1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
Canadian Army
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The Canadian Army is one of three environmental commands within the unified Canadian Armed Forces. As of September 2013 the Army has 21,600 regular soldiers, about 24,000 reserve soldiers, the Army is supported by 5,600 civilian employees. It maintains regular forces units at bases across Canada, and is responsible for the Army Reserve. The Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of the Army Staff is Lieutenant-General Paul Wynnyk, the name Canadian Army only came into official use beginning in 1940, from before Confederation until the Second World War the official designation was Canadian Militia. On 1 April 1966, as a precursor to the unification of Canadas armed services, Mobile Command was renamed Land Force Command in the 1993 reorganization of the Canadian Armed Forces. In August 2011, Land Force Command reverted to the title of the Canadian Army. Some current regiments of the Canadian Army trace their origins to these pre-Confederation militia, Regular Canadian troops participated in the North West Rebellion in 1885, the South African War in 1899, and, in much larger numbers, constituted the Canadian Expeditionary Force in First World War. In 1940, during Second World War, the Permanent Active Militia was renamed the Canadian Army, supplemented by the non-permanent militia, the Army participated in the Korean War and formed part of the NATO presence in West Germany during the Cold War. Despite Canadas usual support of British and American initiatives, Canadas land forces did not directly participate in the Vietnam War or the Iraq War, Command of the Army is exercised by the Commander of the Canadian Army within National Defence Headquarters located in Ottawa. It serves as a headquarters to command a divisional-level deployment of Canadian or allied forces on operations. It includes a number of schools and training organizations, such as the Combat Training Centre at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick, the position was renamed Chief of the Land Staff in 1993. Following the reversion of Land Forces to the Canadian Army in 2011, officers are selected in several ways, The Regular Officer Training Plan, where candidates are educated at the Royal Military College of Canada or at civilian Canadian universities. Direct Entry officer Plan, for those who hold a university degree or technology diploma. Candidates complete their degrees while serving in the Army, university Training Plan, designed to develop selected serving non-commissioned members for service as career officers in the Regular Force. Normally, candidates selected for this plan will attend RMC or a university in Canada. Special Requirements Commissioning Plan, is designed to meet the needs of the officer occupations, subsidized special education, which includes the Medical Officer Training Plan or Dental Officer Training Plan. In addition there were other commissioning plans such as the Officer Candidate Training Plan, Canadian infantry and armoured regimental traditions are strongly rooted in the traditions and history of the British Army. Many regiments were patterned after regiments of the British Army, other regiments developed independently, resulting in a mixture of both colourful and historically familiar names
3.
CFB Edmonton
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CFB Edmonton is a Canadian Forces base located in Sturgeon County adjacent to the City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada. It is also known as Edmonton Garrison or Steele Barracks, the history of CFB Edmonton begins at an old airfield called Blatchford Field, a few kilometres south from where CFB Edmonton would eventually be established. The airfield began operating after the First World War and became important to the opening up, during the Second World War Blatchford Field became a Royal Canadian Air Force training station under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. No.16 Elementary Flying Training School and No.2 Air Observers School used the aerodrome, the RCAF also ran No.4 Initial Training School which was a ground school located at the University of Alberta. No.16 EFTS closed in 1942 and No.2 AOS closed in 1944, after No.2 AOS closed, the station formally became known as RCAF Station Edmonton. Many RCAF squadrons and units were located here, including a survival school, a United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber detachment also used the station. During the war the airfield became a point for the US defence of Alaska and was heavily used by the US military. Aircraft had to be ferried and transport aircraft used the aerodrome to support the construction of the Alaska Highway, Air traffic increased significantly and flying activities were becoming hazardous. Since the old airfield could not be expanded because of its proximity to the city of Edmonton, the United States Army Corps of Engineers built two runways at the base, 03/21 and 12/30, both 2,100 m long and Canadas longest. The Americans ran the Namao airfield until the end of the war when the Canadian Government took it over, Blatchford Field was turned over to the Edmonton municipal government and became a commercial airport. The station also hosted the Edmonton Rescue Coordination Centre, and served as base for United Nations Food Aid flights, delivering much-needed aid to Ethiopia, Somalia. Because Namao at that time had a 4, 200-metre runway, 12/30, in 1968, when Canadas armed forces were amalgamated, RCAF Station Namao was redesignated Canadian Forces Base Edmonton and was under command of the new Air Transport Command and later Air Command. Federal Government budget cuts forced the command of the air station to be transferred to the Canadian Forces Land Force Command in 1994, CFB Edmonton /18 Wing Edmonton was redesignated CFB Edmonton. Although both runways are still visible they are no longer in use except for a 45 m ×150 m section of 03/21 used by helicopters and it is one of the few Canadian aerodromes to be given in metres rather than feet. The base is situated at Steele Barracks just outside the city, the area formerly known as CFB Griesbach within the city itself is no longer operational, all buildings and land were sold and are no longer Crown assets. The base as a collective is an important part of the community surrounding Edmonton and is home to some of the most prestigious, units from the base were deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan, as part of the Canadian Forces command takeover in that area as well. Units from CFB Edmonton were also deployed on peacekeeping operations, including to Bosnia and Kosovo. The Area Support Unit and CFB Edmonton provide infrastructure and support to 47 units located in, the number of military personnel at these units includes 4,500 regular, and 500 reserve force soldiers
4.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
5.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
6.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
7.
Alberta
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Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
8.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
9.
3rd Canadian Division
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The 3rd Canadian Division is a formation of the Canadian Army. It was first created as a formation of the Canadian Corps during the First World War and it was stood down following the war and was later reactivated as the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division during the Second World War. The second iteration served with distinction from 1941 to 1945, taking part in the D-Day landings of 6 June 1944, a duplicate of the 3rd Canadian Division was formed in 1945 to serve on occupation duty in Germany, and was disbanded the following year. In 2013, Land Force Western Area, a military organization in western Canada, was ordered to be redesignated as 3rd Canadian Division. On 6 June 2014, the 3rd Canadian Division adopted the insignia, traditions, from the middle of 1916, the division has been identified by a distinctive French-Grey patch worn on the uniforms of its soldiers. The 3rd Canadian Division was formed in France in December 1915 under the command of Major-General Malcolm Mercer and its members served in France and Flanders until Armistice Day. While with the 3rd Division at Ypres, Mercer became the highest-ranking Canadian officer killed in action during the First World War. On the same day, Brigadier V. A. Williams, commanding the 8th Infantry Brigade, became the highest-ranking Canadian officer captured in the First World War, also at the Battle of Mount Sorrel. Mercer was replaced by Louis Lipsett, who commanded the division until September 1918, shortly before he too was killed in action on 14 October 1918, Major-General Frederick Loomis closed out World War I as the commander. 7th Infantry Brigade, The Royal Canadian Regiment, December 1915 –11 November 1918, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry. 24 December 1915 –11 November 1918, 42nd Battalion Canadian Infantry, December 1915 –11 November 1918, 49th Battalion Canadian Infantry. December 1915 –11 November 1918, 8th Infantry Brigade, 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF. December 1915 –11 November 1918, 2nd Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, December 1915 –11 November 1918, 4th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF. December 1915 –11 November 1918, 5th Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, December 1915 –11 November 1918. 9th Infantry Brigade, 43rd Battalion Canadian Infantry, January 1916 –11 November 1918, 52nd Battalion Canadian Infantry. January 1916 –11 November 1918, 58th Battalion Canadian Infantry, January 1916 –11 November 1918, 60th Battalion Canadian Infantry. January 1916 –30 April 1917, April 1917 –11 November 1918. 8 January 1916 – May 1917, 123rd Canadian Pioneer Battalion, to the 3rd Canadian Engineer Brigade
10.
