Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies
1.
State rock (
rose rock) specimens from Cleveland County, with a
US quarter for size reference.
Unassigned Lands
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The Unassigned Lands in Oklahoma were in the center of the lands ceded to the United States by the Creek and Seminole Indians following the Civil War and on which no other tribes had been settled. By 1883 it was bounded by the Cherokee Outlet on the north, several relocated Indian reservations on the east, the Chickasaw lands on the south, the area amounted to 1,887,796.47 acres. A dispute arose between the Lower Creek Council, which signed the treaty, and the Upper Creek Council, the dispute led to the killing of General William McIntosh, the chief of the Lower Creeks, and left the treaty in doubt. Despite that, the Creeks were relocated to the west, on February 14,1833, the Treaty of Okmulgee was signed at Fort Gibson. In it the Creeks finally agreed to cede their lands in the east, in the Seminole Treaty signed March 28,1833, but not ratified, the Seminoles agreed to settle on the Little River portion of the Creek lands in Indian Territory. Some Seminoles moved but the rest retreate
1.
Map of the Unassigned Lands—1885
Canadian County, Oklahoma
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Canadian County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 115,541 and its county seat is El Reno. The county is named for the Canadian River, Canadian County is also part of the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 1859, the U. S. Government moved the Caddo of Louisiana from its Brazos reservation in Texas to what would eventually become Canadian County, Oklahoma. Showetat, the last hereditary chief of the Caddos set up his camp near the present Union City, the Wichita tribe were relocated to the same part of Indian Territory in 1861. The Treaty of Medicine Lodge gave the land west of the Caddos and Wichitas to the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, the Cheyenne-Arapaho Agency was established in 1870. Canadian County was formed in 1889 as County Four of Oklahoma Territory as part of the Oklahoma Organic Act, which created Oklahoma Territory from part of Indian Territory. It was named after the Canadian River, which runs throu
Cleveland County, Oklahoma
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Cleveland County is a county in the central part of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 255,755 at the 2010 census, making it the third-most populous county in Oklahoma, the county was named after U. S. President Grover Cleveland. Cleveland County is part of the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area, originally occupied by the Quapaw tribe, the Quapaw ceded the area to the U. S. Government soon after the Louisiana Purchase in 1818. During the late 1820s and 1830s, the area was given to the Creek, an agreement between the two tribes resulted in this area being part of the Seminole Nation, located west of the Creek Nation. In 1866, these tribes were forced to cede the area to the Federal Government for siding with the Confederacy during the American Civil War, the area became part of the Unassigned Lands and was opened for white settlement on April 22,1889. After the passage of the Organic Act in 1890, Cleveland County was organized as County 3, for a short time, Cl
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Cleveland County Courthouse
Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
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Kingfisher County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,034, the county was formed in 1890 and named Kingfisher by a vote of residents. The land was given to the Creek Nation by the federal government, limited archaeological surveys may have discovered evidence of pre-contact peoples, including Paleo-Indian and Archaic groups that used the area for hunting and foraging. The historic Osage, Cheyenne, and Comanche tribes traversed the prairie grasslands of this area, before the countys creation, The Chisholm Trails many routes crossed the area. A stage road which paralleled the trail had important stops at Dover Station, King Fisher Station, the area was given to the Creek Nation by the federal government after their forced removal from Georgia. At the end of the American Civil War, the Creeks were forced to cede the land back to the government for siding with the Confederacy. It became part of the Unassigned Lands, and the area
Logan County, Oklahoma
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Logan County is a county located in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,848, Logan County is part of the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area. Guthrie served as the capital of Oklahoma Territory from 1890 until 1907, Logan County was created as County One by the Organic Act of 1890. The town of Guthrie was designated as the county seat and the capital of Oklahoma Territory, the county was named on August 5,1890 for U. S. Senator, John A. Logan, of Illinois. These tribes supported the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, the United States required the tribes that supported the Confederacy to make new Reconstruction Treaties in 1866. As part of the treaties, the US reduced the lands of these tribes and this 2 million-acre area was reserved for years after the war as potential reservation lands for the Plains tribes, who were mostly settled in other areas. Congress passed a law in 1889, after the Indian Wars, the land rush to
Oklahoma County, Oklahoma
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Oklahoma County is a county located in the central part of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 718,633, the county seat is Oklahoma City, the state capital. Oklahoma County is at the heart of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area, Oklahoma County is one of seven counties in the United States to share the same name as the state it is located in. Oklahoma County was originally called County Two and was one of seven established by the Organic Act of 1890. In 1937, the county government was moved to a building at 321 Park Avenue, which now serves only as the county courthouse. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 718 square miles. Oklahoma City National Memorial As of the Census of 2010, there were 718,633 people,277,615 households, the population density was 1,013 people per square mile. There were 319,828 housing units at a density of 416 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 64. 6% White,15. 4% Black
