway. As part of the New Works Programme, 1935-1940, the LNER branch was transferred to London Underground, although work commenced in 1938 it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and work only recommenced in 1946. British Railways steam services were replaced by electric Central line passenger services on 25 September 1949, from the handover, the station was renamed Debden. British Railways goods services continued to be operated on the branch for years afterwards, Debden station operates as an intermediate terminus for eastbound trains from central London, and a number of peak-hours trains terminate at the station rather than continuing to Epping. A turnback siding east of the station allows eastbound trains terminating at Debden to reverse direction, the siding may also be used in the reverse direction, allowing westbound trains from Epping to be terminated at Debden during service disruptions and return east. At one time there were two sidings at Debden and the majority of trains terminated there with a limited service continuing to Epping, however, the Epping service has improved considerably and this has reduced the number of trains terminating at Debden. The present station buildings on the eastbound platform largely date from a reconstruction in 1974, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive - Debden station,1961
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Loughton tube station
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Loughton is a London Underground station, some two miles north of the Greater London boundary, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is served by the Central line and lies between Buckhurst Hill and Debden and it is the larger of the two Underground stations in the town of Loughton, with Debden station being the smaller. For the purposes of charging it is in Zone 6. The original station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856, the post 1865 goods and carriage sidings no longer exist and were located where the present car parks are. The pre-1865 station also had sidings and a wharf, extending almost to what is now St Marys Church. This station is extensively documented in H W Paar and others, Loughtons First Station 2002 and in Pond, Strugnell and it was re-sited some 500 yards to the south on 24 April 1865 as part of the extension of the line to Epping and Ongar. A new station was opened on 28 April 1940 in readiness for London Underground trains, the current station is of notable architectural importance and is a Grade II listed building. The main elevation is flanked by wings and, to the south. The whole building, as well as the disused signal cabin and sub-station, is finished in carefully bonded, incised. The ticket hall takes the form of a lofty arched hall, the platforms are dominated by graceful, gull-winged shaped reinforced canopies that were altered during 1980s renovations. Although some original platform furniture has been lost the timber platform benches, with the London Underground roundel forming the seat backs, the station has four platform faces and three tracks, with the middle bi-directional track usually used for terminating trains. A proportion of trains are scheduled to terminate at Loughton, most of which return to central London. A traincrew depot was converted from the electrical substation to the north-east of the station in 2006. A small bus station is situated in the forecourt, where there are London Buses services, alongside commercial. Londons Abandoned Tube Stations - Loughton
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Buckhurst Hill tube station
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Buckhurst Hill is a London Underground station, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is served by the Central line and is between Woodford and Loughton and it is the larger of the two Underground stations in the town of Buckhurst Hill, with Roding Valley station being the smaller. The station opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch from London to Loughton and it originally had staggered platforms, with the main buildings on the down side. The 1856 station house survives to the south of the present platforms, but most of the present station dates from 1892, the building is similar to that at Billericay. Both were designed by W. N. Ashbee, the architect of the Great Eastern Railway, of which the station was a part. The station was transferred to London Underground ownership as part of the New Works Programme and this occurred on 21 November 1948. The station maintains its late Victorian ambiance to a surprising extent, there are disused exit/entrances to the south of the station that date from the transfer to the Underground, these gave direct access to Lower Queens Road and Queens Road. The pedestrian underpass between these two roads is still open and these exits were closed permanently in the 1980s, saving the expense of installing automatic ticket barriers on these additional two entries. For the purposes of charging it is in Zone 5. Http, //citytransport. info/BuckhurstHill. htm - Photographs of the Victorian era station platforms, shelters and waiting rooms
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South Woodford tube station
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South Woodford, originally George Lane, is a London Underground station in South Woodford of the London Borough of Redbridge. It is on the Epping branch of the Central line, between Snaresbrook and Woodford stations and is in Travelcard Zone 4. The station opened as George Lane on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch to Loughton, the station then formed part of the Great Eastern Railways system until that company was merged into the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923. On 5 July 1937 the station was renamed South Woodford, the station was subsequently transferred to form part of London Undergrounds Central line on 14 December 1947 when Central line services were extended from Leytonstone to Woodford. This formed a part of the planned, and delayed. After transferring to London Underground the suffix fell out of use, during the planning of the Victoria line, route options included a continuation of the line from Walthamstow Central to Woodford or South Woodford stations. However, in 1961, the decision was taken to only as far as Walthamstow Central. The station has two entrances, one on side of the line. George Lane originally crossed the tracks with a level crossing immediately to the north of the station, but this was closed. The footbridge can be used without a ticket, as unusually for stations on the Epping branch, the station has step-free access to and from the eastbound platform only. The station underwent considerable renovations in 2006,150 years after its first opening, the rebuilding of the section of westbound platform damaged by fire was also completed and the paint scheme was a mix of white, blue and orange. However, the footbridge over the tracks at the east end hasn’t been repainted, train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3–7 minutes between 07,03 and 22,39 eastbound and between 06,22 and 22,19 westbound. London Bus routes 179,549, W12, W13 and W14, and night route N55 serve the station