Land Force Western Area
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Land Force Western Area was a formation of the Canadian Army responsible for operations in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. LFWA was headquartered at CFB Edmonton, the command was formed in 1991. In 2013 it was announced that LFWA would be renamed 3rd Canadian Division and this change took place in the summer of 2014. Later that decade, the four reserve force districts were reorganized into three Canadian Brigade Groups. In 2014 LFWA was renamed 3rd Canadian Division, with this change of name, the formation was also granted the identifying patch and historical lineage to the division that fought in the two world wars. Brigadier-General Beare, CD Brigadier-General Jorgensen, OMM, MSM, CD Brigadier-General P. F, juneau Land Force Western Area had four Brigade Groups, and an Area Support Group. There were also five units are under command of LFWA that didnt operate under the four brigade groups. 1 Area Support Group was headquartered out of CFB Edmonton, the Support Group was responsible for providing service and support to the units of Land Force Western Area. 38 Canadian Brigade Group was a Reserve Force brigade group based out of Winnipeg and its composed of units in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and eastwards into Ontario to Thunder Bay, Ontario. 39 Canadian Brigade Group was a Primary Reserve brigade group based out of Vancouver, all of the units of the brigade are from the province of British Columbia. 41 Canadian Brigade Group was a Reserve Force brigade group based out of Calgary, the units forming the brigade group are from the province of Alberta, as well as a company based out of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
11.
39 Canadian Brigade Group
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39 Canadian Brigade Group is a Canadian Forces formation of the Canadian Army under the 3rd Canadian Division. The brigade group is composed of Canadian Forces Primary Reserve units,39 CBG Headquarters is located in the West Point Grey neighborhood of Vancouver at the former RCAF Station Jericho Beach. The brigade group is made of approximately 1,500 soldiers located in reserve units located in communities across British Columbia, most of the soldiers in 39 CBG are reservists, serving part-time within their communities. Soldiers of 39 CBG are trained in supporting domestic and also expeditionary operations, every year many members of 39 CBG volunteer to serve all over the world in UN and NATO deployments. 39 CBG is supported by other units that provide specialist duties, such as medical services. These units do not fall under the 39 CBG command structure, however, the medical needs of 39 CBG, such as tending to wounded troops in the field, are provided by two field ambulance units. These two units are part of the Royal Canadian Medical Service and 1 Health Services Group,11 Field Ambulance in Victoria 12 Field Ambulance in Vancouver The military police support for 39 CBG is provided by the Canadian Forces Military Police. The military police assigned to the brigade is 12 Military Police Platoon and is based out of the Colonel Sherman Armoury in Richmond. 12 Military Police Platoon reports to its parent units,15 Military Police Company, Military intelligence services for 39 CBG are provided by the Vancouver detachment of 6 Intelligence Company, based out the Jericho Garrison. The unit headquarters is at CFB Edmonton and operates detachments in several brigade groups. 6 Int Coy operates detachments in, Edmonton Vancouver Winnipeg Exercise Cougar Salvo is 39 CBGs annual field training exercise which combines the brigade as a whole, every year, the exercise is held in a different location, usually in British Columbia. In 2006, it was held in the streets of Kamloops, in 2007, however, it has been held in other locations, such as in the United States. In 2012, Exercise Cougar Salvo was held in Boise, Idaho
12.
Primary Reserve
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The reserve force is represented, though not commanded, at the national level by the Chief of Reserves and Cadets. This is usually a general or Rear Admiral. The Naval Reserve is the formation of the Royal Canadian Navy. It is organized into 24 Naval Reserve Divisions, shore-based training facilities located in communities across the country, each NRD has a small cadre of full-time reservists and regular force members to coordinate training and administration, but is for the most part directed by the divisions part-time leadership. Training is conducted year round with regular force counterparts at the three Canadian Forces Fleet Schools and reservists frequently deploy on regular force ships to augment ships companies. The Naval Reserve supplies all personnel for the 12 Kingston-class Maritime Coastal Defence Vessels, the Naval Reserve has a funded manning level of 4,000. The Army Reserve of the Canadian Army is the largest part of the Primary Reserve and it is sometimes referred to by its original and historic name, the Militia. During operations the Army Reserve is tasked to provide trained and equipped troops to augment the regular army. It forms the framework needed to raise an army during wartime. This fighting mission has not changed much since the Second World War and this perpetuates the regimental system in the reserve army so that it is available as such for the timely absorption of recruits in case of war or in aid of the civil power. Such as when the need may one day arise, to call out more than 26,000 supplementary reservists and cadet instructors, to reinforce the order of battle, however, in practice the regimental system exists as an important military institution for Canada. In addition to the tactical contribution provided for today’s Total Force they also provide a deep-rooted community tie, the true strength of the Army Reserve is the strong connection that the extended regimental family fosters with the community. Many of these activities are overseen by the honorary colonel. Although the vast Canadian geography and demographic factors impact unit composition they mostly functions in much the same way, during peacetime the Regimental establishment will only be the equivalent of a much reduced battalion of a couple hundred troops and less in some cases. The regiment’s subordinate units consist of one training company that may include a platoon devoted to inducting recruits, the Training Company provides candidates for basic courses run at the brigades Battle School and combat arms training conducted at the Divisional Training Centre. Once the soldiers are trade-qualified, they return to their units to serve in the company that is ready. Each unit will usually deploy a reduced company of two platoons, one of these consisting of younger soldiers who have just passed through qualification training. The battle group is commanded by a lieutenant-colonel selected on a rotational basis from one of the brigade units
13.
6 Intelligence Company
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6 Intelligence Company is a line unit that falls directly under 3rd Canadian Division Command which is headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta. The company is divided into three platoons which are located in Vancouver, Winnipeg, and Edmonton, the members of the unit are recruited from other military trades as well as from various civilian organizations. The unit history dates to August 30,1950 when No.4 Intelligence Training Company was formed in Vancouver, on July 15,1956, the minister of national defence approved the relocation of a detachment to Edmonton. Two years later Western Command proposed that the detachment in Edmonton should form a new company, on February 7,1962, the detachment was formally designated No.6 Intelligence Training Company, and Captain John Singer was appointed the first commanding officer
14.
CFB Wainwright
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Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, commonly referred to as CFB Wainwright is a Canadian Forces Base located in Denwood, Alberta, adjacent to the town of Wainwright. DND owned an adjacent 75 km2 property and used the facility for artillery, armoured. During the 16 months the POW camp was in operation, only two prisoners escaped, although they were recaptured just over a month later, but not until they had reached Gary. Decommissioned as a POW internment camp in 1946, Camp Wainwright reverted to a Canadian Army training facility, the camp staff and guard company were reduced to nil strength a few weeks later, marking the end of this chapter of CFB/ASU Wainwrights history. The February 1,1968 merger of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, one of these saw Camp Wainwright transferred on January 1,1967, to become an auxiliary satellite training camp of CFB Calgary. This was reverted on August 1,1967, due to command and control problems, an airfield was opened at CFB Wainwright in October 1967 and at the time of official unification, CFB Wainwright became a component of Training Command as the facility was tasked as a training area. CFB Wainwright offered both officer and basic training courses, battalion-level unit operations and acted as a host for training foreign detachments, Wainwright also offered administrative support services for 1 Canadian Brigade Group units. On July 15,1974,1 Combat Group Operational Training Detachment was formed at CFB Wainwright to conduct training for two or more units of Mobile Commands 1 Combat Group. In 1983, CFB Wainwright consisted of the facilities,742 Communication Detachment. Defence cuts following the end of the Cold War during the 1990s resulted in the closure of CFB Calgary, CFB Wainwright was also impacted by defence cuts and was reduced to an Area Support Unit. ASU Wainwright, as the facility is called, has 690 military personnel and 300 civilian workers. Although primarily a base for the Canadian Army it is also used by the Royal Canadian Air Force to train fighter bombers and search. The base also includes Wainwright/Wainwright Airport located 9 nautical miles west of Wainwright, approximately 7 NM west of CFB Wainright, the Wainwright Military Family Resource Centre, located on CFB Wainwright, provides resources and support for military families. Since 1942,140 Royal Canadian Sea Cadet Corps Cayuga has operated on CFB Wainwright, in 2015,3003 Royal Canadian Army Cadet Corps Battle River was renamed 3003 RCACC Wainwright and relocated to CFB Wainwright from Edgerton, Alberta. Wainwright Aerodrome Canadian Manoeuvre Training Centre
15.