Payne County, Oklahoma
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Payne County is a county in the U. S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2010 census, the population was 77,350, the county was created in 1890 as part of Oklahoma Territory and is named for Capt. David L. Payne, a leader of the Boomers. Payne County comprises the Stillwater, OK Micropolitan Statistical Area, the county lies northeast of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area though many consider it an extension of the Oklahoma City metro area due to commuter patterns and other indicators. This county was established and named as the Sixth County by the Oklahoma Organic Act of 1890 and it included land settled during the Land Run of 1889. The Organic Act settled a dispute between the towns of Stillwater and Perkins over which should be the county seat, eastern Oklahoma Railway built two lines in Payne County between 1900 and 1902, then immediately leased them to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline was constructed into Payne County, according to the
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Payne County Courthouse
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining
3.
Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
William McKendree Springer
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William McKendree Springer was a United States Representative from Illinois. During his service in Congress he was involved in the investigation of election frauds during the Hayes-Tilden campaign, while on the Committee on Territories Springer framed the bills that organized Oklahoma Territory and also created a federal judicial system for the Indian Territory. Springer created an Amendment as a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act for 1890, the Springer Amendment began the process of placing the Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory within the federal public domain and open to homesteaders. He was a candidate for reelection in 1894 to the Fifty-fourth Congress. He again resumed the practice of law in Washington, D. C. in 1895 and he was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as a United States judge for the northern district of Indian Territory and chief justice of the United States Court of Appeals of Indian Territory. In 1900 Springer left his judicial post to establish law offic
1.
William McKendree Springer
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spendi
1.
Benjamin Harrison
2.
Benjamin Harrison c1850
3.
Brigadier General Harrison (left) with other commanders of the XX Corps, 1865
Homestead Act of 1862
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The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising
1.
Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead, a
sod hut
2.
Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,186
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Lincoln in 1863, aged 54
2.
The young Lincoln in sculpture at Senn Park, Chicago.
3.
1864 photo of President Lincoln with youngest son,
Tad
4.
Lincoln depicted protecting a Native American from his own men in a scene often related about Lincoln's service during the
Black Hawk War.
John Steuart Curry
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John Steuart Curry was an American painter whose career spanned the years from 1924 until his death. He was noted for his paintings depicting life in his home state, along with Thomas Hart Benton and Grant Wood, he was hailed as one of the three great painters of American Regionalism of the first half of the twentieth century. Currys artistic production was varied, including painting, book illustration, prints, for a further discussion of his artistic pieces as individual works, see Artwork by John Steuart Curry. Curry was born on a farm in Dunavant, Kansas, November 14,1897 and he was the eldest of five children to parents Smith and Margaret Curry. Despite growing up on a Midwestern farm, both of Currys parents were educated and had even visited Europe for their honeymoon. Currys early life consisted of caring for the animals on the farm, attending the high school. His childhood home was filled with many reproductions of Peter Paul Rubens and Gustave Doré, and his family was very reli
1.
Curry sketching Anderson's daughter, Susan Anderson, age 9, while working on the mural "Kansas Homestead" General Land Office, Department of the Interior. ca. 1940, unidentified photographer. Don Anderson papers relating to John Steuart Curry,
Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
2.
Curry's Tragic Prelude (1938–1940), a mural in the Kansas Statehouse illustrating
John Brown and the clash of forces in
Bleeding Kansas
3.
Ajax
Sooners
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Sooners is the name given to settlers who entered the Unassigned Lands in what is now the state of Oklahoma before the official start of the Land Rush of 1889. President Benjamin Harrison officially proclaimed the Unassigned Lands open to settlement on April 22,1889, as people lined up around the borders of the Oklahoma District, they waited for the official opening. It wasnt until noon that it officially was opened to settlement, the name derived from the sooner clause of the act, which stated that anyone who entered and occupied the land prior to the opening time would be denied the right to claim land. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the designation Sooner initially had a negative connotation. However, the negative connotation began to change by the time of statehood, in 1908, University of Oklahoma football team adopted the nickname Sooners. The U. S. state of Oklahoma has been nicknamed the Sooner State since the 1920s. Sooners were often deputy mars
1.