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Snaresbrook tube station
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Snaresbrook is a London Underground station on the Central line, located in Snaresbrook. The station is in Zone 4, between Leytonstone and South Woodford tube stations, the station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch to Loughton, which was eventually extended to Epping and Ongar in 1865. The station then formed part of the Great Eastern Railways system until that company was merged into the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923, the station was subsequently transferred to form part of London Undergrounds Central line from 14 December 1947. This formed a part of the planned, and delayed. The station was reconstructed in 1893, the most notable feature being the provision of a bay platform that remained in use until transfer to the Underground. The station is a survivor of a Victorian suburban station, with later additions. A small secondary ticket office, serving the platforms, was constructed in c.1948. Also of note, dating from the date, are the examples of the concrete roundels found on the platforms. London Buses route W14 serves the station, London Underground Stations, David Leboff, Ian Allan, London,1994
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Roding Valley tube station
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Roding Valley is a London Underground station situated in Buckhurst Hill in the Epping Forest district of Essex immediately to the north of the boundary with Greater London. The station is on the Hainault loop of the Central line between Chigwell and Woodford stations, however geographically it is midway between Woodford and Buckhurst Hill stations. It is located between Station Way and Cherry Tree Rise, since 2 January 2007, the station has been in Travelcard Zone 4. With around 260,000 passenger journeys recorded in 2014, Roding Valley is the station on the entire Underground network. It was originally named Roding Valley Halt, and was opened to new housing developments between Buckhurst Hill and Woodford. It was named after the River Roding which is close by, the track rises towards Chigwell and crosses the Roding over an impressive viaduct. Roding Valley station has a small catchment area, which may explain its low usage. To the NE, E and SE is the flood plain of the river Roding. A short distance to the N is Buckhurst Hill station, to the NW is an open space, while the areas to the SW and S are served by Woodford station, which has a better train service. The tracks through Roding Valley were opened on 1 May 1903 by the Great Eastern Railway on its Woodford to Ilford line, the station was not opened until 3 February 1936 by the London & North Eastern Railway. Although work started in 1938 it was suspended at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, in connection with the alterations required for the electrification of the line, the station was closed from 29 November 1947. It reopened, with its present name, and was first served by the Central line from 21 November 1948, the rather basic station buildings were replaced by more substantial structures by 1949. From the mid-1960s until the early 1990s the Woodford-Hainault section was operated separately from the rest of the Central line. The three car units had a 1938 tube stock middle carriage and these trains were adapted for Automatic Train Operation, the Woodford-Hainault section became the testing ground for ATO on the Victoria line. Some Victoria line trains were used to operate this section and named FACT. The separate operation has now been abolished, the 1960 Stock withdrawn and through trains to Central London now operate, because of this, it is normally quicker to travel to Woodford and change there, as trains to central London run frequently from that point. At the buildup to the periods, some trains starting from Hainault depot operate to central London via Grange Hill, Chigwell, Roding Valley. This is done for operating convenience but passenger demand for services is particularly high
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Chigwell tube station
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Chigwell is a London Underground station at Chigwell in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is located on the Hainault Loop of the Central line, since 2 January 2007, the station is in Travelcard Zone 4. The station was opened on 1 May 1903 by the Great Eastern Railway on its Woodford to Ilford line, as a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with other railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London & North Eastern Railway. As part of work the station closed on 29 November 1947. Electric Underground trains served the station from 21 November 1948, from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s the Woodford-Hainault section was largely operated separately from the rest of the Central line, using four-car trains of 1960 Stock. The three car units had a 1938 tube stock middle carriage and these trains were adapted for Automatic Train Operation, the Woodford-Hainault section became the testing ground for ATO on the Victoria line. Some Victoria line trains were used to operate this section and named FACT. The separate operation has now been abolished, the 1960 Stock withdrawn and through trains to Central London now operate, because of this, it is normally quicker to travel to Woodford and change there, as trains to central London run frequently from that point. At the buildup to the periods, some trains starting from Hainault depot operate to central London via Grange Hill, Chigwell, Roding Valley. This is done for operating convenience but passenger demand for services is particularly high. Since 5 February 2006 this has one of the small number of stations on the network to have no staffed ticket office. The station went through refurbishment, which was completed in 2006, in view of the rising passenger numbers, the train service on this branch was extended to midnight in 2006. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is,3 tph eastbound to Ealing Broadway via Hainault 3 tph westbound to Woodford London Bus routes 167, Local Bus route 804 and Local School route 53 also serve the station. The station is used as a location in Mike Leighs 1983 film Meantime, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Booking hall of Chigwell station,1955