Royal Canadian Horse Artillery
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The Royal Canadian Horse Artillery is the name given to the regular field artillery units of the Canadian Army. RCHA units are the units of the Canadian land field force. These bore the name of the Regiment of Canadian Artillery, with the Royal Canadian Artillery being formed as the element in 1895. In 1905, to distinguish between the force and militia, the regulars were given the title Royal Canadian Horse Artillery. 3 RCHA was reduced to nil strength in 1992 following the downsizing of the Land Force, 4th Regiment, RCHA, originally 81st Field Regiment, RCA, this regiment became part of the Royal Canadian Horse Artillery at the same time as 3 RCHA in 1953. 4 RCHA was primarily stationed at CFB Petawawa until 1970 when, following the formation of 5 RALC, it was reduced to nil strength and replaced by 2 RCHA. The Freedom of the City was exercised by the 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery in Kingston in 1983,1996, lineage of Royal Canadian Horse Artillery units. The contest is open to all DND military and civilian personnel,1 RCHA was forward deployed in Germany as part of Canadian Forces Europe for 25 years between 1967, and the final Canadian withdrawal from Europe in 1993. Currently, this regiment is part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, 2nd Regiment, RCHA,2 RCHA was formed in 1950 for service in the Korean War. 2RCHA is part of 4th Canadian Divisions 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, 5e Régiment dartillerie légère du Canada,5 RALC is the francophone element of the regular artillery, and was formed in 1968. 5 RALC is part of 2nd Canadian Divisions 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. A, simcock, W. Goski, Joseph G. Mitchell G. D
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Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians)
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Lord Strathconas Horse is a regular armoured regiment of the Canadian Army. Currently based in Edmonton, Alberta, the regiment is part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, members of the regiment are commonly called Strathconas or Strats as a short form. It was one of the last regiments in the British Empire to be created and raised by an individual, Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona. The regiment is composed of a regimental headquarters and four primary squadrons, A, B, Reconnaissance. In September 2006, B Squadron deployed to Afghanistan using the Leopard C2, each year the squadron that distinguishes itself with the highest efficiency rating in the regiment earns the title Prince of Wales Squadron for the year. The regiment has seven affiliated cadet corps in Alberta and British Columbia, Lord Strathconas Horse operates with 40 Leopard 2s and 12 Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicles. This was until the 2006 announcement that the Royal Canadian Dragoons would be re-equipped with a squadron of Leopards, the current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Mark Lubiniecki CD and the regimental sergeant major is Chief Warrant Officer R. J. Clarke MMM, CD. The colonel-in-chief of the regiment is Charles, Prince of Wales, there it fought as part of the 3rd Mounted Brigade and 4th Infantry Brigade, II Division, until its departure from the theatre of operations on 20 January 1901. The unit disbanded on 9 March 1901, the regiment was placed on active service at the start of the Great War on 6 August 1914 for instructional and camp administration duties. On 14 September 1914 the regiment mobilized Lord Strathconas Horse, CEF, on 5 May 1915 it disembarked in France, where it fought dismounted in an infantry role with Seeleys Detachment, 1st Canadian Division. On 27 January 1916, the regiment remounted and resumed its role as part of the 1st Canadian Cavalry Brigade, with whom it continued to fight in France. The overseas regiment disbanded on 6 November 1920, the regiment embarked for Britain on 13 November 1941 and landed in Italy on 8 November 1943, where it fought as part of the 5th Armoured Brigade, 5th Canadian Armoured Division. On 16 February 1945 the regiment moved with the 1st Canadian Corps to North-West Europe as part of OPERATION GOLDFLAKE, the overseas regiment was disbanded on 1 March 1946. On 1 September 1945 a second Active Force component of the regiment was mobilized for service in the Pacific theatre of operations designated as the 2nd–2nd Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC, CASF. It was redesignated as the 2nd Armoured Regiment, RCAC, CASF) on 1 March 1946, a, B and C Squadrons fought independently in Korea from 19 April 1951 to 27 July 1953 as part of the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade Group, 1st Commonwealth Division. The Squadrons were equipped with M4A3E8 Sherman tanks, the Battle Captain, Capt Norman A. Shackleton, the 1st Troop Leader, Lt. CC Van Straubenzee, and the 3rd Troop Leader, Lt. F. G. Woodrow, as well as half of the NCOs and soldiers were Strathconas, two members of 56 Recce Squadron died, Lt. Charles C. Van Straubenzee on 10 May 1957 and Tpr. George E. McDavid on 29 Nov 1957, other Squadrons of the regiment served there and in Cyprus
17.
Armoured fighting vehicle
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An armoured fighting vehicle is a combat vehicle, protected by strong armour and generally armed with weapons, which combines operational mobility, tactical offensive, and defensive capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or tracked and it is not uncommon for AFVs to be simply referred to as armour. Armoured fighting vehicles are classified according to their role on the battlefield. This classification is not absolute, at different times different countries will classify the vehicle in different roles. For example, armoured carriers were generally replaced by infantry fighting vehicles in a similar role. Modern armoured fighting vehicles are the realization of an ancient concept, War machines with rudimentary armour have been used in battle for millennia. These designs historically struggled between the paradox of exposed-mobility, effective-firepower and cumbersome-protection, Siege engines, such as battering rams and trebuchets, would often be armoured in order to protect the crews from the defenders. Very large movable siege towers, helepolis were developed by Polyidus of Thessaly, the idea of a vehicle with a tortoise like cover has been known since antiquity. Frequently cited is Leonardo da Vincis 15th century sketch of a mobile, protected gun platform, the machine was to be mounted on four wheels which would be turned by the crew through a system of hand cranks and cage gears. Leonardo quoted I will build armored wagons which will be safe, there will be no obstacle which it cannot overcome. Modern replicas have demonstrated that the crew would have been able to move it over only short distances. The war wagon were medieval weapon-platforms developmed during the Hussite Wars around 1420 by Hussite forces rebelling in Bohemia. These heavy wagon were given protective sides with firing slits and heavy firepower from either a cannon or a force of hand-gunners and crossbowmen, supported by infantry using pikes, heavy arquebuses mounted on wagons were called arquebus à croc. These carried a ball of about 3.5 ounces, the first modern AFVs were armed cars, dating back virtually to the invention of the motor car. The Motor Scout was designed and built by British inventor F. R. Simms in 1898 and it was the first armed petrol engine powered vehicle ever built. The vehicle was a De Dion-Bouton quadricycle with a mounted Maxim machine gun on the front bar, an iron shield offered some protection for the driver from the front, but it lacked all-around protective armour. The armoured car was the first modern fully armoured fighting vehicle, the first of these was the Simms Motor War Car, designed by Simms and built by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in 1899. The vehicle had Vickers armour 6 mm thick and was powered by a four-cylinder 3. 3-litre 16 hp Cannstatt Daimler engine giving it a speed of around 9 miles per hour
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1 Combat Engineer Regiment
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1 Combat Engineer Regiment is a Regular Force regiment of the Canadian Military Engineers commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. Its headquarters is in the Patton Building at CFB Edmonton, Alberta, due to the regiments special armoured engineer capability, every Canadian rotation since 2006 has had a minimum of an armoured troop from 1 CER attached. As of the start of 2011,1 CER had six killed in Afghanistan. Like most Canadian Forces units, the designation the regiment is known as 1 Combat Engineer Regiment
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Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
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Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry is one of the three Regular Force infantry regiments of the Canadian Army of the Canadian Armed Forces. It is named for Princess Patricia of Connaught, then daughter of the Governor General of Canada, the regiment is composed of four battalions including a Primary Reserve battalion, for a total of 2,000 soldiers. The Loyal Edmonton Regiment, a Reserve Force battalion, is affiliated with the PPCLI but is not formally part of it, as part of this affiliation, the LER carries the designation 4th Battalion, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry. The regiment is a structure, and the three battalions are independent operational entities, under the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. Although the regiment carries the designation of light infantry, two of its battalions are mechanized infantry, and the unit has never been organized as a light infantry regiment. The PPCLI was raised on the initiative of Captain Andrew Hamilton Gault in 1914 and it was the first Canadian infantry unit to enter the theatre of operations, arriving in France on December 21,1914. The regiment has participated in the Second World War, the Korean War. The regiment has received 39 battle honours, three Commander-in-Chief Unit Commendations and the United States Presidential Unit Citation, the regiment is composed of three battalions, all of which are Regular Force units and part of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group. Each battalion is an operational entity in the Canadian Forces order of battle. The two first battalions are mechanized infantry, while the one is light infantry. The regimental headquarters are located on CFB Edmonton, the 1st Battalion, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry is located at Lancaster Park on CFB Edmonton in Alberta. 1PPCLI is an infantry battalion of the Regular Force and uses the LAV6.0 as its primary fighting vehicle. The battalion is made of three companies, combat support company comprising reconnaissance and signals platoons as well as a sniper group. The current commander is Lieutenant-Colonel Wade Rutland, CD Its Regimental Sergeant-Major is Chief Warrant Officer Darren Hessel, MMM, the 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry is based at Kapyong Barracks on CFB Shilo, Manitoba. The battalion is an infantry unit of the Regular Force and is part of the 1CMBG. The battalion is composed of three companies, one combat support company, and one command and administration company. Each rifle company is made of three platoons and an element, and has 15 LAV6.0 infantry fighting vehicles. The combat support company is composed of a platoon and a signals platoon