Unassigned Lands - 1885
U.S. Department of the Interior
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The United States Department of the Interior is the United States federal executive department of the U. S. About 75% of federal land is managed by the department. The Department is administered by the United States Secretary of the Interior, the current Secretary is Ryan Zinke. The Inspector General position is vacant, with Mary Kendall serving as acting Inspector General. Despite its name, the Department of the Interior has a different role from that of the ministries of other nations. In the United States, national security and immigration functions are performed by the Department of Homeland Security primarily, the Department of the Interior has often been humorously called The Department of Everything Else because of its broad range of responsibilities. A department for domestic concern was first considered by the 1st United States Congress in 1789, the idea of a separate domestic department continued to percolate for a half-century and was supported by Presidents from James Madis
2.
Seal of the U.S. Department of the Interior
3.
The
hierarchy of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Boomers (Oklahoma settlers)
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Boomers preceded by a decade the Sooners, settlers who entered the Unassigned Lands just prior to the April 22,1889 official opening. The term Boomer, in relation to Oklahoma, refers to participants in the Boomer Movement and these participants were white settlers who believed the Unassigned Lands were public property and open to anyone for settlement, not just Indian tribes. Their belief was based on a clause in the Homestead Act of 1862 which said that any settler could claim 160 acres of public land, some Boomers entered the Unassigned Lands and were removed more than once by the United States Army. Charles C. Carpenter was the earliest leader of the Boomer movement, succeeded by David L. Payne, after its founding in 1890, the University of Oklahoma adopted Boomers as the nickname of their football team, after having first tried Rough Riders. In 1908, the name was changed to Sooners, the current team name, encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Digital Maps, Digital
1.
Unassigned Lands - 1885
David L. Payne
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David Lewis Payne was an American soldier and pioneer. Payne is considered by some to be the Father of Oklahoma for his work in opening the state to settlement and he organized, trained, and led the Boomer Army on its forays into the Unassigned Lands. The formation of Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory followed, and Oklahoma became a state in 1907, Payne was born in 1836 in Grant County, Indiana, on a farm near Fairmount. He grew up working on his fathers farm, during winters he attended the local rural school. In the spring of 1858, Payne and his brother left home intending to join in the Utah War and their interest evidently waned by the time they crossed the Missouri River, as they stopped in Doniphan County, Kansas. There, in Burr Oak Township, Payne acquired some land and it soon failed and Payne fell to hunting to support himself. Eventually private parties and then the Federal government hired him to scout for their various expeditions and these activities led to his explor
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 27th among United States cities in population, the population grew following the 2010 Census, with the population estimated to have increased to 631,346 as of July 2015. Oklahoma Citys city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, the city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area. Oklahoma City has the largest municipal population of any city in the Great Plains region of the central United States as well as all neighboring states to Oklahoma, excluding Texas, lying in the Great Plains region, Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy, the city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numb
2.
Map of Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 1889, showing Oklahoma as a train stop on a railroad line. Britannica 9th ed.
4.
Oklahoma City National Memorial at Christmas.
Guthrie, Oklahoma
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Guthrie is a city and county seat in Logan County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City Metroplex. The population was 10,191 at the 2010 census, a 2.7 percent increase from the 9,925 at the 2000 census. First known as a station stop, after the April 1889 land run. It was rapidly improved and was designated as the territorial capital, in 1910 state voters chose the larger Oklahoma City as the new capital in a special election. Guthrie is nationally significant for its collection of late 19th and early 20th century commercial architecture, the Guthrie Historic District includes more than 2,000 buildings and is designated as a National Historic Landmark. Guthrie was established in 1887 as a station called Deer Creek on the Southern Kansas Railway running from the Kansas–Oklahoma border to Purcell. The name was changed to Guthrie, named for jurist John Guthrie of Topeka. A post office was established on April 4,1889, in 1889 some fifty thousand potential settlers gather
1.
Downtown Guthrie
2.
Guthrie Historic District
Homestead Act
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The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising
1.
Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead, a
sod hut
2.
Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862.
Cow dung
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Cow dung, also known as cow pats, cow pies or cow manure, is the waste product of bovine animal species. These species include domestic cattle, bison, yak, and water buffalo, cow dung is the undigested residue of plant matter which has passed through the animals gut. The resultant faecal matter is rich in minerals, color ranges from greenish to blackish, often darkening soon after exposure to air. Cow dung, which is usually a brown color, is often used as manure. If not recycled into the soil by such as earthworms and dung beetles, cow dung can dry out and remain on the pasture. In many parts of the world, and in the past in mountain regions of Europe. Dung may also be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity, the gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable and stable source of electricity. In central Africa, Maasai villages have burned cow dung inside to repel mosquitos, in cold places, cow dung is us
Oklahoma Organic Act
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An Organic Act is a generic name for a statute used by the United States Congress to describe a territory, in anticipation of being admitted to the Union as a state. Because of Oklahomas unique history, an explanation of the Oklahoma Organic Act needs a historic perspective, the Organic Act created Oklahoma Territory, and Indian Territory that were Organized incorporated territories of the United States out of the old unorganized Indian Territory. Indian removal was a policy of the US Government to relocate aboriginal natives living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river. The Indian Removal Act, an implementation of the Removal Policy, was signed by President Andrew Jackson on May 28,1830. The Act transformed most of the current state of Oklahoma into an Indian Territory, the Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. In 1834, Congress created the first Indian Territory, with the Five Civilized Tribes occupying the land beca
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Routes of southern removals to the first Indian Territory of the Five Civilized Tribes.
Oklahoma Territory
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The 1890 Oklahoma Organic Act organized the western half of Indian Territory and a strip of country known as No Mans Land into Oklahoma Territory. Reservations in the new territory were opened to settlement in land runs later that year. Seven counties were defined upon the creation of the territory, although they were designated by number, they would eventually become Logan County, Cleveland County, Oklahoma County, Canadian County, Kingfisher County, Payne County and Beaver County. The Land Run of 1893 led to the addition of Kay County, Grant County, Woods County, Garfield County, Noble County, Oklahoma Territorys history began with the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834 when the United States Congress set aside land for Native Americans. At the time, the land was unorganized territory that consisted of the land west of the Mississippi and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana. By 1856, the territory had been reduced to approximately the borders of the State of Oklahoma, except
1.
Gravestone of David L. Payne
2.
Oklahoma territory (left) (includes the Oklahoma Panhandle
Oklahoma Panhandle
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The Oklahoma Panhandle is the extreme northwestern region of the state of Oklahoma, consisting of Cimarron County, Texas County, and Beaver County, from west to east. Its name comes from the similarity of its shape to the handle of a cooking pan, the three-county Oklahoma Panhandle region had a population of 28,751 at the 2010 census, representing 0. 77% of the states population. This is a decrease in population of 1. 2%. The largest town in the region is Guymon, which is the county seat of Texas County, black Mesa, the highest point in Oklahoma at 4,973 feet, is located in Cimarron County. The North Canadian River is named Beaver River or Beaver Creek on its course through the Panhandle and its land area is 5,686 square miles, which is larger than that of the state of Connecticut, and comprises 8.28 percent of Oklahomas land area. The area also includes Beaver Dunes State Park with sand dunes along the Beaver River and Optima Lake, prior to the arrival of European explorers, the panha
1.
State welcome sign on the New Mexico border of the Panhandle
2.