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Grange Hill tube station
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The station is between Hainault tube station and Chigwell tube station. The station has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007, the station was opened by the Great Eastern Railway on 1 May 1903 on their Fairlop Loop line between Woodford and Ilford. As a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London & North Eastern Railway. Although work commenced in 1938 it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, in connection with the alterations required for the electrification of the line, the station was closed from 29 November 1947. It reopened and was first served by the Central line from 21 November 1948, the station ticket office was reconstructed as part of this work following destruction of the original building by a German V1 Doodlebug in July 1944. From the mid-1960s until the early 1990s the Woodford-Hainault section was largely separately operated from the rest of the Central line and these trains were adapted for Automatic Train Operation, the Woodford-Hainault section became the testing ground for ATO on the Victoria line. The separate operation has now been abolished and through trains to Central London via Hainault now operate, since 5 February 2006 this has been one of the small number of stations on the network to have no staffed ticket office. However, staff are available 24 hours a day for customer information, typical off-peak services are,3 trains per hour to Ealing Broadway via Hainault 3 trains per hour to Woodford London Buses routes 362 and 462 and Local School route 43 Times serve the station. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Grange Hill station,1955 Booking hall,1955
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Fairlop tube station
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Fairlop is a station on the Central line of the London Underground. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007 and it is on the north side of Forest Road, in Fairlop, just north of Barkingside. The station was opened on 1 May 1903 as part of the Great Eastern Railways Woodford to Ilford loop or branch line and this line, designed to stimulate suburban growth, had a chequered career. As a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London & North Eastern Railway. As part of the 1935 -1940 New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board, although work commenced in 1938, it was suspended on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and work only recommenced in 1946. Steam train services serving Fairlop were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, the line from Newbury Park to Hainault through Fairlop had been electrified for empty train movements to the new depot at Hainault from 14 December 1947. Few alterations took place during this transfer, and the remains a fine example of an Edwardian railway station including canopies that still bear the GER symbol in the bracketry. The station has facilities, a car park and a waiting room on the westbound platform. London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Fairlop LNER station,1935 View of platforms,1953 Booking hall,1955
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Barkingside tube station
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Barkingside is a London Underground station on the Central line. It is on the edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge. It is between Newbury Park and Fairlop stations and has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007, the station is on the eastern edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge, at the end of a cul-de-sac called Station Road. The station is next door to the home of Redbridge F. C, the station originally opened on 1 May 1903, as part of a Great Eastern Railway branch line from Woodford to Ilford via Hainault. As a consequence of the 1921 Railways Act, the GER was merged with railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London & North Eastern Railway. As part of the 1935–1940 New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board the majority of the loop was to be transferred to form the extensions of the Central line. Although work commenced in 1938 it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, steam train services serving Barkingside were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, finally commenced on 31 May 1948. The line from Newbury Park to Hainault through Barkingside had been electrified for empty train movements to the new depot at Hainault from 14 December 1947, the station contains two platforms, one for each direction. Few alterations took place to the station upon transfer to the Underground, Barkingside station is a Grade II listed building, marking it as a structure of architectural significance. Probably designed under the direction of W. N. Ashbee, the interior is notable for the fine hammerbeam roof to the ticket hall. Both platforms retain the ornate canopies with the GER initials still visible in the bracketry, the station has toilet facilities, and a waiting room on the Westbound platform. Furthermore, bus route 128 provide a 24-hour service, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive Barkingside LNER station, 1930s Barkingside station,1953 Booking hall,1955
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Newbury Park tube station