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1 Service Battalion
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1 Service Battalion is a deployable field unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides second- and limited combat service support to units throughout the 3rd Canadian Division. Located at Steele Barracks, Canadian Forces Base Edmonton,1 Svc Bn is composed of the Battalion Headquarters and four companies, Transportation, Supply, Maintenance. 1 Svc Bn generates forward support groups formed of personnel from each company in order to support domestic,1 Svc Bn is a force generation unit that is capable of providing two company-sized FSGs to support operations at any given time. The battalion is composed of an integrated and cohesive team of military members. Soldiers must maintain their soldiering and war-fighting skills to a degree of proficiency. The battalion’s primary focus is on conducting and training for operations, however, the unit also provides service support on a daily basis to 1 CMBG. The unit motto is Officium super omnia which translates to Duty above all, the current commanding officer is LCol B. D. Davidson and the regimental sergeant major is CWO W. J. Bantock. These three companies are descendants of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps, the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps, until the formation of the Service Battalions in September 1968, all transportation service was provided by the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps. The RCASC was established, by General Order No,141, as the Canadian Army Service Corps, on November 1,1901. The CASC was modelled directly off the British Army Service Corps to provide all transportation, initially, the CASC consisted of four companies to support the Active Militia units. The Corps grew quickly, doubling the number of units by 1903, by the summer of 1914 the CASC had a strength of 3000 personnel in eighteen companies. During World War I, the CASC provided a support element for each Canadian Division, with the introduction of motorized vehicles, the CASC carried commodities of a greater range and of greater weights. Motorized transportation also resulted in expanded responsibilities such as driving ambulances and engineer vehicles, carrying all natures of ammunition. In recognition of the services rendered during World War I, His Majesty King George V authorized the designator “Royal” in 1919, the RCASC, along with the rest of the Army, underwent a rapid expansion as Canada mobilized for the Second World War. The RCASC provided support to Canadian soldiers wherever they went, training in Canada and Great Britain, the campaign in north-west Europe, the RCASC moved supplies from the rear areas to the front-lines. They delivered all rations, ammunition, petroleum products, and all other essentials and they did so with a variety of vehicles ranging from three to ten ton trucks, and forty ton tank transporters. During the 1950s, the RCASC committed No.1 and No.2 Movement Control Groups,54 Canadian Transport Company,28 Motorized Ambulance Company, in 1952,23 Transport Company relieved 54 Transport Company, which was in-turn relieved by 56 Transport Company
21.
CFB Suffield
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Canadian Forces Base Suffield is the largest Canadian Forces Base and the largest military training base in the Commonwealth. It is located in southeastern Alberta,3 nautical miles north-northwest of Suffield,50 km northwest of the city of Medicine Hat and 250 km southeast of Calgary. The base has its own station, BFBS, which airs programming for both the Canadian and British military personnel stationed at the base. Some settlement was attempted, but during the droughts of the 1920s most farms were abandoned, along with some horses, the total area measures approximately 2,700 square kilometres and borders an area north of the South Saskatchewan River. Following the fall of Algeria to Nazi Germany, the British Army required a new training facility for carrying out experiments in chemical warfare. In 1941, the government expropriated the Suffield Block, purchasing the majority of the land from the Canadian Pacific Railway. Experimental Station Suffield commenced operations on June 11,1941, British forces left the joint operation of Suffield to the Canadian Army in 1946. In 1947 the Canadian Army turned operation of Experimental Station Suffield over to the Defence Research Board, now Defence Research, in 1950 the facility was renamed Suffield Experimental Station, and in 1967 it was renamed to Defence Research Establishment Suffield. Throughout the period from 1947 to 1971, the Canadian Army continued occasional use of the Suffield ranges, on December 1,1971, Canadian Forces Base Suffield was officially created and allocated to Mobile Command. By January 1972, the British Army Training Unit Suffield was established, British Army training has continued at Suffield since 1971, with the shared-use agreement being extended several times. Regular and reserve units of Canadian Army began to use of the base beginning in 1991. The British Army Training Unit Suffield consists of training equipment used by army units rotating through the base on exercises. In 1996/1997, CFB Suffield had two federal heritage buildings recognized on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings, Central Laboratory, Building B-1, DRES was merged into a new organization Defence Research and Development Canada in 2000. Defence Research and Development Canada is an agency of the Canadian Department of National Defence responding to the scientific and its mission is to ensure that the CF remains scientifically and operationally relevant. The agency is made up of eight laboratories, one of which being DRDC Suffield. DRDC Suffield is the laboratory for Chemical and Biological Defence research, as well as in areas generally related to military engineering, mobility systems. The decision to designate the Suffield Block a military training facility in 1941 left tens of kilometres of undisturbed prairie grassland intact from the effects of industrial agriculture. British Army Training Unit Suffield Defence Research and Development Canada Suffield Science and technology in Canada Operation LAC
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Area Support Unit Chilliwack
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Area Support Unit Chilliwack is a Canadian Forces facility located in Chilliwack, British Columbia. Located in the valley of the Fraser River, approximately 100 km east of Vancouver. It provides essential support and services for 200 Regular Force and 1800 Reserve Force personnel, the mission of ASU Chilliwack is to provide direct support for all its assigned dependencies by providing logistical support and maintenance. The unit badge depicts the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean and this concept is further illustrated by the unit motto Ad Mare Usque Mons, which translates to From Sea to Mountain. Military presence in the region is thought to have begun with the Royal Engineers who established a camp at Sumas near Chilliwack Mountain in 1858, from the camp, they conducted surveys and established boundary markers along the border to the south. Camp Chilliwack was opened on 15 February 1941, as part of a government decision to establish a training facility in the region. Initially, it served as a garrison for several units that had been formed for terrestrial defence. In 1966, Camp Chilliwack was renamed to Canadian Forces Base Chilliwack as part of the Canadian Forces unification program, in 1970, Canadian Forces Officer Candidate School was established at CFB Chilliwack and offered a tri-service Basic Officer Training Course. In 1994, the 3rd Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry moved from CFB Esquimalt on Vancouver Island to CFB Chilliwack, due to budget cuts, CFB Chilliwack was closed in 1997 and new bases were found for the units located at the former CFB Chilliwack. Because of the closure of CFB Chilliwack, a need arose for a formation to provide area-wide support for the Canadian Forces units remaining in mainland BC. In response to this need,1 Area Support Group was created in 1999, on 4 February 1999, ASU Chilliwack was formed and allocated as a unit within the 1ASG. ASU Chilliwack maintains ranges and training areas for use by it dependencies, as well as visiting units
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38 Canadian Brigade Group
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38 Canadian Brigade Group is a formation of the Canadian Forces and Canadian Armys 3rd Canadian Division. The brigade group is composed of Primary Reserve units in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, geographically,38 CBG is Canadas largest brigade group. The brigade headquarters is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the brigades units are spread out over many communities, and most of the soldiers serving in the brigades units are reservists, part-time soldiers who serve within units in those communities. The brigade groups is prepared to deploy and augment the Regular Force of the 3rd Canadian Division in domestic operations as well as support battle groups, the brigade has served in several domestic operations, including Operation Assistance, and Operation Peregrine. Many soldiers of the deployed to Afghanistan, as well as on UN. The commanding officer of the 38 Canadian Brigade Group is Colonel Geoff Abthorpe, the 38 Canadian Brigade Group sergeant-major is Chief Warrant Officer Albert Boucher, CD. Also under command of the group headquarters is the 38 Canadian Brigade Group Arctic Response Company Group