The three counties of the Oklahoma Panhandle
Cimarron (novel)
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Cimarron is a novel by Edna Ferber, published in 1929 and based on development in Oklahoma after the Land Rush. The book was adapted into an acclaimed film of the same name in 1931 through RKO Pictures. In 1960, the story was adapted for the screen by MGM. The Oklahoma Land Rush plays a role in both the novel and film adaptations. Manifest destiny and the desperation of the involved in the rush provides the opening drama and sets the stage for the twists. Every settler is desperate to stake his claim on the best piece of land, the first, for the Unassigned Lands, occurred on April 22,1889. The second, for the Cherokee Outlet occurred in 1893, the piece of land in question had been allotted to the Cherokee Nation as part of the 1828 Treaty of New Echota, while the rest of the Oklahoma Territory had been opened to settlers. Some of this annoyance with the Native people can be attributed to the decision made by the Cherokees to side with the Confederate States of America during the Americ
Edna Ferber
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Edna Ferber was an American novelist, short story writer and playwright. Her novels were popular and included the Pulitzer Prize-winning So Big, Show Boat, Cimarron. Ferber was born August 15,1885, in Kalamazoo, Michigan, to a Hungarian-born Jewish storekeeper, Jacob Charles Ferber and she took newspaper jobs at the Appleton Daily Crescent and the Milwaukee Journal before publishing her first novel. She covered the 1920 Republican National Convention and 1920 Democratic National Convention for the United Press Association, Ferbers novels generally featured strong female protagonists, along with a rich and diverse collection of supporting characters. Several theatrical and film productions have been based on her works, including Show Boat, Giant, Ice Palace, Saratoga Trunk, Cimarron, three of these works – Show Boat, Saratoga Trunk and Giant – have been developed into musicals. When composer Jerome Kern proposed turning the very serious Show Boat into a musical, Ferber was shocked and i
1.
c. 1904
2.
Plaque located in
Manhattan, at 65th Street & Central Park West, in the building in which Edna Ferber lived for six years
Cimarron (1931 film)
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Cimarron is a 1931 Pre-Code Western film directed by Wesley Ruggles, starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne, and featuring Estelle Taylor and Roscoe Ates. The Oscar-winning script was written by Howard Estabrook based on the Edna Ferber novel Cimarron and it would be RKOs most expensive production up to that date, and its winning of the top Oscar for Best Production would be only one of two ever won by that studio. It is also one of the few Westerns to ever win the top honor at the Academy Awards, epic in scope, spanning forty years from 1889 to 1929, it was a critical success, although it did not recoup its production costs during its initial run in 1931. The Oklahoma land rush of 1889 prompts thousands to travel to the Oklahoma Territory to grab free government land, Yancey Cravat, his bride, Sabra and their son, Cim. In the ensuing race, Yancey is outwitted by a prostitute, Dixie Lee, who takes the prime piece of real estate, the Bear Creek claim. Having a background in publishing him
1.
theatrical release poster
Wesley Ruggles
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Wesley Ruggles was an American film director. He was born in Los Angeles, younger brother of actor Charles Ruggles and he began his career in 1915 as an actor, appearing in a dozen or so silent films, on occasion with Charles Chaplin. In 1917, he turned his attention to directing, making more than 50 films — including a silent film version of Edith Whartons novel The Age of Innocence — before he won acclaim with Cimarron in 1931. The adaptation of Edna Ferbers novel Cimarron, about homesteaders settling in the prairies of Oklahoma, was the first Western to win an Academy Award as Best Picture. He teamed with the Rank Organisation in 1946 to produce and direct London Town with Sid Field and Petula Clark, the film — British cinemas first attempt at a Technicolor musical extravaganza — is notable as being one of the biggest critical and commercial failures in that countrys film history. An abridged version was released in the U. S. under the title My Heart Goes Crazy by United Artists in
Richard Dix
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Richard Dix was an American motion picture actor who achieved popularity in both silent and sound film. His standard on-screen image was that of the rugged and stalwart hero and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role in the Best Picture-winning epic, Cimarron. Dix was born Ernst Carlton Brimmer on July 18,1893, in St. Paul, there he was educated, and, at the desire of his father, studied to be a surgeon. His obvious acting talent in his school dramatic club led him to leading roles in most of the school plays, at 6 and 180 pounds, Dix excelled in sports, especially football and baseball. These skills would serve him well in the film roles he would go on to play. After a year at the University of Minnesota, he took a position at a bank and his professional start was with a local stock company, and this led to similar work in New York City. The death of his father left him with a mother and sister to support and he went to Los Angeles and became leading m
1.
Dix as featured on the poster for
Redskin (1929).
3.
Richard Dix in 1943
Irene Dunne
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Irene Dunne was an American film actress and singer of the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s. Dunne was nominated five times for the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her performances in Cimarron, Theodora Goes Wild, The Awful Truth, Love Affair, in 1985, Dunne was given Kennedy Center Honors for her services to the arts. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Joseph John Dunn, an inspector for the United States government, and Adelaide Henry. Irene Dunne would later write, No triumph of either my stage or screen career has ever rivalled the excitement of trips down the Mississippi on the boats with my father. She was fourteen when her father died on April 6,1913 and she saved all of his letters and often remembered and lived by what he told her the night before he died, Happiness is never an accident. It is the prize we get when we choose wisely from lifes great stores, following her fathers death, Irene, her mother, and her younger brother Charles moved to her mothers hometown of Madison, Ind
1.
from the film Love Affair (1939)
3.