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Newbury Park is a London Underground station in Newbury Park, in the London Borough of Redbridge. It is on the Hainault loop of the Central line, in Zone 4, Newbury Park originally opened on 1 May 1903, as part of a Great Eastern Railway branch line from Woodford to Ilford via Hainault, known as the Fairlop Loop. This line, designed to stimulate suburban growth, had a chequered career, as a consequence of the Railways Act 1921, the GER was merged with other railway companies in 1923 to become part of the London & North Eastern Railway. As part of the 1935–1940 New Works Programme of the London Passenger Transport Board the majority of the loop was to be transferred to form the extensions of the Central line. Although work commenced in 1938 it was suspended upon the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and this involved the construction of a new tube tunnel from Leytonstone via Redbridge which surfaced at Newbury Park to connect with the lines of the existing Ilford – Woodford branch. Steam train services serving Newbury Park were suspended on 29 November 1947 and electrified Central line passenger services, to Central London via Gants Hill, on the same day the line beyond, to the new Hainault depot, was electrified for empty train movements. The station ceased to be the terminus of the Central line on 31 May 1948 with the extension of passenger services to Hainault station. The surface tracks from Newbury Park to Ilford were severed by expansion of Ilford Carriage Sheds in 1947, the former alignment was in a cutting which was filled in and subsequently provided land for allotment gardens and housing. Three road bridges apparently spanning a missing alignment are the only clues to the old railway, the northern end of the platforms were truncated to facilitate insertion of the points-work for the re-arrangement. The sidings were abandoned when Hainault depot fully opened in 1948, today some eastbound trains still terminate at Newbury Park before reversing back to central London. The stations most prominent feature is the adjacent bus station, designed by Oliver Hill, distinguished by a copper-covered barrel-vaulted roof, the structure is a Grade II listed building and won a Festival of Britain architectural award in 1951. The rest of the proposed reconstruction was not completed due to post-war economies. The original station building, which was similar to Chigwell tube station, was demolished in 1956 to facilitate widening of the adjacent A12 Eastern Avenue. Another similar building existed at Grange Hill tube station but this was flattened by a German V1 flying bomb in 1944, Hainault station which has step-free access is three stops to the north. £4.6 million was spent on Newbury Park before the project was halted, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive – Bus Station shortly after opening
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Gants Hill tube station
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Gants Hill is a London Underground station in Gants Hill, in the London Borough of Redbridge. It is served by the Central line and is in Zone 4 and it is the easternmost station to be entirely below ground on the London Underground network. It is also the busiest station on the Hainault loop of the Central line, the station is located beneath Gants Hill roundabout, and reached via the pedestrian subway under the roundabout. Construction originally began in the 1930s but was suspended during the Second World War, during the war, the station was used as an air raid shelter and the tunnels as a munitions factory for Plessey electronics. Plessey opened their facility in 1942, and production lasted until 1945, the station was finally completed and opened on 14 December 1947. During planning, the names Ilford North and Cranbrook were considered, the station, like many others on the same branch, was designed by notable Tube architect Charles Holden. During the stations planning phase Holden had worked as a consultant for the Moscow Metro, there are three escalators from the ticket office to the platforms. The station has no surface buildings due to its location under Gants Hill roundabout, many London Bus routes serve the station, with bus stops on all the main roads joining Gants Hill Roundabout - Eastern Avenue, Cranbrook Road and Woodford Avenue. Destinations include Ilford town centre, Romford, Leytonstone, Loughton, London Transport Museum Photographic Archive - Entrance to station in 1953, with low roof of ticket hall visible in background
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Redbridge tube station
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Redbridge is a London Underground station in Redbridge, on the Hainault Loop of the Central line, in Zone 4. It is on the Eastern Avenue, the station was opened on 14 December 1947. Construction had begun in the 1930s but was delayed by the onset of the Second World War, during the war, the completed train tunnels at Redbridge were used by the Plessey company as an aircraft parts factory. The station building was designed by renowned Tube architect, Charles Holden, since the station was built, a large roundabout has been constructed next to it, being a junction between the A406, and the A12. Redbridge is often described as the shallowest deep level station on the network, in July 2011 it was granted Grade II listed building status by English Heritage. It was also mentioned in the Department S episode The Last Train To Redbridge, London Buses routes 66,145 and 366 serve the station. Redbridge station at CharlesHolden. com More photos of this station RedRag achieves bus rerouting at the station
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Wanstead tube station
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Wanstead is a London Underground station in Wanstead, on the Hainault loop of the Central line. It is in Travelcard Zone 4, construction of the station had started in the 1930s, but was delayed by the onset of World War II. The incomplete tunnels between Wanstead and Gants Hill to the east were used for production by Plessey between 1942 and 1945. The station was opened on 14 December 1947. The building, like other stations on the branch, was designed by architect Charles Holden. It kept its original wooden escalator until 2003, one of the last Tube stations to do so, the station has been extensively refurbished since 2006, including the replacement of the original platform wall tiling, which had become badly damaged. The station is served by London Buses routes 66,101,145,308, W12, W13 and W14, and also by night routes N8 and N55