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Winnipeg
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Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
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Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
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Thunder Bay
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Thunder Bay is a city in, and the seat of, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario with a population of 108,359 as of the Canada 2011 Census, European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River. Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the citys economy and they have declined in recent years, but have been replaced by a knowledge economy based on medical research and education. Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, the city takes its name from the immense Thunder Bay at the head of Lake Superior, known on 18th-century French maps as Baie du Tonnerre. The city is referred to as the Lakehead, or Canadian Lakehead. European settlement at Thunder Bay began with two French fur trading posts which were subsequently abandoned, in 1803, the Montreal-based North West Company established Fort William as its mid-continent entrepôt. The fort thrived until 1821 when the North West Company merged with the Hudsons Bay Company, by the 1850s, the Province of Canada began to take an interest in its western extremity. Discovery of copper in the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan had prompted a demand for mining locations on the Canadian shores of Lake Superior. In 1849, French-speaking Jesuits established the Mission de lImmaculée-Conception on the Kaministiquia to evangelize the Ojibwe, the Province of Canada negotiated the Robinson Treaty in 1850 with the Ojibwa of Lake Superior. As a result, an Indian reserve was set aside for them south of the Kaministiquia River, in 1859–60, the Department of Crown Lands surveyed two townships and the Town Plot of Fort William for European-Canadian settlement. Another settlement developed a few miles to the north of Fort William after construction by the federal Department of Public Works of a road connecting Lake Superior with the Red River Colony, the work was directed by Simon James Dawson. This public works depot or construction headquarters acquired its first name in May 1870 when Colonel Garnet Wolseley named it Prince Arthurs Landing and it was renamed Port Arthur by the Canadian Pacific Railway in May 1883. The arrival of the CPR in 1875 sparked a rivalry between the towns, which did not end until the amalgamation of 1970. Until the 1880s, Port Arthur was a larger and dynamic community. The CPR, in collaboration with the Hudsons Bay Company, preferred east Fort William, provoked by a prolonged tax dispute with Port Arthur and its seizure of a locomotive in 1889, the CPR relocated all its employees and facilities to Fort William. The collapse of silver mining after 1890 undermined the economy of Port Arthur and it had an economic depression, while Fort William thrived. In the era of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Thunder Bay began a period of growth, based on improved access to markets via the transcontinental railway. The CPR double-tracked its Winnipeg–Thunder Bay line, the Canadian Northern Railway established facilities at Port Arthur
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The Saskatchewan Dragoons
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The Saskatchewan Dragoons is a Primary Reserve armoured regiment of the Canadian Army. The unit is based in Moose Jaw and their primary job is to assist the Regular Force in meeting Canadas military commitments. Their training and equipment closely follow that of the Regular Force, the Saskatchewan Dragoons are part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group. Involved in peacekeeping operations in Cyprus, the Golan Heights, Bosnia and Croatia, members of the regiment have also provided aid during floods and their role is that of a reconnaissance squadron. They examine an area in preparation for the advance of a body of troops. They go forward, sometimes many miles, and gather information on enemy strength, equipment, movements, at the same time they deny such information to the enemy. In the withdrawal, they contact with the enemy while the main body pulls back. Thus, they speak of their role as first in last out. The Saskatchewan Dragoons perpetuate the 46 Battalion, CEF and the 128th Battalion, the Saskatchewan Dragoons originated in Regina, Saskatchewan on 3 July 1905, when a regiment of infantry was authorized to be formed in the districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. It was designated the 95th Regiment on 2 April 1907 and the 95th Saskatchewan Rifles on 1 June 1909, on 1 April 1912 the regiment was reorganized as two separate regiments, the 105th Regiment and the 95th Saskatchewan Rifles. On 15 March 1920, it was amalgamated with the 60th Rifles of Canada and it was redesignated The Kings Own Rifles of Canada on 15 September 1924. On 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with B Company of the 12th Machine Gun Battalion, CMGC, the Saskatchewan Dragoons were restricted to one squadron on 1 September 1970. Details of the 60th Rifles of Canada and the 95th Saskatchewan Rifles were placed on service on 6 August 1914 for local protective duty. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920 and he was severely wounded while disarming a party of 60 German soldiers he had forced to surrender and died of his wounds the next day. On 27 May 1917 its personnel were absorbed by the 19th Reserve Battalion, the battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920. The regiment mobilized the 1st Battalion, The Kings Own Rifles of Canada, CASF, the unit served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the 14th Infantry Brigade, 8th Canadian Infantry Division. The battalion was disbanded on 30 March 1946 and those battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regiments guidon
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Moose Jaw
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Moose Jaw is a city in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the Moose Jaw River. It is situated on the Trans-Canada Highway,77 km west of Regina, residents of Moose Jaw are known as Moose Javians. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Moose Jaw No.161, Moose Jaw is an industrial centre and important railway junction for the areas agricultural produce. CFB Moose Jaw is a NATO flight training school, and is home to the Snowbirds, Moose Jaw also has a casino and geothermal spa. Cree and Assiniboine people used the Moose Jaw area as a winter encampment, the Missouri Coteau sheltered the valley and gave it warm breezes. The narrow river crossing and abundance of water and game made it a location for settlement. Traditional native fur traders and Métis buffalo hunters created the first permanent settlement at a called the turn. The water supply there was significant for steam locomotives, settlement began there in 1882 and the city was incorporated in 1903. The railways played an important role in the development of Moose Jaw. A dam was built on the river in 1883 to create a water supply. Marked on a map as Moose Jaw Bone Creek in an 1857 survey by surveyor John Palliser, the other is on the map of the city, the Moose Jaw River is shaped like a mooses jaw. The area surrounding Moose Jaw has a number of cloudless days. The Royal Canadian Air Force under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan established RCAF Station Moose Jaw in 1940, following the war, the RCAF remained in the community and used the facility for training pilots through the Cold War. The facility changed its name to CFB Moose Jaw in 1968 and it is currently Canadas primary military flight training centre, CFB Moose Jaws primary lodger unit is 15 Wing. In the Canadian Forces Air Command, the unit is frequently referred to as 15 Wing Moose Jaw. The base usually holds an Armed Forces Day each year, the Saskatchewan Dragoons are a reserve armoured regiment with an armoury in the citys north end. Moose Jaw has been visited by members of the Royal Family. Edward, Prince of Wales, who owned a ranch in Pekisko, Alberta, visited in 1919,1924, Prince Albert, future king and father of Queen Elizabeth II, paid a visit in 1926
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The Fort Garry Horse
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The Fort Garry Horse is a Canadian Army Reserve armoured regiment based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group, the Fort Garry Horse originated in Winnipeg, Manitoba on 15 April 1912, as the 34th Regiment of Cavalry. The following year it was re-designated the 34th Fort Garry Horse on 2 January 1913, on 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with the Manitoba Horse. During the Second World War it was re-designated the 2nd Regiment, the Fort Garry Horse on 13 August 1940, the Manitoba Horse originated in Roblin, Manitoba on 1 April 1912, as the 32nd Light Horse. It was re-designated the 32nd Manitoba Horse on 2 November 1912 and, on 15 December 1936, it was amalgamated with the Fort Garry Horse. On 11 October 1958, a Regular Force component was authorized as the 1st Fort Garry Horse, on 1 January 1960, it was re-designated the Fort Garry Horse. The regiment served in Canada, on NATO duty in West Germany and on United Nations duty in the Sinai, the Regular Force regiment was reduced to nil strength and placed on the Supplementary Order of Battle on 16 June 1970. In 2003, the regiment began hosting personnel to create a new unit of the Canadian Military Engineers. On 14 April 2012, during the 100th anniversary celebrations of the FGH, as of 2015, they wear the green beret in common with other engineer units. The unit uses Mercedes Benz G-Wagon LUVW scout cars for reconnaissance vehicles, lineage of the Fort Garry Horse, The Fort Garry Horse perpetuates Boultons Mounted Infantry of the 1885 North-West Rebellion, and the 226th Battalion, CEF. Boultons Mounted Infantry was mobilized for service on 10 April 1885. Details from the 32nd Manitoba Horse and the 34th Fort Garry Horse were placed on service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties. The 6th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force, was organized in Winnipeg in August 1914, the 6th battalion proceeded to England with the First Contingent in October 1914 and was part of the 2nd Brigade of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, CEF. In March 1915, the 6th Battalion was removed from the 1st Canadian Division and re-roled to form the Canadian Cavalry Depot, the Canadian Cavalry Depot would provide the officers and men for the Fort Garry Horse CEF. Despite its connection with the 34th FGH, and FGH, the 6th Battalion was not perpetuated by the unit after the war, the perpetuation went to the Border Horse and is held by the XII Manitoba Dragoons, now on the Supplementary Order of Battle. The Fort Garry Horse, CEF, was organized in England on 21 January 1916 and it disembarked in France on 25 February 1916, where it fought in France and Flanders as part of the Canadian Cavalry Brigade until the end of the war. The regiment was disbanded on 6 November 1920, harcus Strachan of the regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at the battle of Cambrai on November 20,1917, in France. The regiment also mobilized the 34th Fort Garry Horse Overseas Training Depot, CEF, on 15 June 1917