Crypt of Irene Dunne at Calvary Cemetery (notice incorrect birth year)
Estelle Taylor
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Estelle Taylor was an American actress, singer, and animal rights activist. With dark-brown, almost black hair and brown eyes, she was regarded as one of the most beautiful stars of silent films of the 1920s, after her stage début in 1919, Taylor began appearing in small roles in World and Vitagraph films. She achieved her first notable success with While New York Sleeps and she was a contract player of Fox Film Corporation and, later, Paramount Pictures, but for the most part of her career she freelanced. Although she made a transition to sound films, she retired from film acting in 1932. She was also active in animal welfare before her death from cancer in 1958, Taylor was born Ida Estelle Boylan to a Jewish family in Wilmington, Delaware. Her mother, Ida LaBertha Barrett, was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, Harry and Ida divorced in 1903, and Ida married vaudevillian Harry J. Boylan. Estelles sister, Helen Taylor, was cast in supporting roles in a few silent films of the 1920s, Taylor
1.
Estelle Taylor
3.
Dempsey with his wife Estelle on his shoulder. (Chicago, 1925)
Cimarron (1960 film)
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Cimarron is a 1960 Metrocolor western film filmed in CinemaScope, based on the Edna Ferber novel Cimarron, featuring Glenn Ford and Maria Schell. It was directed by Anthony Mann, known for his westerns, ferbers novel was previously adapted in 1931, that version won three Academy Awards. Cimarron was the first of three epics Mann directed, despite high production costs and an experienced cast of western veterans, stage actors, and future stars, the film was released with little fanfare. Sabra Cravats wealthy Kansas City parents try to dissuade her from participating in a run in the Oklahoma territory with her new husband Yancey. Upon arriving in Oklahoma and meeting many of Yanceys friends, including a lady of the evening named Dixie Lee, Sabra has her first disagreement with Yancey, however, when he staunchly defends an American Indian family whose wagon has been overturned by a group of angry men. At high noon on 22 April 1889, thousands of settlers, who hope to claim 160 acres each o
Anthony Mann
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Anthony Mann was an American actor and film director, most notably of films noir and Westerns. As a director, he collaborated with the cinematographer John Alton. Mann was born Emil Anton Bundsmann in San Diego, California and his father, Emile Theodore Bundsmann, an academic, was from an Austrian Catholic family, and his mother, Bertha Weichselbaum, a drama teacher, was an American of Bavarian Jewish descent. Mann started out as an actor, appearing in plays off-Broadway in New York City, in 1938, he moved to Hollywood, where he joined the Selznick International Pictures. He was married to the actress Sara Montiel, Mann became an assistant director by the 1940s, assisting Preston Sturges on the film Sullivans Travels, and subsequently directing low-budget assignments for RKO and Republic Pictures. In 1964 he was head of the jury at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1967, Mann died from a heart attack in Berlin, Germany while filming the spy thriller A Dandy in Aspic. The
Glenn Ford
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Gwyllyn Samuel Newton Glenn Ford was a Canadian actor who held dual Canadian and American citizenship. His career lasted more than 50 years, although he played many different roles, Ford was best known for playing ordinary men in unusual circumstances. He was most prominent during Hollywoods Golden Age, gwyllyn Samuel Newton Ford was born on May 1,1916 in Sainte-Christine-dAuvergne, Quebec, the son of Hannah Wood and Newton Ford, a railway man. Through his father, Ford was a great-nephew of Canadas first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, in 1924, at the age of eight, Ford moved to Santa Monica, California with his family. He became a citizen of the United States in 1939. After Ford graduated from Santa Monica High School, he working in small theatre groups. While in high school, he took odd jobs, including working for Will Rogers, who taught him horsemanship. Ford later commented that his railroad executive father had no objection to his growing interest in acting, be able to take
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Ford in 1955
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Captain Glenn Ford, United States Naval Reserve
Maria Schell
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Maria Margarethe Anna Schell was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She ranged among the stars of German cinema in the 1950s and 60s and she was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell and lesser-known actors Carl Schell and Immy Schell. After the Anschluss in 1938, her moved to Zürich in Switzerland. Maria Schell began commercial training, but soon entered the business when she met the Swiss actor and director Sigfrit Steiner. Schell premiered in Steiners 1942 film Steibruch, side by side with the well-known Swiss actor Heinrich Gretler, after World War II, she was cast in her first leading role in the 1948 film The Angel with the Trumpet, directed by Karl Hartl. She starred in films as Dr. Holl, So Little Time. Her emotional acting earned her the nickname Seelchen, coined by her colleague Oskar Werner, Schell also starred at the side of Gary Cooper in The Hanging Tree and with Glenn Ford in Cimarron. Other famous movie parts included Le notti bianche, Rose Bernd, Schell played Mother Mar