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Leytonstone tube station
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Leytonstone is a London Underground station on the Central line, on the boundary of Zones 3 and 4. Towards London the next station is Leyton, while going east from Leytonstone, on the direct route to Woodford and Epping the next stop is Snaresbrook, and on the Hainault loop it is Wanstead. The station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856, in turn it became, from 1862, part of the Great Eastern Railway system and then in 1923 part of the London & North Eastern Railway before being transferred to London Transport in 1947. This work saw a reconstruction of the station along with the removal of the level crossing at Church Lane. The work stopped in May 1940 due to priorities, further delays were caused by the station buildings being hit by a German bomb in January 1944. During the war, the new tunnels were used as an aircraft component factory, the station was first served by the Central line on 5 May 1947 when it became the temporary terminus of the line, passengers changing on to steam shuttle onwards to Epping. This ceased on 14 December 1947 with the extension of Underground services to Woodford, work was started in June 2000 and the mosaics were unveiled on 3 May 2001. Three people were stabbed inside the ticket hall during the evening of 5 December 2015. The Metropolitan Police arrested the attacker inside the station after using Tasers against him and they subsequently announced that the stabbings were being treated as a terrorist incident and a counter-terrorism operation had been launched. The centre platform is used for through services going westbound. However, due to the configuration of the tracks, trains going eastbound from this platform can access the Epping branch. Trains needing access to the Hainault branch can do so by shunting west of the station, London Buses routes 66,145,257,339, W13, W14, W15, W16 and W19 and night route N8 serve the station and bus station. YouTube video of a train arriving on the eastbound platform Leytonstone Underground Station, Hitchcock Mosaic Early photograph of the original 1856 station, from Church Lane
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Leyton tube station
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Leyton is a London Underground station at Leyton. Situated opposite Leyton Mills at the end of Leyton High Road, the station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856 and was called Low Leyton. It was renamed Leyton on 27 November 1868 by the Great Eastern Railway, the station was first served by the Central line on 5 May 1947. Now demolished is the ticket office and entrance, opened in 1901. There was planned to be a new exit from the platform onto Goodall Road. The work was due to be completed by June 2012, Leyton tube station serves Leyton Orient F. C. stadium. London Buses routes 58,69,97 and 158 serve the station with W14,339, W15 and night route N26 nearby
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Stratford station
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Stratford is a major multilevel interchange station serving the district of Stratford and the mixed-use development of Stratford City in the London Borough of Newham, Greater London. On the Underground it is a through-station on the Central line between Mile End and Leyton, and it is the terminus of the Jubilee line following West Ham. On the DLR it is a terminus for trains and for others it is a through-station between Stratford High Street and Stratford International. There are also limited services operated by c2c between Liverpool Street and Shoeburyness via the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. From 2019 the full Crossrail service will replace TfL Rail, linking Stratford to other stations in central London as well as Reading, the station was opened in 1839 by the Eastern Counties Railway. Today it is owned by Network Rail and is situated in Travelcard zone 2/3, Stratford served as a key travel hub for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games held in London. By the most recent National Rail entry and exit figures, it is the 6th busiest station in Britain, the Northern and Eastern Railway opened a section of its authorised line from Broxbourne to join the ECR at Stratford on 15 September 1840. As well as a station, a railway works was built adjacent to the line to Broxbourne and this and the engine shed later expanded into the area to the west of the station which is now occupied by a shopping centre and Stratford International station. The ECR tracks were set to a gauge of 5 ft on the recommendation of engineer John Braithwaite. This choice meant that the Northern & Eastern Railway who were planning to share the ECR line between Stratford and Bishopsgate were forced to adopt the same gauge, at the same time the associated Northern & Eastern Railway was also converted. New station buildings were built in 1847 replacing the structure on Angel Road. These were located in the V between the Cambridge and Colchester lines and access was via Station Road, the line through the low level platforms first opened in 1846 as a goods only branch as far as Thames Wharf. The bridge under the line was too low for many locomotives. On opening there was also a line that linked what is now known as the Great Eastern Main Line directly to the docks enabling through running from Colchester to Thames Wharf, the docks and associated railway networks expanded with passenger services to North Woolwich starting in 1847. There was an accident at Stratford station on 18 July 1846 when an up train ran into the back of a passenger train from Ipswich. There were 10 passengers seriously injured one of whom later died, in 1854 the newly opened London Tilbury and Southend Railway served Stratford joining the main line at Forest Gate Junction a few miles north. Their services generally served Fenchurch Street and were routed via the Bow Road route although some carriages were detached at Stratford for onward working to Bishopsgate and this practice was discontinued in 1856 as passengers preferred the more conveniently sited Fenchurch Street. In connection with the introduction of the new LTSR services a third line was built from Stratford to Bow Junction which was used by down Fenchurch Street services and a new platform face opened
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