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Regina, Saskatchewan
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Regina (/rᵻˈdʒaɪnə/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and within the Treaty 4 territories. The city is the second-largest in the province, after Saskatoon, and it is governed by Regina City Council. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Sherwood No.159, Regina was previously the seat of government of the North-West Territories, of which the current provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta originally formed part, and of the District of Assiniboia. The site was previously called Wascana, but was renamed to Regina in 1882 in honour of Queen Victoria and this decision was made by Queen Victorias daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the Governor General of Canada, the Marquess of Lorne. Unlike other planned cities in the Canadian West, on its treeless flat plain Regina has few topographical features other than the small spring run-off, Reginas importance was further secured when the new province of Saskatchewan designated the city its capital in 1906. The CCF, formulated its foundation Regina Manifesto,1933 in Regina, in recent years, Saskatchewans agricultural and mineral resources have come into new demand, and it has entered a new period of strong economic growth. The population of the Regina CMA as of 2016, was 236,481, there was an obvious conflict of interest in Dewdneys choosing the site of Pile-of-Bones as the territorial seat of government and it was a national scandal at the time. There, the Territories were remote and of little concern, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, wife of the then Governor General of Canada, named the new community Regina, in honour of her mother, Queen Victoria. The episode, including Riels imprisonment, trial and execution, brought the new Regina Leader, later the Leader-Post, to national prominence. Regina grew rapidly until the beginning of the Great Depression, in 1929, by this time, Saskatchewan was considered the third province of Canada in both population and economic indicators. Thereafter, Saskatchewan never recovered its early promise and Reginas growth slowed, in 1935, Regina gained notoriety for the Regina Riot, an incident of the On-to-Ottawa Trek. Recently older buildings have put to new uses, including the old Normal School on the Regina College campus of the University of Regina. Despite the setting, improbable though it always was compared with more likely sites for the capitol. There is an abundance of parks and greenspaces, all of its trees — some 300,000 — shrubs and other plants were hand-planted. As in other cities, American elms were planted in front yards in residential neighbourhoods. In recent years the pattern of primary and high school grounds being acreages of prairie sports grounds has been re-thought and such grounds have been landscaped with artificial hills, newer residential subdivisions in the northwest and southeast have, instead of spring runoff storm sewers, decorative landscaped lagoons. Despite having fallen in recent years, Reginas crime rate remains among the highest in Canada, Reginas overall police-reported crime rate was second highest in the country in 2012. However, the severity of crimes in Regina is quite high
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Yorkton
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Yorkton is a city located in south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is about 450 kilometres north-west of Winnipeg and 300 kilometres south-east of Saskatoon, as of 2016 the census population of the city was 16,343. Yorkton has had a rate of 4. 3% since 2011. Yorkton was founded in 1882 and incorporated as a city in 1928, the city is bordered by the RM of Orkney No.244 to the west and the RM of Wallace No.243 on the east. In 1882 a group of businessmen and investors formed the York Farmers Colonization Company and they were impressed with what they saw and the group purchased portions of 6 townships near the Little Whitesand River for the purpose of settlement and to establish a centre for trade there. This centre would become known as York Colony, the company founded the settlers colony on the banks of the Little Whitesand River where lots were given freely to settlers who purchased land from them. The colony remained at its site until 1889 and it was originally located at PT SE 1/4 13-26-4 W2M. In 1889 the rail line was extended to the Yorkton area and it was at this time the colony townsite relocated alongside the new rail line. Yorkton is located in the aspen parkland ecosystem, the terrain is mainly one of agriculture and there is no forestry industry. It is also in an area of black calcareous chernozemic soils, the Yorkton area was located on the edge of an area of a maximum glacial lake. The quaternary geology has left the area as a moraine plain consisting of glacial deposits, the bedrock geology is the pembina member of Vermillion River Formation and Riding Mountain Formation. Yorkton is located in the region of the Quill Lake-Yorkton Plain region of the Saskatchewan Plains Region. Yorkton has a continental climate, with extreme seasonal temperatures. It has warm summers and cold winters, with the daily temperatures ranging from −17.9 °C in January to 17.8 °C in July. The highest temperature recorded in Yorkton was 40.6 °C on 19 July 1941. The coldest temperature recorded was −46.1 °C on 20 January 1943. On the evening of July 1,2010, Yorkton received a severe thunderstorm warning, soon after, Yorkton was experiencing pea sized hail, strong winds, lightning and heavy rain. The rain created a flash flood, broadway Street received the worst of the flood with local businesses being severely damaged, with one being completely destroyed
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Brandon, Manitoba
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Brandon is the second-largest city in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Brandon covers an area of 465.16 km2 and has a population of 48,859, while its census metropolitan area has a population of 58,003. It is a hub of trade and commerce for the Westman region as well as parts of southeastern Saskatchewan and northern North Dakota. The City of Brandon was incorporated in 1882, having a history rooted in the Assiniboine River fur trade as well as its role as a junction on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Known as The Wheat City, Brandons economy is predominantly associated with agriculture, however it also has strengths in education, manufacturing, food processing, health care, Canadian Forces Base Shilo, which maintains close socioeconomic ties with Brandon, is located 35 km east of the city. Prior to the influx of people from Eastern Canada, the area around Brandon was primarily used by the Sioux people, the Bungays, the Yellow Quills, in the 1870s and early 1880s, the Plains Bison were nearly completely wiped out by over-hunting. With the destruction of their staff of life, the buffalo, French Canadians also passed through the area on river boats on their way to the Hudson Bay Post, Fort Ellice located near present-day St. Lazare, Manitoba. During the 1870s it was believed by most that the railway would take a northwesterly direction from Portage la Prairie. Many thought that the route would most likely go through either Minnedosa or Rapid City, Rapid City was the front runner for the site of the new railway and had prepared for the impending building boom accordingly. But suddenly, in 1881, the builders of the decided to take a more westerly route from Winnipeg. Grand Valley was located on the side of the Assiniboine. Grand Valley was originally settled by two brothers John and Dougal McVicar, and their families, with the expectation of the new railroad, settlers and prospectors now rushed to an area they had previously avoided. Around 1879 a few led by Reverend George Roddick had begun to build their new homes about 10 miles south of Grand Valley. Meanwhile, in Grand Valley with the promise of the railway, regular voyages were made by steam sternwheelers to the city, each bringing more and more settlers. In the spring of 1881, General Thomas L. Rosser and it was Rossers job to choose the townsites for the railway. Rosser approached Dougald McVicar of Grand Valley and offered him $25,000 for the railway in Grand Valley, McVicar countered with $50,000 to which Rosser replied that “I’ll be damned if a town of any kind is ever built here. So instead Rosser crossed the Assiniboine river and built the site of the railway on the high sandy south of the River, so the site was then moved to a site just west of todays current First Street bridge in Brandon. A shanty had been built there by a man named J. D. Adamson, after the location of the railway was once again changed, there was still hope that Grand Valley could become a rival neighbour to Brandon
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Portage la Prairie