Anne Baxter
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Anne Baxter was an American actress, star of Hollywood films, Broadway productions, and television series. She won an Oscar and a Golden Globe and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy, granddaughter of Frank Lloyd Wright, Baxter studied acting with Maria Ouspenskaya and had some stage experience before making her film debut in 20 Mule Team. She became a player of 20th Century Fox and was loaned out to RKO Pictures for a role in Orson Welles The Magnificent Ambersons. In 1947, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Sophie MacDonald in The Razors Edge, in 1951, she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for the title role in All About Eve. She worked with several of Hollywoods greatest directors, including Alfred Hitchcock in I Confess, Fritz Lang in The Blue Gardenia, and Cecil B. Baxter was born in Michigan City, Indiana, to Catherine Dorothy —whose father was the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright—and Kenneth Stuart Baxter, an executive with
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Publicity photo, circa 1950
Far and Away
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Far and Away is a 1992 American romantic adventure drama film directed by Ron Howard from a script by Howard and Bob Dolman. It stars Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, the cinematographer was Mikael Salomon, and the music score was done by John Williams. It was screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, Cruise and Kidman play Irish immigrants seeking their fortune in 1890s America, eventually taking part in the Land Run of 1893. This was Cyril Cusacks final film before his death the following year, in Ireland in 1892, Joseph Donnellys family home is burned down by his landlord Daniel Christies men led by Stephen Chase because of unpaid rent. Vowing revenge, Joseph unsuccessfully attempts to kill Daniel, Joseph meets the landlords daughter Shannon, who has rebelled against family tradition and made plans to claim free land in America. She offers to take Joseph with her as her servant so she, at first Joseph doesnt agree, he is planning to pistol fight with Stephen Chase w
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Theatrical release poster
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Far and Away
Lucky Luke
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Lucky Luke is a humorous comics series created by Belgian cartoonist Morris in 1946. Various writers scripted the series starting in 1955, beginning with French writer René Goscinny, French artist Achdé has continued the series as artist since Morriss death in 2001. Lucky Luke is charged with restoring justice to the Old West by chasing down bandits, the stories are filled with humorous elements parodying the Western genre. Lucky Luke is one of the best-known and best-selling comics series in Europe and has translated into numerous languages. 68 albums have appeared in the series as of 2014, at first published by Dupuis, then from 1968 by Dargaud, and from 1999 by Lucky Comics. The series has adapted to various other media, such as animated films and television series, live-action films, video games, toys. About half of the series adventures have been translated into English, Lucky Luke comics have been translated into 23 languages, including many European languages, some African and A
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First appearance of Lucky Luke and Jolly Jumper in Arizona 1880 (1946)
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Sous le Ciel de l'Ouest (1952), cover of an early softcovered issue.
Oklahoma Historical Society
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The Society has the rare distinction of being both a Smithsonian Institution and National Archives and Records Administration affiliate. OHS was formed in May 1893,14 years before Oklahoma became a state, the initial function of OHS was to collect and distribute newspapers published in Oklahoma Territory. The Society was declared an agency of the government in 1895. OHS is both a private, membership organization and an Oklahoma government agency, the OHS Board of Directors is made up of 25 members,12 of whom are appointed by the governor and 13 elected by OHS members to three-year terms. OHS today works statewide and nationally to preserve and nurture Oklahomas history, projects are carried out in partnership with the Department of the Interior and the National Park Service, as well as other state and local governments, groups, and interested people. The society posts markers at historical sites, OHS has published The Chronicles of Oklahoma, the Societys scholarly journal, since 1921 a
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Great Seal of Oklahoma