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Portage la Prairie /ˈpɔːrtᵻdʒ lə ˈpreɪri/ is a small city in the Central Plains Region of Manitoba, Canada. As of 2016, the population was 13,304 and the area of the city was 24.68 square kilometres. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie, according to Environment Canada, Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days during the warm months in Canada. It is the headquarters of the Dakota Tipi First Nations reserve. The area was first inhabited by Indigenous peoples, long before European settlers began to arrive prior to 1850, in September 1738, after the fur trade had extended into Western Canada. A school was built as settlers poured in from the east, followed by a church. A local government was formed in 1857, and by the 1860s, the 1870s was a decade of rapid growth, as many more settlers moved to Portage, establishing farms and opening new businesses. By this time, the village had a flour mill, a local newspaper. From the 1870s to the 1880s, the community increased in population by approximately 10 times, freight and supplies were transported by ox-cart and steamboat until the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1881, the year Portage was incorporated as a town. Thomas Collins was the first mayor of Portage la Prairie, during WWII, the Royal Canadian Air Force constructed Canadian Forces Base Portage la Prairie in support of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The station was controlled by the RCAF but used naval personnel as high-frequency direction finding operators, the stations priority was German U-boat traffic. This site and CFB Rivers located at Rivers, Manitoba helped to increase the fix accuracy immensely, the name is derived from the French word portage, which means to carry a canoe overland between waterways. In this case the portage was between the Assiniboine River and Lake Manitoba, over la prairie, the city became a major transportation centre due to its proximity to the river, and later, the location of the main lines of the countrys national railways passing through the community. Both the CPR and Canadian National Railways intersect in Portage, one of the few places in Canada where the two railways meet. This has made Portage la Prairie one of the most ideal places for railway aficionados to view trains, the Trans-Canada Highway, a major national transportation route, runs past the city and provides the community with business if highway travellers decide to make a trek into Portage. Also, since the land is fertile, with soils abundant in nutrients, Portage la Prairie is a major agricultural centre in Manitoba. The rural area surrounding the community is undoubtedly a breadbasket in Canada, having some of the best soils in the country for producing an array of vegetables, berries, grains. The city has a tree planting program and is known for its mature urban forest
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Kenora
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Kenora, originally named Rat Portage, is a small city situated on the Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, close to the Manitoba boundary, and about 200 km east of Winnipeg. It is the seat of Kenora District, the town of Rat Portage was amalgamated with the towns of Keewatin and Norman in 1905 to form the present-day City of Kenora. In 2001 the towns of Kenora and Keewatin as well as the communities of Norman. Kenora is the headquarters of the Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Obashkaandagaang Bay. The name Kenora was coined by combining the first two letters of Keewatin, Norman and Rat Portage, Kenoras future site was in the territory of the Ojibway when the first European, Jacques De Noyon, sighted Lake of the Woods in 1688. Pierre La Vérendrye established a secure French trading post, Fort St. Charles, to the south of present-day Kenora near the current Canada/U. S. Border in 1732, and France maintained the post until 1763 when it lost the territory to the British in the Seven Years War — until then, it was the most northwesterly settlement of New France. In 1836 the Hudsons Bay Company established a post on Old Fort Island, and in 1861, in 1878, the company surveyed lots for the permanent settlement of Rat Portage — the community kept that name until 1905, when it was renamed Kenora. Kenora was once claimed as part of the Province of Manitoba, there was a long lasting argument between the two provinces known as the Ontario-Manitoba boundary dispute. Each province claimed the town as part of their territory and the dispute lasted from 1870 to 1884, although Ottawa had ruled the town part of Manitoba in 1881, the issue was finally taken up with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which eventually decided in Ontarios favour. Kenora officially became part of the province of Ontario in 1889, boundaries were drawn up for the provinces and the Northwest Angle on Lake of the Woods which definitively drew the borders between Ontario, Manitoba, Canada, and Minnesota, U. S. A. Among the entrepreneurs attracted to the town was the Hon. JEP Vereker, the original barrier to the completion of the highway concerned the crossing of the Winnipeg River at two locations. The single span arch bridges are among the longest of their type in North America, during the Prohibition era in the United States, the Lake of the Woods served as a smugglers route for the transport of alcohol. In December 1883, there was a fire in Rat Portage. The Stanley Cup was won by the Kenora Thistles hockey team in 1907, the team featured such Hall of Famers as Billy McGimsie, Tommy Phillips, Roxy Beaudro, and Art Ross, for whom the Art Ross Trophy is named. Kenora is the smallest town to have won a major North American sports title, Rat Portage is mentioned in Algernon Blackwoods famous 1910 story, The Wendigo. In 1967, the year of the Canadian Centennial, Kenora erected a sculpture known as Husky the Muskie and it has become the towns mascot and one of its most recognizable features. A dramatic bank robbery took place in Kenora on May 10,1973, should the user release the clothespin, two wires attached to both sides of the pin complete an electrical circuit, sending current from the battery, detonating the explosives
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Saskatoon
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Saskatoon is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The City of Saskatoon has estimated its population to be 265,300 as of the end of 2016, the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, the most populous municipality in Saskatchewan, surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it. Saskatoon is named after the berry of the name, which is native to the region. The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves and it is known for its diverse and vibrant culture and its eight river crossings that give it the nicknames Paris of the Prairies and Bridge City. Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale, which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon, Sutherland, the rail town the city annexed in 1956 that lies beyond the University lands, is now another historic neighbourhood. The name Saskatoon comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina saskatoon berries, in 1882, the Toronto-based Temperance Colonization Society was granted 21 sections of land straddling the South Saskatchewan River, between what is now Warman and Dundurn. The aim of the group was to escape the liquor trade in that city, the following year settlers, led by John Neilson Lake, arrived on the site of what is now Saskatoon and established the first permanent settlement. The settlers travelled by railway from Ontario to Moose Jaw and then completed the leg via horse-drawn cart as the railway had yet to be completed to Saskatoon. In 1885 the Northwest Rebellion affected the community in a variety of ways. Chief Whitecap and Charles Trottier passed through the present day University campus on their way to join Louis Riels armed forces at Batoche, Saskatchewan. Following the fighting at the Battle of Fish Creek, and the Battle of Batoche, a few died in care and were buried in the Pioneer Cemetery near the Exhibition Grounds. A town charter for the west side of the river was obtained in 1903, in 1906 Saskatoon became a city with a population of 4,500, which included the communities of Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana. In 1955 Montgomery Place and in 1956 the neighbouring town of Sutherland were annexed by the fast-growing City of Saskatoon, the economy of Saskatoon has been associated with potash, oil and agriculture, resulting in the moniker POW City. Various grains, livestock, oil and gas, potash, uranium, gold, diamond, coal, the worlds largest publicly traded uranium company, Cameco, and the worlds largest potash producer, PotashCorp, have corporate headquarters in Saskatoon. Saskatoon is also the new home of BHP Billitons Diamonds and Specialty Products business unit, nearly two-thirds of the worlds recoverable potash reserves are in the Saskatoon region. Saskatoon is also home to the Canadian Light Source, Canadas national synchrotron facility, saskatoon’s digital media scene is growing with start-up tech companies such as Noodlecake, OneStory, Point2, Vendasta Technologies, and Zu. Another of Saskatoons nicknames, Hub City, refers to its central location within Canada for distribution
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Royal Winnipeg Rifles
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The Royal Winnipeg Rifles are a Primary Reserve one-battalion infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. Nicknamed the Little Black Devils, they are based at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles are part of 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group. The 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles were formed on 9 November 1883 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Nassau Kennedy, within two years of formation, the 90th battalion served in the 1885 North-West Rebellion, fighting at Fish Creek and Batoche. The regimental Latin motto is Hosti Acie Nominati, which means “named by the enemy in battle”, after the Battle of Fish Creek during the North-West Rebellion of 1885, a captured Métis asked, The red coats we know, but who are those little black devils. A reference to the fact that while infantry of the line wore red coats, from that point on, the 90th Rifles became informally nicknamed the Little Black Devils. Some former members of the 90th Rifles served in South Africa during the Boer War as members of other Canadian units, resulting in the award of the South Africa 1899–1900 battle honour. The Battalion saw some of the heaviest fighting in World War I, distinguishing itself at battles such as Ypres, three members of the 8th battalion were awarded Canadas highest honour for gallantry in the face of the enemy, the Victoria Cross. In the 1920 reorganization of the Canadian Militia following the report of the Otter Committee, in 1935 the unit was awarded the prefix Royal for its distinguished service to His Majesty, and the current designation of The Royal Winnipeg Rifles was adopted. In World War II the regiment landed in England in September 1940, as part of the 7th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division, the Rifles were in the first wave of landings on D Day,6 June 1944. The Royal Winnipeg Rifles fought throughout the Normandy campaign, fighting in battles such as Caen. After helping liberate several of the Channel Ports, the Regiment fought to clear the Scheldt Estuary to allow the re-opening of the Antwerp harbour, after helping to liberate the Netherlands, the Regiment ended the war preparing to assault the northern German town of Aurich. Three battalions of the regiment served during the Second World War, the 1st Battalion were among the first Allied troops to land on the Normandy beaches on D-Day. They served throughout the Northwest Europe campaign, including the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland, the 3rd Battalion was raised in 1945 and remained in Germany until 1946. In 1950 the regiment helped the civil authority during the Winnipeg flood during Operation RED RAMP, during 1951–53, they provided men to the 1st Canadian Rifle Battalion for NATO duty with 27th Brigade Group in Germany. Members of the Regiment also served with other units during the Korean War, in 1955 the Winnipeg Light Infantry amalgamated with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles bringing together the histories and traditions of two military units with no change in designation. On 6 June 1964, a commemorative D-Day monument was erected on the beaches at Courseulles-sur-Mer, in 1978 Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales, became the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. Subsequently, a contingent of Rifles attended the wedding of HRH Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1983, in 1983 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, celebrated a one hundred years of military service to Canada with numerous events and an official postage stamp. The regiment has contributed numerous soldiers to overseas deployments in the Balkans
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The Lake Superior Scottish Regiment
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The Lake Superior Scottish Regiment is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Forces. The regiment is located in Thunder Bay, Ontario, and is part of the 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group, also known as the Lake Sups, the regiment was active during World War II. During which, the regiment, then known as The Lake Superior Regiment or LSR, the LSR and 28th Armoured Regiment were the only Canadian land based units to score a naval victory during the Second World War. On November 5,1944, the units sank a number of German ships in the port of Zijpe, the units sank three German ships and destroyed a fourth. The ships were reportedly destroyers, one of which was damaged by mortar fire – one legend suggests a mortar fired by the infantry made its way down the smokestack of one of the ships. The ships bell from one of the vessels was recovered. Since World War II, its soldiers have served throughout the world on numerous peacekeeping operations, most recently, the LSSR has had several soldiers serve in Afghanistan. The regiment has lost one soldier, Cpl Anthony T-Bone Boneca on July 9,2006, fighting Taliban insurgents during Operation Zahar in Zhari District, the 52nd Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 23 November 1915. The battalion disembarked in France on 21 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France, the battalion disbanded on 30 August 1920. The battalion disbanded on 17 July 1917, the regiment mobilized The Lake Superior Regiment, CASF, on 24 May 1940. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Lake Superior Regiment, CASF, on 7 November 1940 and as the 1st Battalion, The Lake Superior Regiment, CASF and it embarked for Britain on 22 August 1942. On 26 and 27 July 1944, it landed in France as part of the 4th Armoured Brigade, 4th Canadian Division, the overseas battalion disbanded on 15 February 1946. The regiment contributed an aggregate of more than 20% of its strength to the various Task Forces which served in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2014. In the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in operations and campaigns. Those battle honours followed by a + are emblazoned on the regimental colour. G
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The North Saskatchewan Regiment
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The North Saskatchewan Regiment is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army, headquartered in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, with companies in Saskatoon and Prince Albert. Its current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Tony Engelberts, the N Sask R is part of the 3rd Canadian Divisions 38 Canadian Brigade Group. The Infantry Company at Battleford was raised for service on 10 April 1885. It was disbanded on 18 September 1885, the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 12 June 1915. It disembarked in France on 22 September 1915, where it fought as part of the 1st Brigade, Canadian Mounted Rifles, the Battalion was converted to infantry, and allocated to the 8th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division. The Battalion fought in France and Flanders until the end of the Great War, the 9th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 23 November 1915. There, its personnel were absorbed by the Canadian Cavalry Reserve Depot, CEF, the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles, CEF, the regiment disbanded on 15 November 1920. The 10th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles was authorized on 7 November 1914 and its personnel were absorbed by the Canadian Cavalry Reserve Depot, CEF on 22 May 1916. The regiment was disbanded on 17 July 1917, the 5th Battalion, CEF, was authorized on 10 August 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 September 1915. It disembarked in France on 14 February 1915, where it fought as part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division in France, the battalion disbanded on 15 September 1920. The 53rd Battalion, CEF was authorized on 7 November 1914 and it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps until it disbanded on 12 October 1917. The 65th Battalion, CEF was authorized on 20 April 1915 and its personnel were absorbed by various units of the 4th Canadian Division on 30 June 1916. The battalion was disbanded on 12 October 1917, the 232nd Battalion, CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on 18 April 1917. Its personnel were absorbed by the 15th Reserve Battalion, CEF on 29 April and 9 June 1917 to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps, the battalion was disbanded on 12 October 1917. These details were disbanded on 31 December 1940, the 16th/22nd Saskatchewan Horse mobilized for active service on 24 May 1940. It was redesignated as the 20th Reconnaissance Battalion, CAC, CASF, on 26 January 1942, on 16 June 1943 it embarked for Great Britain, where it was disbanded on 1 November 1943. The 1st Battalion, The Prince Albert Volunteers, CASF, mobilized on 5 March 1942 and it served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the 15th Infantry Brigade, 7th Canadian Division and 19th Infantry Brigade, Pacific Command, and disbanded on 30 November 1945. The Saskatoon Light Infantry, CASF, mobilized for service on 1 September 1939
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Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
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Prince Albert is the third-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada, after Saskatoon and Regina. It is situated near the centre of the province on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River, the city is known as the Gateway to the North because it is the last major centre along the route to the resources of northern Saskatchewan. Prince Albert National Park is located 51 km north of the city and contains a wealth of lakes, forest. The city itself is located in a zone between the aspen parkland and boreal forest biomes. Prince Albert is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Prince Albert No.461, the area was named kistahpinanihk by the Cree, which translates to sitting pretty place, a great meeting place. Or meeting place The first white man to travel through the area that is now Prince Albert was Henry Kelsey in 1692, the first establishment in the area was a trading post set up in 1776 by Peter Pond. James Isbister, an Anglo-Métis employee of the Hudsons Bay Company and he farmed there until 1866, and had been joined by a number of families who called the site Isbisters Settlement. The community received a boost in 1866 when Reverend James Nisbet, Nisbet named the mission after Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria, who had died in 1861, from which the present city derives its name. In 1879 the Presbyterian Church brought out Lucy Margaret Baker to run the mission school. During the same year, the local Freemasons established the first lodge in what is now the province of Saskatchewan, Kinistino Lodge No. The Mission, the settlement centrally located, and Porter Town, the settlement east of Prince Albert was termed Goschen before finally amalgamated, however East Prince Albert still appears on a 1924 map. In 1884, Honore Jaxon and James Isbister were involved in the movement which brought Louis Riel back to Canada, Riel returned from the United States following a political exile resulting from the Red River Rebellion that had occurred in 1869–1870. Five hundred people gathered to hear Riel speak one month after his return, in the Northwest Rebellion of the 1885, Prince Albert Volunteers bore the heaviest casualties of the fighting at the Battle of Duck Lake. Surrounding settlers took refuge with the North-West Mounted Police in an improvised stockade at Prince Albert, fearing an attack by Gabriel Dumont. After the Battle of Batoche, Major General Frederick Middleton marched to Prince Albert to relieve the town, Prince Albert, with a population of about 800 people, was incorporated as a town the same year under its first mayor, Thomas McKay. In 1904, the settlement was incorporated as the City of Prince Albert and its government is of a council-mayor type. Prince Albert was the capital of the District of Saskatchewan, an administrative division of what then constituted the Northwest Territories. The District of Saskatchewan was formed on May 8,1882 and this ended in 1905 when Saskatchewan became a province and Regina was designated the new provincial capital
